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Sigma 8KBS, Руководство по эксплуатации

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8KS 

8KBS 

8 Maintenance and service 

 

 

 

Version 08/2012, Rev. 1.6 of 04/02/2014 • sb 

63 

Translation of the original operating manual 

 

Pos: 199  /10 0 Sigm a/10 0 BA Z entrif uge n (St anda rd mod ule)/ 080  Wart ung  und  Inst andh altu ng/0 80- 001 0-0 020 -00 10   Ku nstst offzu beh ör @  7\m od_ 130 674 112 319 2_68 .docx  @ 4 383 4 @ 4  @ 1 

 

8.1.3.1  Plastic accessories 

The chemical resistance of plastic decreases with rising temperatures (see 
chapter 11.5 - "

Resistance data

"). 

•  If solvents, acids, or alkaline solutions have been used, clean the plastic 

accessories thoroughly. 

Pos: 200  /01 0 Univ ersal mod ule/                                                             Lee rzeile  @ 0\ mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0.doc x @ 1 14 @   @ 1 

 

 

Pos: 201  /10 0 Sigm a/10 0 BA Z entrif uge n (St anda rd mod ule)/ 080  Wart ung  und  Inst andh altu ng/0 80- 001 0-0 030   Rot or, Bec her  un d Vielfac hträ ger  (a uße r Basic ) @ 7 \mo d_1 306 741 3025 33_ 68. docx @  43 848  @ 3 @  1 

 

8.1.4  Rotors, buckets and carriers 

Rotors, buckets and carriers are produced with the highest precision, in 
order to withstand the permanent high stress from high gravitational fields. 
Chemical reactions as well as stress-corrosion (combination of oscillating 
pressure and chemical reaction) can affect or destroy the metals. Barely 
detectable cracks on the surface can expand and weaken the material 
without any visible signs. 
•  Check the material regularly (at least once a month) for 

–  cracks 
–  visible damage of the surface 
–  pressure marks 
–  signs of corrosion 
–  other changes. 
 

•  Check the bores of the rotors and multiple carriers. 
•  Replace any damaged components immediately for your own safety. 
•  Grease the rotor tie-down screw after cleaning with grease for load 

bearing bolts (part no. 70284) and spread the grease with a cloth. 

Pos: 202  /01 0 Univ ersal mod ule/                                                             Lee rzeile  @ 0\ mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0.doc x @ 1 14 @   @ 1 

 

 

Pos: 203  /10 0 Sigm a/10 0 BA Z entrif uge n (St anda rd mod ule)/ 080  Wart ung  und  Inst andh altu ng/0 80- 001 0-0 060   T rag bolze n @ 7 \mo d_1 306 741 641 932_ 68. docx @  43 855  @ 3 @  1 

 

8.1.5  Load bearing bolts 

Only greased load bearing bolts ensure the even swinging of the buckets 
and, therefore, the quiet run of the centrifuge. Non-greased bolts can lead 
to a system shut-down due to imbalances. 
Apply a small quantity of grease (part no. 70284)  to the load bearing bolts 
of the rotor and buckets after each cleaning. 

Pos: 204  /01 0 Univ ersal mod ule/                                                           Sei tenwe chsel  @ 0\ mod _12 021 1624 431 2_0 .docx  @ 1 05 @   @ 1 

 

 

Содержание 8KBS

Страница 1: ...Operating Manual Refrigerated Centrifuge 8KS 8KBS Translation of the original operating manual sb Version 08 2012 Rev 1 6 of 04 02 2014 8KS 8KBS from serial no 143558 Please retain for later use...

Страница 2: ...8KS 8KBS 2 Version 08 2012 Rev 1 6 of 04 02 2014 sb Translation of the original operating manual...

Страница 3: ...manual In case of inquiries please state the following numbers Order number Serial number Copyright by Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH An der Unteren S se 50 37520 Osterode am Harz Germany Tel 49 0 5522 5...

Страница 4: ...8KS 8KBS 4 Version 08 2012 Rev 1 6 of 04 02 2014 sb Translation of the original operating manual...

