Epson FX-80 User Manual Download Page 191

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Figure

13-1.

Computer memory as sketch pad

holes or cells arranged in rows and columns, as Post Office boxes are.

Each cell of the array corresponds to a dot position on the paper (Fig-

ure

13-2).

Figure

13-2.

Array in memory and on paper

Although the cells in a numeric array can hold nearly any numeric

value, you use only the binary numbers

and

for this graphics

program. Figure

13-3

demonstrates using a

to represent a dot and a 0

to represent no dot.

174

Summary of Contents for FX-80

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Page 2: ... U S Government Printing Office Washington DC 20402 Stock No 004 000 00345 4 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means mechanical photocopying recording or other wise without the prior written permission of Epson America Inc No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information conta...

Page 3: ...re is an index at the end of each volume cover ing the complete two volume set You can therefore find all the refer ences to any topic in either one Conventions Used in This Manual We provide sample BASIC programs that allow you to see how various commands control the printer s capabilities Frequently we start with a few program lines and then make several changes and additions to end up with a su...

Page 4: ... statement is to display on the screen information that is not absolutely essential to the program Any BASIC system automatically provides a carriage return and some BASICS add a line feed after every program line that includes a PRINT or LPRINT command whether that line prints text or not To prevent the carriage return we have you place a semicolon at the end of such program lines You will see th...

Page 5: ...ge our ENDS to STOPS When the presence of one or more blank spaces in a program line is especially important we use a special character pronounced blank to represent the spaces This makes it easier for you to count the number you need For example the following SAMPLE STRING means that you should type in one blank space for each SAMPLE STRING The use of the symbol makes it easy for you to count the...

Page 6: ...se an up arrow t which prints as a left bracket on FX printers At the end of each chapter a Summary section provides a concise review of the chapter s subject matter and a list of the control codes if any that have been covered For listings of the control codes in nu merical order and in functional groupings see Appendixes B and C When we refer to an FX mode by name we capitalize it Compressed Mod...

Page 7: ...ion 10 1 The FX Printers Additional Supplies and Accessories Printer Location Printer Preparation Paper separator Covers Manual feed knob DIP switches Ribbon Installation Paper Loading FX 80 built in tractor feed FX 80 and FX 100 friction feed FX 80 and FX 100 removable tractor unit optional on the FX 80 Top of form position Paper thickness lever Starting Up Control panel The FX tests itself iii i...

Page 8: ...ng 49 Main columns 50 Intermediate positions 51 Modes for Pitches 52 Pica and Elite Modes 52 Compressed Mode 53 Mode priorities 55 Pitch Mode Combinations 56 Expanded Mode 56 Multiple print pitches on one line 58 Summary 59 4 Print Quality 61 Bold Modes 61 Double StrikeMode 61 Emphasized Mode 62 Proportional Mode 64 Mixing Modes 65 Summary 66 5 Dress Up Modes and Master Select 69 Four Modes 69 Und...

Page 9: ...Line Spacing and Line Feeds 93 Line Spacing 93 Preset line spacing 93 Variable line spacing 95 Microscopic line spacing 98 Line Feeds 98 One time immediate line feed 99 Reverse feed FX 80 only 99 Summary 101 8 Forms Control Form Length Control Form feed distance Not so standard forms Paper Perforation Skip Skip command DIP switch skip Single Sheet Adjustment Summary 103 103 103 105 107 107 109 109...

Page 10: ...ms 137 Straight line 138 Slash 139 Large caret 139 Wave pattern 140 Diamond pattern 141 Summary 142 11 Varieties of Graphics Density Graphics Programming Tips Graphics and the Reset Code Graphics and low ASCII codes Density Varieties High Speed Double Density Graphics Mode Low Speed Double Density Graphics Mode Quadruple Density Graphics Mode Moredensities More Graphics Programming Tips Reassignin...

Page 11: ...Higher resolution 181 Reflections 183 Exploding galaxy 184 Big bang 185 Summary 187 14 Symmetrical Graphics Patterns 189 Pin Pattern Calculation 192 Graphics Width Settings 193 Pattern Printout 193 Variations 195 Summary 197 15 User Defined Characters 199 Preparation 200 Character Definition 200 Design 201 Dots into DATA 202 Attribute byte 203 Proportional print 203 Printing User Defined Character...

Page 12: ...tters Double Wide 215 Large Letters Double High 217 Giant Letters Double High and Double Wide 217 Core Sets 223 Line Graphics 225 Summary 226 17 Business Application 227 Preparation 227 Barchart 227 Statement Form 231 999 REM The End 238 Index 239 xii ...

Page 13: ...er adjustment 27 1 14 Loading the FX 80 27 1 15 Tractor unit release 28 1 16 Tractor unit installation 30 1 17 Hook and stud 30 1 18 Adjusting the pin feeders 31 1 19 Top of form 33 1 20 Paper thickness adjustment 34 1 21 Cable connection 35 1 22 Sample automatic test 36 2 1 Italic listing 43 3 1 Dot matrix characters 49 3 2 Theprinthead 50 3 3 Main columns 51 3 4 Intermediate positions 51 3 5 Pic...

Page 14: ...tly 116 9 5 Right margin set correctly 117 9 6 Default horizontal tabs 119 9 7 Tabs with text and numbers 120 9 8 Variable horizontal tabs 121 9 9 Absolute horizontal tabs 122 9 10 Ordinary vertical tabs 124 9 11 Text at tab stop 125 9 12 Absolute vertical tabs 126 9 13 Printout of multipage channels 128 10 1 Pins numbered sequentially 133 10 2 Dot pattern in two line spacings 133 10 3 Pins labell...

Page 15: ...tting a circle 177 13 6 Displaying an array 178 13 7 Divide and conquer 182 14 1 Printing the array contents 191 14 2 Pattern sets 191 14 3 Program for SYMMETRY 194 14 4 Symmetric pattern 1 195 14 5 Symmetric pattern 2 196 14 6 Symmetric pattern 3 196 15 1 ROM and user defined characters 199 15 2 User defined E 201 15 3 Incorrectly designed E 202 15 4 Pins chosen by attribute byte 203 15 5 Attribu...

Page 16: ...17 1 17 2 17 3 17 4 Barchart Program for BARCHART Statement form Program for STATEMENT 228 230 232 234 xvi ...

Page 17: ...nce Chart 76 5 2 Print types 78 6 1 Some special characters 85 6 2 International characters in Roman typeface 87 6 3 International characters in Italic typeface 87 6 4 International DIP switch settings 88 7 1 11 1 Graphics Modes 151 14 1 15 1 16 1 ASCII pattern 219 Summary of print pitches 60 Summary of modes 67 Line spacing commands 102 Variables for SYMMETRY 190 International character locations...

Page 18: ...ant use of any one of 16 popular print combinations l Proportionally spaced characters for professional looking docu ments l Easy to use Underline and Super Subscript Modes l Detailed forms handling capability including the setting of horizon tal and vertical tabs margins form length a skip over perforation feature and variable line feeds l Up to 233 characters per line with the FX 100 for spreads...

Page 19: ...logic required for the various print features as well as the patterns for all the built in character sets The FX also contains a RAM memory buffer that stores up to 2K bytes of text and printer commands as they are received from the com puter This frees your computer so that you can continue working while the FX is printing You can also use RAM another way you can define your own set of characters...

Page 20: ... you l For those who prefer to roll up their sleeves and see how the printer works we ve included sample programs to demonstrate each of the printer s features l For those who want only a quick and easy reference the compre hensive Table of Contents the Appendixes and the Index provide ready access to information l For computer professionals and other experienced users who simply can t wait to fin...

Page 21: ...ink of the manual as your personal guide in your exploration of the FX s many features For a preview of what your programs can produce take a look at the following potpourri of print modes and graphics 4 ...

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Page 24: ...chased separately 2 To use continuous feed printer paper with pin feed holes set the friction control lever and the paper bail toward the front of the printer If you are using the FX 80 pull the paper under the plastic separator and through the paper path If you are using the FX 100 you may need to first install the tractor unit then pull the paper under it In case the paper starts to jam on eithe...

Page 25: ... every computer system This means you may need to modify our programs to suit your system In Appendix F we dis cuss such compatibility problems and suggest solutions for several popular computers Ticket Program Here is an example program written in BASIC that shows off a lot of the FX printer s features The program can give you a good survey of print control If you don t understand one or more fea...

