IOtech eZ-Analyst Manual Download Page 1

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USER’S MANUAL

eZ-Analyst

version

5.1.x

IOtech

25971 Cannon Road

Cleveland, OH 44146-1833

(440) 439-4091

Fax: (440) 439-4093

[email protected]

www.iotech.com

Real-Time Vibration and

Acoustic Analysis Software

*372165D-01*

372165D-01

1086-0922 rev 15.1

Summary of Contents for eZ-Analyst

Page 1: ...1 x IOtech 25971 Cannon Road Cleveland OH 44146 1833 440 439 4091 Fax 440 439 4093 sales iotech com productsupport iotech com www iotech com Real Time Vibration and Acoustic Analysis Software 372165D...

Page 2: ...sses the following windows Configuration Playback Setup Display Preferences and Output Channel Setup Note that the 640e and 640u analyzers of a relatively extensive section pertaining to output wavefo...

Page 3: ...1 Window Menu 3 13 Edit Menu see chapter 4 Waterfalls Order Tracking Slice Views see chapter 7 Ch 4 Edit Menu Configuration Window 4 1 Analyzer Tab 4 3 Input Channels Tab 4 15 Analog Input Channels 4...

Page 4: ...onality 6 6 Copy 6 6 Strip Charts 6 7 XLS Overlay Overlay of Excel Files 6 8 Displaying Channel Pairs 6 10 Changing the Display Range 6 10 Changing Format Scale and Grid 6 12 Ch 7 Waterfalls Order Tra...

Page 5: ...SVGA 1024 x 768 resolution For WaveBook 516E 10 100BaseT Ethernet port Requires 32 bit version of Windows Windows 2000 SP4 Windows XP or Windows Vista x86 Windows 2000 SP4 and Windows XP Users PC with...

Page 6: ...rd and Cable WBK21 ISA EPP Interface Plug In Board WBK23 PCI EPP Interface Plug In Board WBK25 Ethernet Interface Module WBK30 WaveBook Memory Options WBK40 and WBK41 Thermocouple and Multi Function I...

Page 7: ...ws Windows 2000 SP4 Windows XP or Windows Vista x86 Windows 2000 SP4 and Windows XP Users PC with Intel Pentium 4 or equivalent 1 GB memory 10 GB disk space Windows Vista x86 users Software Installati...

Page 8: ...re automatically installed onto your PC s hard drive as a part of product support at the time of software installation The default location is the Programs group which can be accessed via the Windows...

Page 9: ...10 GB disk space Windows Vista x86 users PC must be Windows Vista Premium Ready To Install the Software Applies to 640e 640u 650e 650u 652u and 655u 1 Close all running applications on the host PC 2 I...

Page 10: ...acquisition parameters from user friendly menus eZ Analyst can be used for the dynamic channels of the 655 device but not for the temperature channels If you will be using a 655 for temperature applic...

Page 11: ...ional analysis time and time again For example a raw signal can be played back over and over using different FFT Window algorithms to manipulate the signal Once the desired results have been achieved...

Page 12: ...current time is displayed When in Playback Mode the measured time is displayed 4 Slider Bar The sliding bar indicates the relative location of the displayed data The record number and the number of re...

Page 13: ...ck Mode The Playback Mode does not require the presence of physical hardware When in Playback eZ Analyst is strictly a post acquisition display and analysis program Raw time domain data that has been...

Page 14: ...st makes use of various menus and related windows for the purpose of configuration Chapter 4 is devoted exclusively to the Edit menu It is that menu which provides access to the Configuration Window s...

Page 15: ...hannels The Edit Menu is perhaps the most significant of all eZ Analyst menus and is the most frequently used Chapter 4 is dedicated solely to the Edit Menu Task Menu Task Menu Measurement Mode The Me...

Page 16: ...adlock image indicates that cursors in multiple windows have independent cursor movement i e they are unsynchronized Export This button exports data if export conditions are set For details see the se...

Page 17: ...hat will be captured during the acquisition Therefore make the Auto Range Duration long enough to apply a typical signal In addition make sure that the Auto Range Analysis Frequency is fast enough to...

Page 18: ...at the right Minimum FSV is set to 0 2 volts HI Accept defines the highest acceptable percentage of peak input voltage for the selected FSV i e Current Minimum or Maximum Thus if our selected FSV was...

