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I-2

Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance

Overview

NOTE

With the use of a bi-polar current source, the Model 2182 can perform basic Delta 
measurements. See Section 5 of this manual for details on basic Delta measure-
ments.

This appendix summarizes the enhanced Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential 
Conductance measurement processes that can be performed with the use of the 
Keithley Model 622x Current Source. It does NOT provide the procedures to con-
figure and perform these measurements. 

Detailed information on all aspects of Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Con-
ductance operation are provided in the Model 622x Reference Manual (Section 
5). An abbreviated version of this information is provided in the Model 622x 
User’s Manual (Section 5).

You can use supplied example software that is available on the Keithley website 
(

www.tek.com/keithley

) as a learning tool to configure and run Delta, Pulse 

Delta, and Differential Conductance. With the use of any PC, simple mouse 
clicks on a virtual front panel of the Model 622x are used to control operation. 
For details, see “Using the example software” in Section 10 of the Model 622x 
Reference Manual.

Keithley instrumentation requirements

Keithley instrumentation requirements for Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conduc-
tance are as follows:

•

Models 6220 and 2182

 – Delta and Differential Conductance measurements.

•

Models 6220 and 2182A

 – Delta and Differential Conductance measurements.

•

Models 6221 and 2182

 – Delta and Differential Conductance measurements.

•

Models 6221 and 2182A

 – Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance measure-

ments.

NOTE

The firmware version of the Model 2182 must be A10 or higher. 

The firmware version of the Model 2182A must be C01 or higher.

Содержание 2182

Страница 1: ...www tek com keithley Model 2182 2182A Nanovoltmeter User s Manual 2182A 900 01 Rev B May 2017...

Страница 2: ...ly to defects resulting from product modification without Keithley Instruments express written consent or misuse of any product or part This warranty also does not apply to fuses software non recharge...

Страница 3: ...B This User s Manual supports both the Models 2182 and 2182A References to the Model 2182 apply to both the Models 2182 and 2182A References to the Model 2182 2182A apply to the Model 2182 with firmaw...

Страница 4: ...ely into the manual Addenda are numbered sequentially When a new Revision is created all Addenda associated with the previous Revision of the manual are incorporated into the new Revision of the manua...

Страница 5: ...tional Electrotechnical Commission IEC Standard IEC 60664 Most measurement control and data I O signals are Measurement Category I and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sou...

Страница 6: ...instrument shows that the surface may be hot Avoid personal contact to prevent burns The symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame If this symbol is on a product it indicates that...

Страница 7: ...ne frequency 1 16 Display 1 16 Status and error messages 1 16 Default settings 1 16 2 Voltage and Temperature Measurements Measurement overview 2 3 Voltage measurements 2 3 Temperature measurements 2...

Страница 8: ...readings 3 3 Manual ranging 3 3 Autoranging 3 4 SCPI programming range 3 4 Digits 3 5 SCPI programming digits 3 5 Rate 3 6 SCPI programming rate 3 7 Filter 3 8 Analog filter 3 8 Digital filter 3 8 SCP...

Страница 9: ...elay 7 4 Device action 7 5 Output trigger 7 5 Reading hold autosettle 7 6 Hold example 7 6 External triggering 7 7 External trigger 7 8 Voltmeter complete 7 8 External triggering example 7 9 External...

Страница 10: ...14 SCAN for IV curves Measure V sweep I constant H magnetic field or T temperature 9 14 10 Analog Output Overview 10 3 Operation 10 5 Analog output connections 10 5 Configure and control analog output...

Страница 11: ...lete 12 8 OPC Operation Complete Query Place a 1 in the output queue after all pending operations are completed 12 10 RCL Recall Return to setup stored in memory 12 11 RST Reset Return 2182 to RST def...

Страница 12: ...16 PRESet command 15 16 Performance commands 15 16 BEEPer command 15 18 KCLick command 15 18 POSetup name command 15 18 VERSion command 15 19 ERRor command 15 19 CLEar command 15 19 KEY NRf command 1...

Страница 13: ...Data lines F 4 Bus management lines F 4 Handshake lines F 5 Bus commands F 6 Uniline commands F 7 Universal multiline commands F 8 Addressed multiline commands F 9 Address commands F 9 Unaddress comm...

Страница 14: ...er fastest rate H 5 One shot reading DC volts bus trigger auto ranging H 5 One shot reading external trigger auto delay enabled H 5 I Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Overview I 2 Keithl...

Страница 15: ...3 Figure 2 11 Measuring switch contact resistance 2 24 Figure 2 12 Measuring switch contact resistance and temperature 2 25 Figure 2 13 Standard cell comparison measurements 2 26 Figure 2 14 Heated Ze...

Страница 16: ...3 Limits to sort 10 resistors 1 5 and 5 8 8 9 Stepping and Scanning Figure 9 1 Front panel triggering internal scanning 9 5 Figure 9 2 Front panel triggering other step scan operations 9 5 Figure 9 3...

Страница 17: ...12 Figure 15 9 Operation event enable register 15 13 Figure 15 10 Key press codes 15 21 C Measurement Considerations Figure C 1 Thermal EMF generation C 3 Figure C 2 Power line ground loops C 7 Figure...

Страница 18: ......

Страница 19: ...ble 3 1 SPCI commands range 3 4 Table 3 2 SPCI commands digits 3 5 Table 3 3 SCPI commands rate 3 7 Table 3 4 SCPI commands filter 3 12 4 Relative mX b and Percent Table 4 1 SCPI commands relative 4 4...

Страница 20: ...ary 14 3 Table 14 2 CALibration command summary user accessible 14 4 Table 14 3 DISPlay command summary 14 5 Table 14 4 FORMat command summary 14 5 Table 14 5 OUTPut command summary 14 6 Table 14 6 RO...

Страница 21: ...10 Table F 3 Typical addressed bus sequence F 11 Table F 4 Typical addressed common command sequence F 11 Table F 5 IEEE command groups F 12 Table F 6 Model 2182 interface function codes F 13 G IEEE 4...

Страница 22: ......

Страница 23: ...1 Getting Started Getting Started...

Страница 24: ...n contact information safety symbols and terms inspection and available options and accessories Nanovoltmeter features Summarizes the features of the Model 2182 Front and rear panel familiarization Su...

Страница 25: ...hese voltages The WARNING heading used in this manual explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicat...

Страница 26: ...the other The cable is 4 ft 1 2m in length Model 2188 Low Thermal Calibration Shorting Plug This input shorting plug is required to calibrate the Model 2182 Nanovoltmeter Models 7007 1 and 7007 2 Shi...

Страница 27: ...01 2002 2010 2182 2400 2410 2420 6517 7001 side by side in a standard 19 inch rack Model 4288 4 Side by Side Rack Mount Kit Mounts a Model 2182 and a 5 25 inch instrument Models 195A 196 220 224 230 2...

Страница 28: ...er Test DUT Differential Conductance Uses a differential current output and a 3 point moving average algorithm to perform differential measurements mX b and Percent These calculations provide mathemat...

Страница 29: ...n operation key 1 Special keys and power switch SHIFT Use to select a shifted function or operation LOCAL Cancels GPIB remote mode POWER Power switch In position turns 2182 on 1 out position turns it...

Страница 30: ...er analog and or digital and configure digital filter window count and type OUTPUT Enables disables relative for Analog Output AOUT Enables disables Analog Output TCOUPL Configure temperature measurem...

Страница 31: ...ction moves back to measurement display ENTER Accepts selection moves to next choice or back to measurement display Shifted CONFIG Configures a scan type timer channel count and reading count HALT Tur...

Страница 32: ...ressed to listen over GPIB MATH mX b or Percent calculation enabled MED Medium 1 PLC reading rate selected REAR Indicates that Analog Output is on REL Relative enabled for present measurement function...

Страница 33: ...FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING CAUTION FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING 2 1 3 4 5 Pin 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT Trigger Reading 2 sec...

Страница 34: ...apter such as Models 8501 1 8501 2 8502 and 8503 3 RS 232 Connector for RS 232 operation Use a straight through not null modem DB 9 shielded cable 4 IEEE 488 Connector for IEEE 488 GPIB operation Use...

