Page 4-4
Service Manual - KNG Portables
theory of operation
The temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) serves as a stable frequency reference over the
operating temperature of the radio.
The Synthesizer IC contains programmable counters to divide and compare the VCO frequency from the
feedback loop to the TCXO reference frequency and adjust the VCO control voltage in such a way that
the VCO maintains a stable output frequency.
The Loop Filter smooths the output of the Synthesizer IC in order to reduce undesired modulation of the
VCO frequency.
The Rx VCO is normally in operation, as the PTT is normally de-activated. The Coarse Tune and
Steering inputs serve as the control voltages for this device.
The Tx VCO is in operation whenever the PTT is activated. Its frequency bias point is controlled by
the Coarse Tune and Steering inputs, and its frequency varies with the amplitude of the Tx Audio input
signal. The Coarse Tune control signal comes from the DAC. The Tx Audio signal is, in the case of
analog transmission, an analog audio signal. If the radio is set for digital transmission, the Tx Audio
signal is a baseband digital signal. Because the modulation sensitivity of the VCO varies over its RF
bandwidth, the Digital Potentiometer is used to adjust the level of the Tx Audio signal so that constant
modulation sensitivity is maintained throughout the RF bandwidth.
The VCO buffer provides the necessary signal power to drive the LO input of the 1st IF mixer and the PA
driver of the transmitter.
transmitter
The transmitter section has circuits that perform many functions including frequency generation,
modulation, buffering, and amplification. The main functional blocks in the transmitter are:
• PA Driver
• PA
• Antenna Switch
• Harmonic Filter
PA Driver
Tx / Rx
Power Amplifier
Tx Power
Control
Antenna
Switch
Harmonic
Filter
LO
Rx
DAC
From uP
transmitter Block diagram
The PA driver is first stage of the transmitter’s output. It outputs the RF signal with the power necessary
to drive the final Power Amplifier.
The final PA module is designed to produce sufficient RF output to meet the radio’s rated transmit power.
This FET-based module operates as a class C output stage.
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