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Page 27: ...py the entire ROM character set into RAM 40 Designates RAM as the source for the active character set 50 Prepares the printer to redefine characters 0 through 60 Sets a counter for the 11 letters being defined and selects the attribute byte of each new character 70 Reads the data that defines the letters 11 sets of ll See Chapter 15 for additional information on lines 30 through 70 80 Turns on the...

Page 28: ...t Mode and then prints the right side of the border 180 Prints the bottom half of the FX letters 190 Turns OFF the codes prints PRINTERS in Subscript then prints a border 200 Prints borders 210 Prints borders then switches to Compressed and prints BY Sets with ESCape X Emphasized Double Strike Pica and prints EPSON This new mode automatically turns off Compressed 220 Sets Superscript Mode Escape S...

Page 29: ...280 Returns the printer to its defaults 300 330 Provides data for the FX letters as user defined characters 0 3 350 410 Provides data for the ticket borders 12 ...

Page 30: ... Printer User s Manual The FX 80 has a tractor built into its platen for handling continuous feed paper between 91 2 and 10 inches in width To handle narrower continuous feed paper you must purchase the optional FX 80 tractor unit On an FX 100 you will find these items installed 7 A tractor unit 8 A dust cover for the tractor unit As you unpack your printer you may want to save all protective plas...

Page 31: ...Figure 1 1 The FX 80 and FX 100 printers 14 ...

Page 32: ...Figure 1 2 Printer parts 1 5 ...

Page 33: ...e holes Ribbon cartridge replacement The expected life of a cartridge is three million characters roughly 1 000 pages of text Print head replacement The expected life of a print head is one hun dred million characters over 30 000 pages of text Roll paper holder For the FX 80 you may purchase an optional roll paper holder Printer Location Naturally your printer must sit somewhere near the computer ...

Page 34: ...rnal switches and then inserting the ribbon cartridge Note The printer should be turned OFF during all set up operations Paper separator To install the paper separator hold it vertically so that it rests on the two slots at the back of the metal frame as shown in Figure 1 4 Press down gently but firmly until the separator snaps into place To remove the separator pull up on the left side first lett...

Page 35: ...0 Fit the left side of the lid over the friction control lever you may need to slightly bow the mid dle of the lid before you can snap the tabs into their slots When you need to change the setting of the pin feeder on the FX 80 or install a tractor unit on either model remove this lid by giving it a slight upward tug Install and remove either the front protective lid or the tractor cover by using ...

Page 36: ...ts full vertical position and then lift it up and a little to the left Figure 1 5 Protective lids Figure 1 6 Tractor cover Manual feed knob The manual feed knob Figure 1 7 can aid you in loading and adjusting paper To install the manual feed knob hold it in position on 19 ...

Page 37: ...es now or you can skip to the ribbon section and check the switches later The design of the FX printer allows easy access to the internal switches They are located under the upper right vent To remove the vent you need a Phillip s head screwdriver Once the top screw is removed take the vent off by pressing down and sideways with the palm of your hand Figure 1 8 Do not replace the screw because in ...

Page 38: ...Figure 1 8 DIP switch vent 21 ...

Page 39: ...e printer before touching any internal switch The printer checks most switch settings only at power up If you make changes when the power is on they may be ignored until you turn the printer off then back on So set all switches with the power off Use a non metallic object such as the back of a pen to change the DIP switches One switch deserves your immediate attention it is the switch labelled 4 o...

Page 40: ...ne feed If you are not sure what your system requires leave the switch the way you find it but remember that you can adjust this if your first printing occurs either all on one line or with the lines spaces twice as far apart as you requested We recommend two changes now Turning switch 1 2 on adds a slash to the zero character which makes program listings easier to read If you are not going to cre...

Page 41: ...anisms so that you can use paper without these holes Continuous feed paper usually comes fanfolded into a box and has pin feed holes arranged on half inch tear off strips at each side This allows the printer s pin feeders to engage the paper and pull it evenly through the printer After printing you can remove the tear off strips and separate the pages The FX 80 s built in tractor handles continuou...

Page 42: ...Figure 1 11 Ribbon insertion 25 ...

Page 43: ...oximate the width of paper you are using Pull the levers forward to release the pin feeders move them so their arrows line up with the correct position on the scale e g for 9 5 for 9 inch paper and push the levers backward to lock them into position Figure 1 13 If you are using fanfold paper start by positioning your paper directly beneath or behind the printer as in Figure 1 14 so that the paper ...

Page 44: ...portant to keep the paper straight so that the pins on both sides engage at the same time If the paper does not move smoothly remove it by reversing the manual feed knob and start again with an unwrinkled sheet Figure 1 14 Loading the FX 80 27 ...

Page 45: ... the front of the printer as long as the tractor is used FX 80 and FX 100 friction feed The friction feed is for paper without pin feed holes Before using the friction feed on the FX 80 disengage the pin feeders by pulling the levers forward then move the feeders as far toward the edges as possible Remove the center protective lid if it is on If a tractor unit is installed on the top remove it Pus...

Page 46: ...r if you are printing on single sheets of paper DIP switch 1 3 is set to active at the factory and this means that the paper out feature will sound the FX s beeper and halt printing whenever it senses the bottom of your sheet of paper In prac tice this means that without deactivating the sensor you won t be able to print on the bottom of a single sheet of paper You can usually deactivate the paper...

Page 47: ...sides of the tractor assembly are firmly in place Rock the front of the unit downward pressing firmly until it locks into place Figure 1 16 Tractor unit installation Figure 1 17 Hook and stud 30 ...

Page 48: ...ure 1 12 l Insert the paper under the paper separator and the platen and push the paper through to the front l Position the pin feeders using the pin feed locking levers to make the adjustment One is shown in Figure 1 18 l Raise the black covers of both pin feeders and ease the paper over the pins Adjust the paper or pin feeders as necessary so that there are no wrinkles or dips in the paper Now y...

Page 49: ...rinter will not recognize the top of form until the next time you turn it on The FX considers a form to be 66 lines long unless you change this length as discussed in Chapter 8 Paper thickness lever The paper thickness lever shown in Figure 1 20 moves the print head to accommodate various paper thicknesses The factory sets it for ordinary paper which is 1 5OOth of an inch thick but you can adjust ...

Page 50: ...s at each end With the paper loaded turn the printer on with the toggle switch at the left rear comer of the FX You get a little dance from the print head and three lights go on the POWER light the READY light and the ON LINE light If the ON LINE and READY lights are not on push the button marked ON LINE If the PAPER OUT light is on the paper is not loaded correctly 33 ...

Page 51: ...Figure 1 20 Paper thickness adjustment 34 ...

Page 52: ...The FF button advances the paper one complete page form If you hold the button down it advances several forms Ideally you ll set the top of form position before you turn on the printer That way your printing can start on the first line of the paper If you turn the printer on while the print head is sitting in the middle of a form that is pre cisely where the next form will start when you press the...

Page 53: ...characters If you plan to use your FX printer primarily for word processing or with some other commercial software you are now ready to follow the printer set up instructions in your software menu or manual Because most software packages include set up routines for dot matrix printers this set up may be merely a matter of specifying which printer you are using In case your software asks for specif...

Page 54: ... send PRINT or LIST commands to the printer by adding a leading L to a screen command LPRINT LLIST etc Some other com puter systems use PRINT in place of LPRINT Another group uses PR l to route information to the printer and PR O to restore the flow of information to the screen If you aren t familiar with your system s command conventions consult its manual We will use the LPRINT and LLIST command...

Page 55: ...computers printers and software use the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII pronounced ask ee to code such frequently used characters as the letters of the alpha bet numerals and keyboard symbols Of the 256 ASCII numbers most are codes for specific characters some are codes for such com puter or printer functions as sounding a beep or performing a carriage return The ASCII sta...

Page 56: ...at for this is PRINT CHR n The n represents one of the numbers from zero to 255 each one of which accesses a unique character or action Try typing this 10 PRINT CHR 65 and RUNning it Since most computers use the numbers from 32 to 127 to mean the ASCII set of characters you should see a capital A on the screen It s the numbers less than 32 and greater than 127 that produce different results on nea...

Page 57: ... mands appropriate to your computer Then type RUN With any luck you will get an Italic capital A on the printer If nothing prints it s time to double check your computer manual and cable connections Make sure the printer is ON LINE and the READY light is lit ASCII and BASIC basics If you end up with a Roman A A 40 ...