Страница 5: ...l force 15 2 2 2 2 Density 15 3 Safety 16 3 1 Marking of the unit 16 3 2 Explanation of the symbols and notes 17 3 3 Responsibility of the operator 18 3 4 Operating personnel 18 3 5 Informal safety in...

Страница 6: ...2 6 Using the centrifuge 33 6 1 Initial start up 33 6 2 Switching the centrifuge on 33 6 2 1 Opening and closing the lid 33 6 2 2 Installation of rotors and accessories 33 6 2 2 1 Installation of the...

Страница 7: ...rifuges 62 8 1 3 Accessories 62 8 1 3 1 Plastic accessories 63 8 1 4 Rotors buckets and carriers 63 8 1 5 Load bearing bolts 63 8 1 6 Glass breakage 64 8 2 Sterilisation and disinfection of the rotor...

Страница 8: ...8KS Table of contents 8 Version 08 2012 Rev 1 6 of 04 02 2014 sb Translation of the original operating manual...

Страница 9: ...ation en 010 00 20 Be stim mung sge m e Ve rwend ung 7 mod _130 587 431 359 5_6 8 doc x 4 315 1 2 1 1 2 Intended use Centrifuges are power driven machines that separate liquids from solid matter liqu...

Страница 10: ...of Conformity Pos 11 010 Unive rsalm odul e L ee rzeile 0 mod _120 211 624 450 0_0 docx 11 4 1 Pos 12 100 Sigma 110 BA Ze ntrifu gen Proj ekte 8KS_8KBS 01 0 Allge mein e Inf orm atio nen 010 00 60 Lie...

Страница 11: ...0 20 Auf bau und Wirku ngsweis e 02 0 0 010 Aufb au der Ze ntrif uge 7 mod _13 062 210 423 42_ 68 d ocx 432 01 2 1 2 1 Layout of the centrifuge Pos 17 100 Sigma 110 BA Ze ntrifu gen Proj ekte 8KS_8KB...

Страница 12: ...ption serial interface see chapter 6 3 3 5 Options for data input and output 9 Castor Fig 3 Rear view of an air cooled centrifuge 10 Cooling water connection see chapter 5 5 Special equipment water co...

Страница 13: ...ar of manufacture 13 Power consumption Fig 5 Example of a name plate Pos 20 010 Unive rsalm odul e L ee rzeile 0 mod _120 211 624 450 0_0 docx 11 4 1 Pos 21 100 Sigma 110 BA Ze ntrifu gen Proj ekte 8K...

Страница 14: ...ocity The bigger the radius in the rotor chamber is and the higher the speed is the higher the centripetal acceleration is However the forces acting on the rotor also increase Pos 25 010 Unive rsalm o...

Страница 15: ...ly by the control unit If the RCF is changed the speed will be adapted while the specified radius is maintained The speed gravitational field diagram provides an overview of the relationship between s...

Страница 16: ...hilder ung des Ger ts 7 m od_ 130 630 0984 565 _68 docx 4 3248 2 1 3 1 Marking of the unit The following symbols are used for SIGMA centrifuges Dangerous voltage Attention consult the instruction manu...

Страница 17: ...he life and health of persons due to electrical voltage Non observance of these symbols causes serious health problems up to life endangering injuries WARNING This symbol stands for a potential hazard...

Страница 18: ...0 mod _120 211 624 450 0_0 docx 11 4 1 Pos 40 100 Sigma 100 BA Ze ntrifu gen Sta nda rdm odul e 0 30 Sich erh eit 0 30 0040 Bedi enp erso nal 7 m od_ 130 630 324 7689 _68 docx 4 3282 2 1 3 4 Operatin...

Страница 19: ...0 20 Mec hanis che Sich erh eit au er 1 1 6 1 16K 7 mo d_13 063 026 663 34_ 68 d ocx 432 61 3 1 3 6 2 Mechanical safety In order to ensure the safe operation of the centrifuge observe the following WA...

Страница 20: ...e 0 30 Sich erh eit 0 30 0060 00 40 Che mische un d biol ogisch e Siche rheit 7 mod _13 063 046 0204 4_6 8 d ocx 433 17 3 1 3 6 4 Chemical and biological safety If pathogenic toxic or radioactive samp...

