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Saluki SE1022D, User Manual

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Saluki SE1022D User Manual Download Page 113

Tel: 886. 909 602 109 Email: [email protected]

www.salukitec.com

113

Fig.92 [REF PHASE] Submenu

Fig.93 REF PHASE Submenu

Set the harmonic number in <Harmonic> secondary submenu and use the keyboard to input the required order.

The operation steps of measuring the first and third harmonic of the input square wave is below.

First, press the [soft key 4] in [REF PHASE] menu to choose [harmonic] submenu as is shown in Fig.94.

Summary of Contents for SE1022D

Page 1: ...SE1022D Digital Lock in Amplifier User Manual Saluki Technology Inc...

Page 2: ...salukitec com 2 The document applies to following models SE1022D DSP Lock in Amplifier 1 mHz to 102 kHz Standard Pack 1 Main Machine 1 Power Cord 1 USB Cable 2 BNC Connection Cable 1 Spare Fuse 2A 250...

Page 3: ...mitted for the purpose of making profit without its prior permission otherwise Saluki will reserve the right to investigate and affix legal liability of infringement Product Quality Assurance The warr...

Page 4: ...Input Amplifier and Filters 14 1 9 Input Connections 16 1 10 Intrinsic Noise Sources 17 1 11 External Noise Sources 19 1 12 Aux In 21 1 13 Sweep Frequency and Amplitude of Signal Generator 21 1 14 Mul...

Page 5: ...2 DC Offset 96 6 3 Common Mode Rejection 97 6 4 Amplitude Accuracy and Flatness 98 6 5 Amplitude Linearity 99 6 6 Frequency Accuracy 100 6 7 Sine Output Amplitude Accuracy and Flatness 100 6 8 Output...

Page 6: ...ifiers will amplify both the noise signals and the required signals If there is no band limiting or filtering amplification will decrease the signal to noise ratio SNR Therefore filtering is needed to...

Page 7: ...s part is zero In the frequency region we can redraw these three parts The first part is at 0Hz which is known as the DC component of one signal The second part is at 2fref Hz The third part is a rand...

Page 8: ...E1022D reference input can trigger on an analog signal such as a sine wave or a TTL logic signal The input is AC coupled and the input impedance is 1M Generally both the sine wave and the TTL signal c...

Page 9: ...hose Since there is no PLL in internal mode The internal oscillator and the reference sine waves are directly linked and there is no jitter in the measured phase Additionally channel B can be set to s...

Page 10: ...of the A D conversion Once the input signal is digitized no further errors are introduced Practically the dynamic reserve of SE1022D can exceed 120dB The performance of a lock in amplifier is largely...

Page 11: ...m frequency of the signal and the reference whose amplitude may exceed the difference frequency component that we want At low frequencies increasing the time constant can attenuate the 2F component In...

Page 12: ...6 DC Outputs and Scaling The SE1022D has Channel 1 and Channel 2 outputs CH1 and CH2 on the rear panel CH1 and CH2 Outputs and Display The output voltage range of CH1 and CH2 is from 10V to 10V The ou...

Page 13: ...le there is 6 10 2 2 0 1 1 0 V V mV mV Output Fig 7 Output Offset and Expand 1 7 Dynamic Reserve The definition of dynamic reserve is the ratio of the largest tolerable noise signal to the full scale...

Page 14: ...greater than 120dB High dynamic reserve will increase output noise and drift When the dynamic reserve is high output noise will be increased due to the A D converter There is background noise at any s...

Page 15: ...stors equals to R 13 0 Take a 100 resistor for example its noise almost Hz nVrm 3 1 When the impedance of the resistor is 2 k the Johnson noise is greater than the input noise of SE1022D The overall n...

Page 16: ...l is not very weak noises exist and decrease the accuracy of measurement There are many methods to reduce noise Minimizing the various noise sources can increase the accuracy of the measurement Beside...

Page 17: ...yout Meanwhile amplifier itself also produces noise at work which can be solved by low noise amplifier design techniques Johnson Noise Every resistor generates a noise voltage across its terminals due...

Page 18: ...ries cannot be ignored Flicker Noise 1 f Noise In 1925 Johnson first found 1 f noise in the current of Vacuum tubes The power spectrum function of this noise is proportional to 1 f The lower the frequ...