Страница 35: ...pper contacts of the connectors as follows 1 Turn off the Model 2182 and at the rear panel disconnect the line cord and any other cables or wires connected to the instrument 2 Stand the Model 2182 on...

Страница 36: ...ade instrument chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground wire in the power cord Failure to use a grounded outlet may result in personal injury or death due to electric shock 4 Turn...

Страница 37: ...n 3 If configuring the instrument for a different line voltage remove the line voltage selector from the assembly and rotate it to the proper position When the selector is installed into the fuse hold...

Страница 38: ...e Manual for details Status and error messages Status and error messages are displayed momentarily During operation and programming you will encounter a number of front panel messages Typical messages...

Страница 39: ...etting Factory Default Analog output On Gain M 1 0 Offset B 0 Relative REL Off Autozeroing modes Front Autozero On Autozero On LSYNC Off Buffer No effect Delta Off Function DCV1 GPIB No effect On at f...

Страница 40: ...Rate 5 PLC Slow Reference junction Internal Relative REL Off Sensor Thermocouple Thermocouple type Type J Units C Triggers Continuous On Delay Auto Control Source Immediate DCV1 and DCV2 Digits 7 5 Fi...

Страница 41: ...2 VoltageandTemperature Measurements Voltageand Temperature Measurements...

Страница 42: ...for remote operation Connections Covers test circuit connection to the Model 2182 Temperature configuration Explains how to configure the Model 2182 for temperature measurements Measuring voltage and...

Страница 43: ...ormance considerations Pumpout current low charge injection mode in this section Voltage measurements The Model 2182 has two voltage measurement functions DCV1 and DCV2 DCV1 is available for input Cha...

Страница 44: ...ide the unit adjacent to the input connector The sensor is measured continuously to maintain accuracy Thermocouple connections reference junction have to be made at the input connector of the Model 21...

Страница 45: ...more than 1 C Bit 9 in the Questionable Event Condition Register will set to indicate a questionable ACAL See Status structure in Section 11 for more information NOTE Do not confuse this partial calib...

Страница 46: ...internal temperature both the CH1 and CH2 annunciators are off NOTE As long as the INTERNL sensor is selected TEMP1 and TEMP2 will only measure and display the internal temperature of the Model 2182 C...

Страница 47: ...n Section 5 Autozero When Autozero for the second amplifier is disabled the offset gain and internal reference temperature measurements are not performed This increases measurement speed a few at 1PLC...

Страница 48: ...Autozero and Autozero in ON enabled The set tings can be saved in the user default setup see Default settings in Section 1 LSYNC line cycle synchronization Synchronizing A D conversions with the frequ...

Страница 49: ...ernal switch transitions and occurs between A D conversions Settling for the transition occurs on the next A D conversion Whenever the impedance between Channel 2 LO and Channel 1 LO is 100k pumpout c...

Страница 50: ...he last ACAL SENSe SENSe Subsystem TEMPerature RTEMperature Measure the present internal temperature in C For Front Autozero SYSTem SYSTem Subsystem FAZero state b Enable or disable Front Autozero ON...

Страница 51: ...npr acal step2 status Performs low level ACAL CALL SEND 7 cal unpr acal done status Exits ACAL mode CALL SEND 7 init cont on status Starts continuous triggering Program Example 2 This program fragment...

Страница 52: ...ce pumpout current at the expense of increased measurement noise See Performance considerations Pumpout current low charge injection mode for details Connection techniques Copper to copper connections...

Страница 53: ...rature Simulated Reference Connections For temperature measurements using an external simulated reference junction simply wrap or clamp the thermocouple wires around the copper lugs or bare wires of t...

Страница 54: ...configuration there is no voltage differential between the two measurement channels Channel 2 HI is connected directly to Channel 1 LO Figure 2 5B shows a measurement configuration that has a voltage...

Страница 55: ...urements Figure 2 6 shows connections using the internal reference junction Keep in mind that the thermocouple wires must be soldered directly to a LEMO connector as previously explained Figure 2 6 Co...

Страница 56: ...age drop across the DUT and Channel 2 measures the temperature of the DUT Notice the jumper wire from the thermocouple to test circuit low If the case of the DUT is metal and already connected to test...

Страница 57: ...ors A small bottle of DeoxIT is supplied with the Model 2182 The Model 2107 Input Cable is terminated with copper lugs and the connection terminals of a LEMO connector are copper Perform the following...

Страница 58: ...SHIFT and then TCOUP to access the menu use the following rules to configure temperature There are four menu items UNITS SENS TYPE and JUNC Along with each menu item the present option is displayed Fo...

Страница 59: ...measuring very low voltages there may still be enough thermal EMFs to corrupt the measurement In this case use the Relative feature of the Model 2182 to null out that offset See Nulling thermal EMFs...

Страница 60: ...emperature measurements Table 2 3 SCPI commands voltage and temperature measurements Commands Description Default SENSe FUNCtion name Select function VOLTage or TEMPerature VOLT CHANnel chan Select me...

Страница 61: ...ence to 0 C CALL SEND 7 sens temp TC K status Set for type K thermocouple CALL SEND 7 unit temp F status Read in F Measure voltage on Channel 1 CALL SEND 7 sens chan 1 status Select Channel 1 CALL SEN...

Страница 62: ...hanges in sunlight or the activation of heating and air conditioning systems To minimize thermal EMFs use clean copper to copper connections wherever possible in the test circuit See Connections for d...

Страница 63: ...urce forces the current I through an unknown resistance developing a voltage across that device Even though the test lead resistance RLEAD is present it does not affect the current through RDUT becaus...

Страница 64: ...nations of the current source The averaged difference of those two readings cancels out the thermal EMF component of the measurements The Model 2182 can automatically perform the measurements and then...

Страница 65: ...gh current i e 10A through it Figure 2 12 Measuring switch contact resistance and temperature The Model 2182 measures both the voltage across the switch contact and the temperature These measurements...

Страница 66: ...id errors from thermally generated potentials To minimize the effects of thermal EMFs a second measurement is taken with the nanovoltmeter leads reversed as shown in Figure 2 13B The small voltage dif...

Страница 67: ...he test circuit for this application is shown in Figure 2 14 The JJ Array is adjusted until Channel 1 of the Model 2182 measures 0V 10 V The null condition indicates that the Heated Zener Reference vo...

Страница 68: ...2 28 Voltage and Temperature Measurements...

Страница 69: ...3 Range Digits Rate andFilter Range Digits Rate andFilter...

Страница 70: ...n Digits Provides details on selecting display resolution for voltage and temperature measurements Includes the SCPI commands for remote operation Rate Provides details on reading rate selection Inclu...

Страница 71: ...nts Temperature measurements are performed on a single fixed range The DIGITS key sets reading resolution Maximum readings The full scale readings for every voltage range are 20 over range For example...

Страница 72: ...y Pressing AUTO to disable autoranging leaves the instrument on the present range SCPI programming range Programming example The following program fragment enables autoranging for DCV1 and sets DCV2 t...

Страница 73: ...as no effect on the remote reading format The number of displayed digits does not affect accuracy or speed Those parameters are controlled by the RATE setting Perform the following steps to set displa...

Страница 74: ...step response 100ms Figure 3 1 Speed vs noise characteristics You can have a separate rate setting for voltage and temperature functions The rate setting for a voltage function applies to the other vo...

Страница 75: ...tozero For details see Autozeroing modes in Section 2 SCPI programming rate Programming example rate The following program fragment sets the voltage reading rate to 2 PLC and the temperature reading r...

Страница 76: ...be greatly reduced Therefore if the Analog Filter is not needed turn it OFF Digital filter The digital filter is used to stabilize noisy measurements The displayed stored or transmitted reading is a...

Страница 77: ...10 window means that the filter window is 76 C Filter type There are two digital filter types moving and repeating The moving average filter uses a first in first out stack When the stack becomes full...

Страница 78: ...ed readings in the stack The FILT annunciator will flash until 10 new readings fill the stack NOTE Bit 8 of the Operation Event Status Register sets when the filter window has properly settled See Sta...

Страница 79: ...to display the desired count 10 Press ENTER The present digital filter type moving average or repeat will be displayed 11 If you wish to change the digital filter type place the cursor on the type na...