Page 58: ...suggest ways to get around this obstacle In Chapter 5 for instance we discuss Italic Mode which is the FX designers method of making Italic characters easily accessible to all users If you re patting yourself on the back because your printer printed an Italic A postpone your celebration for a bit Nearly all computers BASIC programs intercept codes on their way to the printer and alter some of them...

Page 59: ...t of the FX interpretation of each ASCII code number This would be a good time to try printing a few of these codes on your own And you may want to take a break before you start the next section Escape CHR 27 and other CHR commands As more features are added to the printer even the extended range of codes 0 255 is inadequate if only single code CHR instructions can be used Because of this Epson ha...

Page 60: ...terprets the CHR 27 CHR 52 sequence in line 10 above as a command to switch from Roman to Italic characters The LPRINT in line 20 sends a string of characters to the printer to verify that the printer is in Italic Mode Now type LLIST or your system s version of the print LIST command to check the printer s status as in Figure 2 1 Figure 2 1 Italic listing Since all the text is still printed in Ita...

Page 61: ...ches long but the next time you reset your printer the page length will return to 11 inches Every control code that you send to the printer is stored in the printer s RAM buffer right along with the text All material goes through this buffer to get to the printed page This buffer is like a holding tank in which each print line is collected The buffer can hold a full line of text characters on the ...

Page 62: ... using the FF button to advance the paper one page Notice that there is a blank line between the two lines of text in the printout This happens because BASIC provides a line feed after every line of print commands unless you put a semicolon at the end of the line As you will see we often end lines with semicolons to prevent unwanted line feeds The Reset Code is useful when you want to turn off all...

Page 63: ...listing or a program run You can then use one or more DELete or CANcel codes at the start of your program to clear out these characters Alternate Formats for ESCape Sequences Activating each of the many FX features with a sequence that con sists of the ESCape code plus another character string command can be cumbersome to use and difficult to remember Fortunately there are techniques for shortenin...

Page 64: ... you must use a plus sign between the elements of the ESCape sequence Summary You use CHR to send numeric codes from BASIC and you use CHR 27 the ESCape code to earmark the printing or action to occur on the FX printer You turn on an FX mode by using the ESCape code and adding to it either the character string command and an appropriate FX control code or else the ASCII equivalent of the con trol ...

Page 65: ... mentioned in this chapter Switch 2 2 Controls the beeper Switch 2 4 Controls the number of vertical lines that the printer spaces at the end of a print line Here are the codes that we have covered in this chapter listed in the order of their appearance CHR 7 Causes a beep CHRS 27 Prepares the printer to accept other control codes Escape code CHR 27 4 Turns Italic Mode ON CHR 27 Resets the printer...

Page 66: ...printing Dot Matrix Printing A dot matrix is a grid or graph that someone who designs a charac ter set for a dot matrix printer uses The dot matrix designs for the characters which may be letters of the alphabet numbers or sym bols are stored in the printer s read only memory ROM The FX s dot matrix is nine rows of dots high and six columns of dots wide Look at any letter on your printout it s mad...

Page 67: ...e pins actually wires Because there is only one column of pins the head must move sideways sequentially to each of the different column positions of the matrix then fire the appropriate pins Electrical impulses cause the FX to fire pins at the paper As a pin is fired it presses against the ribbon to produce one dot of the matrix At each position the printer fires only the pins that are necessary t...

Page 68: ...nough detail for the highest quality characters an FX prints some dots half way between the main columns in the 6 dot wide matrix This enhancement results in a matrix grid that is actually 11 dots wide 6 main columns with 5 intermediate columns You can count the 11 positions on the grid shown as Figure 3 4 Figure 34 Intermediate positions The dots printed in intermediate column positions would ove...

Page 69: ...d Elite Modes At start up the FX prints 10 characters per inch cpi This is the same pitch as that of a typewriter s Pica character set The FX can also print characters in an Elite pitch 12 cpi When you print in Pica on the FX 80 you can get up to 80 characters on a line changing to Elite Mode gives you 96 When you print in Pica on the FX 100 you get up to 136 characters per line Elite Mode gives y...

Page 70: ... Figure 3 6 that the different width modes affect spaces as well as characters The modes also affect tabs which we will discuss in Chapter 9 The ESCape P in line 30 turns Elite Mode off and returns the printer to Pica pitch Notice that because Pica is the factory set default it comes on whenever you turn the printer on unless you ve changed the pitch default by changing a DIP switch Compressed Mod...

Page 71: ...s Com pressed Mode off CHR 18 The Reset Code would work just as well but remember that it also resets all other current printer modes to the defaults The FX gives you a choice of resetting codes one at a time or all at once At 17 16 characters per inch Compressed Mode is the narrowest character pitch available on FX printers FX 80 users can fit 132 Com pressed characters into each line up to 137 b...

Page 72: ...ority To check this try RUNning this line in your current program In this example and many others throughout the manual we use the format that com bines the command with the print string The printer will interpret the letter M as part of the command and will not print it This format is further explained in the preface 10 LPRINT CHR 27 MELITE PITCH This time the printer doesn t make it to Compresse...

Page 73: ...tches Expanded Mode doubles the number of available print pitches to six You can turn on the Expanded print feature for either of two dura tions If you activate it with CHR 14 it turns off after each print line If you want Expanded Mode to stay on line after line continu ously you activate it with ESCape W followed by CHR l Also notice that ESCape W CHR l is turned off with ESCape W CHR 0 CHR 14 o...

Page 74: ...ding the dots horizontally to twice their normal distances apart and then it adds a duplicate of each dot to the next main dot column see Figure 3 7 Figure 3 7 Pica and Expanded letters Those of you who like compact program lines and those of you whose computer systems have difficulty sending a CHR 0 or 57 ...

Page 75: ...I N T E X P A N D E D P I C A C O M P R E S S E D A N D E L I T E C H A R A C T E R S Most of the FX modes stay on continuously and so your program must turn off each mode when you are finished with it We tell you about the few exceptions to this rule such as the CHR 14 version of Expanded as they come up Multiple print pitches on one line Suppose that you want to emphasize just one word within a ...

Page 76: ... ways you can get darker print plus many other ways you can change the looks of the type and we discuss these tech niques in the next three chapters Summary The FX uses a dot matrix to plot the characters it prints Vertically the matrix consists of 6 main and 5 intermediate columns Horizon tally the matrix consists of 9 rows Appendix A shows how each of the FX s characters fits into this matrix Us...

Page 77: ...uced in this chapter listed in the order of their appearance CHRS 27 M Turns Elite Mode ON CHR 27 P Turns Elite OFF CHR 15 Turns Compressed Mode ON CHR 18 Turns Compressed set either by software or by hardware OFF CHR 14 Turns Expanded Mode 1 line ON CHR 20 Turns Expanded 1 line OFF CHR 27 Wl Turns Expanded Mode continuous version ON CHR 27 W0 Turns Expanded either the 1 line or the con tinuous ve...

Page 78: ... Chapter 3 and each gets its bold effect by printing overlapping dots Because Proportional Mode includes Emphasized it also produces bold characters The difference between Double Strike and Emphasized Modes lies in the direction the print head moves before it prints the overlapping dots Double Strike Mode The Double Strike Mode prints each line twice You turn Double Strike on with ESCape G It stay...

Page 79: ...ch passage prints twice the throughput of the Double Strike Mode is less than that of Single Strike It s the old trade off between speed and print quality With a normal print speed of 160 characters per second cps the FX still moves along pretty quickly in the Double Strike Mode Emphasized Mode There is yet another way you can increase the boldness of your printed characters ESCape E produces what...

Page 80: ...e Emphasized so well that you want to use it for most of your printouts you can set it as a default with DIP switch 1 5 This adjust ment will make the printer automatically reset to Emphasized Mode after which you can switch to other modes as needed Whether you turn Emphasized on with ESCape E or by DIP switch you can turn it off with ESCape F Emphasized Mode is always a variation of Pica it can n...

Page 81: ...amount of blank space between them ESCape p1 turns on the Proportional Mode If your computer system doesn t allow you to use lowercase letters you may use a longer form instead ESCape CHR 112 1 Here s an example of the difference between Monospaced and Pro portional Modes Enter NEW 18 LPRINT 20 LPRINT CHR 27 p1 40 LPRINT PROPORTIONAL ON 60 LPRINT CHR 27 p0 70 LPRINT PROPORTIONAL OFF 80 LPRINT CHR ...

