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Instructions for use

ESTETICA E30

Summary of Contents for ESTETICA E30

Page 1: ...Instructions for use ESTETICA E30...

Page 2: ...Manufacturer Kaltenbach Voigt GmbH Bismarckring 39 D 88400 Biberach www kavo com Distributed by KaVo Dental GmbH Bismarckring 39 D 88400 Biberach Phone 49 0 7351 56 0 Fax 49 0 7351 56 1488...

Page 3: ...1 General information 14 2 3 2 Product specific 16 3 Product description 18 3 1 Treatment unit versions 18 3 1 1 KaVo ESTETICA E30 S 18 3 1 2 KaVo ESTETICA E30 TM 18 3 2 Patient chair 19 3 3 Unit with...

Page 4: ...or KaVoLUX 540 LED T 77 4 9 3 Using the illumination functions for EDI and MAIA 83 4 9 4 Using the X ray viewer 83 4 9 5 Using the bell 84 4 9 6 Using the timer 84 4 10Operating the foot switch 85 4 1...

Page 5: ...be undertaken on the device 105 7 2 2 Visual inspection inspection by examination 106 7 2 3 Measurements 109 7 2 4 Functional test 118 7 2 5 Assessment and documentation 120 8 Appendix Additional mea...

Page 6: ...y instructions TI Technician s instructions SC Safety checks IEC International Electrotechnical Commission RI Repair instructions RK Retrofitting kit AS Assembly set EP Enclosed parts EMC Electromagne...

Page 7: ...s and their consequences due to natural wear improper cleaning or servicing non compliance with operating servicing or connection instructions calcification or corrosion contaminated air or water supp...

Page 8: ...ed obligations will mean that the damage will be considered to have arisen following delivery in accordance with the General German Freight For warders Terms and Conditions Art 28 Outside Germany Note...

Page 9: ...keep the packaging in case you need to return the product for servi cing or repair The symbols printed on the outside are for transportation and storage and have the following meaning Transport uprigh...

Page 10: ...notes in this document must be observed to prevent personal injury and material damage The warning notes are designated as shown below NOTICE In cases which if not prevented could lead to material dam...

Page 11: ...s the requirements of IEC 62353 DIN VDE 0751 1 Repeat tests and tests before start up of electrical items of medical equip ment and systems general regulations are met in full It is a responsibility o...

Page 12: ...erning the electromagnetic compatibility and must be installed and operated in accord ance with the KaVo assembly instructions High frequency communications devices may interfere with electrical med i...

Page 13: ...d packaging International For country specific information on disposal contact your dental supplier 2 2 2 Product specific Designated use and target group KaVo ESTETICA E30 is designed for dental trea...

Page 14: ...stem can only be ensured when the de scribed procedure is followed DANGER Explosion hazard Risk of fatal injury Do not use KaVo product in areas subject an explosion hazard WARNING Inappropriate opera...

Page 15: ...agnetic fields Given the complex interactions between equipment and cell phones the product may be influenced by a cell phone that is in use Do not use cell phones in medical offices hospitals or labo...

Page 16: ...ive device Do not use products with no protective device CAUTION Sitting down on a dental chair that is in horizontal orientation is asso ciated with a risk of injury Do not sit on the head or foot en...

Page 17: ...devices failing to meet the re quisite insulation for applied parts and the patient at the same time CAUTION Health damage due to germ formation Infection hazard Before start up and after downtimes we...

Page 18: ...for use ESTETICA E30 3 Product description 3 1 Treatment unit versions 18 134 3 Product description 3 1 Treatment unit versions 3 1 1 KaVo ESTETICA E30 S ESTETICA E30 S 3 1 2 KaVo ESTETICA E30 TM EST...

Page 19: ...Instructions for use ESTETICA E30 3 Product description 3 2 Patient chair 3 2 Patient chair 5 Headrest Backrest Kickplate base plate Seat Armrest optional 19 134...

Page 20: ...lement Customer provided connection of central control electrical power water compressed air wastewater and suction air Intensive germ reduction bottle Foot control Note The tumbler filler of the pivo...

Page 21: ...andpiece Turbine multiflex coupling INTRA LUX Motor KL 701 KL 703 Scaler PIEZOsoft PiezoLED Tray support Knob for locking brake of spring arm Control element 3 4 2 S table Note The holder assignment a...