Страница 80: ...ecify filter window in 0 to 10 0 01 COUNt n Specify filter count 1 to 100 10 TCONtrol name Select filter type MOVing or REPeat MOVing STATe b Enable or disable digital filter ON For TEMP1 SENSe SENSe...

Страница 81: ...ter 5 window count 10 moving Analog Filter CALL SEND 7 sens volt chan2 lpas off status Disable analog filter Digital Filter CALL SEND 7 sens volt chan2 dfil wind 5 status Set window to 5 CALL SEND 7 s...

Страница 82: ...3 14 Range Digits Rate and Filter...

Страница 83: ...4 Relative mX b and Percent Relative mX b andPercent...

Страница 84: ...t Relative Explains how to null an offset or establish a baseline value Includes the SCPI commands for remote operation mX b and Percent Covers these two basic math operations and includes the SCPI co...

Страница 85: ...lta in Section 5 for details REL Key The REL key sets a rel value for the selected function DCV1 DCV1 TEMP1 and TEMP2 Note that a unique rel value can be established for each measurement function Perf...

Страница 86: ...or disable relative OFF ACQuire Use input signal as rel value For TEMP1 and TEMP2 SENSe SENSe Subsystem TEMPerature Temperature function CHANnel1 Channel 1 TEMP1 REFerence n Specify rel value 273 to...

Страница 87: ...L ENTER reading length 7 status Gets offset reading CALL SEND 7 sens volt ref acq status Acquires Rel Value CALL SEND 7 sens volt ref stat on status Enables relative for DCV1 Program Example 2 This pr...

Страница 88: ...value B 00 000000 m factory default 4 Key in the offset value 5 Press ENTER to enter the B value and display the two character UNITS designator UNITS MX factory default 6 Use the cursor keys and the...

Страница 89: ...keys increment and decrement the digit value To change range place the cursor on the multiplier and use the and keys m 0 001 1 K 1000 and M 1 000 000 With the cursor on the polarity sign the and keys...

Страница 90: ...s offset B to 0 5 CALL SEND 7 calc kmat mun cd status Sets units to CD CALL SEND 7 calc stat on status Enables calculation Program Example 2 This program fragment shows how to configure and enable the...

Страница 91: ...5 RatioandDelta Ratioand Delta...

Страница 92: ...tage input channels DCV1 and DCV2 Ratio is calculated as follows Ratio V1 V2 Where V1 is the voltage reading for Channel 1 DCV1 V2 is the voltage reading for Channel 2 DCV2 Basic procedure Ratio is se...

Страница 93: ...e each channel DCV1 and DCV2 for the desired voltage measurement Unique settings for each channel include Range Filter and Rel Step 3 Verify on scale readings for DCV1 and DCV2 Verify that DCV1 and DC...

Страница 94: ...he Filter settings are applied to the input channels not on the result of Ratio The FILT key is operational while in Ratio Pressing FILT will either disable Filter for both channels or enable Filter f...

Страница 95: ...O can be used for each voltage channel When Ratio is enabled the range setting for each channel is retained For example Channel 1 could be set for autoranging and Channel 2 could be fixed on the 10V r...

Страница 96: ...182 is optimized to provide low noise readings when measurement speed is set from 1 to 5 PLC At 1 PLC current can be reversed after 100msec At 5 PLC current can be reversed after 333msec At these read...

Страница 97: ...90 V As demonstrated in Figure 5 1 neither measurement by the Model 2182 accurately measured the voltage across the DUT However if you take a simple average of the magnitudes of the two readings 110...

Страница 98: ...level V1t1 VTHERM VDUTV1t2 VTHERM VDUT 10 V 100 V 10 V 100 V 110 V 90 V Delta is then calculated as follows Using Delta with a bipolar source effectively canceled the 10 V thermal EMF External trigger...

Страница 99: ...rity source The source must have external triggering capabilities that are compatible with the external triggering capabilities of the Model 2182 The following procedure shows how to use a Keithley So...

Страница 100: ...to perform Delta measurements RATE must be set to 1 PLC or 5 PLC to optimize measurement performance At 1 PLC or 5 PLC Delta measurements will cancel thermal EMFs to a 50nV level The SourceMeter SPEED...

Страница 101: ...m In Event IMMEDIATE Arm Out TLink Line 3 Arm Out Events OFF Arm Count INFINITE Trig Layer Trigger In Trigger In Source TRIGGER LINK Trig In TLink Line 1 Event Detect Bypass NEVER Trigger In Events SO...

Страница 102: ...tion menu specify the number of 2 point sweeps to perform Selecting INFINITE allows the SourceMeter to continuously source the current reversal sweep Select FINITE if you wish to perform a specific nu...

Страница 103: ...the SourceMeter A To arm the sweep press SWEEP B To start the sweep press TRIG At the end of each 2 point sweep a Delta reading will be calculated and displayed and stored in the buffer if it is enab...

Страница 104: ...V1t1 phase of the Delta measurement and then triggers the SourceMeter to output the second point of the sweep 1mA At this point the Model 2182 does not wait for the return trigger from the SourceMeter...

Страница 105: ...2 readings The filter stack for V1t1 readings is filled with five measurement conversions The five readings are averaged to yield the V1t1 value and an output trigger is sent on eachV1t1 A D conversio...

Страница 106: ...PACE 80 CALL ENTER reading length 7 status Address 2182 to talk PRINT reading Display Ratio reading on CRT Table 5 1 SCPI commands ratio and delta Commands Description Default SENSe 1 SENSe Subsystem...

Страница 107: ...tus Disable Front Autozero to double Delta speed CALL SEND 7 trig sour ext status 2182 External triggering CALL SEND 7 trac poin 3 status 2182 Buffer size 3 CALL SEND 7 trac feed cont next status 2182...

Страница 108: ...annel 1 which is used to measure the 1k resistance component of the network should be set to the 1V range 1k 1mA 1V or autorange Channel 2 which is used to measure the 10k resistance component should...

Страница 109: ...ng the current I through the superconductor material DUT the magnetic field H that surrounds it is held constant For the following two applications the Model 2182 is used to measure voltage and a Keit...

Страница 110: ...creases Figure 5 6 Test circuit Fixed I Vary H After measuring the DUT voltage V at a series of increasing magnetic field values H you can graph H vs V The example H V curve in Figure 5 7 shows that t...

Страница 111: ...ed to alternate between 1mA and 1mA see Figure 5 8 By enabling Delta measurements on the Model 2182 the effects of thermal EMFs in the test leads will automatically be canceled during the source measu...

Страница 112: ...UT and two Model 2182s are used to provide simultaneous voltage measurements Model 2182 1 measures the voltage across a precision reference resistor RREF and stores the readings in its buffer These st...

Страница 113: ...reversal measurement technique must be used to cancel the effects of thermal EMFs in the test leads By configuring a custom sweep the SourceMeter can function as a bipolar growing amplitude source For...

Страница 114: ...For the example 30 point sweep the current values for points P0 through P29 are shown in Figure 5 11 In Step 7 enable line synchronization on both Model 2182s To access control press SHIFT and then LS...

Страница 115: ...d Delta 5 25 Figure 5 11 SourceMeter output 30 point custom sweep P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 0 10 A 20 A 50 A 10 A 20...

Страница 116: ...t source value The trigger link connections required for this application are shown in Figure 5 12 Notice that the output trigger VMC required from the Model 2182s is provided by unit 1 VMC from unit...

Страница 117: ...6 Buffer Buffer...

Страница 118: ...fered data is overwritten each time the storage operation is selected The data is volatile it is not saved through a power cycle NOTE Measurements performed during stepping or scanning are automatical...

Страница 119: ...s and buffer statistics For any of the buffer statistics maximum minimum peak to peak average standard deviation the STAT annunciator is on 3 To return to the normal display press EXIT Figure 6 1 Buff...

Страница 120: ...to Peak MAX MIN Average is the mean of the buffer readings Mean is calculated as follows where Xi is a stored reading n is the number of stored readings The STD DEV value is the standard deviation of...

