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122 

PI-MAX

®

3 System Manual 

Version 1.A 

Should the camera be mounted in the nose-up position beneath a table, take care to 
protect the mounting components from lateral stresses, such as might occur should 
someone accidentally bump the camera with a knee while working at the table. One 
solution to this problem would be to install a barrier between the camera and operator to 
prevent any accidental contact.  

There are no special constraints on nose-down operation. Again, however, good operating 
practice might make it advisable to take steps to prevent accidental contact from unduly 
stressing the mounting components. 

Always begin with the lens stopped all the way down (largest f/ stop number) to 
minimize the risk of overloading the intensifier.

 

Focusing 

There is no difference between focusing considerations for an F-mount lens and a 
C-mount lens. Simply rotate the lens-focusing ring for the sharpest observed image. The 
lens will show maximum focus sensitivity at full aperture (lowest f-stop setting). Once 
the point of optimum focus is obtained, you may wish to adjust the lens aperture to f/8 or 
f/11, that is, somewhere near mid-range aperture, where the lens will probably be sharper 
than it is with the lens aperture completely open. Some readjustment of the Exposure 
Time may be required to achieve the most pleasing image.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

WARNING 

Summary of Contents for PI-MAX 3 System

Page 1: ...4411 0129 Version 1 A September 8 2010 4411 0069 ...

Page 2: ...nc PVCAM is a registered trademark of Photometrics Ltd Corporation Scientific Imaging ToolKit and SITK are trademarks of R Cubed Software Consultants LLC Windows and Windows Vista are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and or other countries The information in this publication is believed to be accurate as of the publication release date However Princeton Instrumen...

Page 3: ... Surfaces Protective Window 16 Flushing and Refilling the CCD Chamber 16 Repairs 16 Manual Organization 17 Chapter 2 Installation Overview 19 Chapter 3 System Setup 21 Introduction 21 Dangers and Warnings 21 Unpacking the System 21 Checking the Equipment and Parts Inventory 21 System Requirements 22 Environmental 22 Ventilation 22 Power 23 Host Computer 23 Mounting the PI MAX3 23 Imaging Applicati...

Page 4: ...oduction 34 Dark Charge 34 Clean Cycles 35 Phosphor Decay Time 36 Temperature Control 36 Cooling Method 36 Setting the Temperature 37 Exposure 37 Exposure with an Image Intensifier 38 Saturation 38 Background Subtraction 38 Readout of the Array 39 Interline CCD Readout 39 Full Frame CCD Readout 42 Binned Readout Hardware Binning 43 Software Binning 47 Digitization 47 Logic Out Control 47 Experimen...

Page 5: ...Variable Delay 71 Procedure for Setting up and Performing a Static Gate Experiment Fixed Width Fixed Delay 71 Chapter 7 Timing Generator Pulses and Sequences 73 Pulse Set 73 Description 73 Supported Timing Generator Trigger Modes 73 Single Sequence 74 Supported Timing Generator Trigger Modes 74 Chapter 8 Dual Image Feature DIF 75 Introduction 75 Requirements 75 Interline CCD Operation 75 Timing Mo...

Page 6: ...bleshooting 95 Introduction 95 Alarm Sounds Sporadically 96 Alarm Sounds Repetitively 96 Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes by 1000 ADU 96 Camera Is Not Responding 96 Camera Stops Working 97 Cooling Troubleshooting 97 Temperature Lock Cannot be Achieved or Maintained 97 Gradual Deterioration of Cooling Capability 98 Data Loss or Serial Violation 98 Error Occurs at Computer Powerup 98 Ethernet Networ...

Page 7: ...7 Acton C Mount Adapter 128 Chromex 250 IS 129 ISA HR 320 130 ISA HR 640 131 SPEX 270M 132 SPEX 500M 133 SPEX TripleMate 134 Appendix H Glossary 135 Declaration of Conformity 141 Warranty Service 143 Limited Warranty 143 Basic Limited One 1 Year Warranty 143 Limited One 1 Year Warranty on Refurbished or Discontinued Products 143 XP Vacuum Chamber Limited Lifetime Warranty 143 Sealed Chamber Integr...

Page 8: ... Fast Mode Operation 52 Figure 21 Timing Bracket Pulsing 56 Figure 22 PI MAX3 Timing for MCP Bracket Pulsing 58 Figure 23 Experiments with the PI MAX3 58 Figure 24 Experiment is Master Clock Hardware Setup and Timing Diagram 60 Figure 25 Hardware Setup Controller Camera tab page 61 Figure 26 Define Spectrograph and Install Remove Spectrographs dialogs 62 Figure 27 Move Spectrograph dialog 62 Figur...

Page 9: ...or Pinout 104 Figure 66 Intensifier QE Curves 107 Figure 67 Outline Drawing PI MAX3 with C mount Adapter 109 Figure 68 Outline Drawing PI MAX3 with F mount Adapter 110 Figure 69 Outline Drawing PI MAX3 with Spectroscopy mount Adapter 111 Figure 70 Outline Drawing PI MAX3 Power Supply 112 Figure 71 Outline Drawing CoolCUBEII Circulator 113 Figure 72 Camera State dialog box 115 Figure 73 Main tab pa...

Page 10: ...AX3 detector is equipped with an audible alarm in the detector head activated when the intensity of light falling on the image intensifier exceeds a preset threshold While the alarm is sounding the photocathode is disabled Immediately switch the I I T switch on the back of the PI MAX3 to the OFF position Cover the detector window and only switch the I I T switch to ON after the illumination level ...

Page 11: ...ll as the appropriate interface hardware for your computer system Camera Head The PI MAX3 camera head houses the CCD and intensifier and it supplies all of the high voltages needed to operate the intensifier see Chapter 3 for more information Figure 1 Typical PI MAX3 System Components Cooling within the camera head is performed by a cooling fan and a multi stage Peltier cooler that is thermally co...

Page 12: ...ed Tubing Clear PVC tubing 3 5 32 OD 1 32 wall McMaster Carr 5006K42 for dry nitrogen cooling of photocathode Manuals PI MAX3 System manual and optional application software manual Optional Application Software Princeton Instruments WinView 32 or WinSpec 32 Summary of PI MAX3 Data Acquisition Figure 2 Major Components of the Intensifier CCD In the PI MAX3 camera the input image is focused onto the...