Page 19: ...eak This value is within our established limits so the Current FSV does not change Note 1 If the Capture Mode is the Input Channel Trigger Mode the Auto Range process waits for a trigger Note 2 A Star...

Page 20: ...s selected the Active column shows a radio button next to each channel Multiple Channel Used to select two or more channels for simultaneous calibration This is only an option when the calibrator offe...

Page 21: ...from the popup menu Peak Uses the peak amplitude of the spectrum around the specified frequency of the calibration signal RMS Uses a compensated overall level calculation to determine the RMS level o...

Page 22: ...set EU Offset is used for DC signal compensation Offset is added to or subtracted from the measured EU value Transducer Gain Transducer Gain is used as auxiliary scaling to compensate for the transduc...

Page 23: ...e count of greater than 5 is desired 5 Open the Calibration Window from the Task Menu or from the Input Output Channels Tab 6 Select Single Channel 7 Select Auto Range if desired 8 Select a Calibratio...

Page 24: ...t including channel numbers function type axis type and range These files can be recalled at a later date to process customized plot conditions Without user intervention the plot setup file is automat...

Page 25: ...for the Ending Block Step 4 follows on page 3 12 The RPC III file format does not represent tach channel RPM data in a meaningful way If you a select RPC III as the export file format and b have a Ta...

Page 26: ...file name for the function file or use the Browse button to locate the desired file 3 If you want to have records automatically appended to the specified file select Automatic Save after Averaging 4 S...

Page 27: ...ive features of Plot Display Windows including the Graphic Toolbar buttons refer to chapter 5 The interactive features are not selected from the Window Menu but are accessed via toolbar buttons the mo...

Page 28: ...ark from Buttons places the channel buttons back onto the toolbar Note that the Input Channel Buttons button located on the toolbar just to the left of where the channel buttons reside provides the sa...

Page 29: ...ference and response channels and whether Response Increase or Reference Increase is selected Tachometer Tachometer This window displays three fields tachometer channel number measurement and units Ta...

Page 30: ...d the modal location Note 1 D First Reference Coordinate Shows the channel number and the modal location Note 1 Note 1 A Response or a Reference Coordinate with a yellow background indicates that the...

Page 31: ...lot Windows Window Menu Tile Vertically When you have multiple plot windows open this menu selection arranges them on your screen as shown The Graph Toolbar discussed in chapter 5 includes a button to...

Page 32: ...button to allow for quick horizontal tiling Refer to that chapter for button descriptions and locations Example of using Horizontal Tile with two Plots Each plot is longer in the horizontal direction...

Page 33: ...etup Tab 4 25 Recording Setup Tab 4 33 Block Rejection Tab 4 36 Octave Setup Tab 4 38 Preferences Tab 4 40 Output Channel Setup 4 44 ZonicBook 618E and WaveBook Waveform Output 4 44 640u and 640e Wave...

Page 34: ...actor S x n we would have a blocksize of 2048 i e 800 x 2 56 Thus w b 2 56 x freq 2048 2 56 2000 0 4 seconds Delta X Freq 1 w 1 0 4 2 5 Hz Acquisition Panel on the Analyzer Tab The values shown pertai...

Page 35: ...ormance Spectral Lines This section of the Acquisition Panel is used to set the number of spectral lines You can multiply the spectral lines by the nyquist factor to find out the number of data points...

Page 36: ...crease Larger disk file Slower Slower screen updates Higher lower Delta X Decrease Smaller disk file Faster Faster screen updates Lower higher Delta X Data Block Acquisition Time The time it takes to...

Page 37: ...k 618E and to the TTL TRIGGER on WaveBook s DB25 connector pin 13 The input accepts a 0 to 5 V TTL compatible signal Latency is 300 ns Channel No Specifies the channel that the trigger condition appli...

Page 38: ...we have a maximum pre trigger percentage of 47 For 1 Channel Frequency 20Hz 50Hz 100Hz 200Hz 500Hz 1kHz 2kHz 5kHz 10kHz 20kHz 40kHz Spectral Lines 25600 1 5 5 23 23 95 95 99 99 99 99 12800 2 11 11 47...

Page 39: ...10 43 43 99 99 99 99 12800 1 5 5 21 21 87 87 99 99 99 99 6400 2 10 10 43 43 99 99 99 99 99 99 3200 4 21 21 87 87 99 99 99 99 99 99 1600 9 42 42 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 800 19 85 85 99 99 99 99 99 99...