Страница 121: ...the last calculation If new data is stored in the buffer you must again send the IMMediate or IMMediate to recalculate the statistic from that new data There is no SCPI command to obtain the Peak to P...

Страница 122: ...gs CALL SEND 7 trac data status Request all stored readings reading SPACE 80 CALL ENTER reading length 7 status Address 2182 to talk PRINT reading Display all buffer readings on CRT Calculate Mean of...

Страница 123: ...7 Triggering Triggering...

Страница 124: ...ng Hold feature which is used to screen out readings that are not within a specified reading window External triggering Explains external triggering which allows the Model 2182 to trigger other instru...

Страница 125: ...see SCPI programming triggering Keep in mind that there is only one trigger model The ones shown Figure 7 1 and in Section 9 are abbreviated versions to illustrate front panel operation Figure 7 1 Fro...

Страница 126: ...le after event detection It can be set manually or an auto delay can be used With auto delay the Model 2182 selects a delay based on the selected voltage range The auto delays are listed in Table 7 1...

Страница 127: ...ops back to be beginning of the Device Action as shown in Figure 7 2 The hold count specifies how many readings have to be within the window before it is accepted See Reading hold autosettle for opera...

Страница 128: ...d NOTE Hold can only be used with Channel 1 Whenever Hold is enabled Channel 2 becomes inoperative Hold example 1 Press SHIFT and then HOLD to display the present window 0 01 0 1 1 or 10 2 To change t...

Страница 129: ...be triggered by other instruments The VMC line allows the Model 2182 to trigger other instruments At the factory line 1 is configured as VMC and line 2 as EXT TRIG Changing this configuration is descr...

Страница 130: ...se specifications EXT TRIG Voltmeter complete The VMC output provides a TTL compatible output pulse that can be used to trigger other instruments The specifications for this trigger pulse are shown in...

Страница 131: ...RATOR SERVICABLE PARTS SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY WARNING NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY CAUTION FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD REPLAC...

Страница 132: ...aits with the asterisk annunciator lit for an external trigger from the Model 7001 7002 Press STEP on the Model 7001 7002 to take it out of idle and start the scan The scanner s output pulse triggers...

Страница 133: ...t is programmed to scan eight channels operation loops back up to point B where it waits for an input trigger E F Model 2182 operation is at point A waiting for a trigger The output Channel Ready puls...

Страница 134: ...on has been changed from the factory setting the Model 8502 Trigger Link Adapter must be used to interface with instruments having BNC trigger connections It has two micro DIN connectors and six BNC c...

Страница 135: ...commands are included in the trigger model Figure 7 10 Trigger model remote operation ABOrt RCL 0 SYST PRES RST No Yes Idle and Initiate Trigger Signal Control Source Trigger Source Immediate Trigger...

Страница 136: ...ent will leave the idle state SYSTem PRESet enables continuous initiation Therefore operation will immediately leave the idle state when it is sent The RCL 0 command will do the same if INITiation CON...

Страница 137: ...erate the same for both front panel and GPIB operation See the front panel Trigger model located at the beginning of this section for operating information on these trigger model blocks Also see Readi...

Страница 138: ...n Set timer interval 0 to 999999 999 sec 0 1 COUNt n Set trigger count 1 to 9999 or INF Note 2 DELay n Set delay 0 to 999999 999 sec 0 AUTO b Enable or disable auto delay G SIGNal Loop around control...

Страница 139: ...uto delay sets the delay time to 0 H TRIGger SIGNal Send this action command to bypass the control source when you do not wish to wait for the programmed event to occur The instrument must be waiting...

Страница 140: ...7 18 Triggering...

Страница 141: ...8 Limits Limits...

Страница 142: ...t operations Explains Limit 1 and Limit 2 testing operations SCPI programming Covers the SCPI commands for remote operation Application Provides an application that sorts resistors by tolerances 8 2 L...

Страница 143: ...s NEVER With this option the beeper is disabled Only the HI IN LO status message is used for the Limit 1 test OUTSIDE With this option the beeper sounds when the reading is outside HI or LO of Limit 1...

Страница 144: ...lt 4 Enter the desired value for this low limit 5 Press ENTER to view the present HI2 limit value HI2 2 000000 default 6 Enter the desired value for this high limit 7 Press ENTER to view the present L...

Страница 145: ...Default Note CALCulate3 CALCulate3 Subsystem LIMit Configure and control Limit 1 UPPer n Set upper HI1 limit 100e6 to 100e6 1 LOWer n Set lower LO1 limit 100e6 to 100e6 1 STATe b Enable or disable Li...

Страница 146: ...shot DCV1 measurements CALL SEND 7 rst status Put 2182 in a one shot mode Configure limit tests CALL SEND 7 calc3 lim upp 0 1 status Set HI1 limit to 0 1 CALL SEND 7 calc3 lim low 0 1 status Set LO1...

Страница 147: ...used to test for the 1 tolerance and Limit 2 will be used to test for the 5 tolerance The Model 2182 does not directly measure resistance so the tolerances have to be converted to voltage values The v...

Страница 148: ...lling thermal EMFs To maximize handling speed quick disconnect test clips are typically used for the resistor connections Unfortunately these connections may contribute enough thermal EMFs to corrupt...

Страница 149: ...9 SteppingandScanning Steppingand Scanning...

Страница 150: ...and scanning operates Stepping Scanning controls Covers the front panel keys used to configure and control stepping scanning Stepping Scanning examples Provides examples for internal stepping and sca...

Страница 151: ...step scan cycle Channel 2 is measured once and Channel 1 can be measured from 1 to 1023 times Measured readings are automatically stored in the buffer External Stepping Scanning When using external s...

Страница 152: ...eady expired event detection will be satisfied immediately External trigger After the internal scan is configured pressing the EX TRIG key places the instrument in the external trigger mode When the S...

Страница 153: ...perations Idle Control Source Immediate External Timer Event Detection Delay Device Action Output Trigger Another Scan Trigger Counter Yes No Another Reading Yes No Sample Counter Idle Control Source...

Страница 154: ...delay auto or manual is being used operation will hold up at this block until the delay period expires Device action Measurements are performed at this block For internal stepping the first measureme...

Страница 155: ...the initial count val ue For example if the initial Reading Count is 3 you can change it to 6 or 9 or 12 etc If you enter a non multiple value the instrument will select the next lower value that is...

Страница 156: ...ss ENTER 3 The minimum channel MIN CHAN to step scan is displayed Use the edit keys and to specify the Min channel and press ENTER 4 The maximum channel MAX CHAN is then displayed Use the edit keys to...

Страница 157: ...imer off Delay Auto Channel 1 Count 4 Reading Count 10 Overview A Reading Count of ten sets the Trigger Counter in Figure 9 2 to 10 A total of ten measurements will be performed and stored in the buff...

Страница 158: ...instrument setups assume factory defaults Note that Channel 1 of the Model 2182 must be used for external scanning 1 On the Model 7001 Switch System enter a scan list of channels 1 to 8 on card 1 2 A...

Страница 159: ...setup SCAN CHANNELS 1 1 1 8 CONFIGURE SCAN CHAN CONTROL CHANNEL SPACING TRIGLINK ASYNCHRONOUS CHAN COUNT 8 SCAN CONTROL SCAN COUNT 1 Model 2182 from factory setup SHIFT CONFIG TYPE EXT MIN CHAN 001 MA...

Страница 160: ...infinite RST sets the count to 1 Table 9 1 SCPI commands stepping and scanning Commands Description Default For ROUTe Subsystem ROUTe ROUTe Subsystem SCAN Scanning INTernal Internal Scan CCOunt n Spec...

Страница 161: ...ALL SEND 7 rst status Restore RST defaults CALL SEND 7 samp coun 5 status Set sample count to 5 CALL SEND 7 rout scan int cco 4 status Set channel 1 count to 4 CALL SEND 7 rout scan lsel int status En...

Страница 162: ...9 4 This sweep will store into the 2182 memory and can be recalled at the end of the sweep By having the 2400 and 2182 in a tight hardware control the DC current reversal technique can be run at a ra...

Страница 163: ...time needed for cable settling Config SCAN INT Timer off Ch1 Count 3 Note Ch1 will store 3 readings 2400 programmed current level Ch2 will store 1 reading 2400 programmed current level Rdg Count 48 F...