Страница 21: ...at rotor and buckets are correctly fitted see chapter 6 2 2 1 Installation of the rotor Observe the instructions on the installation of accessories see chapter 6 2 2 3 Installation of accessories WARN...

Страница 22: ...iche rheit 03 0 0 060 00 60 0020 L ebe nsda uer 7 mod _13 074 328 669 85_6 8 d ocx 441 45 4 1 3 6 7 2 Service life The rotors and accessories have a limited service life WARNING Perform regular checks...

Страница 23: ...1 Pos 70 100 Sigma 100 BA Ze ntrifu gen Sta nda rdm odul e 0 30 Sich erh eit 0 30 0070 00 40 Schutzl eiter pr fung Spinco ntr ol L S Easy U nivers al 7 m od_ 130 6306 891 737 _68 docx 43 387 3 1 3 7...

Страница 24: ...rdm odul e 0 30 Sich erh eit 0 30 0090 Res trisike n 7 mo d_1 306 307 3267 31_ 68 docx 43 422 2 1 3 9 Remaining hazards The unit was built state of the art and according to the accepted safety rules...

Страница 25: ...g ung en 7 m od_ 130 630 8899 781 _68 docx 4 3443 2 1 4 2 Storage conditions The centrifuge can be stored in its original packaging for up to a year Store the centrifuge only in dry rooms The storage...

Страница 26: ...in a wooden crate After taking off the lid remove the side panels Remove the packaging material Lift the centrifuge upwards with a lifting device e g a forklift to lift it safely Always reach under t...

Страница 27: ...fresh air for cooling As a result the unit will switch off due to overheating see chapter 7 2 Table of error codes Water cooled centrifuges Provide sufficient water throughput Do not position the cen...

Страница 28: ...Then screw in the locking screws anticlockwise with the open spanner size 13 14 part no 930 013 until the adjustment feet are completely relieved of the load Transport the centrifuge on the castors t...

Страница 29: ...the lid locks by turning them clockwise with the supplied square spanner see chapter 7 1 1 Emergency lid release Align the centrifuge with a spirit level in two directions Tighten the four lock nuts...

Страница 30: ...ile 0 mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0 doc x 1 14 1 Pos 109 10 0 Sigm a 11 0 BA Zentrif uge n Pr ojekt e 8KS_ 8KBS 050 Auf stellu ng u nd Ansc hluss 050 00 40 0030 Tre nnvo rrich tung 7 mo d_1 3074 331 585 9...

Страница 31: ...in outside of the centrifuge 2 Hose part no 80415 3 Hose connector unblocks the drain when connected 4 Unlocking button 5 Plug to be removed prior to the installation 6 Centrifuge door front left side...

Страница 32: ...rovided by the customer The operating pressure of the water must be between 1 5 and 5 bar We recommend using a pressure reducer to be provided by the customer The maximum flow rate depends on the oper...

Страница 33: ...121 01 0 Univ ersal mod ule Lee rzeile 0 mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0 doc x 1 14 1 Pos 122 10 0 Sigm a 10 0 BA Zentrif uge n St anda rd mod ule 060 Betrie b_Spinc ont rol L S 06 0 0 020 00 10 ffn en u n...

Страница 34: ...and hazard warnings see chapter 3 Safety Pos 127 01 0 Univ ersal mod ule Lee rzeile 0 mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0 doc x 1 14 1 Pos 128 10 0 Sigm a 11 0 BA Zentrif uge n Pr ojekt e 8KS_ 8KBS 060 Bet rieb...

Страница 35: ...tor need to be installed when spinning Always load the rotors symmetrically to avoid imbalance Centrifugation with different tube sizes Working with different tube sizes is possible In this case howev...

Страница 36: ...0 Sigm a 10 0 BA Zentrif uge n St anda rd mod ule 060 Betrie b_Spinc ont rol L S 06 0 0 020 00 20 005 0 G ef e au er 4 5L 7 mod _13 064 039 232 83_6 8 d ocx 436 04 4 1 6 2 2 5 Tubes Load the tubes out...