Page 40: ...z 5kHz 10kHz 20kHz 40kHz Spectral Lines 25600 0 1 1 6 6 24 24 99 99 99 99 12800 0 3 3 12 12 49 49 99 99 99 99 6400 1 6 6 24 24 99 99 99 99 99 99 3200 2 12 12 49 49 99 99 99 99 99 99 1600 5 24 24 99 99...

Page 41: ...99 99 200 31 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 100 62 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 50 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 For 10 Channels Frequency 20Hz 50Hz 100Hz 200Hz 500Hz 1kHz 2kHz 5kHz 10kHz 20kHz 40k...

Page 42: ...perform the following 1 close the Configuration Window 2 select Measurement Mode from the Task pull down menu 3 open the Configuration window Capturing Transient Data Setting eZ Analyst to trigger on...

Page 43: ...ration Often it is necessary to capture the events that lead up to the trigger point If this is the situation then positioning should be set for Pre trigger capturing On the other hand if the signal o...

Page 44: ...her increases or decreases the effect of each new data block on the resultant average Weighting Factor The Weighting Factor either increases or decreases the effect of each new data block on the resul...

Page 45: ...exporting data How to Perform Negative Averaging 1 Perform an impact measurement with Averaging set to Linear and Triggered Acquisition Take 5 to 10 impacts on a running machine 2 Select Spectrum Disp...

Page 46: ...4 14 Edit Menu 889691 eZ Analyst Impact Measurement on a Non running Motor Impact Measurement 10 Averages on a Motor Running at 3600 RPM...

Page 47: ...back mode If you wish to use Measurement mode you will have to reduce the channel count by removing expansion modules To remove the expansion modules you must physically disconnect them from the WaveB...

Page 48: ...name Highlight a cell before typing a label When you press the Enter key the Apply button or the OK button the label is accepted Ref Resp There are two types of channels Reference and Response All cha...

Page 49: ...perating compliance refers to the highest voltage that can be applied without change of the current source value In the absence of a transducer the current source will output an open circuit voltage o...

Page 50: ...Z Analyst startup See Tip TIP If your acquisition system doesn t have or is not making use of TEDS accelerometers then leave the associated checkbox in the Preferences Tab unchecked This will allow fo...

Page 51: ...the applicable cell Input Type This is the type of instrument attached to the channel Menu selections include Acceleration Velocity Displacement Force Pressure Stress Strain General and Tach Tachomete...

Page 52: ...oupling is almost always preferred DC Coupling is available to allow viewing of the DC signal but is of no practical use to tachometer related triggers Tach Mode Used to select one of three available...

Page 53: ...he specified duration In this setup the Delay Value defines the length of time that the trigger criteria must be stable before the tach pulse will be recognized If a keyway is being used as a tach tri...

Page 54: ...ur application Optimum settings will vary depending upon the noise present on the Tach input 7 Set the Delay Time to a pre set value between 500 ns and 25 5 ms To have no delay time select none The de...

Page 55: ...eZ Analyst 889691 Edit Menu 4 23 The following diagrams show typical tach pulses and appropriate comparator threshold trigger settings Typical Tach Pulses and Appropriate Threshold Settings...

Page 56: ...ing edge of one pulse to the falling edge of the next pulse The Period Mode is used for Tachometer inputs which exhibit multiple pulses per revolution The mode provides accurate overall RPM without sa...

Page 57: ...uces the amplitude magnitude of the data near the ends of each data frame prior to performing the FFT and forces the data to be nearly periodic in the window thus reducing leakage errors Response wind...

Page 58: ...g reduced weight to the very low amplitude data at the end of the block Decay Decay Percent is used when an Exponential Window is applied to the Response Channel It is the weighting factor present at...

Page 59: ...ntegration Panel HPF Int1 Int2 The High Pass Filter Integration 1 HPF Int1 and Integration 2 HPF Int2 are used to remove the low frequency effects of integration All data points that exist below the s...

Page 60: ...e FFT Tab following figure Do not confuse the Tach Setup of Analog Channels CH1 through CH8 with Tach Channels T1 T2 T3 and T4 The later are configured from the Input Channels Tab Reference Note For i...

Page 61: ...proportional to another value of interest such as in a gear train For example you want to see the RPM for shaft X which is known to turn at 2 5 times the RPM of gear Z but it is impractical for a tach...