Page 13: ... the MCP channels and if they hit the channel walls will generate additional electrons resulting in electron gain The amount of gain is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the voltage at the MCP output 4 When the electrons exit the channels they are further accelerated by a constant high voltage 5 6 kV and strike the phosphor coating on the fluorescent screen causing it to release photons Because...

Page 14: ...g could be disconnected Do not use damaged equipment until its safety has been verified by authorized personnel Disconnecting the protective earth terminal inside or outside the apparatus or any tampering with its operation is also prohibited Inspect the supplied powercord If it is not compatible with the power socket replace the cord with one that has suitable connectors on both ends The PI MAX3 ...

Page 15: ... intensity light sources like a laser High intensity sources can damage the intensifier before the protection circuits have time to respond or even cause spot damage without the protection circuits acting at all If a sustained alarm indication occurs when the controller is turned on immediately switch the I I T switch on the back of the PI MAX3 to the OFF position Cover the detector window and onl...

Page 16: ... optical surface to be cleaned Do not allow any other material to touch the optical surfaces Flushing and Refilling the CCD Chamber Under normal conditions the CCD chamber is sealed and backfilled so there is no danger of damage due to condensation Operating an Intensified PI MAX3 that is no longer backfilled with dry air or dry nitrogen may result in condensation on the array that could cause irr...

Page 17: ...ontrol background subtraction array readout binning and digitization Chapter 6 Gated Operation discusses issues specific to operating the PI MAX3 system in gate mode Chapter 7 Timing Generator Pulses and Sequences discusses and illustrates the trigger modes available when operating the system in gate mode Chapter 8 Dual Image Feature DIF discusses the mode specifically designed for capturing a pai...

Page 18: ...type if you have ordered multiple adapters Appendix G Spectrograph Adapters provides mounting instructions for the spectroscopy mount adapter and for the spectrograph adapters available for PI MAX3 cameras with spectroscopy mounts Appendix H Glossary provides definitions of commonly used words and terms related to intensified camera characteristics and usage Declarations of Conformity contains the...

Page 19: ...upply and computer power turned OFF connect the Ethernet cable GigE to the PI MAX3 and the interface card in the host computer Chapter 3 System Setup 7 Air Cooled System Plug the power supply into the rear of the camera and plug the power supply into the power source Liquid Cooled System Make the hose and power connections to the camera and plug the circulator into the power source Add coolant if ...

Page 20: ...target array temperature The typical target temperature is 25 C Setting the Temperature page 37 13 When the system reaches temperature lock begin acquiring data in focus mode Initial Data Acquisition page 30 14 Adjust the focus for the best image or spectral lines If you are using WinSpec 32 you may want to use the Focus Helper function for this purpose Appendix E C Mount and F Mount Adapters page...

Page 21: ...hotocathode current is detected The circuit automatically resets and biases the photocathode back on after about 0 5 seconds The short term protection provided will not prevent intensifier damage if excessive light is allowed to continuously fall on the intensifier It is also possible for excessively bright spots to damage the intensifier tube without triggering the alarm Unpacking the System Duri...

Page 22: ...Relative humidity 80 noncondensing Ventilation Camera Allow at least one inch clearance for side and rear air vents There are internal fans located behind an intake opening in the rear panel Their purpose is simply to cool the camera and TE cooler The fans run continuously whenever the camera is powered Air enters the through the openings in the rear panel and is exhausted through ventilation open...

Page 23: ...it PCI 2 3 compliant 32 bit 33 66 MHz bus Super VGA monitor and graphics card supporting at least 65535 colors with at least 128 Mbyte of memory Memory requirement is dependent on desired display resolution Hard disk with a minimum of 1 Gbyte available A complete installation of the program files takes about 50 Mbytes and the remainder is required for data storage depending on the number and size ...

Page 24: ...umber to minimize the risk of overloading the intensifier Spectroscopy Applications The PI MAX3 detector must be properly mounted to the spectrograph to achieve the highest resolution In the correct orientation the text on the back of the detector should be right side up Take care not to block the ventilation openings Refer to Appendix G for spectrograph adapter mounting instructions Software Inst...

Page 25: ... 1 Make sure that there are no kinks in the hoses that impede the coolant flow Lack of sufficient flow can seriously harm the detector and any resulting damage is not covered under warranty 2 Damage caused by water leaking into the PI MAX3 voids the warranty 5 Unscrew the reservoir cap on top of the CoolCUBE II and make sure that the coolant reservoir contains coolant If additional coolant is requ...

Page 26: ...ake sure the PI MAX3 is connected to the host computer and that its power supply is turned ON 2 Run the WinX application The Camera Detection wizard will automatically run if this is the first time you have installed a Princeton Instruments WinX application WinView 32 WinSpec 32 or WinXTest 32 and a supported camera Otherwise if you installing a new camera type click on the Launch Camera Detection...

Page 27: ...appropriate chapters Required Equipment and Cables The equipment and cables listed below are required to set up and run the PI MAX3 camera system in accordance with the procedure in this chapter Princeton Instruments PI MAX3 camera with C mount adapter User supplied C mount lens with smallest aperture of f 16 or f 22 PI MAX3 power supply Computer equipped with a GiGE Ethernet interface card Standa...

Page 28: ...e way down largest f stop number to minimize the risk of overloading the intensifier 1 Turn on the PI MAX3 power supply Note The PI MAX3 overload alarm may sound briefly and then stop This is normal and is not a cause for concern However if the alarm sounds continuously even with no light entering the camera or spectrograph something is wrong Turn off the power and contact the factory for guidance...

Page 29: ...s Gate Width 50 ms Gate Delay 10 ns Gates per Exposure 1 Repeat Width Delay 1 6 Click on OK Acquisition menu 1 From the Acquisition menu select Experiment Setup 2 On the Main tab page make the following settings CCD Readout Use Full Chip Intensifier Gain 1 Gate Mode selected 3 On the ADC tab page select the appropriate Rate 16 MHz for Kodak 1024x1024 1 MHz for CCD30 11 ...

Page 30: ...select Acquire mode WinX Acquisition menu Data acquisition will begin and an acquired image will be displayed on the computer monitor If one is not displayed check the software settings 4 If an image is displayed you have confirmed that the PI MAX3 can acquire an image If the image is out of focus you could reposition the target and or rotate the lens and click on Acquire to confirm that the degre...