Page 22: ...handle trough S table with handle trough left right optional Control element Triple function handpiece Turbine multiflex coupling INTRAlux Motor KL 701 KL 703 Scaler PIEZOsoft PiezoLED Handle trough...

Page 23: ...se ESTETICA E30 3 Product description 3 5 Assistant unit 3 5 Assistant unit Triple function handpiece High volume aspirator Control element Saliva ejector KaVo Poly One Satelec Mini LED Tray holder fo...

Page 24: ...riple function handpieces 24 134 3 6 Triple function handpieces 3 2 1 4 Triple function handpiece One Cannula Water button green ring Air button blue ring Handpiece and hose Triple function handpiece...

Page 25: ...er 1440 is a type 1 radiological viewing device in accord ance as defined in DIN 6856 3 3 8 Controls 3 8 1 Dentist s unit TM table F E A B C D A Group of keys for the dental chair B Group of keys for...

Page 26: ...r the handpieces E Group of keys for the timer F Group of keys for the dental chair 3 8 3 Assistant unit A Group of keys for hygiene B Group of keys for illumination C Group of keys for the timer D Gr...

Page 27: ...posi tion Backrest down key AP 1 key automatic position 1 Backrest up key AP 2 key automatic position 2 Collapsed position key Group of keys for illumination handpieces Key Name Control element Key O...

Page 28: ...Dentist element and assistant element Bell key Dentist element Intensive disinfection key Assistant element unas signed key HYDROclean key Assistant element unas signed key Group of keys for the menu...

Page 29: ...ction U shaped switch Switches the foot switches to the Chair motion function SP blown air foot switch Drives dental chair to rinsing position Optional Sets the pre set blown air Chipblower at the han...

Page 30: ...e content of accompanying documents Type B applied part Type BF applied part 2 min 18 min ED 10 Operating mode Operating time for the patient chair 2 minutes Pause time of the patient chair 18 minutes...

Page 31: ...DVGW mark with certification number See also 2 Technical Data HIBC Code eLabeling ID Serial number plate and dentist element ID Nameplate dentist element e g table TM marking of the applied parts of...

Page 32: ...e function handpiece One Company logo of the manufacturer Can be sterilised at up to 135 C Serial number CE mark according to 93 42 EEC medical devices Material number name production date 3 2 1 4 5 3...

Page 33: ...ntration Use by date Material number Month manufactured Expiration date year Storage temperature Please comply with accompanying documents Note The specified concentration of KaVo OXYGENAL 6 must not...

Page 34: ...e protection Auto mat C16 or screw plug fuse 10 A Protective conductor above floor See DIN VDE 0100 710 1000 mm Heat emission 360 to 3240 kJ h Heat emission 900 kJ h Degree of soiling 2 Installation c...

Page 35: ...vice must be fitted in the ion exchange process Insufficient water hardness below 8 4 dH can promote the formation of al gae Note The water inlet block assembly kit does not include a separation betwe...

Page 36: ...duction bottle According to DIN EN 1717 each unit that is not listed by DVGW must be provided with an upstream type AA AB or AD safety device The DVGW water bottle kit is certified see the following l...

Page 37: ...Nl min Air consumption with 2 Venturi suc tion units max 150 Nl min Pressure dew point 30 C compressor with dry air system Oil content 0 1 mg m3 oil free compressor Contamination 100 particles m3 at...

Page 38: ...he device It is essential to comply with the operating conditions specified in the Technical Specifications chapter Floor quality The quality of the flooring must meet the load bearing ability for bui...

Page 39: ...refer to Assembly Instructions X ray viewer 1440 Input voltage 24 V AC Frequency 50 60 Hertz Power consumption max 35 VA ON time 100 Lights 2x Osram Lumilux de Luxe G5 Day light L8W 954 Light field di...

Page 40: ...ing the office Switch on the device using the main switch The display of the dentist element shows the preselected basic menu The green LED Device turned on lights up on the assistant element 1 2 4 2...

Page 41: ...t handed NOTICE Instrument hoses getting caught on the patient chair or other objects When you swivel the dentist element or rotate the hinge body make sure that the instrument hoses do not get caught...

Page 42: ...Instructions for use ESTETICA E30 4 Operation 4 2 Converting from right handed to left handed 42 134 Swivel the dentist and assistant element to the other chair side and re tighten the screw...