Page 19: ...ray is the stray capacitance When the noise sources frequency become larger the coupling noise will be larger If the noise source is at the reference frequency the noise will be quite large The lock i...

Page 20: ...ables carrying sensitive signals 3 Use a low noise cable that is designed to reduce microphonic effects Thermocouple Effects When two dissimilar metals contact there will be potential difference betwe...

Page 21: ...characteristics of the signal This function greatly increased the actual application The basic way of frequency and amplitude scanning is setting the value of the start and end point and increasing th...

Page 22: ...r is to highlight some parameters and then use the knob or keyboard to input For all functions soft key only work with parameters that are adjacent to it Spin Knob The knob is used to adjust parameter...

Page 23: ...face User can also manipulate the SE1022D lock in amplifier on PC conveniently through the RS 232 data interface SINE OUT Both signal generators can provide programmable output The maximized amplitude...

Page 24: ...submenu as shown in Fig 10 How to display is also optional such as number chart bar chart XY coordinate graph and pole coordinate graph More details about setting is in DISPLAY submenu 2 Monitoring Ba...

Page 25: ...shows Overload INPUT NONE If an amplification overload it shows Overload NONE GAIN If there are both an input overload and amplification overload it shows Overload INPUT GAIN In this case reduce the i...

Page 26: ...ain Grounding Coupling and Line Notches Soft key CH A B SWITCH is provided for switching between two channels Users can also switch between two channels through knob Fig 13 INPUT FILTERS submenu 3 1 1...

Page 27: ...component of the input signal will be eliminated If the signal frequency is less than 200 Hz DC should be chosen 3 1 5 Line Notches Setting the Status of the Notch Filters None Turn off all notch filt...

Page 28: ...Tel 886 909 602 109 Email sales salukitec com www salukitec com 28 Fig 14 The REF PHASE Submenu External Fig 15 REF PHASE Submenu Internal Fig 16 REF PHASE Submenu Internal Sweep...

Page 29: ...L Choose TTL when the external reference signal is a square wave Low level threshold range from 0V to 1 5V High level threshold range from 4V to 5V Sine Choose Sine when the external reference signal...

Page 30: ...ar sweep type Log logarithm sweep type In the Linear mode the step type is frequency by adding the frequency with the setting step frequency In the Log mode the step type is the percentage of frequenc...

Page 31: ...the minimum resolution of the step is 0 001 of the frequency and the minimum maximum resolution of the step time is 1ms 100s Sweep Run Setting frequency sweep running mode Stop stop sweep Single sing...

Page 32: ...sequence of the square wave Fourier Series It is necessary to set List in the Full option of the Display submenu during detecting double harmonic 3 2 7 Sine Output Setting the Sine Output SE1022D can...

Page 33: ...0 001 Vrms to 5 Vrms and the minimum resolution is 0 001Vrms Sweep Set Setting the parameters of amplitude sweep Start the start amplitude of sweep Stop the cutoff amplitude of sweep Step in Linear m...

Page 34: ...C button then enter the submenu as is shown in Fig 21 There are 5 function settings in the submenu including Sensitivity Reserve Time Constant Filter dB oct and Synchronous Soft key CH A B SWITCH is p...

Page 35: ...erally this mode is recommended When choose AUTO RESERVE the system will automatically adjust the minimum dynamic range required according to the R value of input signal 3 3 3 Time Constant Setting th...

Page 36: ...by the soft keys beside the submenu Soft key CH A B SWITCH is provided for switching between two channels Users can also switch between two channels through knob Fig 22 DISPLAY Submenu 3 4 1 Display S...

Page 37: ...esults Users can watch the value of sample points by controlling Cursor through spin knob Chart always picks up the measured data cooperating with SAMPLE submenu and CONTROL area as is shown in Fig 24...

Page 38: ...e display way of top area will change as is shown in Fig 26 and Fig 27 There are two choices in Type including Value and List If Type is Value Trace provides options including fundamental wave harmoni...

Page 39: ...choose the values to display as the following X The X value of fundamental wave of the input signal Y The Y value of fundamental wave of the input signal R The R value of fundamental wave of the inpu...

Page 40: ...ndary submenu of Equation can there are 4 equations can be set in this menu as is shown in Fig 28 Fig 28 Equation Secondary Submenu Equation Setting equation parameters The value of A B and C in equat...