Page 82: ...thers as well as Emphasized does with Double Strike For example you cannot mix either Empha sized or its variation Proportional with Elite or Compressed pitches for a very good reason Emphasized characters already violate the rule that two overlap ping dots cannot be printed in the same row Since the FX prints Emphasized in Pica Mode at half normal speed it can make an excep tion But the dots in E...

Page 83: ...as priority Double Strike does take hold as soon as Proportional is shut off Figure 4 3 shows the priorities for the modes we ve covered so far Note Each mode takes precedence over the modes beneath it Figure 4 3 Mode priorities Not all mode combinations create conflicts You ve already seen how well Emphasized and Double Strike combine In the next chapter we show you more modes to mix with these S...

Page 84: ... default Proportional Note Pitch and weight together make up print density The defaults are those set at at the factory By changing DIP switches you can change the pitch default from Pica to Compressed and the weight default from Single Strike to Emphasized Here is the DIP switch that we mentioned in this chapter Switch 1 5 Allows you to change the weight default from Single Strike to Emphasized H...

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Page 86: ...characters and an Italic Mode that any com puter system can select without software adjustments Underline Mode In the old days dot matrix printers could not underline words Even in the not so old days printer users like you had to use all kinds of tricks to underline words The technique usually involved using either the hyphen or underscore _ along with either a change of line spacing or the use o...

Page 87: ...tabs that are set with ESCape D see Chapter 9 Underline Mode does not use the FX s underline character Since the underline character is itself only five dots wide it would not print in the spaces that separate the text characters See this by printing a row of underline characters above the text in the current program 10 FOR X 1 TO 42 LPRINT CHR 95 NEXT X LPRINT When the FX is in Underline Mode it ...

Page 88: ...s such as Pica Elite and Compressed affect the width of characters both Elite and Compressed Modes may be seen as squeezing Pica characters horizontally FX printers can also squeeze a character vertically to about half its normal height These short characters are called Script characters not to be confused with cal ligraphic manuscript lettering Because the Script characters are so short they can ...

Page 89: ...ouble Strike infrequently If you are using an FX 100 you can add Underline Mode to your program to see exactly where the jog comes 10 LPRINT CHR 27 1 We mention this now because it is with Script characters that you are most likely to move in and out of Double Strike several times on one line If you do that on an FX 100 you ll get a line that declines If Double Strike was the current mode before t...

Page 90: ...begin by describing a special FX feature the Master Select which lets you choose any one of 16 popular mode combinations more simply than by calling up each mode separately Then we ll demonstrate mixing Master Select choices with the modes of this chapter Master Select For Master Select you use the code sequence of ESCape fol lowed by CHR and a number in parentheses With Master Select you can quic...

Page 91: ...t by using LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 56 or even after consulting the ASCII table for the equivalent of 56 LPRINT CHR 27 8 Because this latter format is the ultimate in simplicity we use it in Table 5 1 below You can find the Master Select code for any valid combination of pitch and weight by reading across in the row for the pitch you have selected and down in the column for the weight you want Where the ...

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Page 93: ... have reset some of the DIP switches Master Select combinations At the beginning of this chapter we introduced you to four print modes Figure 5 3 illustrates the 11 different ways these can be com bined If you add the default Pica Mode there are 12 different combina tions Four of these 12 combinations the ones that don t involve Super or Subscript can be combined with any of the 16 Master Select m...

Page 94: ...XPANDING 50 N 56 GOSUB 70 LPRINT CHR 27 4POSSIBLITIES 60 LPRINT CHR 27 END 70 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR N RETURN Notice that we ve stored the Master Select sequence as a subroutine in line 70 to save typing As we ve called up the subroutine and given it a new number we ve three times added the ESCape codes for Sub script line 10 Underline line 20 and Italic line 50 Modes The Reset in line 60 returns the p...

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Page 96: ...Subscript Mode ON Script characters print in Double Strike and at half speed CHR 27 S0 Turns Superscript ON CHR 27 T Turns either version of Script Mode OFF CHR 27 4 Turns Italic Mode ON CHR 27 5 Turns Italic OFF CHR 27 CHR n or CHR 27 n Selects one of the 16 Master Select combina tions where n stands for a number between 0 and 255 79 ...

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Page 98: ... for making overstrikes Because it moves the print head backward one character you can print two characters in one print position You can also shift the print head slightly to print offsets You activate backspace by typing a CHR 8 between the two characters Overstrikes Typically backspace is used for single character overstrikes Here are a few examples that create some useful mathematical symbols ...

Page 99: ...CHR ll The FX prints the second tilde just below the first one to form the desired figure offsets The backspace function works in all pitches which opens up some interesting possibilities To see what happens when you mix backspac ing with different pitch modes we ve prepared a special program that shows off the backspace function in two passes first in Pica and then in Expanded Pica We cause all b...

Page 100: ...ects Unidirectional Mode The FX printers provide high quality printouts in their normal bidirectional print mode However there may be situations in which vertical columns printed in Elite or Compressed Mode get slightly mis aligned The printer has a Unidirectional Mode to prevent such prob lems To see how effective Unidirectional Mode can be let s create a long vertical line First we ll print it i...

Page 101: ... program again 10 LPRINT CHR 27 Ul Figure 6 2 Unidirectional line CHR 27 Ul turns on the Unidirectional printing whose results we show as Figure 6 2 and CHR 27 U0 turns it off Did you watch the print head as it printed In every row it moved from left to right instead of alternating directions as usual You can get the same effect for one line at a time by using the com mand CHR 27 This command caus...

Page 102: ... this chapter to create the approximately equal sign Well that tilde is only one of the many uncommon characters that are stored in the FX as components of the nine international character sets We mentioned the international character sets in Chapter 1 when we explained that the factory set defaults for the DIP switches include the selection of the USA character set Besides the pound sign dollar s...

Page 103: ... 93 94 96 123 124 125 126 The next program selects each of the international character sets in turn When you RUN it the printout shown here as Table 6 2 dis plays the special symbols of each set if you have problems consult Appendix F NEW 10 DIM ARRAY 12 LPRINT CHR 27 M 20 LPRINT CHR 27 D CHR l CHR 30 LPRINT CHR l37 40 LPRINT 35 36 64 91 92 93 94 96 123 124 125 126 50 FOR X 1 TO 12 READ ARRAY X NE...

Page 104: ...l charac ters you ll probably want to keep the printout handy You can also print international characters in Italic Mode Change these two lines 80 READ C LPRINT C CHR l37 CHR l4 CHR 27 4 100 NEXT X LPRINT CHR 27 5 NEXT Y to get the result shown in Table 6 3 Table 6 3 International characters in Italic typeface 87 ...

Page 105: ...s Three switches Switch 1 6 Switch 1 7 Switch 1 8 generate eight combinations Table 6 4 shows the switch settings Table 6 4 International DIP switch settings That leaves the Japanese set unaccounted for If you want the characters for it you must choose the set by using the ESCape R statement Special Speeds You can control the speed of the FX s printing in a couple of ways You can set it to print a...

Page 106: ...Speed printing is a quieter run e g for those late night printing sessions Immediate Print Mode FX 80 only The FX 80 can move even more slowly at the speed of your typ ing In the Immediate Print Mode the print head prints one character at a time as you send it The FX 80 also moves the paper up so that you can see the current line and then down to continue printing This kind of instant feedback can...

Page 107: ...racters with offsets You can select any one of the nine international character sets by using the control code sequence given below or you can designate any one of eight of the sets as the default set by changing a DIP switch You can cause any FX to print in Half Speed and you can cause the FX 80 to react as though it were a typewriter by using the Immediate Print Mode Here are the DIP switches we...

Page 108: ...ns Half Speed ON If your system can t send lowercase letters use CHR 115 CHR 1 Turns Half Speed OFF For the FX 80 only turns Immediate Print Mode ON If your system can t send lower case letters use CHR 105 CHR l Turns Immediate Print Mode OFF 91 ...

Page 109: ......

Page 110: ... that distance need not remain the same for every application or even every line The FX gives you three types of commands to change the size of a line space You can use one type to select the most common sizes You can use a second type of command to vary line spacing in 72nds of an inch And you can use the third to adjust lines microscopically in 216ths of an inch Preset line spacing The default s...

Page 111: ...Figure 7 1 Default line spacing To see 12 dot spacing reset the printer to clear any previous modes and enter NEW 20 FOR X 0 to 4 30 LPRINT TAB 6 X STAIR STEPS 40 NEXT X 94 ...