Page 43: ...nstructions for use ESTETICA E30 4 Operation 4 2 Converting from right handed to left handed Undo the locking and swivel the patient unit by 180 until the locking snaps in again patient element 43 134...

Page 44: ...ion 4 3 Adjusting the dental chair 44 134 Fasten the seat again proceeding in reverse order 4 3 Adjusting the dental chair 4 3 1 Adjusting the armrest optional To make it easier for the patient to sit...

Page 45: ...g fingers between the backrest and armrest Make sure that the patient is sitting in the right position especially chil dren 4 3 2 Adjust head rest Setting locking dial of 2 joint headrest CAUTION Adju...

Page 46: ...n remove the screw pull the cushion up slightly and remove it to the front 4 3 3 Positioning the dental chair manually CAUTION Danger of injury from overload or dynamic load The patient chair might co...

Page 47: ...key The chair or backrest moves in the desired direction Positioning the chair and backrest manually using the foot control The 4 way switch of the foot control assumes the function of the button whee...

Page 48: ...tion The chair position can be adjusted continuously Automatic positions can be saved and the saved positions can be recalled by the push of a button Recalling automatic positions with the dentist uni...

Page 49: ...off the device After turning on the device again for example in the morning or after lunch the chair does not execute a specific movement when you press the LP button Recalling automatic positions wi...

Page 50: ...e blocked The blocking can be removed by briefly pressing the stirrup switch The functions are then available Spray preselection AP footswitch Footswitch blowing air AP optional Foot pedal The chair p...

Page 51: ...r AP optional Foot pedal The chair positions can be saved on two footswitches the standard setting is as follows Spray default footswitch LP automatic position last position Blown air footswitch SP au...

Page 52: ...r movement CAUTION Pinching from the treatment chair The safety shutoff of the treatment chair is activated by lifting the respective component Depending on the patient s body weight and the leverage...

Page 53: ...d To deactivate an activated safety shutoff remove the triggers from the mo tion range of the chair CAUTION Changing the chair s position when the safety circuit is on Personal injury Damage to the de...

Page 54: ...TICE Damage from overloading the dentist element Exceeding the maximum weight of more than 2 kg by adding handpieces ac cessories etc can cause damage Do not overload the dentist element CAUTION Risk...

Page 55: ...the height and lock the brake again 4 5 1 Moving the dentist unit TM CAUTION Excessive load on the support system The patient or treatment personnel may be injured The support system may be damaged D...

Page 56: ...uments S table Patients may get injured by sharp instrument tips When you move the dentist s unit make sure that nobody is injured Alert patients and care providers to the risk of injury 2 5 2 5 8 0 8...

Page 57: ...d Each time before the chair is adjusted automatic and manual swing the manually adjusted patient s unit into resting position Note No liquids may be emptied into the mouth rising basin when the devic...

Page 58: ...ions in the menu are used through the selections keys S1 to S4 on the display Selection keys S1 to S4 for menu functions Display 4 8 2 Using the user menu The following options can be opened in the us...

Page 59: ...anguage Set menu language Deutsch English Italiano Fran ais Castellano 13 License Display of activated licenses ENDO Endo function PLED PiezoLED function FCR foot control control of CONEXIO by foot co...

Page 60: ...o call up the second level Press the S1 S2 S3 key to select user 4 5 and 6 respectively Option 2 Set tumbler filling time S1 S2 S3 S4 2 Becherf llzeit Einstellung 7 0s Press the reduce value or increa...

Page 61: ...terglow period between 0 to 10 seconds The default value is 3 seconds Option 5 Set ENDO holder S1 S2 S3 S4 Press the increase value or reduce value keys to set the selected holder Option 6 Set the tim...

Page 62: ...1 S2 S3 S4 7 Press the SET S2 key to change the values of day month and year The value to be changed flashes Press the Save S1 key to save the selection made S1 S2 S3 S4 7 Press the reduce value or in...

Page 63: ...e value or increase value key to set the contrast of the LCD display Option 10 Setting the menu language S1 S2 S3 S4 0 Press the reduce value or increase value key to select the menu lan guage The fol...

Page 64: ...by menu The stand by menu is used to start the device The device switches to the stand by menu upon closing of the handpiece and endo menus S1 S2 S3 S4 Press the Next key S4 to start up the user menu...