Страница 164: ...e 2182 enable SCAN Note Memory buffer annunciator comes on ON the 2400 enable SWEEP Note Arm annunciator comes on Press Trig on 2400 After completion of the sweep recall the data from the 2182 using t...

Страница 165: ...f the 2182 buffer parses the comma separated data into the array and calculates the DC current reversal data for both Channel 1 and Channel 2 CONST Addr 7 Represents the address of the 2182 CONST NumR...

Страница 166: ...ter THEN found an individual reading so store it as such Readings ReadingOn VAL OneReading OneReading clear out so able to read next individual reading ReadingOn ReadingOn 1 increment counter for next...

Страница 167: ...p NEXT i Chan1 CH1pos CH1neg NumRdgsPerStep 1 2 DataCH1 j STR Chan1 k k NumRdgsPerStep 2 NEXT j Printing results to a file OPEN chan1 xls FOR OUTPUT AS 1 this will place chan1 xls in your current work...

Страница 168: ...9 20 Stepping and Scanning...

Страница 169: ...10 AnalogOutput Analog Output...

Страница 170: ...alog Output Overview Covers the capabilities of the Analog Output Operation Explains how to configure and control the Analog Output SCPI programming Covers the SCPI commands associated with theAnalog...

Страница 171: ...such as zero For example assume you are measuring 100mV on the 1V range With gain set to 1 the analog output would be 100mV You can increase analog output sensitivity by setting gain to 10 This increa...

Страница 172: ...to 1 and Offset set to 0 analog output voltage for temperature measurements is calculated as follows Analog Output 1 2 Rdg Rng Rng is a magnitude Therefore it is always a positive value Example Calcu...

Страница 173: ...rsor on the polarity sign the and keys toggle polarity 3 Press ENTER to enter the Gain value and display the Offset value B 00 000000 factory default 4 Key in the Offset value 5 Press ENTER to enter t...

Страница 174: ...og output to monitor a 1mV signal on the 10mV range Analog output gain is set to 10 to increase sensitivity Therefore 1mV will result in a 1V analog output Finally Analog Output Rel is enabled to refe...

Страница 175: ...11 RemoteOperation Remote Operation...

Страница 176: ...nce Covers the following GPIB topics GPIB Bus Standards GPIB Bus Connections Primary Address Selection QuickBASIC Programming General Bus Commands Front Panel GPIB Operation Status Structure Programmi...

Страница 177: ...and flow control For the RS 232 interface you can only use the SCPI language to program the instrument NOTE When changing the interface GPIB to RS 232 or vice versa all data in the buffer clears Lang...

Страница 178: ...2 To enable the GPIB interface A Place the cursor on the on off selection by pressing the key B Press the or key to toggle the selection to ON C Press ENTER The present GPIB address is displayed 3 To...

Страница 179: ...rate is displayed 3 To change baud rate A Place the cursor on the baud rate value B Use the and keys to display the desired baud rate value C Press ENTER The present flow control setting is displayed...

Страница 180: ...command language protocol It goes one step farther than IEEE 488 1987 2 and defines a standard set of commands to control every programmable aspect of an instrument GPIB bus connections To connect the...

Страница 181: ...88 connector Figure 11 3 IEEE 488 connector location Instrument Controller Instrument Instrument WARNING NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY WARNING NO INTERNAL O...

Страница 182: ...s Usually controller addresses are 0 or 21 but see the controllers instruction manual for details Make sure the address of the controller is the same as that specified in the controllers programming l...

Страница 183: ...PRINT reading The following programming example shows how all the above statements are used together INCLUDE c qb45 ieeeqb bi Include QuickBASIC libraries CALL INITIALIZE 21 0 Initialize card as addre...

Страница 184: ...ment does not have to be in remote to be a talker Program Fragment CALL TRANSMIT MTA LISTEN 7 REN status Place Model 2182 in remote turn on REM annunciator Note that all front panel controls except fo...

Страница 185: ...L does not affect instrument settings and stored data Program fragment CALL TRANSMIT DCL status Clears all devices SDC selective device clear The SDC command is an addressed command that performs esse...

Страница 186: ...in the remote state REM does not necessarily indicate the state of the REM line as the instrument must be addressed to listen with REM true before the REM indicator turns on When the instrument is in...

Страница 187: ...erative Status structure See Figure 11 4 for the Model 2182 s status structure Instrument events such as errors are monitored and manipulated by four status register sets Notice that these status regi...

Страница 188: ...g Trig Note RQS bit is in serial poll byte MSS bit is in STB response 1 14 14 OPC QYE DDE EXE CME URQ PON 8 9 8 11 12 13 15 Standard Event Status Register 8 9 8 11 12 13 15 Standard Event Status Enabl...

Страница 189: ...sing the EVENt query commands in the STATus Subsystem See Section 14 for more information An event register is cleared when it is read The following operations clear all event registers Cycling power...

Страница 190: ...5 EXE B4 DDE B3 QYE B2 B1 B0 OPC ESE ESE To Event Summary Bit ESB of Status Byte Register See Figure 11 9 B15 B8 B15 B8 OR Idle Idle state of the 2182 Filt Filter Settled Trig Trigger Layer Meas Measu...

Страница 191: ...4 B2 LL1 B1 B0 Measurement Condition Register BFL HL1 ROF BFL ROF BHF BAV HL1 B9 BHF B8 BAV B7 B6 RAV B5 B4 B2 LL1 B1 B0 BFL ROF HL1 RAV Reading Available HL High Limit LL Low Limit ROF Reading Overfl...

Страница 192: ...s considered cleared when it is empty An empty Output Queue clears the MAV bit in the Status Byte Register Read a message from the Output Queue by addressing the Model 2182 to talk after the appropria...

Страница 193: ...Register Bit B6 in the Status Byte Register is one of the following The Master Summary Status MSS bit sent in response to the STB command indicates the status of any set bits with corresponding enable...

Страница 194: ...in the Service Request Enable Register is cleared 0 When the masked summary bit in the Status Byte Register sets it isANDed with the corresponding cleared bit in the Service Request Enable Register T...

Страница 195: ...one or more command words Commands and command parameters Common commands and SCPI commands may or may not use a parameter The following are some examples SAV NRf Parameter NRf required RST No paramet...

Страница 196: ...AXimum When the DEFault parameter is used the instrument is programmed to the RST default value When the MINimum parameter is used the instrument is programmed to the lowest allowable value When the M...

Страница 197: ...ries the lowest allowable value TRIGger TIMer MAXimum Queries the largest allowable value Case sensitivity Common commands and SCPI commands are not case sensitive You can use upper or lower case and...

Страница 198: ...t drop all the letters after it format form If the command contains a question mark or a non optional number included in the command word you must include it in the short form version delay del Comman...

Страница 199: ...starts over Commands that are on the same command level can be executed without having to retype the entire command path Example stat oper enab NRf enab After the first command enab is executed the p...

Страница 200: ...a multiple command program message are ignored Response messages A response message is the message sent by the instrument to the computer in response to a query command program message Sending a resp...

Страница 201: ...nect to the Model 2182 also uses these settings You can break data transmissions by sending a C or X character string to the controller This clears any pending operation and discards any pending outpu...

Страница 202: ...elow half full The Model 2182 recognizes X_ON and X_OFF sent from the controller An X_OFF will cause the Model 2182 to stop outputting characters until it sees an X_ON Incoming commands are processed...

Страница 203: ...ws the pinout for the connector If your computer uses a DB 25 connector for the RS 232 interface you will need a cable or adapter with a DB 25 connector on one end and a DB 9 connector on the other wi...

Страница 204: ...e 11 3 PC serial port pinout Signal DB 9 Pin Number DB 25 Pin Number DCD data carrier detect 1 8 RXD receive data 2 3 TXD transmit data 3 2 DTR data terminal ready 4 20 GND signal ground 5 7 DSR data...

Страница 205: ...12 CommonCommands Common Commands...

Страница 206: ...n complete command Set the Operation Complete bit in the Standard Event Status Register after all pending commands have been executed OPC Operation complete query Places an ASCII 1 into the output que...