Page 112: ...7 dot 7 72inch To see this one change line 10 to 10 LPRINT CHR 27 1 Although 7 dot spacing is not suitable for text it does allow you to print graphics designs with no gaps You ll use it extensively in the graphics programs presented later Variable line spacing The FX includes the three line spacing commands shown above mainly for convenience Besides printing in the preset 7 9 and l2 dot spacing t...

Page 113: ...X 128 STEPS 40 NEXT X 50 LPRINT CHR 27 2 Figure 7 2 Cascading STAIR STEPS Figure 7 2 shows that the loop in line 20 and the ESCape A com mand in line 30 gradually increase the line spacing Because many computer systems have difficulty with one or more numbers below 13 in character string commands we have used X 128 in the line spacing command to avoid those problems 96 ...

Page 114: ...ed above You can set U dot line spacing either by specifying 12 to the A sequence or by using the preset command CHR 27 A CHR 12 or CHR 27 2 Notice the position of the ESCape A sequence in line 30 right between the strings STAIR and STEPS We placed it there to demon strate that the FX doesn t execute the line feed command until the end of the print line Otherwise it would print the two strings on ...

Page 115: ...s an example using the l 216 inch line spacing five times Change lines 10 and 30 to read 10 LPRINT CHR 27 3 CHR l 30 LPRINT ABCDEF These letters are very heavy looking To carry this idea to an extreme increase the upper limit of the loop to 10 or 15 The ability to adjust line spacing in increments of l 216 inch gives you tremendous control in your vertical formatting You can use this control to fi...

Page 116: ...ogram of Figure 7 3 the FX first performs a line feed without a carriage return between the strings see how STEPS begins to sag below STAIR and then a standard 12 dot line feed plus carriage return at the end of each line To summarize the ESCape J does not require a shut off code as the other line feed control codes do the FX executes it once then forgets it Another difference between this line sp...

Page 117: ...Figure 7 3 Staggering STAIR STEPS 100 ...

Page 118: ...g labels in the printer they can either move on their gummed paper or peel off and get stuck inside the FX Summary The FX provides line spacing in increments of 0 72 to 85 72inch and 0 216 to 255 216 inch You can cause the FX to change the size of a line space to one of three preset sizes or you can specify a size in fractions of an inch You ll use variable line spacing primarily for graphics The ...

Page 119: ...Table 7 1 Line spacing commands 102 ...

Page 120: ...e the paper moves the positioning of the print head at the top of each page and the printer s response to your use of single sheets of paper Form Length Control The FX s default form feed is 66 lines which in the default 12 dot line spacing equals the length of a standard form 11 inches When you want to use a different size of paper you can change the length of a form feed The next three subsectio...

Page 121: ...nsult Chapter 1 Figure 8 1 Setting the top of form Turn on the printer The FX will now remember this position on the paper as the top of form Each form feed will move the paper to the corresponding position on the next sheet Try pressing the FF button with the printer off line Sure enough the FX moves the paper right to the top of form Now press the LF button a few times then turn the printer back...

Page 122: ...two commands To see the first format in action run the following program Enter NEW 10 LPRINT CHR 27 C CHR 0 CHR 2 20 FOR X 1 TO 4 30 LPRINT TWO INCH FORM CHR 12 40 NEXT X 50 LPRINT CHR 27 CH 27 C is the key It changes the form length in the printer s memory so that the string TWO INCH FORM is printed at the top of each new form It also resets the top of form to the current position of the print he...

Page 123: ...rm feed Check it by changing your program lines as shown below and RUN ning the program again see if your printout matches Figure 8 3 10 LPRINT CHR 27 C CHR 2 30 LPRINT TWO LINE FORM CHR 12 Figure 8 3 Two line form feed 106 ...

Page 124: ...hics programs later in this manual Paper Perforation Skip You can avoid printing on the paper perforation by setting the top of form properly and making sure the printer is informed of the cor rect form length Then your appropriately placed form feeds will keep the printing off the perforation But there are some situations in which you will find that sending form feeds on every page is inconvenien...

Page 125: ...7 N CHR 6 20 FOR X 1 TO 70 30 LPRINT SIX LINE SKIP LINE X 40 NEXT X Figure 8 4 shows the skip Figure 8 4 Standard skip The CHR 27 N CHR 6 in line 10 tells the printer to skip 6 lines 1 inch which moves the paper across the perforation to the next top of form You can set the number of lines to any value from 1 to 127 as long as the value is less than that for the current form length set by default ...

Page 126: ...itch skip You may find that you want the skip over perforation feature to become a default feature on your printer Nothing could be easier Turn the printer off so that your new setting will take effect when you turn the FX on again Now remove the vent covering the DIP switches as described in Chapter 1 and change DIP switch 2 3 to the on position Set a new top of form as described above Now replac...

Page 127: ...ingle sheet of paper and RUN this pro gram to see the sensor work 10 LPRINT 20 INPUT HIT RETURN WHEN READY A 30 FOR X 1 TO 60 40 LPRINT PRINTING WILL STOP BEFORE PAPER RUNS OUT 50 NEXT X The printer quits about three fourths of the way down the page Good the sensor is doing its job Now let s override it Load in a new sheet of paper and change line 10 to read 10 LPRINT CHR 27 8 When you RUN this ne...

Page 128: ...orm feed CHR 140 is the alter nate high order version CHR 27 C CHR 0 CHR n Sets the form length to n inches where n is 1 22 CHR 27 C CHR n Sets the form length to n lines where n is 1 127 CHR 27 N CHR n Turns the skip over perforation feature ON set to n lines where n is 1 to less than the current form length in lines Is cancelled by CHR 27 and CHR 27 C as well as CHR 27 0 CHR 27 0 CHR 27 8 CHR 27...

Page 129: ...112 ...

Page 130: ...margin separately to suit your needs Left margin If your word processor cannot control the left margin this com mand is the one you ve been waiting for The command for setting the FX s left margin uses the lowercase letter el CHR 27 1 CHR n where n is the column number for your new left margin Use CHR l08 in place of the 1 if your system has trouble with lower case characters Here are the ground r...

Page 131: ...oticed that we did not have you reset the left margin to zero at the end of the program To see if the new margin is still in effect type your computer s LLIST command Does your printout page now look like Figure 9 2 The left margin is still set at 10 and it will stay at this setting either until it is reset by some software code or until the printer is turned off Margins and pitches Margin setting...

Page 132: ...h to Compressed the left margin stays the same dis tance from the edge of the paper To see an example type LPRINT CHR 15 and then your computer s print listing command Figure 9 3 shows the page with this addition Figure 9 3 Absolute left margin 115 ...

Page 133: ...3 in Elite and 4 to 233 in Compressed The lower limits may seem strange when compared with the OS allowed for left margin limits We ll investigate the limits on the right margin shortly but first let s try out the command The margins can be set either from a BASIC program or from the BASIC command level without line numbers The following line sets the right margin to 5 in Pica Type LPRINT CHR 18 C...

Page 134: ...a workable number to reset the right margin LPRINT CHR 27 Q CHR 22 Then RUN the program Figure 9 5 Right margin set correctly As shown in Figure 9 5 all the characters get printed between columns 10 and 21 counting from 0 You can use the right margin setting to increase your printing width in Compressed Mode on the FX 80 The default right margin in that mode is 132 which is slightly less than 8 in...

Page 135: ...ound effect on horizon tal tabs It moves the tab columns horizontally based on the new left margin as the zero column In other words use this order l set margins first l set tabs as needed l then send the print line The third factor that can affect your new margins and tabs is reset ting Since the FX returns to its default settings whenever you reset the printer you must be careful about using the...

Page 136: ...the ASCII horizontal tab code CHR 9 You use CHR 9 or CHR 137 if 9 is a number your system does not send to move from stop to stop whether the stop is a default tab or a tab that you have set Using the exact line numbers shown enter this sample program 10 H CHR 137 A 0123456789 30 FOR X 1 TO 3 LPRINT A NEXT X LPRINT 40 FOR J l TO 3 50 LPRINT H TOP 60 NEXT J LPRINT 120 LPRINT CHR 27 and compare your...

Page 137: ...ve each column of numbers Since each column is three spaces wide and each number consists of a single numeral the automatic space placed before each number does the centering Remember the way your system handles numbers so that you can make adjustments as necessary Figure 9 7 Tabs with text and numbers When you want to use a tab stop that is not your first stop you simply enter an extra character ...