Page 62: ...increased or decreased for next available location numbers Reference Increase If the Reference Increase radio button is selected the response channel s location doesn t change The reference s locatio...

Page 63: ...numeric field disables Low Frequency Cutoff This means all frequencies will be displayed Edit Menu Configuration FFT Setup Tab dB Voltage Reference Panel dB Voltage Reference is only valid for freque...

Page 64: ...ng Duration is met whichever occurs first When the Recording Duration value is met the recording event is aborted There is a 2 gigabyte file size limitation that needs to be considered when specifying...

Page 65: ...ding panel includes a checkbox to enable the scheduled recording function It also includes three text fields see following figure The panel provides a means of setting time conditions for starting and...

Page 66: ...to automatically increase by a Date Time convention otherwise select Number Number Select the Number radio button if you want the Filenames to automatically increase by a numerical sequence 1 2 3 N c...

Page 67: ...uble hammer occurs when a signal goes outside of the acceptable range that is set up in the Hammer Rejection section Click in the Double Hammer box to turn the Double Hammer option ON and OFF When the...

Page 68: ...the amount of which is specified by the delay will be prefixed to the data following the trigger event Also a trigger delay in reference to the Start Trigger Condition indicates that a specified amoun...

Page 69: ...ange only Dual Band Buffered Measurement Dual Band also referred to as buffered measurement is provided for octave band processing such that spectral lines at settings of 6400 and smaller can cover a...

Page 70: ...feature then eZ Analyst versions 5 1 45 and higher will continue to load and run those configurations until you re save the configuration in single band mode Edit Menu Configuration Octave Setup Tab...

Page 71: ...time to the eZ Analyst startup See the following tip Edit Configuration Preferences Tab T E D S Panel T E D S Panel TIP If your acquisition system doesn t have or is not making use of TEDS accelerome...

Page 72: ...file The checkbox setting determines whether or not you will be prompted to save to disk the current Measurement Mode Setup when the program is either a closed while in Measurement Mode or b the sele...

Page 73: ...tered or selected a pre existing filename and the Hardware and Configuration Setup file already exists but there is no recorded data present with the same name you will be asked if you want to overwri...

Page 74: ...sting data unreadable Yes If you choose Yes the file will be overwritten and the shutdown or switching of the mode will proceed No If you choose No you will be returned to the Save Analyzer Setup File...

Page 75: ...clear of the device Do not confuse the Output Source excitation source with source level as the latter term refers to transducer bias current The Source Output can be used as a test source for the inp...

Page 76: ...Sine mode refers to a constant amplitude sine wave that is being swept in frequency from a selected start frequency to a selected stop frequency over a selected sweep time duration The frequency sweep...

Page 77: ...ave runs until it is stopped The preview window displays up to a maximum of 10 seconds of waveform data Also high frequency waveforms will display aliased unless you zoom in to display a smaller segme...

Page 78: ...the window OK button to accept the change or the X button to cancel the operation Note You can use the Tab key to cycle the selection highlight through all of the controls You can also use the Enter...

Page 79: ...d Down ramp envelope applied The following figure shows that you can zoom into a specific segment of the waveform to display an unaliased view of the wave To zoom into the waveform simply click and dr...

Page 80: ...nd Sweep Direction The Waveform Modifier area applies the same types of modifications to swept waves as it does for simple waves In the figure at the right we can see that eZ Analyst is being configur...

Page 81: ...file you want to import The right hand figure shows the file selection dialog box Raw Data DSC Files If you selected an eZ Analyst raw data file files in the Import dialog box with a DSC file extensi...

Page 82: ...sion you will be presented with another dialog box This is where you tell eZ Analyst how to interpret the data in the ASCII file The next figure shows the first step needed for importing an ASCII file...

Page 83: ...d width format you must indicate how many characters wide the channel column is then you select the channel column number to import Text Import Wizard Step 2 of 2 for Fixed Width Format After completi...

Page 84: ...no information about how the data was acquired Because of this some information about the data has to be manually entered by the operator For example eZ Analyst needs to know what the Full Scale Range...

Page 85: ...sors may need to have the size of the memory buffer increased to reduce the number of interruptions needed for waveform generation However a larger memory buffer means that changes to the output wavef...