Страница 37: ...ilable see chapter 11 1 Range of accessories The blood bags must be put into opposite buckets in a mirror inverted way see figure In both adapter compartments the main blood bag must be situated towar...

Страница 38: ...58 020 3 1 6 3 1 User interface The centrifuge is operated via three buttons with integrated light emitting diodes and one function knob The display is divided into several different fields The vario...

Страница 39: ...he centrifuge lid must be opened before a new centrifugation run can be started A quick stop can also be triggered during a normal deceleration e g in order to speed up the deceleration When a quick s...

Страница 40: ...the RCF values see chapter 2 2 2 1 Speed radius and relative centrifugal force The maximum speed values depend on the rotor that is used Relative centrifugal force RCF The relative centrifugal force i...

Страница 41: ...ntinuous run until the set speed is reached Select the field Runtime and confirm the selection The display flashes when it is activated Turn the function knob from the time 0 00 10 anti clockwise or f...

Страница 42: ...tor bucket combinations and additional information Identifying and adapting incorrectly set rotors The centrifuge automatically identifies the rotor that is being currently used If the system identifi...

Страница 43: ...he measurement results and subsequently cause increased wear of the mechanical components This is why the centrifuge has a special program that precools the centrifuge rapidly under defined conditions...

Страница 44: ...ettings NOTE The automatic lid opening function is suppressed after a rapid cooling process in order to prevent the system from reheating NOTE The delta T temperature monitoring system see chapter see...

Страница 45: ...heating up to an inadmissible temperature If the standstill cooling is activated the centrifuge starts to precool after it is switched on In the runtime field the symbol is displayed The lid must be c...

Страница 46: ...peed and runtime parameters during the centrifugation Activate the centrifugation monitoring function by clicking NOTE If the function is activated during a centrifugation run the monitoring process w...

Страница 47: ...out from set speed If this function is active the drive will be disconnected if the actual speed is below the set speed As a result the rotor decelerates and stops in a brakeless manner NOTE A spin o...

Страница 48: ...zeile 0 mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0 doc x 1 14 1 Pos 155 10 0 Sigm a 10 0 BA Zentrif uge n St anda rd mod ule 060 Betrie b_Spinc ont rol L S Spinco ntr ol S Zent 7 060 00 30 0020 0 070 Me n Set up 10 mo...

Страница 49: ...complete it is displayed in a permanent manner Display Temperature unit Select between C Celsius and F Fahrenheit Language Various languages are available If a language is selected by mistake it can b...

Страница 50: ...s in the text field Turn the function knob in order to select a character and press it to confirm the selection Then press the knob again in order to enter the next character Pressing the arrow button...

Страница 51: ...le to edit or delete them Select the Curve menu The curve editor will be displayed Select a curve number between 20 and 29 under Curve If the selected curve number is already used the saved curve will...

Страница 52: ...s outside of the defined range Example 2 Start speed 0 rpm final speed 15000 rpm a runtime of 10 seconds is not possible since the required slope is 1500 rpm and therefore is outside of the defined ra...

Страница 53: ...A program contains all the data that are required for a centrifuge run Certain sedimentation results can be repeated under identical conditions Programs can be loaded executed edited and deleted when...

Страница 54: ...the option Progr and confirm the selection The program selection list will be displayed Select a storage location from the program selection list Save the program under the desired name The character...

Страница 55: ...sal mod ule Lee rzeile 0 mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0 doc x 1 14 1 Pos 172 10 0 Sigm a 10 0 BA Zentrif uge n St anda rd mod ule 060 Betrie b_Spinc ont rol L S Spinco ntr ol S Zent 7 060 00 30 0030 0 041...

Страница 56: ...a serial interface depending on the centrifuge type partially standard External signal active DC 24V 0 5A max part no 17701 Floating switch AC 250V max 6A part no 17702 Pos 175 01 0 Univ ersal mod ul...

Страница 57: ...ns power switch off Switch mains power switch on Centrifuge cannot be started start key LED is not illuminated Several Power off on If the error occurs again contact service Centrifuge cannot be start...

Страница 58: ...e emergency lid release Insert the supplied tube wrench part no 930 110 horizontally into the hole The key will be guided through a funnel shaped tube to the shaft of the lid lock motor Fig 33 The eme...