Page 138: ...of the default tabs as in the next version of your current program Delete lines 40 through 90 and add 40 LPRINT CHR 27 D CHR 6 CHR 12 CHR 20 CHR 0 50 LPRINT H ONE H TWO H END RUN it to see if you get the results of Figure 9 8 Figure 9 8 Variable horizontal tabs In line 40 you set new tab stops at 6 12 and 20 terminating the setting process with CHR 0 The H sends the tabbing command For your horizo...

Page 139: ...bsolute horizontal tabs Figure 9 9 shows two more factors of tabbing First it demonstrates the way to skip a tab Since in line 70 you specified a tab stop H with no text string the printer moved to the second stop Second this figure shows that the tabs are set absolutely Although you changed the pitch to Compressed in line 60 which changed the width of char acters and spaces the width of the tab d...

Page 140: ...e the top line of a page is line 0 you can set tabs at line 1 through 65 with the default form feed of 66 lines You can set up all the tabs you ll need for a form without having to use all of them at once Here for example is the beginning of a pro gram that will result in a form used by a rental agent NEW 10 V CHR 11 20 LPRINT CHR 27 B CHR J CHR 8 CHR 18 CHR 27 CHR 37 CHR 48 CHR 0 30 LPRINT V RENT...

Page 141: ... position See this by changing line 50 and adding the three lines shown below to your current program If you enter the number of spaces that we have indicated with MS the entries will line up neatly 50 LPRINT V LOCATION 60 LPRINT ADDRESS 70 LPRINT CITY 80 LPRINT STATE Your printout should look like Figure 9 11 124 ...

Page 142: ...at uses special line spacing If you forget to return to 12 dot spacing before the FX prints the next text after the logo the line spacing will go awry but each tab stop will remain the same distance from the top of form See that the tab stops are absolute by adding these two lines to your program 25 LPRINT CHR 27 A CHR 4 250 LPRINT CHR 27 Line 25 changes the line spacing from 12 72 inch to 4 72 in...

Page 143: ... delete line 25 after you ve seen its effect Vertical tab channels Vertical tab channels are especially helpful in two situations The first occurs when you are writing a program to accompany a pre printed form that can accommodate various types of responses The second occurs when you create a multipage form or report with different vertical tabs on each page 126 ...

Page 144: ...e n stands for the number of the channel 0 7 After you have used this format you perform tabbing by using CHR ll as usual Of the two reasons we mentioned for using channels the program ming of a multipage report form is the simpler The program shown demonstrates the way you could set up an outline to be filled in by someone else or at a later date Figure 9 13 shows the printout of that program NEW...

Page 145: ...tabs in either the horizontal or vertical direction The default horizontal tabs occur in Pica regardless of the current pitch You set horizontal tabs in the current pitch The default vertical tabs occur at every other line in 12 dot line spacing All tabs are absolute once set subsequent changes in pitch or line spacing do not change the tab positions 128 ...

Page 146: ...ves the print head to the next horizontal tab CHR 11 Moves the print head to the next vertical tab CHR 27 B CHR n 1 CHRS n2 CHR nk CHR 0 Sets vertical tabs at lines nl nz nk Termi nates with CHR 0 or any number less than CHR 27 D CHR n 1 CHR n2 CHR nk CHR 0 Sets horizontal tabs at columns n1 nk Terminates with CHR 0 or any number less than nk CHR 27 b CHR N CHR n 1 CHR n2 CHR nk CHR l N sets the v...

Page 147: ...130 ...

Page 148: ... that is made up of a series of dot matrixes You can use this page like an artist s canvas to create your own graphic images Where the painter uses brush and paint you will use the computer and printer to express your artistic ideas Think of the page as a series of matrixes For an FX 80 page and Pica characters for example you can calculate the number of main col umns across a page by multiplying ...

Page 149: ... used Instead you create the patterns of dots that are printed Thus you control where and when each and every dot is printed To do this you look at the page as a series of dot columns arranged in rows For each column position on a print line the print head impresses the pattern of dots that you have specified Before you can start designing these patterns however you need to know a little more abou...

Page 150: ...sweep If you use the 12 dot default line spac ing the print head will leave gaps between the graphics lines just as it does between text lines To avoid such gaps in your pattern adjust the line spacing to 7 or8 dot and print consecutive lines until the figure is complete Figure 10 2 shows a before and after example we work with this pattern later 133 Figure 10 2 Dot pattern in two line spacings ...

Page 151: ...raphics Why two numbers instead of one To get around a limitation of the BASIC CHR function which with only one reservation slot would not let you print a figure across the entire width of the page An 8 inch page can hold up to 480 Single Density graphics dots per row But since the BASIC CHR function is limited to numbers from 0 to 255 you can t send a number as large as 480 directly to the printe...

Page 152: ...dots for a total of 2047 dots per row On the FX 100 you can reserve 255 plus 12 times 256 for a total of 3327 dots per row But on a Single Density print line you can only fit 480 dots For now we ll stick with Single Density which means that we won t use numbers over 480 Later we ll see that the FX does have Graphics Modes of greater density Some systems such as those for the IBM PC and the Epson Q...

Page 153: ... each data line corresponds to one bit in a binary number The place values in a binary number are nothing more than the series made up of powers of two Figure 10 4 shows how you use a decimal sum 74 to fire a particular pattern of pins If you try adding several sets of pins together you ll see that with this system you get no duplicates The number 6 represents pins 2 and 4 since 2 4 6 and there is...

Page 154: ... By adding the appropriate label numbers together you can fire any combination of pins you want Now you can see why not being able to send an ASCII code above 127 is the same as not being able to fire the top pin First Graphics Programs The next few exercises show you what you can do by printing with one pin per column That may sound simple but with one pin at a time you can create interesting fig...

Page 155: ...clude the semicolons NEW 10 LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR 100 CHR 0 20 FOR X 1 TO 100 30 LPRINT CHR l 40 NEXT X 50 LPRINT If your system won t send CHR 0 use CHR 8 This program deserves a full discussion Line 10 prepares the printer to accept 100 columns of graphics data Line 20 starts a loop for the LPRINT statement Note that the loop must match the number of columns specified in line 10 The printer is exp...

Page 156: ...how it works To exercise the pins in a pattern a slash that shows off their placement enter NEW 40 LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR 7 CHR 0 80 FOR X 0 TO 6 110 LPRINT CHR 2 X 120 NEXT X When X equals 0 2 X is 1 so the bottom graphics pin is fired When X equals 1 2 X is 2 so the second pin is fired This pattern continues right up through X equals 6 which fires the seventh pin We purposely omit X equals 7 to acc...

Page 157: ... the flag F in line 50 20 FOR L l TO 2 30 FOR J 0 TO 9 50 GOSUB 80 F 1 F GOSUB 80 60 NEXT J LPRINT NEXT L In this version of the program Line 50 makes F alternate between zero and one The J loop repeats pairs of diagonals on one line while the L loop adds a second line Wave pattern For most graphics programs you ll want to change from the normal 12 dot line spacing to 7 dot or 8 dot spacing if you...

Page 158: ...R 27 1 20 FOR L l TO 2 30 FOR J 0 TO 1 40 LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR 27 CHR 50 GOSUB 80 60 NEXT J LPRINT NEXT L 70 LPRINT CHR 27 END 80 FOR X 1 TO 6 Y X IF J l THEN Y 7 X 90 FOR Z 0 TO Y N Z IF J l THEN N Y Z 100 IF L 2 THEN N 7 N 110 LPRINT CHR 2 N 120 NEXT Z NEXT X RETURN If you didn t watch the printing when you ran this program the printout may not make it obvious that there are two lines of print bu...

Page 159: ...terns by adding up the pin labels which consist of powers of two Here is the command we introduced in this chapter CHR 27 K CHR n1 CHR n2 Enters Single Density Graphics Mode and spe cifies width setting Width n 256 n where n1 is 0 255 and n2 is 0 7 on the FX 80 and 0 12 on the FX 100 Note Single Density graphics dots are printed 60 per inch horizon tally and 72 per inch vertically 142 ...

Page 160: ...ns are labelled 1 2 4 and 8 and since the sum of these four labels is 15 send a CHR 15 to the printer NEW 20 A CHR 27 K CHR l00 CHR 0 30 B CHR l5 40 LPRINT A FOR X 1 TO 100 LPRINT B NEXT X 80 LPRINT CHR 27 Sure enough CHR l5 fires the four low pins This is basically the same program as the one you used to print the first slash in the last chapter but we ve added a new wrinkle We have you store the...