Page 86: ...window Changes made to the output waveform while the generator is running can not be previewed in the preview window see following figure When the Signal Generator is shut off either by pressing the T...

Page 87: ...is the minimum number of lines you can have for the given file s playback Overlap Percent 0 99 The percentage of displayed history data that will overlap subsequent data when we step through it The v...

Page 88: ...r that you want to change 5 When finished click OK in Colors Color Palette window Freq Order Track Slice Applies to Frequency Track Slices and Order Track Slices The measurement mode will always use t...

Page 89: ...t above the extraneous noise level Peak Width Spectral Lines Sets the eZ Analyst to search data according to a cursor selected range band The band takes into account the Minimum threshold value for pe...

Page 90: ...led data scaled in either Volts or EUs 5 Auto Spectrum A single channel display function Displays the square of the magnitude of the complex one side Fourier spectrum of x t Autospectra are calibrated...

Page 91: ...oolbar between buttons 15 and 21 Magnitude Plots only the magnitude of real or complex data Phase Plots only the phase of complex data Magnitude and Phase Plots both Magnitude and Phase data Real Plot...

Page 92: ...play function At each frequency the coherence is a value between 0 0 and 1 0 which indicates the degree of consistent linear relationship between two signals during the averaging process A value of le...

Page 93: ...nel You MUST define the response channels to be the correct type of data acceleration velocity or displace ment that you are acquiring Define these in the data type column of the Calibration window Th...

Page 94: ...information refer to the Strip Charts section in chapter 6 21 XY Axis Grids Used to add or remove vertical and horizontal grid lines 22 Auto Scale XY Axis Lets the application automatically adjust the...

Page 95: ...r display purpose only and does not modify the data Integration is only active when frequency domain data is displayed Select single or double integration or none by continuous clicks of the button 29...

Page 96: ...use Order Tracking a tachometer must be assigned to an enabled channel Note that if the Order Tracking and Slice View buttons are both enabled eZ Analyst displays the slice view above the order tracki...

Page 97: ...2 Slice View 33 Split View 34 Order Tracking or Frequency View ON Grayed Out ON Frequency 3D Waterfall and Frequency Display 31 32 33 34 Displays Selected Waterfall and Frequency Slice 31 3D Waterfall...

Page 98: ...34 Displays Selected Order Tracking and Order Slice View 31 3D Waterfall View 32 Slice View 33 Split View 34 Order Tracking or Frequency View Grayed Out ON ON Order Tracking Order Tracking and Order S...

Page 99: ...tle bar is dimmed To change the focus window simply click on title bar of the window of interest Clicking the Graph Toolbar button will bring up a buttons toolbar which provides a means of quickly imp...

Page 100: ...SideBand Peak and FreeForm Note Another method of choosing a cursor as opposed to using the cursor button is to right click on the plot region and select cursor from the resulting pop up window The to...

Page 101: ...hannels For example displayed data for channel 2 could erroneously be interpreted as data for channel 1 and visa versa For Order Tracking it is highly recommended that you enter the order value manual...

Page 102: ...at the cursor applies to simply click on the desired channel s channel box or its plot line Dual Cursors also referred to as Band Cursor Provides two cursors that apply to one channel Note that if the...

Page 103: ...second at 1200 Hz etc With the use of Annotation values will be shown for all cursors The Main Cursor 5 Harmonic Cursors Peak Used for one channel trace This selection will set up to 20 cursors accor...

Page 104: ...creen then press Enter You can paste the copied item into other applications For example plotted data can be copied into Notepad Word or Excel for use in reports or in the case of Excel further calcul...

Page 105: ...ouse cursor over the text Display Mode 3 Select Single Channel of Multi Channel as desired Single Channel When this mode is selected the strip chart will show 4 traces for a single channel The traces...

Page 106: ...ce numbers are always layered on top of the lower ones See figure The Concept of Trace Overlays To overlay one or more Excel files 1 Right Click on the channel button See following figure 2 Select Ove...

Page 107: ...g type wrong channel number or would cause you to exceed the limit of 16 displays a message box will inform you of the situation Traces can be moved up or down in ranking order in the Selected XLS fil...

Page 108: ...ual function displays To change to another reference channel right click on the channel of interest It will now be underlined All channels are response channels even those that have been designated as...

Page 109: ...ick and drag the mouse cursor vertically on the plot Two horizontal cursor lines will define the new Y axis end points To simultaneously change the X Y Axes Hold down the Ctrl and Alt keys at the same...