Page 41: ...t The input range of Range is 1 nV to 1 V This range will change in sync with the change of Sensitivity Besides it can be set numerically through the keyboard For example 1 00e 01 means 1 00 10 1 V th...

Page 42: ...Save Recall choose Save Channel chooses S1 Execute choose YES and then the current setting parameters and status will be saved in S1 In this case the current parameters and status can be save in S1 Sa...

Page 43: ...Rh2 Xh2 Yh2 or Noise V Expand offset 10 Sens rce Signal sou Output 2 When source is h1 h2 V 10 180 rce Signal sou Output 3 When source is E1 to E4 Equation in addition to the two equations above there...

Page 44: ...ing analog level of the channel output Xh1 the corresponding analog level of the channel output Yh1 the corresponding analog level of the channel output Rh1 the corresponding analog level of the chann...

Page 45: ...not affect the data display in dynamic area 3 6 3 Speed Setting the Output Speed Slow the data output speed of channel CH1 CH2 is 10 Hz Fast the data output speed of channel CH1 CH2 is 312 5 kHz 3 7 S...

Page 46: ...tting the Sample Length Setting the sample data length range 1 to 16384 When the data sampling is being executed if the Length value is set smaller than the length of the current sampling sampling wil...

Page 47: ...gh setting Sampling Time In the EXT mode the sampling pulse is input from BNC TRIG_IN on rear panel Sample a point at each sampling pulse and the sampling rate is not more than 500 Hz Internal trigger...

Page 48: ...bmenu 3 8 1 Info Setting the Parity Mode Choose Info to enter a secondary submenu shown in Fig 36 This submenu displays related information about the R D unit of the instrument Fig 36 INFO Submenu Cho...

Page 49: ...ww salukitec com 49 Fig 37 INFO Version Choose Contact and the interface displays contact information as is shown in Fig 38 Fig 38 INFO Contact Information 3 8 2 Screen Submenu Choose Screen to enter...

Page 50: ...settings Window Color and Backlight Window Color setting the window color Style 1 the window main color is yellow Style 2 the window main color is green Backlight setting the brightness of backlight t...

Page 51: ...0 38000 43000 56000 57600 115200 230400 380400 460800 and 921600 Parity Setting the parity Even Even ODD Odd NONE nothing Attention When using USB as the communication port there is no need to set Bau...

Page 52: ...5s If the current R fluctuates a lot the setting for Auto Gain might be fail In this case users should switch current menu to the GAIN TC submenu and set the R manually 3 9 3 Auto Phase Setting Phase...

Page 53: ...mpling length When sampling is stopped press the START button and the system will start sampling again from the beginning until the ending point stops If press the PAUSE button when the sampling is ex...

Page 54: ...o Cursor can be positioned directly through Curve Point in Disp More menu CURSOR makes sense when the data sampling is executing or pausing 4 ACTIVE CHART Choose Chart as the Active Area The ACTIVE CH...

Page 55: ...order received If the buffer fills up the new commands will cover the oldest and processed commands SE1022D allows users to query the current value of internal parameters through commands A query is f...

Page 56: ...parameter f represents frequency unit Hz The FREQD 1 command will return the current reference frequency of signal from channel A internal or external RSLPD i j The RSLPD command sets or queries the...

Page 57: ...rmonic 2 j 2 The parameter k is an integer from 1 to 32767 The HARMD i j k command will set the SE1022D to detect at the the harmonic of reference frequency The value of k is limited by k f 102kHz If...

Page 58: ...Time in Sine Output sweep mode The parameter i represents the selected channel A or B The parameter x indicates the step time unit ms The SVTMD 1 command will return the step Time of logarithm amplit...

Page 59: ...arameter x is used to set the value of coefficients and the range is 10 000 x 10 000 For example send command EQCSD 1 2 5 00 and this will set the C2 value of channel A to 5 00 4 2 3 Input and Filter...

Page 60: ...ivity j sensitivity 0 1 nV fA 14 50 uV pA 1 2 nV fA 15 100 uV pA 2 5 nV fA 16 200 uV pA 3 10 nV fA 17 500 uV pA 4 20 nV fA 18 1 mV nA 5 50 nV fA 19 2 mV nA 6 100 nV fA 20 5 mV nA 7 200 nV fA 21 10 mV...