Page 65: ...entist The first symbol in the stand by menu displays the current user S1 S2 S3 S4 Press the S1 key to start the user selection menu User selection max 6 users The user selection menu displays the ava...

Page 66: ...s LED control keys Spray status Foot control control keys LED control keys Adjusting the motor Settings can be changed using the corresponding keys on the control panel or on the foot control Motor sp...

Page 67: ...tivated the next time the handpiece is taken out S1 S2 S3 S4 Setting the PiezoLED The status of the handpiece is shown on the display when the PiezoLED is being taken out Intensity Mode Light intensit...

Page 68: ...d E as examples Note If you stay in the range of dynamic response the treatment is ensured to be gentle The output is adjusted according to load 4 8 6 ENDO menu optional Note The functions of the ENDO...

Page 69: ...rpm Torque Transmission ratio 1 1 0 15 to 2 50 Ncm Transmission ratio 3 1 0 4 to 8 0 Ncm Using the ENDO menu Displaying parameters Press the respective keys on the display to navigate between paramet...

Page 70: ...the settings menu The selected parameter is marked by a flashing cursor on the display S1 S2 S3 S4 Key Settings S1 Saves the parameters Selects the ENDO menu S2 Changes the torque mode Autoreverse To...

Page 71: ...ed by a black triangle on the display Sets the maximum torque The torque is limited to the set maximal value The ENDO warning signal is issued when 90 of the pre set maximal value are reached S1 S2 S3...

Page 72: ...s the option Selects the ENDO menu S2 Changes the transmission factor 1 1 or 3 1 S3 Changes the transmission factor 1 1 or 3 1 S4 Selects the next option Option 2 Torque Press the S2 or S3 key to chan...

Page 73: ...start the CONEXIOcom menu no handpiece may be removed Note For all CONEXIOcom functions the dental unit must be connected to an in stallation of the KaVo CONEXIO software The function of the CONEXIOc...

Page 74: ...d patient 2 If a device is active the device type is shown The following is implemented at this time DIAGNOcam U ERGOcam One 3 Next image video To be able to communicate efficiently with the pa tient...

Page 75: ...ESTETICA E30 4 Operation 4 8 Using functions through the menu Opening the patient file of the patient on the PC workstation in the treat ment room The patient is now automatically activated on the tre...

Page 76: ...The following settings can be changed Tumbler filling time Bowl rinsing time Using the tumbler filling Press the Tumbler button briefly to start filling the tumbler Tumbler filling is started and then...

Page 77: ...rect the light field at patients users or and third parties while you switch on the light Do not direct the light field at the patient s eyes when you move the light head Maintain a clearance of ca 70...

Page 78: ...s according to a dimmed halogen lamp The colour temperature is approx 4 000 K and the composite can harden prematurely This can have a negative impact on the durability of the treatment The COMPOsave...

Page 79: ...t is switched on Again put your hand just in front of the sensor of the operating light Operating light is switched off Setting the brightness Note The maximum possible brightness of the light is set...

Page 80: ...te can be processed longer in COMPOsave mode Press the Mode colour temperature button The treatment light switches from COMPOsave mode to dimmed normal light Press the Mode colour temperature button o...

Page 81: ...k to normal light mode Setting the brightness of the dimmer Note The brightness of the light is set in five stages using the Dim treatment light key Note The time it takes for composites to harden is...

Page 82: ...es in five steps Release the button when the desired colour temperature is achieved Turning the laser mode On and Off Note The laser mode function is available only from the following version Operatin...

Page 83: ...es to a white light Operation of the 3D joint Turn the switching ring to the left until it snaps into place Treatment light can be rotated 45 to the left or 45 to the right Turn the switching ring to...

Page 84: ...sed 4 9 6 Using the timer Press the Timer key briefly to start or stop the timer LED flashes while the timer counts down Setting the timer Press the Timer key for an extended period of time to start t...

Page 85: ...sing the button cross or 4 way switch 4 10 3 Preselect dentist Requirement All instruments are in their holder Hold down the foot pedal and press the stirrup switch Each time the stirrup switch is pre...

Page 86: ...r optional Remove the handpiece such as turbine motor from the holder The handpiece is active Press the Blown air foot operated button As long as the foot operated button is pressed blown air exits fr...