Страница 207: ...lear reset to 0 the bits of the following registers in the Model 2182 Standard Event Register Operation Event Register Error Queue Measurement Event Register Questionable Event Register This command a...

Страница 208: ...n the Status Byte Register Conversely when a standard event is unmasked enabled the occurrence of that event sets the ESB bit For information on the Standard Event Register and descriptions of the sta...

Страница 209: ...Standard Event Status Register using the ESE query command Figure 12 1 Standard event enable register B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 2 4 2 5 16 32 0 1 0 1 Bit Position Event Decimal Weighting Value Value 1...

Страница 210: ...ates that all pending selected device operations are completed and the Model 2182 is ready to accept new commands This bit only sets in response to the OPC query command Bit B1 Not used Bit B2 Query E...

Страница 211: ...d firmware revision levels and is sent in the following format KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS INC MODEL 2182 xxxxxxx yyyyy zzzzz Where xxxxxxx is the serial number yyyyy zzzzz is the firmware revision levels of...

Страница 212: ...state The INIT command operation is not considered finished until the Model 2182 goes back into the idle state See the description for WAI for more information on command execution When used with the...

Страница 213: ...and ESR Reads the Standard Event Status Register After addressing the Model 2182 to talk the returned value of 0 denotes that the bit bit 0 is not set indicating that the INITiate operation is not com...

Страница 214: ...only the TRG command is pending To do this send the ABORt command to place the instrument in idle which by definition completes the initiate command Since continuous initiation is on operation contin...

Страница 215: ...dle state an ASCII 1 will be placed in the Output Queue 5 Addresses the Model 2182 to talk This sends the 1 from the Output Queue to the computer 6 Displays the 1 on the monitor 7 Resets the Model 218...

Страница 216: ...command to save the present instrument setup configuration in memory for later recall Any control affected by RST can be saved by the SAV command The RCL command is used to restore the instrument to...

Страница 217: ...2 3 Notice that the decimal weight of each bit is included in the illustration The sum of the decimal weights of the bits that you wish to set is the value that is sent with the SRE command For exampl...

Страница 218: ...5 for details Bit 1 Not used Bit 2 Error Available EAV A set bit indicates that an error or status message is present in the Error Queue The message can be read using one of the following SCPI command...

Страница 219: ...rm a checksum test on ROM The command places the coded result 0 or 1 in the Output Queue When the Model 2182 is addressed to talk the coded result is sent from the Output Queue to the computer A retur...

Страница 220: ...te The device operations of INITiate are not considered complete until the Model 2182 returns to idle By sending the WAI command after the INITiate command all subsequent commands will not execute unt...

Страница 221: ...13 SCPISignalOriented Measurement Commands SCPISignalOri entedMeasure ment Commands...

Страница 222: ...his command places the instrument in a one shot measurement mode You can then use the READ command to trigger a measurement and acquire a reading see READ When this command is sent the Model 2182 will...

Страница 223: ...oes not affect the instrument setup This command does not trigger a measurement The command simply requests the last available reading Note that this command can repeatedly return the same reading Unt...

Страница 224: ...erature Temperature Description This command combines all of the other signal oriented measurement commands to perform a one shot measurement and acquire the reading When this command is sent the foll...

Страница 225: ...14 SCPIReferenceTables SCPIRefer enceTables...

Страница 226: ...ype Do not use angle brackets in the program message The Boolean parameter b is used to enable or disable an instrument operation 1 or ON enables the operation and 0 or OFF disables the operation Uppe...

Страница 227: ...uery state of KMATh calculation DATA Path to acquire calculation result LATest Return last calculation result FRESh Trigger a reading and return the calculation result CALCulate2 Path to configure and...

Страница 228: ...trigger model cycle starts ON AUTO Query state of auto clear IMMediate Recalculate limit tests Table 14 2 CALibration command summary user accessible Command Description Default Parameter Ref SCPI CA...

Страница 229: ...ssing LOCAL or cycling power enables ON the display circuit 2 RST and SYSTem PRESet have no effect on a user defined message Pressing LOCAL or cycling power can cels all user defined messages 3 RST an...

Страница 230: ...te of analog output RELative b ON uses the present analog output voltage as the Rel value OFF disables analog output Rel OFF RELative Query state of Rel Table 14 6 ROUTe command summary Command Descri...

Страница 231: ...VOLTage DC Path to configure DC volts NPLCycles n Set integration rate in line cycles PLC 0 01 to 60 60Hz or 0 01 to 50 50Hz 5 Sec 3 NPLCycles Query NPLC APERture n Set integration rate in seconds 166...

Страница 232: ...ection mode RANGe Configure channel 2 measurement range Sec 3 UPPer n Select range 0 to 12 volts 12 UPPer Query range value AUTO b Enable or disable autorange ON AUTO Query state of autorange REFerenc...

Страница 233: ...on rate in seconds 166 67e 6 to 1 60Hz or 200e 6 to 1 50Hz 83 33 APERture Query Aperture DIGits n Set display resolution 4 to 7 6 Sec 3 DIGits Query display resolution CHANnel1 Channel 1 temperature c...

Страница 234: ...LPASs Control analog filter for TEMP2 Sec 3 STATe b Enable or disable analog filter OFF STATe Query state of analog filter DFILter Configure and control digital filter Sec 3 WINDow n Specify filter w...

Страница 235: ...on Read the condition register PRESet Return status registers to default states QUEue Path to access Error Queue NEXT Read the most recent message Note 4 ENABle list Specify error and status messages...

Страница 236: ...KCLick b Enable or disable key click feature ON KCLick Query key click status BEEPer Path to control beeper STATe b Enable or disable beeper for limit tests ON STATe Query state of beeper KEY NRf Sim...

Страница 237: ...OURce Query control source SIGNal Loop around control source COUNt n Set measure count 1 to 9999 or INF see Note 2 COUNt Query measure count DELay n Set trigger delay 0 to 999999 999 sec 0 AUTO b Enab...

Страница 238: ...4 14 SCPI Reference Tables Table 14 12 UNIT command summary Command Description Default Parameter Ref SCPI UNIT TEMPerature name Select temperature units C F or K C TEMPerature Query temperature units...

Страница 239: ...15 AdditionalSCPI Commands Additional SCPICom mands...

Страница 240: ...are used to control the display FORMat subsystem Covers the SCPI commands to configure the format for read ings that are sent over the bus STATus subsystem Covers the SCPI commands to configure and co...

Страница 241: ...SPlay WINDow 1 TEXT DATA a Define message for display Parameter a ASCII characters for the message maximum of 12 characters The characters must be enclosed in either double quotes or single quotes Des...

Страница 242: ...y reading conversion the data string sent over the bus contains the elements specified by the ELEMents command The specified elements are sent in a particular order The ASCII data format is in a direc...

Страница 243: ...e precision data format 64 data bits Byte 1 7 0 Header Byte 2 7 0 Byte 3 7 0 Byte 4 7 0 s e f 0 s sign bit 0 positive 1 negative e exponent bits 8 f fraction bits 23 Normal byte order shown For swappe...

Страница 244: ...data string for each measurement conversion The ASCII data format can only be sent in the normal byte order The SWAPped selection is ignored when the ASCII format is selected ELEMents command ELEMents...

Страница 245: ...an read Data elements for the item list can be listed in any order but they are always sent in the order shown in Figure 15 1 STATus subsystem The STATus subsystem is used to control the status regist...

Страница 246: ...ing was taken and processed Bit B6 Not used Bit B7 Buffer Available BAV Set bit indicates that there are at least two readings in the trace buffer Bit B8 Buffer Half Full BHF Set bit indicates that th...

Страница 247: ...error will clear after successful calibration of the instrument Bit B9 ACAL Summary ACAL Set bit indicates that an invalid ACAL was performed This error will clear after a successful ACAL is performe...

Страница 248: ...B6 and B7 Not used Bit B8 Filter Settled Filt Set bit indicates that the filter has settled Bit B9 Not used Bit B10 Idle Set bit indicates that the instrument is in the idle state Bits B11 through B15...

Страница 249: ...Each event enable register is used as a mask for events see EVENt for descriptions of events When a bit in an event enable register is cleared 0 the corresponding bit in the event register is masked a...