Page 31: ...er you can switch adapters at this point Be sure to use the adapter s dust cover whenever the PI MAX3 is not being used Focusing Instructions for focusing C mount and F mount lenses are provided in Appendix E Instructions for focusing the detector on a spectrograph are provided in Appendix G Final Comments This completes the First Light directions If you have followed the instructions you should h...

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Page 33: ...array dark charge clean cycles continuous cleans exposure modes readout digitization software binning and background subtraction Factors that are specific to a particular intensifier mode and pulser are included in the appropriate chapter Data Acquisition Sequence When data is acquired the CCD array is exposed to an incoming signal which integrates on the array At the end of the exposure may inclu...

Page 34: ...r is off dark charge will be the main source of signal accumulation on the array To counteract this clean cycles and continuous clean cycles are used to remove the dark charge while the camera is waiting to acquire the signal of interest Dark charge clean cycles and continuous clean cycles are described in the paragraphs that follow Dark Charge As soon as the PI MAX3 camera is powered on thermally...

Page 35: ...r of rows that are shifted and discarded during a clean cycle are defined in the application software for example on the WinView WinSpec Setup Hardware Cleans Skips tab page The most effective cleaning occurs when the number of rows equals the number of rows on the CCD However you need to keep in mind that a clean cycle must be completed before a Start Acquisition command will be implemented The m...

Page 36: ...ectronics Additional heat removal can be performed by circulating coolant through an internal heat block Air cooling With air cooling alone at an ambient temperature of 25 C temperature lock at 25 should typically take ten to twenty minutes Cooling performance is affected by the CCD array being used i e larger arrays may take longer to cool than smaller arrays Also if the lab is particularly warm ...

Page 37: ...temperature is set via the software Detector Temperature dialog box accessed by selecting Detector Temperature on the Setup menu WinView 32 or WinSpec 32 Temperature lock to a set temperature in the operating range will typically occur within ten minutes Another five minutes will be required for maximum temperature stability to be achieved To see when the array temperature reaches and stabilizes a...

Page 38: ...mage the intensifier For signal levels low enough to be readout noise limited longer exposures and therefore longer signal accumulation in the CCD will improve the S N ratio approximately linearly with the length of exposure time There is however a maximum time limit for on chip averaging determined by either the saturation of the CCD pixels by the signal or the loss of dynamic range due to the bu...

Page 39: ...verlapped and non overlapped can occur In overlapped operation each exposure begins while the readout of the previous one is still in progress In non overlapped operation selected automatically if the exposure is shorter than the readout time each readout goes to completion before the next exposure begins Figure 9 Interline CCD Readout Non Overlapped Operation Exposure and Readout Figure 10 illust...

Page 40: ...operation than it is in overlapped operation with the some gating setups Part 4 of Figure 10 illustrates the situation at the end of the readout Both the imaging and storage cells are empty In internal trigger operation the imaging cells will be switched back on immediately allowing charge accumulation to begin In Ext Sync operation with no PreOpen they are not switched back on until after the Ext...

Page 41: ...the CCD Ny is the larger dimension of the CCD tsr is the time needed to shift one pixel out of the shift register tv is the time needed to digitize a pixel ti is the time needed to shift one line into the shift register The readout rate in frames per second for the PI MAX3 1003 Kodak 1024 1024 interline array running at 16 MHz is shown in Table 1 Binning Region of Interest Size 1024 1024 400 400 2...

Page 42: ... charge as the pixels in the imaging area of the CCD After the first row is moved into the shift register the charge now in the Figure 11 Full Frame CCD Readout shift register is shifted toward the output node located at one end of the shift register As each value is emptied into this node it is digitized Only after all pixels in the first row are digitized is the second row moved into the shift r...

Page 43: ...1 1 x 1 6 67 1 x 256 270 1 x 10 1567 1 x 1 1831 CCD format using Custom Chip mode Table 2 Spectral Rates for e2v CCD30 11 Array at 2 MHz Binned Readout Hardware Binning Introduction Binning is the process of adding the charge from adjacent pixels together to form a single pixel sometimes called a super pixel and it can be accomplished in either hardware or software Rectangular groups of pixels of ...

Page 44: ...crease the S N ratio of the weak peaks but this cannot be done because the fluorescence would quickly saturate the CCD The solution is to perform the binning in software Limited hardware binning may be used when reading out the CCD Additional post processing binning is accomplished in software producing a result that represents many more photons than was possible using hardware binning CCD Type an...

Page 45: ...Chapter 5 General Operation Factors 45 Figure 12 2 2 Binning for Interline CCD Dual Port Readout Figure 13 2 2 Binning for Full Frame CCD Single Port Readout ...

Page 46: ...200 4 50 this is a valid ROI setup X Start to End 200 pixels and grouping binning is by 8 The resulting number of super pixels is 25 Since 25 4 6 25 this is not a valid ROI setting for the horizontal direction X Start to End 240 pixels no grouping binning Since 240 4 60 this is a valid ROI setup X Start to End 240 pixels and grouping binning is by 3 The resulting number of super pixels is 80 Since...

Page 47: ...ly you can acquire raw data and then use the post processing binning function located on the Process Binning and Skipping dialog box to select the input data enter the binning parameters and save the result to an appropriately named file Digitization During readout an analog signal representing the charge of each pixel or binned group of pixels is digitized The number of bits per pixel is 16 Some ...

Page 48: ...Trigger This level is at a logic high when the camera is ready to acquire and is waiting for an external trigger through the EXT SYNC connector before exposing the CCD The level goes low when a trigger is detected exposure begins The Wait for Trigger WFT signal goes high immediately after readout or after preopen if it is active If continuous cleans is enabled the camera will check for a trigger a...

Page 49: ...om two or more exposures The number of separate frames stored will the same as it would be for Accumulations 1 but the total number of exposures required would be the product of the Number of Images Spectra parameter times the Accumulations value CCD Readout This parameter selection determines whether the entire CCD array will be used to acquire a frame or if only a rectangular portion or portions...

Page 50: ...ta acquisition with an external TTL signal applied to the TRIGGER IN connector on the back of the camera or an internal trigger generated by the internal timing generator The modes available depend on the selected intensifier mode Safe or Gate and the selected pulser SuperSYNCHRO Figure 19 Experiment Setup Timing dialog box Fast Mode or Safe Mode The Fast Mode or Safe Mode selection determines whe...