Page 87: ...age video Next image video Select next image video Screen display The number of displayed images Split View is reduced The live image is always shown as the last image in split view Screen display The...

Page 88: ...tion regarding the in stallation use and servicing of the individual handpieces such as the turbine PIEZOsoft Satelec Mini LED etc 4 11 1 Setting spray air and spray water The adjusting screws for spr...

Page 89: ...on automatic ally and turned off when it is replaced in the holder The suction flow of the saliva ejector or spray mist suction device can be re duced or blocked with the slide valves integrated in th...

Page 90: ...ri suction external wet suc tion system and suction valve When the base switch is actuated the suction of the removed hose is stopped Vacu Stop 4 11 3 Using triple function handpieces CAUTION Cannulas...

Page 91: ...ed 360o Remove the turbine from the holder Press the air button and continuously increase or decrease the exiting air flow by applying more or less pressure on the air button or Press the water button...

Page 92: ...nt They cannot be guaranteed to function properly Injury from insert breakage Check the handpiece inserts before each use CAUTION Sharp edged tips Risk of injury When not in use always keep the suppli...

Page 93: ...IN EN ISO 1797 1 DIN EN ISO 1797 2 DIN EN ISO 3630 1 and DIN EN ISO 3630 2 having a shaft diameter of 2 334 to 2 350 mm Follow manufacturer s instructions mode of operation speed torque levels torsion...

Page 94: ...ossible motor current is not nor mally reached This equates to the dentist s normal way of working 4 12 2 Open ENDO mode Remove the endomotor INTRA LUX KL 703 LED from the holder Press the Additional...

Page 95: ...amage from incorrect input values Check all input values before use 4 12 3 Set torque mode Three different torque modes are available Autoreverse Torque Control only Autorev Forward Press the Up or Do...

Page 96: ...s emitted and the motor switches to counterclockwise rotation After the set time the motor automatic ally reverts to clockwise rotation The time can be set in the option menu Op tion 3 See also 2 4 8...

Page 97: ...insulation for applied parts must be placed appropriately such that direct contact of the USB device and the patient is excluded It is not permissible to touch USB powered devices failing to meet the...

Page 98: ...CA E30 4 Operation 4 14 Using the camera 98 134 4 14 Using the camera See also 2 Instructions for Use ERGOcam One See also 2 Instructions for Use DIAGNOcam 2170 U 4 15 Using the screen See also 2 Inst...

Page 99: ...Instructions for use ESTETICA E30 5 Preparation methods DIN EN ISO 17664 5 Preparation methods DIN EN ISO 17664 Note The preparation methods can be found in the care instructions 99 134...

Page 100: ...small handpiece tray Warm water heater Heats the tumbler water Low pressure regulator Regulator for suction air when the suction vacuum is too high Intensive germ reduc tion manual Intensive germ red...

Page 101: ...culus with Scaler tip sets PIEZOsoft Handpiece without light for removal of dental calcu lus with tip sets Scaler Paro Endo Prep X ray viewer 1440 For installation on the lamp mounting pole Tray holde...

Page 102: ...g maintenance during inspections and servicing following repair on the occasion of recurrent tests Note With regard to devices that have not been manufactured in accordance with IEC 60601 1 DIN EN 606...

Page 103: ...nally connected or at least they should be connected by the application of a multiple socket outlet Note With ME systems the person responsible for putting the system together must define the necessar...

Page 104: ...e with IEC 62353 DIN VDE 0751 1 Measurement of the leakage current of the device EUL in accordance with IEC 62353 Measurement of the leakage current of the user part EPL in accordance with IEC 62353 D...

Page 105: ...e meas ured values are lower than the threshold values by more than 10 The test intervals should be reduced if a deterioration in values is determined 7 2 Instructions for safety checks 7 2 1 Preparat...

Page 106: ...on Check the following items in advance Has the equipment of the ME device or the ME system been changed since the last inspection Was the change documented and approved test protocol safety check STK...

Page 107: ...f all installed application parts Condition of the control panels Condition of the threads for the fitting of tips to the ultrasound scaler hand piece Condition of the operating light Absence of leaks...

Page 108: ...for affixing the rating plate and serial number plate Serial number plate of the chair Rating plate E30 TM E30 S Attachment locations for serial number plate and BF labelling Control of the availabili...