Page 110: ...cale or Grid affects the display only It does not change the real data Format The Format menu allows you to change the axis format of the plotted data Choices are Linear Log and dB valid on for the y...

Page 111: ...3D Waterfalls 7 2 Order Tracking 7 7 Selecting Displays 7 8 Using Spectrum Cursors 7 11 3D Waterfall Plot TIP To enhance 3D waterfall performance you can do one or more of the following o increase PC...

Page 112: ...display of spectrum single dual harmonic sideband and free form cursors o Highlighted spectrum of current record in playback mode o Individual control of 3D surface plot and cursor trace transparency...

Page 113: ...figuration dialog visible you can rotate the waterfall using your mouse Latitude and Longitude values from 0 to 359 degrees track the position of the waterfall Just below the Latitude and Longitude in...

Page 114: ...The Plot Appearance group provides three options that allow you to choose how you would like the 3D Waterfall surface plot to be drawn You have your choice of viewing the plot as a Color Spectrum Colo...

Page 115: ...lot also automatically sets Zero based skipping Waterfall Rotation Presets Panel This feature allows you to define up to six custom named waterfall plot rotation settings The names assigned to the rot...

Page 116: ...and right arrow keys will reposition the cursor There are four ways in which you can use your PC mouse to alter your view of the 3D Waterfall Plot These include two methods of zooming in or out one me...

Page 117: ...the Measurement Real Time mode or the Playback mode To enable Order Tracking click the associated button see figure after verifying the following o at least one tachometer is assigned to a channel o...

Page 118: ...ing This button is used to enable the Order Tracking display mode or the Frequency View mode The Order Tracking display mode provides a means of displaying data from points which are evenly spaced by...

Page 119: ...ice View 33 Split View 34 Order Tracking or Frequency View ON Grayed Out ON Frequency 3D Waterfall and Frequency Display 31 32 33 34 Displays Selected Waterfall and Frequency Slice 31 3D Waterfall Vie...

Page 120: ...1 32 33 34 Displays Selected Order Tracking and Order Slice View 31 3D Waterfall View 32 Slice View 33 Split View 34 Order Tracking or Frequency View Grayed Out ON ON Order Tracking Order Tracking and...

Page 121: ...the cursor near the point where the cursor intersects the waveform In the second example following figure the annotation has been placed into the cursor frame Information in the frame appears in a hi...

Page 122: ...e all of the nodes underneath Clicking the X button will close the Cursor Frame and set cursor annotations to None The cursor frame can be re sized and re positioned as follows To move the frame place...

Page 123: ...t E to access the Edit Menu press C You will need a mouse to access all panels Also see Ctrl M Opens the Display Preferences Menu After pressing Alt E to access the Edit Menu press D Opens the Playbac...

Page 124: ...Menu Use arrow keys to highlight your selection then press Enter D S Opens the Scale Type Menu Menu choices are RMS Peak Pk Pk Use arrow keys to highlight your selection then press Enter D T Opens th...

Page 125: ...holding down both the Ctrl and Alt keys place the cursor at the desired start point on the plot b click the left mouse button c drag the mouse diagonally until the cursor is at the new end point of t...

Page 126: ...record pointer to the first record comma Move Left 1 Record Moves the record pointer one record to the left period Move Right 1 Record Moves the record pointer one record to the right Zoom in Zooms i...

Page 127: ...the very similar Hanning window it has a slightly wider main lobe but much better dynamic range This window has the smallest 60 dB bandwidth of any window listed The Blackman Harris window may be pref...

Page 128: ...ntrast to a varying signal Digital data is represented by combinations of binary digits 0s and 1s Dynamic Stiffness Force Displacement A transfer type that is the reciprocal function of Receptance Dyn...

Page 129: ...the previous block Free Run is a continuous collection of data with a constant display update Frequency Domain A domain where amplitudes are graphed in relation to frequency Also see Time Domain Freq...

Page 130: ...condition measured Other transducers e g thermocouples have a nonlinear response To convert nonlinear signals into accurate readings requires software to calibrate several points in the range used and...

Page 131: ...elocity force and Receptance or Compliance displacement force Reciprocal functions can be derived by taking the inverse of the magnitude and multiplying the phase angle by 1 Apparent Mass force accele...

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