Page 51: ...r each frame is received the detector sends the Stop Acquisition command to the detector instructing it to stop acquisition Once that frame is completely processed and displayed another Start Acquisition command is sent from the computer to the detector allowing it to take the next frame Display is therefore at most only one frame behind the actual data collection One disadvantage of the Safe mode...

Page 52: ...52 PI MAX 3 System Manual Version 1 A Figure 20 Safe Mode and Fast Mode Operation ...

Page 53: ...during the laser pulse thus reducing the flame emission interference by approximately the measurement duty factor ratio Exposure time is the time space from which charge integrating on the CCD will get summed into the reported data Gate width is the time during which light will be detected by the intensifier intensified and applied to the CCD Basically the intensifier controls what the chip sees d...

Page 54: ...plied As a result the tolerance to room light is higher in gated operation but the risk of damaging overload from intense light sources such as lasers remains Intense light sources in gated experiments can cause spot damage that would be undetected by the alarm circuit In Safe Mode the photocathode is continuously biased OFF and the intensifier is as safe as it can be Alarm To reduce the risk of d...

Page 55: ...ent allows many pulses can be summed on the CCD with no pulse artifacts in the readout The signal increases nearly linearly with the number of pulses within limits imposed by the CCD MCP Bracket Pulsing Introduction The principal utility of gating is that it allows temporal discrimination against background light By allowing the photocathode to see only during the event of interest very high backg...

Page 56: ...ransient e g internal combustion engine its lifetime can be many milliseconds compared to the nanosecond time scale of the laser used This background can be a million times as long If the background is bright then a UV on off ratio of 20 000 1 will be overwhelmed by the duty cycle and will not be adequate for extracting a signal of 10 5 In high dynamic range quantitative measurements backgrounds m...

Page 57: ...ing can eliminate unwanted sensitivity to CW or quasi CW second order UV causing the apparent improvement Also keep in mind that MCP bracket pulsing adds 10 ns delay to the photocathode gating Even though the bracket timing is controlled automatically by the software in an experiment where it is necessary to delay the arrival of the laser pulse at the sample this will mean inserting an additional ...

Page 58: ...and T0 is 12 ns Insertion delay to photocathode gate is 35 ns i e the minimum delay in bracket mode is 35 ns this delay allows the MCP to be up to full gain before the photocathode is gated on Note Because Gen III Intensifiers do not respond in the UV bracket pulsing is not available for these intensifiers Figure 22 PI MAX3 Timing for MCP Bracket Pulsing Additional Experiments Introduction Figure ...

Page 59: ...oints Exponential lets you take data points closer together where the signal is changing rapidly and further apart where the signal is changing slowly Single Shot A single shot experiment is one where you have only one chance to catch the data Any experiment that can t be repeated more often than once a minute such as high power lasers and explosives is considered a single shot You have to catch t...

Page 60: ...60 PI MAX 3 System Manual Version 1 A Figure 24 Experiment is Master Clock Hardware Setup and Timing Diagram ...

Page 61: ...tab page a Click on Load Default Values on the Cleans Skips tab page b Set the detector temperature by selecting Detector Temperature on the Setup menu entering the Target Temperature information clicking on Set Temp and then clicking on OK You may want to refer to the WinView 32 or WinSpec 32 manual as appropriate 3 If you have a spectrograph set the spectrograph properties by using the menu item...

Page 62: ...al Version 1 A 1 2 3 Figure 26 Define Spectrograph and Install Remove Spectrographs dialogs 4 After you have installed and defined the spectrograph move the grating to the desired wavelength Figure 27 Move Spectrograph dialog ...

Page 63: ...and on the SuperSYNCHRO Trigger tab page Figure 30 a On the Experiment Setup Main tab page choose Gate Mode and set a value between 0 and 100 for MCP gain b On the Timing tab page select Fast Mode c On the ADC tab page select the appropriate rate d On the ROI Setup tab page select the appropriate ROI e On the SuperSYNCHRO Trigger In tab page select Internal Figure 28 Experiment Setup Main and Timi...

Page 64: ...lick on Yes and the camera will begin acquiring data 8 After you make sure that the camera is seeing stop data acquisition 9 Set up the pulser SuperSYNCHRO The following figures show typical examples of the screens you would use to set up the SuperSYNCHRO a After selecting the SuperSYNCHRO as the active pulser click on Setup Pulser Define the external trigger on the Trigger In tab page See Figure ...

Page 65: ...xes d The functions on the Trigger Out tab page allow you to enable the SyncMASTER trigger output from the SyncMASTER1 and SyncMASTER2 connectors on the AUX I O cable and set up the Aux Out signal at the AUX OUT connector on the rear of the PI MAX3 When you enable SyncMASTER 1 the output of the SyncMASTER1 connector will be at the frequency entered on the Trigger In tab page The output of the Sync...

Page 66: ... enter the Gain value and switch to Gate Mode The number of spectra will be automatically set depending on the number entered on the Sequential Gating Setup dialog box Figure 32 Figure 34 Experiment Setup Timing and Main tab pages Note In Gate Mode the photocathode is biased on only for the time that each gate pulse is applied This limits the risk of damage resulting from room light However there ...

Page 67: ...eriment Results in 3 D PI MAX3 as Master Clock If you have a light source that has a Trigger In the PI MAX3 SyncMASTER function can be used as the Master clock cable connections shown in Figure 36 The setup procedure is much the same as that given for the Experiment as Master Clock The differences are that a cable is connected between the PI MAX3 s AUXI O T0 BNC and the light source experiment for...

Page 68: ...r receiving the trigger Another important thing to note in single shot experiments is that the CCD is set in Continuous Cleans mode so that there is no dark charge accumulation while it is waiting for the trigger The following experiment is an attempt to capture a 60 ns fluorescence generated by a single shot laser The time budget of the experiment is shown in Table 4 below This information is imp...

Page 69: ... Figure 38 If the CCD has to wait more than a few seconds for the external trigger it is advisable to increase the number of cleans Figure 38 Cleans and Skips Default Values Loaded The sequence of operations is similar to the Sequential experiments After focusing the camera on the fluorescing sample the camera is set in Gate mode and the appropriate Gain is selected Figure 39 ...