Page 61: ...represents the selected channel A or B The parameter j indicates the status of synchronous filter The parameter i selects Off j 0 or On j 1 It is recommended to turn on the synchronous filtering when...

Page 62: ...B E3 33 B E4 OEXPD j k x k The OEXPD i command sets or queries the output offsets and expands The parameter j and k must be set when sending this command The parameter j selects CH1 j 1 or CH2 j 2 as...

Page 63: ...put can only choose R X and Y If in Slow mode and the current choice is not R X or Y then when switching to Fast mode the output will choose R automatically 4 2 6 Save and Read Settings Commands SSETD...

Page 64: ...Commands SRATD i x The SRATD command sets or queries the step time of data sampling The parameter i represents the selected channel A or B SRATD 1 command will queries channel A for the value of step...

Page 65: ...or B The parameter i demands channel A i 1 channel B i 2 or both channels i 3 to starts or continues data sampling PAUSD i The PAUSD command pauses data sampling The parameter i represents the selecte...

Page 66: ...he parameter i represents the channel to be selected i 1 means channel A i 2 represents channel B For example SNAPD 1 is a way to query channel A for R values of X Y or R F which are taken at the same...

Page 67: ...set then 0 is returned This command is a query only command TRCAD i j k l The TRCAD i j k l command queries the data Buffer1 Buffer 4 in the channel j Buffer The values return in ASCII floating point...

Page 68: ...ommand is a query only command The PLLD i command check whether the internal PLL locks on to reference signal The parameter i represents the channel to be selected i 1 means channel A i 2 represents c...

Page 69: ...lder as shown in Fig 44 Fig 44 VISA Files To install VISA double click the setup exe file Generally selecting the default installation option would be enough to install VISA successfully Attention 1 L...

Page 70: ...45 and then you can see the Fig 46 which shows the installation is running Fig 46 FT232 Driver Installing Interface After the successful installation of the serial port driver a message would show in...

Page 71: ...e are many versions of USB2 0 driver User can select different version according to their PC system Double click the specific version of file to begin the installation process Generally selecting the...

Page 72: ...ce 5 2 How to Use the Software 5 2 1 Run SE1022D_LabVIEW exe Fig 51 SE1022D Interface As shown in Fig 51 click the button The program begins to run and search for the proper COM automatically If the c...

Page 73: ...USB connection between SE1022D and PC is correct or not Second step press the system soft key and then choose the Remote option choose USB option in the Remote side box User can also simply recall th...

Page 74: ...lter Input mode can be configure according to characteristic of signal under test For example in order to eliminate power interference user can turn on the notch filter In case of large noise user can...

Page 75: ...signal is as shown in the red box in Fig 57 The details of the configuration are listed on Table 3 Fig 57 The Configuration Area of Input Signal Table 3 Input Configuration Input Source Single Ended...

Page 76: ...be saved 2 Dynamic Reserve and Sensitivity Configuration The configuration area of Dynamic Reserve and Sensitivity is in the red box in Fig 58 The details of configuration are listed on the Table 4 F...

Page 77: ...eed to click this button once After changing the settings you need to click to finish this configuration Otherwise the changes of settings will not be saved 3 Filter Configuration The filter configura...

Page 78: ...ter relatively independent It is recommended to turn the Sync Filter on when the frequency of reference signal is under 200Hz User can turn Sync Filter on by simply click once If you need to close the...

Page 79: ...ively independent 5 2 3 Reference Source Configuration The program configuration area of input signal and filter are shown in the red box in Fig 61 Fig 61 The Configuration Area of Harmonic Settings T...

Page 80: ...of two quadrature reference signals of PSD algorithm Phase accuracy is 0 01 Input range from 180 to 180 Auto Phase Disable Enable Note that After finishing all the settings click the button to finish...

Page 81: ...step value of linear sweep or logarithmic sweep Linear sweep frequency ranges from 1mHz to 102kHz Minimum frequency resolution is 1mHz Logarithmic sweep value of step range from 0 001 to 100 Int Sweep...

Page 82: ...Area of Output and Sample The area of Output and Sample configuration is provided for setting voltage or mode of the sine output signal and Channel Out configuration The following sections provide de...

Page 83: ...mVrms to 5Vrms the minimum resolution is 1 mVrms Step Time ms Set the step time manually The range is 1ms to 100s the minimum resolution is 1 ms Linear Step Vrms Set the step frequency manually The ra...