Страница 59: ...r refrigerated centrifuges Allow to slow down Power off Allow to cool down Provide better ventilation only air cooled centrifuges Provide sufficient water throughput only water cooled centrifuges 46 4...

Страница 60: ...n de Service Area or contact Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH An der Unteren S se 50 37520 Osterode Germany Tel 49 0 55 22 50 07 84 25 Fax 49 0 55 22 50 07 94 25 E mail service sigma zentrifugen de Outside...

Страница 61: ...01 0 Univ ersal mod ule Lee rzeile 0 mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0 doc x 1 14 1 Pos 192 10 0 Sigm a 10 0 BA Zentrif uge n St anda rd mod ule 080 Wart ung und Inst andh altu ng 0 80 001 0 Wa rtu ngsa rbei...

Страница 62: ...sories special safety measures must be considered as these are measures that will ensure operational safety at the same time WARNING All swing out rotors applicable for this centrifuge and the angle r...

Страница 63: ...sion combination of oscillating pressure and chemical reaction can affect or destroy the metals Barely detectable cracks on the surface can expand and weaken the material without any visible signs Che...

Страница 64: ...e g Vaseline Then let the rotor rotate for a few minutes at a moderate speed approx 2000 rpm The glass and metal particles will now collect at the greased part Remove the grease with the glass and me...

Страница 65: ...autoclaving Accessories Max temp C Min time min Max time min Max cycles Aluminium buckets 134 138 3 5 Aluminium rotors 134 138 3 5 Glass tubes 134 138 3 40 Polyallomer polycarbonate rectangular carri...

Страница 66: ...ially the rubber parts that are among other things part of the motor suspension are subject to ageing This is why we recommend having the centrifuge checked by the manufacturer during an inspection on...

Страница 67: ...specialised personnel only Affix the original form in a clearly visible manner to the outside of the packaging NOTE If no such declaration is enclosed in the return package we will perform the decont...

Страница 68: ...among household waste You can return these centrifuges free of cost to Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH Ensure that the unit is decontaminated Fill in a declaration of decontamination see chapter 8 4 Retu...

Страница 69: ...400V 50 Hz 16 0 Performance data Max speed rpm Max capacity ml Max gravitational field x g Max kin energy Nm 10 500 12 000 20 954 275 321 5 100 12 000 8 578 275 321 Other parameters Time range Tempera...

Страница 70: ...linear decrease to 67 relative humidity of air at 35 C Maximum altitude 2 000 m above sea level Pos 225 01 0 Univ ersal mod ule Lee rzeile 0 mo d_12 021 162 445 00_ 0 doc x 1 14 1 Pos 226 10 0 Sigm a...

Страница 71: ...14144 14155 sealable with hermetic aluminium lid no 17891 Radius max 16 6 cm radius min 4 1 cm angle 30 10 500 20 461 12510 H5 Angle rotor 6 x 1000 ml incl steel buckets no 13511 for bottles no 13510...

Страница 72: ...eel tubes Part no Description 13055 Stainless steel tube 50 ml 28 5 x 101 5 mm sealable with cap no 17054 13085 Stainless steel tube 85 ml 38 x 103 mm sealable with cap no 17185 13255 Stainless steel...

Страница 73: ...bottles use the supplied supporting rings CAUTION At speeds above 8 000 rpm there is an increased risk of breakage in particular for 250 and 500 ml bottles Pos 233 01 0 Univ ersal mod ule Lee rzeile...

Страница 74: ...0 Sigm a 10 0 BA Zentrif uge n St anda rd mod ule 110 Anha ng 1 10 002 0 Dr ehz ahl Schw ere feld Di agr am m 7 mo d_1 306 836 022 039 _68 docx 44 018 2 1 11 2 Speed gravitational field diagram Fig 36...

Страница 75: ...es defines the time that is required to accelerate the rotor by 1 000 rpm Curve 9 is a special case compared to the other curves The centrifuge accelerates with maximum power The runtime until the set...

Страница 76: ...pm curve 10 curve 11 curve 12 curve 13 curve 14 curve 15 curve 16 curve 17 curve 18 curve 19 18 19 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Fig 40 Diagram of quadratic curves Pos 239 01 0 Univ ersal mod ule Sei tenwe...