Page 70: ...uring the entire event in this case the event is a 60 ns fluorescence Figure 40 Repetitive Gating Setup 100 ns Width 10 ns Delay Figure 41 shows the result of the experiment Figure 42 shows the peak obtained by binning in the vertical direction the entire region around the fluorescence spot Figure 41 Single Shot Result Fluorescence Spot 100 ns Width 10 ns Delay ...

Page 71: ...n addition to entering differing start and end values for the Gate Delay you would also enter differing start and end values for the Gate Width Procedure for Setting up and Performing a Static Gate Experiment Fixed Width Fixed Delay The sequence of steps for a Static Gate experiment is similar to the Swept Gate experiment but with the following exceptions The Active Mode selected in Step 100 would...

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Page 73: ...e Set The EXPOSE signal remains high for the duration of the pulse set and goes low upon approximately 15 ns after pulse completion Supported Timing Generator Trigger Modes Trigger per Pulse The pulse set is initiated by its own trigger either internal or external See Figure 45 Supported Trigger Sources are Source 1 Timing Generator internal trigger A pulse set is initiated by the timing generator...

Page 74: ...Supported Timing Generator Trigger Modes Trigger per Pulse Each pulse of the single sequence is initiated by its own trigger all triggers must be from the same source and all must be either internal or external See Figure 47 Supported Trigger Sources Source 1 Timing Generator internal trigger Each pulse set of the sequence is initiated by the timing generator s internal trigger Source 2 External T...

Page 75: ...volves acquiring images in rapid succession phosphor persistence can become the limiting factor in the rate of image acquisition WinView or WinSpec software version 2 5 26 or higher can control the DIF functionality of the PI MAX3 and provides full access to the two DIF timing modes single trigger and dual trigger Interline CCD Operation An interline CCD consists of alternating columns of light se...

Page 76: ... source connected to the PI MAX3 or the PI MAX3 can generate the trigger s internally Setup Hardware Figure 48 System Diagram DIF Operation Software For the purposes of this setup it is assumed that you are using either WinView or WinSpec to control the system Operation The operation of the PI MAX3 in DIF mode is similar to the standard operation of a PI MAX3 with SuperSYNCHRO There are only a few...

Page 77: ... mode i e before switching to DIF mode Verify that the Phosphor Decay Time is appropriate to the phosphor used by your camera this field is located on the Setup Hardware Setup Controller Camera tab The procedure for initial focus is outlined in Chapter 4 2 After the alignment and focus the PI MAX3 system needs to be put into DIF mode On the Setup Hardware Setup Controller Camera tab select Dual Im...

Page 78: ... and Timing tab a On the Gating tab of the SuperSYNCHRO dialog select DIF Gating and click on the Setup button b On the DIF Gating Setup dialog enter the gate width and delay times When entering the Initial Gate Delay time make sure that it is 75 µs When entering the Inter Pulse Gate Delay time make sure that the delay is Phosphor Decay Time as entered on the Setup Hardware Setup Controller Camera...

Page 79: ...ut triggers e At the bottom of the SuperSYNCHRO dialog click OK to download the gating sequence to the SuperSYNCHRO Figure 55 Trigger In and Trigger Out tabs 6 When the experiment is ready click on the ACQ button or select Acquire on the Acquisition menu to start the image acquisition ...

Page 80: ...mode i e before switching to DIF mode Verify that the Phosphor Decay Time is appropriate to the phosphor used by your camera this field is located on the Setup Hardware Setup Controller Camera tab The procedure for initial focus is outlined in Chapter 4 2 After the alignment and focus the PI MAX3 system needs to be put into DIF mode On the Setup Hardware Setup Controller Camera tab select Dual Ima...

Page 81: ...RO dialog select DIF Gating and click on the Setup button b On the DIF Gating Setup dialog enter the gate width and delay times When entering the Pulse 1 Gate Delay time make sure that it is 75 µs c On the Trigger In tab select Internal or External triggering If you will be using External triggering make sure the trigger characteristics match the active trigger edge etc of the trigger pulse that w...

Page 82: ... the two images in DIF requires an intensifier with a fast phosphor P46 phosphor has a decay time of 2 µs which means it takes 2 µs for the phosphor emission to drop to 10 of its peak value The decay is not a simple single exponential even after 100 µs there may be 1 or more of the first image on the phosphor screen It is usually possible to subtract a percentage of the first image from the second...

Page 83: ...e photocathode is illuminated over relatively long periods of time change the illuminated region of the photocathode periodically to avoid long term localized photocathode or MCP damage If you can do so it is a good idea to avoid intense light on the intensifier even when it is off High light levels increase EBI often for hours even when the intensifier is off Image burn in can occur with some pho...

Page 84: ...eless it illustrates the importance of making a record of the delays that will be encountered in any system to determine their possible impact on experimental results Measuring Coincidence In addition to preparing a Time Budget it is advantageous if you can directly measure the timing of the critical signals A fast oscilloscope can be used for this purpose Without an oscilloscope to monitor the si...

Page 85: ...dence On the other hand if the light signal applied to the detector occurs before the minimum delay time of the timing generator then no amount of adjusting the delay at the timing generator can rectify the problem The light signal itself will have to be delayed If a common source is triggering both the timing generator and the laser a very convenient solution is to insert electrical delay long ca...

Page 86: ... between the Pretrigger and the laser output is long enough the timing generator delay can then be adjusted to catch the laser pulse following each pretrigger If the interval between the Pretrigger and the laser output isn t long enough to accommodate all the insertion delays the timing generator delay can be adjusted to catch the next laser pulse As long as the laser s jitter relative to the peri...

Page 87: ...athered data set is complete preventive action will be required With a PI MAX3 the timing generator is inhibited internally Lens Performance Imaging applications require that a lens be mounted to the detector Because the lens characteristics affect system performance it may be helpful to review some basic lens concepts Basically light from an object enters the front of the lens and is focused to a...

Page 88: ... to that particular device In addition a small offset is built in to prevent noise or pattern from going below zero Every device has been thoroughly tested to ensure its compliance with Princeton Instruments demanding specifications Temperature Lock If the PI MAX3 Detector loses temperature lock the internal temperature of the camera has gotten too high such as might occur if the operating environ...

Page 89: ...s 89 illumination level has been lowered If the alarm sounds repetitively even when the illumination level is adequately low select Safe Mode in the WinX application or shut the system down and contact the factory for guidance ...