Page 84: ...armonic the noise value and the E1 E2 E3 E4 value Offset The range is 100 to 100 the minimal step is 0 01 0 00 in default It can only set the R X Y value Expand The range is 1 256 1 in default Speed C...

Page 85: ...a of equation and system configuration is provided for setting custom equation and system The following sections provide detailed description of the configuration area 1 Custom Equation Configuration...

Page 86: ...n be changed simultaneously and you only need to click the button once After changing the settings you need to click this button to finish this configuration Otherwise changes of settings will not be...

Page 87: ...tab page data display as shown in the red box in Fig 70 Fig 70 The Harmonic Waveform Display The measured values of fundamental wave harmonic 1 harmonic 2 frequency noise and AUX ADC1 AUX ADC2 AUX AD...

Page 88: ...on and it displays The software is saving the current collected data 3 Click the button again and the button status will switch back to again This means the software stops saving collected data 4 In y...

Page 89: ...guidance in 5 2 and then you can start to configure Suppose that the lock in amplifier configurations are shown in Table 13 Table 13 Configuration Instance Input Source Single ended voltage input Inpu...

Page 90: ...re as follows 1 According to Table 13 select suitable options as required in tab page Input and Filter including Input Source Grounding Mode Input Coupling and Input Notch Filter Leave other options a...

Page 91: ...options as required in tab page Reference Source Configuration such as Reference Source External Ref Trigger Phase with other options in default as shown in Fig 74 Click the button to finish the confi...

Page 92: ...ly need to click this button once to use the auto phase function User doesn t need to click the button afterward Fig 77 Auto Sensitivity Configuration Compare the two SE1022D interfaces before and aft...

Page 93: ...re in default Then users can collect and save data Data is saved in the selected directory in the form of an Excel The file name is Data_recorded_excel xls and it has 32 columns of data Fig 80 The dat...

Page 94: ...Tel 886 909 602 109 Email sales salukitec com www salukitec com 94 Fig 81 Data saving...

Page 95: ...tion there is a performance test record It is necessary to make a copy of it before filling in the record This record will allow you to determine whether the tests pass or fail and also preserve a rec...

Page 96: ...ry to press every button to check whether the display change to the corresponding setting Finally press Sensitivity and spin the knob to check whether the knob is OK 6 1 Self Test The self test checks...

Page 97: ...gnal Connect the SINE OUT to both A and B inputs of the lock in Use equal length cables from A and B to a BNC TEE Connect the cable from the SINE OUT to the TEE Do not use any termination Steps 1 Turn...

Page 98: ...igh Z Sweep off Modulation none Steps 1 Turn the lock in off and on to restart it 2 Set Filter to 24 dB oct 3 Amplitude accuracy is verified at 1kHz and various sensitivities Set the sensitivity of th...

Page 99: ...ock in measures a signal smaller than full scale Device Use a function signal generator to provide an accurate frequency and a sine wave Use a cable with BNC connector to connect the output of the fun...

Page 100: ...he lock in Steps 1 Turn the lock in off and on to restart it 2 Set the frequency of the function signal generator to 10 kHz 3 Wait until PLL UNLOCK changes to PLL LOCKED then record Freq 4 End the tes...

Page 101: ...Set Ref Frequency in the upper sequence d Wait 10 seconds then record R then test next frequency e Repeat from 4 c to 4 d until all the frequencies are tested over 5 End the test and fill results in t...

Page 102: ...onnect the DVM to the Lock in AUX_OUT 1 on rear panel c set voltage output of the DC regulator source in the following sequence Voltage V 10 000 5 000 0 000 5 000 10 000 d Wait 10 seconds and record t...

Page 103: ...reading is steady and then record the maximum value of noise 4 End the test and fill the result in the performance test form 6 10 SE1022D Performance Test Record SE1022D Performance Test Record Serial...

Page 104: ...mV Channel B Sensitivity Amplitude Lower Limit Reading Upper Limit 1V 1 0000Vrms 0 9800V 1 0200V 200mV 200 00Vrms 198 99mV 202 00mV 100mV 100 00Vrms 98 00mV 102 00mV 20mV 20 000Vrms 19 60mV 20 400mV 1...

