Appendix A
A.1 Glossary of Terms
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L2TP
Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol. L2TP is a networking protocol used by the ISPs
to enable VPN operations.
LACP
Link Aggregation Control Protocol. LACP is used for the collective handling of
multiple physical ports that can be seen as a single channel for network traf-
fic purposes.
LAG
Link Aggregation Group . A LAG combines a number of physical ports to-
gether to make a single high- bandwidth data path. LAGs can connect two
switches to provide a higher-bandwidth connection to a public network.
LAN
Local Area Network. A LAN is a network of connected devices within a dis-
tinct geographic area such as an office or a commercial establishment and
share a common communications line or wireless link to a server.
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is the technology used for displays in notebook
and other smaller computers. Like LED and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs
allow displays to be much thinner than the cathode ray tube technology.
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. LDAP is a communication protocol
that provides the ability to access and maintain distributed directory infor-
mation services over a network.
LDPC
Low-Density Parity-Check. LDPC is a method of transmitting a message over
a noisy transmission channel using a linear error correcting code. An LDPC
is constructed using a sparse bipartite graph.
LEAP
Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol. LEAP is a Cisco proprietary
version of EAP used in wireless networks and Point-to-Point connections.
LED
Light Emitting Diode. LED is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when an electric current passes through it.
LEEF
Log Event Extended Format. LEEF is a type of customizable syslog event
format. An extended log file contains a sequence of lines containing ASCII
characters terminated by either the sequence LF or CRLF.
LI
Lawful Interception. LI refers to the procedure of obtaining communications
network data by the Law Enforcement Agencies for the purpose of analysis
or evidence.
LLDP
Link Layer Discovery Protocol. LLDP is a vendor-neutral link layer protocol in
the Internet Protocol suite used by network devices for advertising their iden-
tity, capabilities, and neighbors on an IEEE 802 local area network, which is
principally a wired Ethernet.
LLDP-MED
LLDP–Media Endpoint Discovery. LLDP-MED facilitates information sharing
between endpoints and network infrastructure devices.
LMS
Local Management Switch. In multi-controller networks, each controller acts
as an LMS and terminates user traffic from the APs, processes, and forwards
the traffic to the wired network.
LNS
L2TP Network Server. LNS is an equipment that connects to a carrier and
handles the sessions from broadband lines. It is also used for dial-up and
mobile links. LNS handles authentication and routing of the IP addresses. It
also handles the negotiation of the link with the equipment and establishes a
session.
LTE
Long Term Evolution. LTE is a 4G wireless communication standard that
provides high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data
terminals. See 4G.