-ETHOD OF OPERATION
3*
6
# ' #
6OLTAGE PROTECTION
-EASURED VALUE FORMATION
4HE VOLTAGE PROTECTION CAN EITHER BE FED BY THE THREE
PHASE TO EARTH VOLTAGES 5
, %
5
, %
5
, %
OR
BY THE PHASE TO PHASE VOLTAGES 5
, ,
5
, ,
5
, ,
4HE LATTER CAN BE USED FOR PROCESSING BY THE
VOLTAGE PROTECTION EVEN IF FROM THE SWITCHGEAR ONLY
THE PHASE TO EARTH VOLTAGES ARE AVAILABLE BE
CAUSE THE RELAY IS ABLE TO CALCULATE THE PHASE TO
PHASE VOLTAGES FROM THE PHASE TO EARTH VOLTAGES
4HIS OPTION BETWEEN PHASE TO EARTH AND PHASE
TO PHASE VOLTAGES ALLOWS EITHER TO EVALUATE PHA
SE TO EARTH UNBALANCED VOLTAGES EG CAUSED BY
AN EARTH FAULT OR DISREGARD THEM PHASE TO
PHASE
)T IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO CONNECT TWO PHASE TO EARTH
VOLTAGES AND THE DISPLACEMENT VOLTAGE 5
%
THE RELAY
THEN CALCULATES THE MISSING VOLTAGE FROM THOSE
WHICH ARE CONNECTED
4HE FUNDAMENTAL WAVES OF THE THREE FED IN VOLTAGES
ARE FILTERED OUT BY A &OURIER ANALYSIS AND THEN PRO
CESSED IN THE FOLLOWING WAY AFTER FORMING THE ABSO
LUTE VALUES THE SMALLEST OF THE THREE VOLTAGES IS AS
SIGNED TO THE UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION AND THE HIGH
EST VOLTAGE TO THE OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
4HE FREQUENCY ADAPTATION IN THE RELAY IS DESIGNED FOR
THE SYSTEM FREQUENCY q (Z "EYOND THESE LIMITS
THE MEASURING ERROR INCREASES BEARING THE RISK OF
OVERFUNCTION OF THE UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION &OR THIS
REASON PICK UP OF THE PROTECTION IS INHIBITED OUTSIDE
THE FREQUENCY ADAPTATION RANGE !N ALREADY EXISTING
PICK UP HOWEVER WILL NOT BE CANCELLED WHEN LEAV
ING THIS RANGE
$EPENDING OF THE SWITCHGEAR DESIGN THE VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMERS CAN BE CONNECTED AT THE INCOMING
BUS BAR OR THE OUTGOING FEEDER SIDE 4HESE DIF
FERENT CONFIGURATIONS RESULT IN A DIFFERENT REACTION BY
THE PROTECTION RELAY TO A FAULT 7HEREAS THE VOLTAGE
PERSISTS ON THE INCOMING SIDE AFTER A TRIP COMMAND
AND OPENING OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER THE VOLTAGE ON THE
OUTGOING SIDE IS SWITCHED OFF 7HEN THE VOLTAGE IS
SWITCHED OFF PICK UP OF THE UNDERVOLTAGE PROTEC
TION IS MAINTAINED )F RESET OF THE UNDERVOLTAGE PICK
UP IS REQUIRED THEN THE CURRENT CAN BE USED AS AN
ADDITIONAL CRITERION CURRENT CRITERION ## 4HUS THE
UNDERVOLTAGE PICK UP IS MAINTAINED ONLY WHEN TO
GETHER WITH THE UNDERVOLTAGE CONDITION A MINIMUM
CURRENT ADDRESS "2+ #,/3%$ IS EXCEEDED
4HIS CURRENT VALUE CAN BE PARAMETERIZED )F THE CUR
RENT DROPS BELOW THIS THRESHOLD AFTER THE OPENING OF
THE BREAKER THE PICK UP RESETS
5NDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
4HE UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION RECOGNIZES VOLTAGE
DROPS ON TRANSMISSION LINES AND IN ELECTRICAL MA
CHINES AND AVOIDS IMPERMISSIBLE OPERATION CONDI
TIONS AND A POSSIBLE LOSS OF STABILITY
4HE UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION HAS TWO STAGES 5
AND 5 SO THAT A TIME GRADED TRIPPING DEPEND
ING OF THE DEGREE OF THE VOLTAGE DROP CAN BE
ACHIEVED 6OLTAGE LIMITS AND TIME DELAYS CAN BE SE
LECTED INDIVIDUALLY FOR BOTH STAGES
4HE 5 STAGE FURTHERMORE OFFERS THE OPTION TO PARA
METERIZE THE RESET RATIO R AND TO SWITCH OVER FROM THE
NORMAL PICK UP THRESHOLD TO AN INDIVIDUAL START UP
THRESHOLD DEPENDING ON A START UP CRITERION 3# 2E
SET IS EFFECTED TOGETHER WITH RESET OF THE PICK UP
THRESHOLD 4HE PICK UP VALUE OF THE START UP
THRESHOLD IS
TIMES THE RESET VALUE 3WITCHING
OVER TO THE START UP THRESHOLD MAY BECOME NECES
SARY WHEN THE LOAD IS MAINLY COMPOSED OF MOTORS
7HILE UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS THE MO
TORS WITH SYSTEM FREQUENCY CAN COPE WITH AN UNDER
VOLTAGE THE SAME UNDERVOLTAGE IS INSUFFICIENT FOR A
MOTOR START UP FROM STANDSTILL ROTATING SPEED
4HIS IS TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION BY THE START UP CRI
TERION 4HE START UP CRITERION IS TRIGGERED BY A CORRE
SPONDING BINARY INPUT
5 3#
OR BY THE CURRENT
MAGNITUDE &IGURE SHOWS A TYPICAL FAULT CURVE
FOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS CONNECTED TO THE
INCOMING
BUS BAR
SIDE
AND WITH ACTIVATED START UP CRITERI
ON 3# 4HE CURRENT CRITERION ## DESCRIBED UNDER
IS NOT REQUIRED IN THIS CASE BECAUSE THE VOLT
AGE PERSISTS AFTER OPENING OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER
7ITH A VOLTAGE DECREASE BELOW THE PICK UP THRESH
OLD TRIPPING IS EFFECTED AFTER THE TIME DELAY 4 5
RECLOSING IS LOCKED AS LONG AS THE VOLTAGE REMAINS
BELOW THE RESET THRESHOLD /NLY AFTER FAULT CLEARANCE
IE WHEN THE VOLTAGE BECOMES HIGHER THAN THE RESET
THRESHOLD THE PICK UP RESETS AND CLOSING IS RE
LEASED
4HE ACTIVATED START UP CRITERION 3# ADDITIONALLY
MONITORS THE CURRENT 7HEN ALL THREE PHASE CURRENTS
ARE BELOW THE SET LIMIT 3# ) A START UP CONDITION
IS ASSUMED AND SWITCH OVER FROM THE PICK UP
THRESHOLD 5 TO THE START UP THRESHOLD 5 3# IS EF
FECTED 7HEN THE START UP CONDITION HAS ENDED THE
START UP THRESHOLD IS MAINTAINED FOR A TIME 4 3#
WHICH CAN BE PARAMETERIZED !FTER THIS TIME HAS
ELAPSED IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE MOTORS HAVE RUN UP
AND THAT THE REGULAR PICK UP THRESHOLD IS APPLICA
BLE
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