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Page 91: ...The mount adapter specified when the system was ordered was installed on PI MAX3 at the factory the other two mounts are supplied in the PI MAX3 accessory kit For more information about these mount adapters refer to Appendix E for C and F mount adapters and refer to Appendix G for spectroscopy mount adapters and spectrograph adapters Switches Connectors and Indicators Power connector 7 pin D speci...

Page 92: ...or output with a fast oscilloscope Coolant ports Two standard size barbed brass fittings for circulating coolant are located on the back panel Either port may be used as the inlet The coolant cannot be chilled Use the Princeton Instruments CoolCUBEII coolant circulator See Making the Camera Circulator Connections page 25 and Temperature Control page 36 for additional information Note Although circ...

Page 93: ...temperature typically 35 C than air cooling Instead of using a fan to remove heat these cameras incorporate a closed loop system of circulating fluid The CoolCUBEII circulator unit continuously pumps the 50 50 mixture of room temperature 23ºC water and ethylene glycol To prevent voiding the warranty use only the circulator and hoses shipped with your system Spectrograph Option The system may also ...

Page 94: ...re interface for cooled CCD cameras from Roper Scientific It is a library of functions that can be used to control and acquire data from the camera when a custom application is being written For example in the case of Windows PVCAM is a dynamic link library DLL Also it should be understood that PVCAM is solely for camera control and image acquisition not for image processing PVCAM places acquired ...

Page 95: ...tem is powered on Introduction The following issues have corresponding troubleshooting sections in this chapter Alarm Sounds Sporadically Page 96 Alarm Sounds Repetitively Page 96 Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes Page 96 Camera Is Not Responding Page 96 Camera Stops Working Page 97 Cooling Troubleshooting Page 97 Data Loss or Serial Violation Page 98 Error Occurs at Computer Powerup Page 98 Ethern...

Page 96: ...humidity condition should be corrected promptly or permanent damage not covered by the Warranty could occur Have the unit serviced by Princeton Instruments or an authorized service facility of Princeton Instruments Camera Is Not Responding If this message pops up when you click on OK after selecting the Interface Type during Hardware Setup under the WinX Setup menu the system has not been able to ...

Page 97: ...open environment The camera vents its heat out the side vents near the nose The air intake is at the rear of the camera A hose is kinked Unkink the hose Coolant level is low Add 50 50 mix of ethylene glycol and water Refer to manufacturer s instructions for adding coolant There may be air in the hoses Remove air and add 50 50 mix of ethylene glycol and water Refer to manufacturer s instructions fo...

Page 98: ...error occurs at boot up either the Interface is not installed properly or there is an address or interrupt conflict Turn off the computer try a new address or interrupt and reinstall the card Be sure the Interface is firmly mounted in the slot Since interrupts and DMA channels cannot be shared make sure no other boards in your computer use this interrupt or these DMA channels one and reports the a...

Page 99: ...sive readout noise with the intensifier off indicates possible moisture accumulation in the CCD This should be corrected promptly or permanent damage not covered by the Warranty could occur Normal camera noise is a function of the gain setting and temperature as well as CCD type but is typically in the range of 1 50 ADU rms 6 300 ADU pk pk This is on top of offset that typically is about 600 count...

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Page 101: ...N II Gen II Gen III filmless or UNIGEN II Phosphor type P43 P46 optional P43 P46 optional Kinetics No Yes Pixel Full Well min 130 k eˉ 450 k eˉ Read Noise typ 16 eˉrms 4 MHz digitization 30 eˉrms 16 MHz digitization 35 eˉrms 32 MHz digitization 14 eˉrms 500 kHz digitization 15 eˉrms 1 MHz digitization 22 eˉrms 2 MHz digitization Contact Princeton Instruments for P46 and P47 phosphor availability T...

Page 102: ... mm 0 25 mm Vignetting With fiber optic coupling there is no vignetting With a 1024 256 array which has a width of 26 mm pixels that fall beyond the 18 mm or 25 mm width depending on intensifier width of the intensifier will not be illuminated Gen II Spatial Resolution 1 1 coupling typically 70 µm spot size FWHM Gen II High Res Spatial Resolution 1 1 coupling typically 45 µm spot size FWHM Filmles...

Page 103: ...n II 25 mm intensifiers CCD Cooling Down to 25 C air cooled supplementary cooling with circulating room temperature water will enhance cooling performance Temperatures to 35 C are achievable with supplemental circulating coolant via a CoolCUBEII circulator Chilled coolant can achieve even lower temperatures but must be used with extreme caution Note See warning in Temperature Control page 36 befor...

Page 104: ...nals of the AUX I O connector The leads on the five 5 BNC tipped leads are color coded as shown in the table below Refer to AUX I O Connector Pinout for additional information on these and other available I O signals Name Color Pin Center Pin Return T0 OUT Red Pin 1 Pin 3 PRE TRIG IN Green Pin 2 Pin 6 SyncMASTER1 Blue Pin 7 Pin 18 GP INPUT 0 Gray Pin 8 Pin 20 SyncMASTER2 Black Pin 23 Pin 25 Table ...

Page 105: ...l signals must reference this ground connection 4 Lockout Output LOW indicates I I T is locked off 5 NOT USED 6 GND System chassis ground Any external circuitry intended to interface with the trigger control signals must reference this ground connection 7 SyncMASTER1 Output LVCMOS Active high User configurable output SyncMASTER1 can be user configured to provide a user specified continuous frequen...

Page 106: ...intended to interface with the trigger control signals must reference this ground connection 26 General Purpose Input 3 via 1 kOhm Reserved Table 7 AUX I O Connector Pinout and Signal Description cont Miscellaneous Dimensions See Appendix B Power Requirements Nominally 100 120 220 or 240 VAC Refer to Fuse Voltage label on rear of power supply for details Required DC voltages are generated in the P...

Page 107: ...ns with bracket Maximum Repetition Rate MCP bracket pulsing 6 25 kHz MCP Bracket Pulsing MCP requires 35 ns to gate On and 1 µs to gate Off Note Bracket pulsing only applies to units having a Gen II Image Intensifier In the case of units having a Filmless Gen III Image Intensifier bracket pulsing does not apply Intensifier Quantum Efficiency Quantum Efficiency QE curves for selected Gen II and Gen...

Page 108: ...z Pentium 4 or greater 1 GB RAM or greater CD ROM drive At least one unused PCI card slot 32 bit PCI 2 3 compliant 32 bit 33 66 MHz bus Super VGA monitor and graphics card supporting at least 65535 colors with at least 128 Mbyte of memory Memory requirement is dependent on desired display resolution Hard disk with a minimum of 1 Gbyte available A complete installation of the program files takes ab...