Страница 250: ...1 Events BFL Buffer Full BHF Buffer Half Full BAV Buffer Available RAV Reading Available HL2 High Limit 2 LL2 Low Limit 2 HL1 High Limit 1 LL1 Low Limit 1 ROF Reading Overflow BFL HL1 ROF 512 4 1 0 1...

Страница 251: ...eflect the present operating status of the instrument See EVENt for register bit descriptions After sending one of these commands and addressing the Model 2182 to talk a decimal value is sent to the c...

Страница 252: ...nd that message is then removed from the queue The queue will hold up to ten messages If the queue becomes full the 350 Queue Overflow message will occupy the last memory location in the register On p...

Страница 253: ...ee Appendix B The following examples show various forms for expressing a message numlist Numlist 110 Single message 110 140 222 Messages separated by commas 110 222 Range of messages 110 through 222 1...

Страница 254: ...utozero 1 or ON Enable Front Autozero Description With Front Autozero enabled which is the default setting the instrument performs two A D measurement cycles for each reading The first one is a normal...

Страница 255: ...synchronization 1 or ON Enable line cycle synchronization Description When enabled A D conversions are synchronized with the power line frequency This reduces noise at the expense of speed Line cycle...

Страница 256: ...he front panel by pressing SHIFT then LOCAL POSetup name command POSetup name SYSTem POSetup name Program power on defaults Parameters name RST Select RST defaults on power up PRESet Select SYSTem PRE...

Страница 257: ...h time you read the queue the oldest message is read and that message is then removed from the queue If the queue becomes full the 350 Queue Overflow message occupies the last memory location in the r...

Страница 258: ...en KEY is sent over the bus and the Model 2182 is addressed to talk the key press code number for the last key pressed either physically or with KEY is sent to the computer NOTE SYST KEY should not be...

Страница 259: ...H10 HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR AUTO HI LO CHANNEL 2 HI LO 120V MAX 12V MAX LSYNC CAT I 350V PEAK ANY TERMINAL TO CHASSIS EXIT ENTER DIGITS RATE ON OFF VALUE TRIG EX TRIG STORE RECALL DCV1 V1 V2...

Страница 260: ...15 22 Additional SCPI Commands...

Страница 261: ...A Specifications Specifications...

Страница 262: ...A 1 Speci cations Specifications For instrument specifications visit the Keithley Instruments support website http www tek com keithley...

Страница 263: ...B Statusand ErrorMessages StatusandError Messages...

Страница 264: ...missing Data corrupt or stale Out of memory Illegal parameter value Too much data Parameter data out of range Settings conflict Parameter error Arm deadlock Trigger deadlock Init ignored Arm ignored T...

Страница 265: ...ameter Parameter not allowed GET not allowed Data type error Invalid separator Syntax error Invalid character Command error EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE 000 No err...

Страница 266: ..._10 ACAL error B_P1_10 ACAL error B_P1_100 ACAL error B_0_10 ACAL error Analog output zero error Analog positive gain error Analog negative gain error B_0_100 ACAL error Precal selection error ACAL Te...

Страница 267: ...ASCII only with RS 232 Internal System Error DDC Uncalibrated Error EE EE SE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE 960 961 DDC Status Model DDC Mode IDDC Error DDC Mode IDDCO Error EE EE 962 963 964 965 966 Keit...

Страница 268: ...B 6 Status and Error Messages...

Страница 269: ...C Measurement Considerations Measurement Consider ations...

Страница 270: ...ts handbook which is available from Keithley Thermoelectric potentials Thermoelectric potentials thermal EMFs are small electric potentials generated by differences in temperature at the junction of d...

Страница 271: ...C or K T2 Temperature of A junction C or K In the unlikely event that the two junction temperatures are identical no thermal EMFs will be generated More often the two junction temperatures will diffe...

Страница 272: ...ples of these materials include hard anodized aluminum sapphire and diamond Nulling residual thermal offsets Even if all reasonable precautions are taken some residual thermal offsets may still be pre...

Страница 273: ...that noise can be reduced in several ways 1 lower the temperature 2 reduce the source resistance and 3 narrow the bandwidth Of these three lowering the resistance is the least practical because the si...

Страница 274: ...ularly troublesome at low signal levels but it can also affect measurements at high levels if the fields are of sufficient magnitude RFI can be caused by steady state sources such as radio or TV signa...

Страница 275: ...ral instruments together to eliminate this type of ground loop problem Here only one instrument is connected to power line ground Ground loops are not normally a problem with instruments like the Mode...

Страница 276: ...in most cases although better noise performance may result with the shield connected to chassis ground in some situations WARNING Do not float input LO more than 30V rms 424V peak above earth ground w...

Страница 277: ...stance of the Model 2182 is RI and the voltage measured by the nanovoltmeter is VM Figure C 5 Meter loading The voltage actually measured by the meter is attenuated by the voltage divider action of RS...

Страница 278: ...C 10 Measurement Considerations...

Страница 279: ...D Model182Emulation Commands Model182 EmulationCom mands...

Страница 280: ...e display to normal 1 A1 string Display string up to 12 characters Display Resolution B0 5 digit resolution B1 6 digit resolution B2 3 digit resolution B3 4 digit resolution Calibration None C Calibra...

Страница 281: ...e analog filter on Digital Filter P0 Configure digital filter off Configuration P1 Configure fast response P2 Configure medium response P3 Configure slow response Trigger Interval Qvalue Interval valu...

Страница 282: ...n value U9 Send trigger interval U10 Send trigger delay U12 Send calibration lock status U13 Send Model 181 like machine status Analog Output V0 gain Analog output gain 0 001 to 999999 999 10 Trigger...

Страница 283: ...next reading as the Rel value The J3 command simply enables analog output relative and uses the present Rel value 7 S Commands The S3 command has been added to include a 1 second integration period 8...

Страница 284: ...D 6 Model 182 Emulation Commands...

Страница 285: ...E Example Programs ExamplePro grams...

Страница 286: ...nd In other instruments a single number was used to denote each range The parameter of the SCPI RANGe command is given as the maximum value to measure The instrument interprets this parameter and goes...

Страница 287: ...with the trigger model each READ will cause one trigger CALL SEND rst status Set DCV1 for 100V range and DCV2 for 10Vrange CALL SEND 7 sens volt chan1 rang 100 status CALL SEND 7 sens volt chan2 rang...

Страница 288: ...he TRIGger subsystem does not automatically arm the Model 2182 for triggers The following program sets up the Model 2182 to take one reading each time it receives an external trigger pulse Example pro...

Страница 289: ...buffer initiates readings and waits for the Model 2182 to indicate that the buffer is full This is not a complete program The commands to configure the trigger model and the reading buffer see the ne...

Страница 290: ...IC libraries are on your computer INCLUDE c qb45 ieeeqb bi Initialize the CEC interface as address 21 CALL initialize 21 0 Reset controls and put trigger model in IDLE state CALL SEND 7 rst status Res...

Страница 291: ...e also stored in the buffer The following program takes 10 readings on the DCV1 function and displays them on the computer CRT For QuickBASIC 4 5 and CEC PC488 interface card edit the following line t...

Страница 292: ...al communications only operate with SCPI mode PRINT 1 RST Clear registers PRINT 1 CLS Clear Model 2182 PRINT 1 INIT CONT OFF ABORT Init off PRINT 1 SENS FUNC VOLT DC DCV PRINT 1 SENS CHAN 1 Channel 1...

Страница 293: ...F IEEE 488 BusOverview IEEE 488Bus Overview...

Страница 294: ...n transfer The basic handshake sequence between an active controller talker and a listener is as follows 1 The listener indicates that it is ready to listen 2 The talker places the byte of data on the...

Страница 295: ...r The IEEE 488 bus is limited to 15 devices including the controller Thus any number of talkers and listeners up to that limit may be present on the bus at one time Although several devices may be com...

Страница 296: ...data string on the bus one byte at a time The controller reads the information and the appropriate software can be used to direct the information to the desired location Bus lines The signal lines on...

Страница 297: ...or Data The acceptor controls the state of NRFD It is used to signal to the transmitting device to hold off the byte transfer sequence until the accepting device is ready NDAC Not Data Accepted NDAC i...