Страница 77: ...15 1 15K 1 15P 1 15PK 12126 5 years 20x 1 15 1 15K 1 15P 1 15PK 12134 5 years 20x 1 16 1 16K 12135 5 years 20x 1 16 1 16K 12137 5 years 20x 1 16 1 16K 9100 15 000 4 15C 4K15C 4 16 4 16S 4 16K 4 16KS...

Страница 78: ...1 1 4 1 1 4 4 1 4 1 Acrylonitrile C3H3N 100 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 4 1 4 1 Allyl alcohol C3H6O 96 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 Aluminium chloride AlCl3 saturated 1 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 Aluminium sulfate Al2 SO4 3 10 1 1 1...

Страница 79: ...C2H8N2 100 1 1 3 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 Diesel fuel 100 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 Dimethyl formamide DMF C3D7NO 100 1 1 4 1 1 4 3 1 3 1 Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO C2H6SO 100 1 2 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 Dimethylaniline C8H11N 100...

Страница 80: ...1 Methyl alcohol CH4O 100 1 2 4 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 Methyl benzene C7H8 100 3 1 4 1 3 4 4 4 1 4 1 Methyl ethyl ketone MEK C4H8O 100 1 1 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 4 1 Methylene chloride CH2Cl2 100 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 1 1...

Страница 81: ...H 30 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 Sodium hydroxide NaOH 50 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Spirits C2H6O 96 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 Styrene C8H8 100 4 1 4 1 3 4 4 1 4 1 Sulphur...

Страница 82: ...2 Rev 1 6 of 04 02 2014 sb Translation of the original operating manual Pos 244 10 0 Sigm a 11 0 BA Zentrif uge n Pr ojekt e 8KS_ 8KBS 110 An han g 11 0 0 060 Konf or mit ts erkl run g 8KS_8KBS 7 mo d...

Страница 83: ...8KS 8KBS 11 Appendix Version 08 2012 Rev 1 6 of 04 02 2014 sb 83 Translation of the original operating manual 11 6 EC Declaration of Conformity...

Страница 84: ...8KS 8KBS 11 Appendix 84 Version 08 2012 Rev 1 6 of 04 02 2014 sb Translation of the original operating manual Pos 245 01 0 Univ ersal mod ule Sei tenwe chsel 0 mod _12 021 1624 431 2_0 docx 1 05 1...

Страница 85: ...anslation of the original operating manual Pos 246 10 0 Sigm a 11 0 BA Zentrif uge n Pr ojekt e 8KS_ 8KBS 110 An han g 11 0 0 070 Aufst ellzeich nung 7 mo d_1 3074 339 486 88_ 68 d ocx 444 50 2 1 11 7...

Страница 86: ...8KS 8KBS 11 Appendix 86 Version 08 2012 Rev 1 6 of 04 02 2014 sb Translation of the original operating manual E nde der Liste f r Tex tma rke I nhal t...

Страница 87: ...Centrifugation of blood bag systems 37 Centrifugation of infectious toxic radioactive or pathogenic substances 20 Centrifugation principle 14 Centrifugation with different tube sizes 35 Centrifugation...

Страница 88: ...ntial bonding screw 23 Error correction 57 Error message 57 Explanation of the symbols and notes 17 Explosive substances 20 External 50 F Fire preventions 20 Flow rate 32 Form for the return of defect...

Страница 89: ...me plate 30 No indication on the display 57 No power in the mains supply 57 Noise level 69 Non greased bolts 63 Notes on safety and hazards 9 O Online download of forms 67 Open lid after run 48 Openin...

Страница 90: ...l 20 Safety electrical 19 Safety mechanical 19 Safety conscious work 18 Saving a program 54 Scope of supply 10 Selection display and modification of data39 Serial number 60 66 Service 66 Service conta...

Страница 91: ...Temperature inside the rotor chamber 23 Temperature monitoring 47 Temperature monitoring system 23 Temperature unit 49 Temperature value not reached 57 Thermal stress 61 Threshold delta T 47 Time fin...

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