Page 109: ...109 Appendix B Outline Drawings Note Dimensions are in inches and mm unless otherwise noted PI MAX3 Figure 67 Outline Drawing PI MAX3 with C mount Adapter ...

Page 110: ...110 PI MAX 3 System Manual Version 1 A Figure 68 Outline Drawing PI MAX3 with F mount Adapter ...

Page 111: ...Appendix B Outline Drawings 111 Figure 69 Outline Drawing PI MAX3 with Spectroscopy mount Adapter ...

Page 112: ...112 PI MAX 3 System Manual Version 1 A PI MAX3 Power Supply Figure 70 Outline Drawing PI MAX3 Power Supply ...

Page 113: ...Appendix B Outline Drawings 113 CoolCUBEII Circulator Figure 71 Outline Drawing CoolCUBEII Circulator ...

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Page 115: ...the previous setting Keep in Safe Mode This is the default Whenever the software is booted the Safe mode is established biasing the PI MAX3 intensifier s photocathode off The intensifier gain and exposure time in effect when the software was last shut down are retained Restore to Last Setting Making this selection followed by clicking on OK will put the camera in the gate mode in effect when the s...

Page 116: ...PI MAX3 include Intensifier Gain Sets the intensifier gain when operating with a PI MAX3 intensified camera The range is in arbitrary units from 0 to 100 The default setting will give good results in many applications Gate Mode Selecting this radio button puts PI MAX3 in Gate mode in which the photo cathode is biased on by pulses generated by the Timing Generator Safe Mode Selecting this radio but...

Page 117: ...he Setup button that gives access to the pulser setup screen SuperSYNCHRO dialog box Figure 75 SuperSYNCHRO dialog box Operation of the SuperSYNCHRO Timing Generator becomes available when you select Pulsers from the Setup menu click on the SuperSYNCHRO radio button and then click on the Setup Pulser button This opens the SuperSYNCHRO dialog box as shown above Note that pulser support must be sele...

Page 118: ...perSYNCHRO signal can be entered in the Frequency field This signal will be continuously output as long as the Enable SyncMASTER box is checked on the Trigger Out tab The choices provided by the Trigger In Gating and Trigger Out tab pages are described in the WinX application software Help topics ...

Page 119: ... 3 With the rear of the camera facing you place the tongue of the bracket into the cutout under the now topmost edge The text on the bracket should be visible 4 Secure the plate with the three screws 5 Turn the camera right side up and secure it to the laboratory table If you will be using one or more mounting holes at the bottom front of the camera tighten the fastener s there before tightening d...

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Page 121: ...the mount In the case of an F mount lens press the locking lever on the mount while rotating the lens clockwise until it comes free and can be pulled straight out Both types of lenses typically have provisions for focusing and aperture adjustment with the details varying according the make and model of the lens Always begin with the lens stopped all the way down largest f stop number to minimize t...

Page 122: ...tact from unduly stressing the mounting components Always begin with the lens stopped all the way down largest f stop number to minimize the risk of overloading the intensifier Focusing There is no difference between focusing considerations for an F mount lens and a C mount lens Simply rotate the lens focusing ring for the sharpest observed image The lens will show maximum focus sensitivity at ful...

Page 123: ...ead Phillips screws dust cover F Mount Adapter 7381 0033 Adapter 4 40x 7 16 flat head Phillips screws dust cover Figure 78 Screwdriver with Reversible Flat and Phillips tips To change from one adapter to another 1 Using the supplied screwdriver remove the four 4 Phillips head screws that secure the adapter to the front of the PI MAX3 Note If the Phillips end of the screwdriver is not available pul...

Page 124: ...I MAX3 outline drawings For quick reference the distances are given below C Mount Mounting face to image plane is factory preset to an optical distance of 0 690 0 010 17 53 mm 0 25 mm Spectroscopy Mounting face to image plane is factory preset to an optical distance of 0 894 0 010 22 71 mm 0 25 mm F Mount Mounting face to image plane is factory preset to an optical distance of 1 831 0 010 46 50 mm...

Page 125: ...es two degrees of freedom focus and rotation In this context focus means to physically move the detector back and forth through the focal plane of the spectrograph The approach taken is to slowly move the detector in and out of focus and adjusting for optimum while watching a live display on the monitor followed by rotating the detector and again adjusting for optimum The following procedure which...

Page 126: ...re is no focusing adjustment either provided by the spectrograph or by the mounting hardware then the only recourse will be to adjust the spectrograph s focusing mirror or to shim the detector 5 Next adjust the rotation You can do this by rotating the detector while watching a live display of the line The line will go from broad to narrow and back to broad Leave the detector rotation set for the n...

Page 127: ...iding tube remove it 3 Leaving 1 4 of thread exposed mount the three 3 hex head screws to the sliding tube 4 Mount the sliding tube to the detector flange and rotate the tube so the screw heads are over the narrow end of the slots 5 Tighten the screws 6 Gently insert the sliding tube into the spectrograph and secure it with the setscrews Note Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit It ma...

Page 128: ... sliding tube remove it 3 Place the flat side of the adapter plate against the face of the detector 4 Insert the threaded C mount adapter through the center hole in the plate and screw the adapter into the detector s C mount 5 Using three 3 1 4 long button head screws secure the sliding tube to the adapter plate 6 Gently insert the sliding tube into the spectrograph and secure it with the setscrew...

Page 129: ...rograph wall dashed line in illustration with the socket head screws provided 2 Leaving 1 4 of thread exposed mount the three 3 hex head screws to part 3 3 Mount the adapter to the detector flange and rotate the adapter so the screw heads are over the narrow end of the slots 4 Tighten the screws 5 Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrew Note Adapter parts are machined to prov...

Page 130: ...wall dashed line in illustration with the socket head screws provided 2 Leaving 1 4 of thread exposed mount the three 3 hex head screws to part 3 3 Mount the adapter to the detector flange and rotate the adapter so the screw heads are over the narrow end of the slots 4 Tighten the screws 5 Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrew Note Adapter parts are machined to provide a ti...