Page 161: ...line 80 To let the program finish press your carriage return key There s an important correlation to note Anything that was in the buffer prior to the graphics string remains unscathed and anything left behind is erased To verify this make these changes in your program 35 LPRINT PROTECTED TEXT 50 LPRINT THIS WILL NOT PRINT and RUN it once In general you need to remember that the Reset Code doesn t...

Page 162: ...ee Appendix F for help Density Varieties The FX printer offers you the 16 text densities that we printed out as Figure 5 2 and seven graphics density settings that we list later in this chapter Table 11 1 Remember that you can choose a text density by specifying it in the Master Select ESCape code sequence and that you can switch densities later by changing one parameter in that code The FX has a ...

Page 163: ...DOUBLE DENSITY GRAPHICS If your computer system requires a WIDTH statement to prevent the printer from issuing a carriage return before the graphics line is com plete add it now 7 WIDTH LPRINT 255 The format for this statement may be different for your BASIC see your software documentation HIGH SPEED DOUBLE DENSITY GRAPHICS The program still prints 50 columns of dots but now it presses them togeth...

Page 164: ... to 127 the sum of the labels for pins 1 through 7 30 B CHR 127 CHR 42 As Figure 11 2 shows the repeated dots the ones called for by the CHR 42 pins 2 4 and 6 are not printed at all The print head is moving too fast to retract the pins and then instantly fire them again so the FX s program suppresses them HIGH SPEED DOUBLE DENSITY GRAPHICS Figure 11 2 No overlapping dots 147 ...

Page 165: ... 50 once more 20 A CHR 27 CHR l CHR 50 CHR 0 50 LPRINT PLOW SPEED DOUBLE DENSITY GRAPHICS Take note of the print speed when you RUN your program this time It s the same density as the previous mode but printed at half the speed As you can see in Figure 11 3 or from looking very carefully at your printout this time the CHR 42 columns are printed as requested LOW SPEED DOUBLE DENSITY GRAPHICS Figure...

Page 166: ... for High Speed Double Density Graphics Mode applies you can t print two adjacent dots in the same row More densities Yes there are more densities Besides the three graphics densities we ve covered so far Single Double and Quadruple the FX can print in two graphics densities that match the screen densities of two types of CRTs One of these may allow you to develop designs and then print them in th...

Page 167: ...o reassign one of the alternate graphics codes K L Y or Z so that it represents any other of the seven Graphics Modes The command and its format are LPRINT CHR 27 s CHR n where s is one of the four symbols K L Y or Z and n is one of the numbers used with the ESCape command 0 to 6 There are sev eral instances in which you may use this sequence The first occurs if you have written a program to be pr...

Page 168: ... one plotter 5 Other CRT screens 6 640 dots per 8 iine 1088 dots per 13 6 line This makes it easv to do screen dumps 72 dots per inch 576 dots per 8 line 979 dots per 13 6 line Produces the same density horizontally as vertically which makes circles look round none none 90 dots per inch 720 dots per 8 line 1224 dots per 13 6 line Matches the Corvus Concept and DEC screens Head speed in sec 16 8 16...

Page 169: ...t s because most microcomputers communicate with parallel type peripheral devices using eight data lines even if they have 16 bit proc essors When the peripheral is a printer each data line corresponds to one pin on the print head Thus each byte sent will fire up to eight pins But the printer has 9 pins available So how do you fire the ninth pin with only 8 data lines In fact do you really want to...

Page 170: ...d determines the density of the graphics d set to 0 produces Single Density d set to 1 produces Double Density In this format n1 and n2 represent the usual width settings but each print pattern requires two bytes instead of one This means that when you want to print 60 columns of graphics you must send 120 data bytes 153 ...

Page 171: ... Double Density change the first 0 of line 20 to a 1 For fans of 9 Pin Graphics the CHR 27 0 line spacing is ideal it sets the line spacing to 9 72 inch 9 dot Pin Combination Patterns The next phase in printing graphics is to arrange pin firing sequences into meaningful designs Figure 11 7 shows how you might design a dot pattern on graph paper In Figure 11 7 we show on the side of the figure the ...

Page 172: ... K CHR 14 CHR 0 30 LPRINT A 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 3 31 126 112 92 33 5 7 63 124 96 66 25 3 Figure 11 7 Curling design 40 FOR X 1 TO 14 60 LPRINT CHR N 70 NEXT X 80 LPRINT CHR 27 END Perfect Just like the design Repeated patterns Now how would you go about repeating this pattern add more data Or store the data in program variables to be recalled as needed Here you don t need to go to that much troub...

Page 173: ...gives an instance 90 DATA 8 28 62 93 28 28 28 28 28 28 93 62 28 8 At the center of this program line you fire the middle three pins with CHR 28 six times in succession Six 28s was boring enough to type Can you imagine typing the data for 20 or 50 repetitions of the same number There has to be a better way and there is You can enter the number of repetitions right into the DATA lines coded as a neg...

Page 174: ...raphics commands or data And we commented on problems that may arise from software inter facing when you try to send codes that represent added up pin labels After this general discussion we introduced two new graphics den sities that have specific commands You can print Double Density at one of two speeds 160 cps High and 80 cps Low The second of these modes Quadruple Density prints only at Low W...

Page 175: ... the width setting Width n1 256 n2 where n1 is 0 255 and n2 is 0 7 CHR 27 s CHR n Reassigns an alternate code to a new code number so that it produces a different Graphics Mode where s is the sequence letter K L Y or Z and n is 0 6 CHR 27 CHR d CHR n1 CHR n2 Enters 9 Pin Graphics Mode and specifies the width setting where d is 0 for Single Density and 1 for Double Density Width n1 256 n2 where n1 ...

Page 176: ...he program as constants You do store values in DATA lines to control the number of times each pattern is to be repeated These examples show how easy it is to create high resolution dot graphics on your FX We hope they inspire you to include graphics in your own programs Planning Process It should be apparent by now that printing high resolution images requires careful planning and lots of data Pro...

Page 177: ... graph paper using six horizontal rows consist ing of 7 vertical dots to correspond to the 7 dot line spacing we will use Each of these rows corresponds to one pass of the print head making it easier to calculate the pin patterns Here is the DATA line for the first row Be sure to enter the line numbers exactly as shown Type NEW 800 DATA 0 1 2 4 11 18 36 72 16 16 64 8 64 8 32 16 0 7 0 0 128 The pro...

Page 178: ...30 Negative numbers in the DATA lines represent repeat factors as they did in the last chapter but the repeat routine is slightly different This program repeats numbers in pairs 630 READ P R FOR J l TO N LPRINT CHR P CHR R NEXT J 640 GOT0 610 For example when the negative 16 in line 800 is read into N control passes to line 630 Line 630 reads the next two numbers 16 and 64 into P and R and prints ...

Page 179: ... 2 4 11 18 36 16 8 32 4 32 4 16 8 0 128 820 DATA 0 0 0 64 32 16 72 36 3 16 4 34 65 0 0 65 34 8 16 4 18 11 4 2 1 0 9 0 0 128 839 DATA 8 0 0 64 32 16 72 36 16 7 4 16 36 65 0 0 1 66 36 16 3 4 16 4 18 11 4 2 1 2 0 0 128 840 DATA 0 32 16 64 8 64 15 8 32 72 16 32 64 6 0 0 0 127 0 0 127 0 0 0 128 850 DATA 7 0 0 0 8 4 16 2 16 15 2 8 18 36 72 16 32 64 2 0 0 128 Now RUN the STRATA program Figure 12 2 STRATA...

Page 180: ...66 36 16 3 4 16 4 18 11 4 2 1 2 0 0 128 840 DATA 0 32 16 64 8 64 15 8 32 72 16 32 64 6 0 0 0 127 0 0 127 0 0 0 128 850 DATA 7 0 0 0 8 4 16 2 16 15 2 8 18 36 72 16 32 64 2 0 0 128 Figure 12 3 STRATA program We have you use this logo as part of a larger program in Chapter 17 Three Dimensional Program Using a little imagination and creativity you can do a lot with dot graphics Take a look at the thre...

Page 181: ...Figure 12 4 Corner of the FX 80 design ...

Page 182: ...l fall pins 64 1 This pattern is repeated several times Printing the figure is mainly a matter of reading the length of the low and high sections then printing the four part cycle First version of 3D program We have you enter this program in portions that are easy to discuss as units so please don t try to RUN it until we give the word Might as well start off with the easy stuff Set the line spaci...

