OHD Quantifit2, Руководство пользователя

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Chapter 3 | Instrument Setup | Battery
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Instrument Setup
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Lithium Battery Hazards (From OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin SHIB 06-20-
2019):
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Lithium batteries are generally safe and unlikely to fail, but only so long as there are no
defects and the batteries are not damaged. When lithium batteries fail to operate safely
or are damaged, they may present a fire and/or explosion hazard. Damage from
improper use, storage, or charging may also cause lithium batteries to fail. Testing
batteries, chargers, and associated equipment in accordance with an appropriate test
standard (e.g., UL 2054). NRTL certification (where applicable), and product recalls, help
identify defects in design, manufacturing, and material quality.
·
Damage to lithium batteries can occur immediately or over a period of time, from
physical impact, exposure to certain temperatures, and/or improper charging.
·
Physical impacts that can damage lithium batteries include dropping, crushing, and
puncturing.
·
Damage to all types of lithium batteries can occur when temperatures are too high
(e.g., above 130°F). External heat sources (e.g., open flames, heaters, etc.) can also
accelerate failure in cells with defects or damage from other causes.
·
Damage to lithium-ion batteries can occur when the batteries themselves or the
environment around the batteries is below freezing (32°F, 0°C) during charging.
Charging in temperatures below freezing can lead to permanent metallic lithium
buildup (i.e., plating) on the anode, increasing the risk for failure.
·
Heat released during cell failure can damage nearby cells, releasing more heat in a
chain reaction known as a thermal runaway. The high energy density in lithium batteries
makes them more susceptible to these reactions. Depending on the battery chemistry,
size, design, component types, and amount of energy stored in the lithium cell, lithium
cell failures can result in chemical and/or combustion reactions, which can also result in
heat releases and/or over-pressurization.
·
In chemical reactions, by-products from the electrolyte solution and electrodes can
increase the pressure in the cell to the point where the cell walls expand and by-
products leak out. Chemical by-products usually include carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, and hydrocarbons. In many cases, the by-products are also
combustible and could ignite.
·
In combustion reactions, a thermal runaway releases byproducts that may ignite to
cause smoke, heat, fire, and/or explosion. The by-products from a lithium battery
combustion reaction are usually carbon dioxide and water vapor. In some lithium
batteries, combustion can separate fluorine from lithium salts in the battery. If mixed
with water vapors, fluorine may produce hydrofluoric acid, which is particularly
hazardous because workers may not feel its effects until hours after skin exposure.