Page 131: ... wall dashed line in illustration with the socket head screws provided 2 Leaving 1 4 of thread exposed mount the three 3 hex head screws to part 3 3 Mount the adapter to the detector flange and rotate the adapter so the screw heads are over the narrow end of the slots 4 Tighten the screws 5 Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrews Note Adapter parts are machined to provide a ...

Page 132: ...ine in illustration with the socket head screws provided 2 Leaving 1 4 of thread exposed mount the three 3 hex head screws to part 3 3 Mount the adapter to the detector flange and rotate the adapter so the screw heads are over the narrow end of the slots 4 Tighten the screws 5 Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrews Note Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit It i...

Page 133: ...h wall dashed line in illustration with the socket head screws provided 2 Leaving 1 4 of thread exposed mount the three 3 hex head screws and nuts to part 3 3 Mount the adapter to the detector flange and rotate the adapter so the screw heads are over the narrow end of the slots 4 Tighten the screws 5 Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrews Note Adapter parts are machined to ...

Page 134: ...iton installed 1 2500 0026 O ring 2 484x 139 Viton installed Assembly Instructions 1 Mount the whole assembly onto the spectrograph dashed line in illustration 2 Leaving 1 4 of thread exposed mount the three 3 hex head screws to part 1 3 Mount the adapter to the detector flange and rotate the adapter so the screw heads are over the narrow end of the slots 4 Tighten the setscrews 5 Tighten the hex ...

Page 135: ...of a CCD is the maximum achievable signal divided by the camera noise where the signal strength is determined by the full well capacity and noise is the sum of dark and read noises The greater the dynamic range the better the CCD is able to detect differences between the dimmest and brightest intensities in an image The readout speed affects the dynamic range of a pixel the faster the speed the hi...

Page 136: ...layed and the remainder of the accumulated charge discarded The frame rate generally increases with reduction in the size of the detected area For example a CCD with a sensor size of 1000 x 1000 and an output rate of ten frames second can produce 100 frames second if the read out region is reduced to 100 x 100 pixels Full Well Capacity The number of electrons that can be stored in a pixel The smal...

Page 137: ... slow gated devices the FWHM is about 50 ns Fast gating is achieved by adding a nickel Ni underlayer to photocathode However this layer may produce an effective QE reduction of as much as 40 Slow gate intensifiers have neither the Ni layer nor its effects on QE Intensifier On Off Ratio The ratio of light output when the intensifier is gated on and off The higher the ratio the better the gating A h...

Page 138: ...ge in the array pixels MCP Bracket Pulsing Available for PI MAX3 cameras with Gen II intensifiers This technique enhances the intensifier s on off ratio in UV measurements by automatically adjusting the on off switching of the MCP to bracket the photocathode gate pulse By switching off the MCP unwanted UV signal that strikes the photocathode even though gated off is prevented from passing through ...

Page 139: ...ers Region of Interest ROI A square or rectangular set of contiguous pixels on the CCD array that is usually smaller than the full frame Using an ROI to acquire data results in a faster readout of the array since data from pixels outside of that ROI is discarded Safe Mode PI MAX3 intensifier mode in which the photocathode is continuously biased off Saturation Caused when a pixel well is completely...

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Page 141: ...of Conformity This section of the PI MAX3 system manual contains the declaration of conformity for PI MAX3 systems A system includes the PI MAX3 with a Gen II or Filmless Gen III intensifier and a PI MAX3 power supply ...

Page 142: ...142 PI MAX 3 System Manual Version 1 A ...

Page 143: ...p for a period of up to one 1 year after shipment During this period Princeton Instruments will repair or replace at its sole option any defective parts without charge to you You must deliver the entire product to the Princeton Instruments factory or at our option a factory authorized service center You are responsible for the shipping costs to return the product to Princeton Instruments Internati...

Page 144: ...ping charges is as described above under our Basic Limited One 1 Year Warranty X Ray Detector Limited One Year Warranty Princeton Instruments warrants with the exception of CCD imaging device and fiber optic assembly damage due to X rays which carry NO WARRANTIES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED all X ray products for one 1 year after shipment See additional Basic Limited One 1 year Warranty terms and conditi...

Page 145: ...parts can be returned for service you must contact the Princeton Instruments factory and receive a return authorization number RMA Products or parts returned for service without a return authorization evidenced by an RMA will be sent back freight collect 5 These warranties are effective only if purchased from the Princeton Instruments factory or one of our authorized manufacturer s representatives...

Page 146: ...ion of incidental or consequential damages so the above provisions may not apply to you 12 When contacting us for technical support or service assistance please refer to the Princeton Instruments factory of purchase contact your authorized Princeton Instruments representative or reseller or visit our technical support page at www princetoninstruments com Contact Information Roper Scientific s manu...

Page 147: ...aseline signal 35 excessive humidity 35 95 sudden change in 35 95 Binning computer memory burden 43 hardware 43 interline CCD 44 restrictions due to well capacity 44 readout time 43 resolution loss 43 software effect on S N ratio 47 high light level measurements 47 shot noise limited measurements 47 Blooming 38 Bracket pulsing effect on coincidence timing 56 impact on coincidence timing 57 need fo...

Page 148: ...rupt level 98 Ethernet network is not accessible 98 Excess Rep Rate indicator 92 Excessive humidity 35 95 96 Experiment types 59 Exposure and Readout 33 F H Fan 22 92 Fast mode data acquisition 50 flowchart 52 image update lag 51 Focusing C mount or F mount lenses 122 spectrograph detector 125 Full frame CCD readout rate 43 Full frame readout 42 Gate Width and Delay optimization 85 Gated operation...

Page 149: ... requirements 23 Power supply grounding and safety 14 outline drawing 112 Power Signal connector PI MAX3 91 PRE TRIG IN cable lead 104 Pre Trigger Input cable lead 104 Pre Trigger Input signal 105 Procedures adapter installation 125 Pulser inhibiting during readout 87 internal 106 QE curves 107 Quantum Efficiency curves 107 R Readout binning 43 inhibiting gating during readout 87 interline 39 subs...

Page 150: ...ubleshooting cooling 97 Ethernet network is not accessible 98 temperature lock 98 vacuum deterioration 98 Unigen II coating x Unpacking and initial inspection 21 Vacuum deterioration 98 Ventilation fan 92 Ventilation requirements 22 Vignetting 13 W Z Warnings Controller Detector cable 93 damage from operating camera that has lost its nitrogen backfill 16 destruction of intensifier caused by excess...

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