Страница 298: ...ands as described in the following paragraphs Bus commands The instrument may be given a number of special bus commands through the IEEE 488 interface The following paragraphs briefly describe the pur...

Страница 299: ...ous lengths to be transmitted easily IFC Interface Clear IFC is used to clear the interface and return all devices to the talker and listener idle states Table F 1 IEEE 488 bus command summary Command...

Страница 300: ...al polling sequence D 7 D 6 D 5 D 4 X 0 0 0 Command X 0 0 1 Command X 0 1 0 Primary Address X 0 1 1 Primary Address X 1 0 0 Primary Address X 1 0 1 Primary Address X 1 1 0 X 1 1 1 Bits D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0...

Страница 301: ...take a reading Although GET is an addressed command many devices respond to GET without addressing Address commands Addressed commands include two primary command groups and a secondary address group...

Страница 302: ...instrument model defined by the Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments SCPI Consortium s SCPI standard Generally these commands are sent as one or more ASCII characters that tell the device t...

Страница 303: ...e thatATN is true for both the listen command and the SDC command byte itself Table F 4 gives a typical common command sequence In this instance ATN is true while the instrument is being addressed but...

Страница 304: ...UNIVERSAL COMMAND GROUP ATN ATTENTION DCL DEVICE CLEAR IFC INTERFACE CLEAR REN REMOTE ENABLE SPD SERIAL POLL DISABLE SPE SERIAL POLL ENABLE ADDRESS COMMAND GROUP LISTEN TALK LAG LISTEN ADDRESS GROUP M...

Страница 305: ...after the instrument has been addressed to talk L Listener Function The ability for the instrument to receive device dependent data over the bus from other devices is provided by the L function Listen...

Страница 306: ...e Trigger Function DTI defines the ability of the Model 2182 to have readings triggered C Controller Function The instrument does not have controller capabilities C0 TE Extended Talker Function The in...

Страница 307: ...G IEEE 488andSCPI ConformanceInformation IEEE 488and SCPIConform anceInforma tion...

Страница 308: ...Message Exchange Options Input buffer size Queries that return more than one response message unit Queries that generate a response when parsed Queries that generate a response when read Coupled comm...

Страница 309: ...are sequential except INIT and INIT CONT ON which are overlapped OPC OPC and WAI see Common Commands in Section 12 Table G 2 Coupled commands Command Also changes To TRAC POIN TRAC CLE TRAC FEED CONT...

Страница 310: ...G 4 IEEE 488 and SCPI Conformance Information...

Страница 311: ...H Measurement Queries Measurement Queries...

Страница 312: ...ses where this command should be used The DATA FRESh query see page H 4 is often a better choice If this query is used the following conditions should be met A reading has been triggered either by fre...

Страница 313: ...a READ query under these conditions will trigger a new reading MEASure function What it does This query will reconfigure the instrument to the function specified in the query set the trigger source fo...

Страница 314: ...lete if a reading is in progress The CALC DATA FRESh query is similar to the DATA FRESh query but applies to readings which have math applied to them e g MX B scaling SENSe 1 DATA LATest What it does...

Страница 315: ...n off digital filter for speed TRIGger COUNt 1 READ Enter reading One shot reading DC volts bus trigger auto ranging RST INITiate CONTinuous OFF ABORt TRIGger SOURce BUS SENSe FUNCtion VOLTage DC SENS...

Страница 316: ...H 6 Measurement Queries...

Страница 317: ...I Delta PulseDelta and DifferentialConductance Delta Pulse Deltaand Dif ferentialCon ductance...

Страница 318: ...n use supplied example software that is available on the Keithley website www tek com keithley as a learning tool to configure and run Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance With the use of an...

Страница 319: ...2 2182A A D conversions measure ments yields the first Delta reading Each subsequent Model 2182 2182A A D conversion then yields a single Delta reading Every Delta reading uses the three previous A Ds...

Страница 320: ...2A A D 1st Pulse Delta Cycle 2nd Pulse Delta Cycle Pulse Delta Reading Nth 2182A A D Pulse Delta Reading 2nd A Delta measurements B Pulse Delta measurements C Differential Conductance measurements DEL...

Страница 321: ...2 2182A and the Model 2182 2182A sends Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance readings to the buffer of the Model 622x Once the test is started trigger synchronization between the two instrumen...

Страница 322: ...used As shown a Delta reading is yielded for every subsequent Model 2182 2182A A D The new A D replaces the oldest A D in the Delta calculation Figure I 3 Delta measurement technique DELTA Reading 1s...

Страница 323: ...Cycle Number 1 Example Calculate the 21st Delta reading X Y and Z are the three A D measurements for the 21st Delta reading n Delta Cycle Number 1 21 1 20 Therefore The 1 n term in the Delta calculati...

Страница 324: ...are wave output of the Model 622x is set to 10mA high and 10mA low and the following Model 2182 2182A measurement conversions A Ds are made for the first Delta cycle A D A 10 01mV A D B 9 99mV A D C 1...

Страница 325: ...ement at the sec ond low pulse could be adversely affected by the heat caused by the high pulse In that case the measurement at the second low pulse can be disabled This does not change the overall ti...

Страница 326: ...reading using the 3 point measurement technique is calculated as follows The above 3 point measurement technique effectively eliminated the 10 V thermal EMF from the Pulse Delta reading 2 point measu...

Страница 327: ...gure I 5 shows one Pulse Delta cycle for a Fixed output As shown the Model 6221 out puts a low pulse a high pulse and then another low pulse during every Pulse Delta cycle The pulse width is adjustabl...

Страница 328: ...ws an example of a custom Sweep output The sweep is configured to output five high pulses points The level for each high pulse is specified by the user The high pulse levels for this output are 1mA 2m...

Страница 329: ...art Log Step Log Step Log Step Log Step Step Step Step Step Low 0mA 8mA 16mA Linear Scale 4mA 2mA 1mA One Pulse Delta Cycle Sweep Delay LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO L...

Страница 330: ...The Model 622x is config ured to output a stepped sweep with a specified Delta which is the differential current dI As shown in the illustration Delta is added to and subtracted from each subsequent s...

Страница 331: ...2 B to D dV Calc 3 C to E dV Calc 4 D to F dV Calc 5 E to G dV Calc 6 F to H dV Calc 1 A to C dV Calculations The following equations are used by the 622x to calculate differential voltage dV To calcu...

Страница 332: ...dV reading n Reading Number 1 Example Calculate the 21st dV reading X Y and Z are the three A D measurements for the 21st dV reading n Reading Number 1 21 1 20 Therefore The 1 n term in the dV calcul...

Страница 333: ...alculated using Average Voltage and Average Current and is explained in the following paragraphs Average Voltage and Power Average Voltage calculation Average Voltage is the average bias voltage that...

Страница 334: ...verage Cur rent Average Current is calculated by the Model 622x as follows Where AvgCurr is the Average Current corresponding to a given Differential Conductance reading X Y and Z are the three curren...

Страница 335: ...4 Bus management lines F 4 C Cables connectors and adapters 1 4 CALCulate command summary 14 3 Calibrating resistor network dividers 5 18 CALibration command summary user accessible 14 4 Carrying cas...

Страница 336: ...on codes F 13 Interface selection and configuration procedures 11 4 Interfaces 11 3 Internal scanning 9 4 9 8 Internal stepping 9 9 Internal Stepping Scanning Channels 1 and 2 9 3 IV curves 9 14 J Jos...

Страница 337: ...ative 4 4 SCPI programming stepping and scanning 9 12 SCPI programming triggering 7 13 SCPI programming voltage and temperature measurements 2 20 SCPI Reference Tables 14 1 SCPI Signal Oriented Measur...

Страница 338: ...Triggering commands 7 16 Typical command sequences F 11 U Unaddress commands F 9 UNIT command summary 14 14 V Voltage and temperature connections 2 16 Voltage and Temperature Measurements 2 1 Voltage...

Страница 339: ...of Keithley Instruments All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective companies Keithley Instruments Corporate Headquarters 28775 Aurora Road Cleveland Ohio 44139 440 248 0...

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