Page 105: ...mVrms SINE OUT Frequency Lower Limit Reading Upper Limit 1 000 Vpp 24 kHz 0 9700V 0 1030 V 48 kHz 0 9700V 0 1030 V 72 kHz 0 9700V 0 1030 V 96 kHz 0 9700V 0 1030 V Channel B Sensitivity SINE OUT Ampl...

Page 106: ...5 00 4 960V 5 040V 0 00 0 020V 0 020V 5 00 5 040V 4 960V 10 00 10 040V 9 960V Input Voltage Lower Limit Reading Upper Limit AUX IN 2 10 00 9 960V 10 040V 5 00 4 960V 5 040V 0 00 0 020V 0 020V 5 00 5 0...

Page 107: ...2 109 Email sales salukitec com www salukitec com 107 9 Input Noise Channel A Frequency Sensitivity Reading Upper Limit 1 kHz 100nV 15 nV Hz Channel B Frequency Sensitivity Reading Upper Limit 1 kHz 1...

Page 108: ...onnect all cables from the lock in Connect the power source and then turn on the power switch The system is in default now 2 Use a BNC cable to connect the output of the function signal generator and...

Page 109: ...ain Interface When the input of the preamplifier is overload you should decrease the output amplitude of the function signal generator If the output gain is overload you should increase the sensitivit...

Page 110: ...oad and the full scale is the maximum In this case we set the parameters as Fig 86 Then SE1022D measures the sine signal and the result is R 80 08 mV 0 15 Fig 86 GAIN TC Submenu 6 The data bar of main...

Page 111: ...ollowing steps For example how to display instead of R in top area with XY Coordinates Chart First press soft key 2 and choose Top Second press soft key 3 to highlight Type and then choose Chart thoug...

Page 112: ...e power source and then turn on the power switch The system is in default 2 Use a BNC cable to connect the output of the function signal generator and the A I input of the SE1022D Use another BNC cabl...

Page 113: ...HASE Submenu Set the harmonic number in Harmonic secondary submenu and use the keyboard to input the required order The operation steps of measuring the first and third harmonic of the input square wa...

Page 114: ...oose DISPLAY submenu and choose Full in Display Scale option and List in Type option Then you can read the measured harmonic harmonic 1 is corresponding to Xh1 Yh1 Rh1 and h1 harmonic 2 is correspondi...

Page 115: ...t with theoretical result according the above method 7 3 Optical Spectral Measurements This example will show how to measure a spectral diagram of any light source You need an optical chopper such as...

Page 116: ...R and Speed Fast 3 Build up the spectral measurement platform Use a BNC cable to connect the output of the photoelectric detector and the IN input of the SE1022D Use a BNC cable to connect the OUTPUT...

Page 117: ...E1022D to measure Repeat the steps above to run the same experiment Then you will get another spectral curve as is shown in Fig 99 You can see that these two curves measured by SE1022D and SR830 are a...

Page 118: ...3 Open the folder Uart Driver in your disk and double click the file UartAssist exe It will call out the software interface as is shown in Fig 100 Fig 100 UartAssistant exe Software Display Note that...

Page 119: ...to click the button to make it red like If you fail in doing so please check the port number and retry the connection Please note that if the baud rate is too high packet loss might occur in process...

Page 120: ...e return sign For more details please see Chapter 4 Remote Programming To send commands firstly clear input area Secondly input commands in the sending area single command can be finished by pressing...

Page 121: ...stands for the terminator of command Convert return values to hex format Convert ASCII values to hex format Fig 104 Send and Receive Commands in HEX 2 The serial assistant can be configured to automat...

Page 122: ...alukitec com 122 Automatically append carriage return sign No need to add carriage return sign manually Fig 105 Setting the checksum 3 Multiple commands are separated by such as SENSD 1 25 FMODD 1 1 F...

Page 123: ...multiple commands 4 If you want to read the values of X Y R and Freq continuously you can set the transfer interval time as Fig 107 and Fig 108 Note that when use this software to control the SE1022D...

Page 124: ...Tel 886 909 602 109 Email sales salukitec com www salukitec com 124 R value of channel B Send command continuously Set the interval to be 200ms Fig 107 Read the single R value continuously...

Page 125: ...86 909 602 109 Email sales salukitec com www salukitec com 125 Return values of X Y R and Frequency Parameters are separated by comma Fig 108 Read the Values of X Y R and Freq continuously END OF DOCU...

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