Page 109: ...s in a manner that will ensure that there will be no danger to the testing personnel patients or other persons Note The safety tester must comply with the requirements defined in IEC 62353 DIN VDE 075...

Page 110: ...connected The adapter cable is included in the delivery of the KaVo measuring cable and is required for older treatment centres that are not equipped with an X2 connector Connecting the safety tester...

Page 111: ...ins mains supply Connect the safety tester directly to terminals X8 L Mains mains supply and X8 N Mains mains supply and protective earth conductor terminal PE Note The main switch of the ME device ME...

Page 112: ...ies See also 2 8 Annex Additional measuring points Page 122 ACPs on the treatment centre No ACPs need to be connected to the protective conductor PE during the measurement on the treatment centre ESTE...

Page 113: ...ent the resistance of the protective earth connection of the supply network can be taken into consideration Note If applicable all removable supply connection lines which are kept handy for possible u...

Page 114: ...ety checks 114 134 Scan the treatment centre with the test tip Measuring points on the device base Surroundings of the protective earth conductor terminal Main switch holding plate Stand cover base pl...

Page 115: ...nstructions for safety checks Standard dental chair measuring points Check firm seating of the PE headless screw Scan headless screw with the measuring probe Dentist element S installation site of the...

Page 116: ...with the test tip Operating light KaVoLUX 540 LED U Fastening screw of the handle sup port when the gripping sleeve has been removed Operating light EDI MAIA No measuring points need to be scanned on...

Page 117: ...equivalent patient leakage current Limit 5 mA maximum value ACP Protection class 1 WARNING Electrical power Death or injury from electric shock Conduct test for leakage current in devices of Protectio...

Page 118: ...est The following conditions must be met in all function tests The basic function of the treatment centre must be guaranteed The treatment centre must be fit for use There must be no irregularities no...

Page 119: ...instructions 7 2 Instructions for safety checks 5 Pos no Safety switch off ac tuated LED on assistant element LED on dentist ele ment Bracket on the foot control Assistant element Backrest Kickplate S...

Page 120: ...uation Name date and signature of test engineer There is a copy of a test report template at the end of chapter STK KaVo re commends the use of this template Note Following testing repair or adjustmen...

Page 121: ...Instructions for use ESTETICA E30 7 Safety checks testing instructions 7 2 Instructions for safety checks 121 134...

Page 122: ...2 134 8 Appendix Additional measuring sites Note With reference to accessories which are not listed here the specifications of the relevant instructions for use must be observed Example ERGOcam 5 8 1...

Page 123: ...the protective conductor measure ment Ceiling adapter for operating light assembly kit 2 3 Base plate for the ceiling adapter Surroundings of the protective con ductor connector Surroundings of the pr...

Page 124: ...ment 124 134 Scan the measuring point after removing the display cover 8 2 Additional measuring sites AP X for EUL EPL measurement Scan the PIEZO ultrasonic scaler with test probe 1 Exemplary presenta...

Page 125: ...activated LED on the control panel flashes Check the safety shutoff and eliminate the reason for the shutoff Display without indic ator Bus hardware error Turn the device off and on Call the service...

Page 126: ...ozzles are dirty clogged Clean the spray nozzles according to the ac companying instrument operating instructions Leaks in instruments O rings at MULTIflex or motor coupling grip ping sleeve or cannul...

Page 127: ...ving been triggered Camera image fails to return to live image mode Electrical or electro magnetic interference by other equipment Replace the camera in the holder and then take it out again Camera im...

Page 128: ...ential buildings Emission of harmonics according to EN 61000 3 2 Class A The ESTETICA E30 device is suit able for use in all facilities includ ing residential ones and facilities that are directly con...

Page 129: ...95 interruption for 5 s 250 periods The quality of the supply voltage should corres pond to that of a typical business or hospital en vironment If the user needs the ESTETICA E30 to work even if the...

Page 130: ...0 4 6 Wireless HF interfer ence according to EN 61000 4 3 3 Veff 150 kHz to 80 MHz outside the ISM bandsa 3 V m 80 MHz to 2 5 GHz 3 Veff 3 V m Handheld and mobile wireless devices should not be used a...

Page 131: ...stationary transmitters such as e g base stations of mo bile phones and mobile terrestrial radio devices amateur radio stations AM and FM radio and television transmitters cannot be determined exactl...

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