Page 183: ...O L LPRINT CHR l NEXT X 100 LPRINT CHR l CHR 2 CHR 4 CHR 8 CHR 16 CHR 32 CHR 64 110 FOR X 1 TO H LPRINT CHR 64 NEXT X 120 LPRINT CHR 64 CHR 32 CHR 16 CHR 8 CHR 4 CHR 2 CHR l Lines 100 and 120 print the 7 dot rise and fall The lengths of the low and high sections are stored in DATA statements then read into the variables L and H Line 80 prints the bottom pin L times line 110 prints the top pin H ti...

Page 184: ...documentation To print the program with one line of data add lines 40 and 190 the latter differs for the FX 100 40 LPRINT G 190 DATA 3 20 2 3 12 3 22 14 8 14 6 1 and RUN it The negative number at the end of line 190 signals the end of the print line The last program changes add a loop to print 17 lines and enter the data statements All the data lines differ slightly for the FX 100 30 FOR D l TO 17...

Page 185: ...2 S FX 80 figure Success In your printout which should look like Figure 12 5 can you see the 3D effect of the letters The modifications to follow will make the letters easier to read Type LLIST to see what you ve got up to this point It should match Figure 12 6 Figure 12 7 shows the printout and Figure 12 8 shows the listing for the FX 100 7 WIDTH LPRINT 255 10 LPRINT CHR 27 1 20 G CHR 27 L CHR 51...

Page 186: ... 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 230 DATA 3 3 23 3 4 3 23 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 240 DATA 3 3 24 3 2 3 24 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 250 DATA 3 3 25 3 0 3 25 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 260 DATA 3 20 9 6 5 15 5 18 3 3 12 3 3 1 270 DATA 3 20 10 4 6 15 7 14 5 3 12 3 3 1 280 DATA 3 20 9 6 5 15 5 5 6 5 3 3 12 3 3 1 290 DATA 3 3 25 3 0 3 25 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 300 DATA 3 3 24 3 2 3 24 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 310 DATA 3 3 23 3 4 3 23 3 12 3 ...

Page 187: ...3 2 3 12 3 3 1 230 DATA 3 3 23 3 4 3 25 3 3 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 240 DATA 3 3 24 3 2 3 26 3 3 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 250 DATA 3 3 25 3 0 3 27 3 3 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 2 60 DATA 3 20 9 6 5 15 6 3 3 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 270 DATA 3 20 10 4 6 15 6 3 3 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 280 DATA 3 20 9 6 5 15 6 3 3 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 290 DATA 3 3 25 3 0 3 27 3 3 3 12 3 2 3 12 3 3 1 300 DATA 3 3 24 3 2 3 26 3 3 3 12 3 2 3 ...

Page 188: ...12 10 110 FOR X 1 TO H LPRINT CHR 127 NEXT X Can you vary the program to produce a complete black white reverse like the one in Figure 12 11 Summary We did not introduce any commands in this chapter Instead we demonstrated two ways of programming dot graphics For the first example we used DATA statements to store pin patterns and repeti tion factors For the second example we stored the pin pattern...

Page 189: ...Figure 12 10 Most distinct version Figure 12 11 Reversed version 172 ...

Page 190: ...to simulate the activity of a full fledged plotter The secret to bringing out the plotter in your FX is to apply the capabilities of your computer system You can use its memory as a sketch pad With mathematical formulas you can design any sort of pattern Once you ve got your picture complete in memory you can send it line by line to the printer When you use this approach the printer doesn t have t...

Page 191: ...e array corresponds to a dot position on the paper Fig ure 13 2 Figure 13 2 Array in memory and on paper Although the cells in a numeric array can hold nearly any numeric value you use only the binary numbers 0 and 1 for this graphics program Figure 13 3 demonstrates using a 1 to represent a dot and a 0 to represent no dot 174 ...

Page 192: ...Let s look at the way each cell is named The cells are arranged in rows and columns so each cell can be easily pinpointed by its row and column position COLUMN ROW 2 3 Figure 13 4 Labelled cell The labelled cell of Figure 13 4 sits at the intersection of row 2 and column 3 so you can label it by its address cell 2 3 In BASIC you give the entire array a name then append the address to the name Thus...

Page 193: ... letter A to be of the integer type 2 bytes this definition saves mem ory Filling arrays Most computer systems set to 0 all numeric variables including cells of arrays at the beginning of a program If your system does not automatically do this use the following lines to perform the same function 15 FOR X 0 TO N FOR Y 0 TO N 17 A X Y 0 NEXT Y NEXT X To plot a figure in memory after all the cells ar...

Page 194: ...nt by using the distance formula 30 D SQR R 11 2 C 11 2 Next the program compares this distance with a number 10 that specifies the radius of a circle Notice that this formula commonly results in a number that includes a decimal fraction e g 8 94 If the distance for the current cell A R C is close to 10 you set its contents equal to one otherwise you leave it alone 40 IF INT D 0 l0 THEN A R C l Li...

Page 195: ...1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 ...

Page 196: ...ning B to end E in sets of seven Line 120 prints to the screen an update of the computer s progress Line 130 enters Graphics Mode and reserves N columns for graphics N is the width of the array Line 150 accesses the subroutine to be added next that calculates the pin patterns for each column And line 160 closes the loop for each pass P of the print head Pin firing sequences The last step before pr...

Page 197: ... S R 200 NEXT R 220 LPRINT CHR F RETURN Check your listing against the program above to make sure you have it all If you do type RUN The array looks like this printout when it s translated into dots If all went well skip to the Higher resolution section below If not take the time to find out a code solution Code solutions If your printout doesn t look much like ours it s likely the problem involve...

Page 198: ...clearly visible To make a more continuous figure you need a graphics mode of higher density To get it change line 130 to 130 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR l CHR N CHR 0 This does give a more satisfactory density but now the program distorts the circle Mathematically inclined folks can adjust for this distortion by creating an ellipse in the array the horizontal compres sion creates a circle If you pursue this...

Page 199: ...sing the size of the array one iota How By using the array to plot one fourth of the circle in memory then modi fying the array three times to generate the remaining three parts Fig ure 13 6 Figure 13 7 Divide and conquer Try this out with the current program Here are the changes you need to make to your current program in order to plot the lower right corner 30 D SQR R 2 C 2 40 IF INT D 5 20 THEN...

Page 200: ...e 130 130 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 5 CHR 2 N CHR 0 Now RUN it The left half of the figure mirrors the right half With a few more changes the program can read the array upside down and double the output again Add these two lines 80 B N E 7 S 1 90 FOR Z l TO 2 and change these three 60 PRINT T MINUS N R NEXT R 100 IF Z 2 THEN B l E N 6 S l 160 LPRINT NEXT P NEXT Z Now lines 80 90 and 100 change the order i...

Page 201: ...e of symmetry to print a figure four times the size of the original array Exploding galaxy With a few more program changes you can turn this mundane circle into a design for an exploding galaxy First change the size so that you can see the full impact of the figure note that 105 is a multiple of seven 10 DEFINT A N l05 DIM A N N Yes that 105 means this will take even longer to print out than the c...

Page 202: ...a high probability of containing a one Since the program reads the array four times normal reversed upside down and upside down reversed the upper left comer of the array corre sponds to the center of the large figure that the program will produce and the cells farther away from that point correspond to the comers of that figure You will see the results when you run the program Also the use of ran...

Page 203: ...R 27 END 180 F 0 FOR R P TO P 6 S STEP S 190 IF A R C l THEN F F 2 ABS P 6 S R 200 NEXT R 210 IF F 8 AND F 14 THEN F F 5 220 LPRINT CHR F RETURN O K now RUN the program you can have a few cups of coffee while you re waiting In the printout can you see white stars against the blackness of outer space The design above demonstrates that symmetry can increase the size of a complex figure produced by a...

Page 204: ...s a figure that is over 36 square inches in area but it takes seven to twelve hours to run You will not however have to wait that long to see if the program is working correctly After the second row starts printing within 20 or 30 minutes you can compare your partial printout with the figure on the next page to see whether or not your program is on the right track We don t want to sound less than ...

Page 205: ...urs Summary We used this chapter to demonstrate the way you can use your FX as though it were a plotter You can also use your computer system to design a symmetric pattern applying mathematical principles to mini mize the amount of data needed and then store the data in an array When you print the pattern your system sends the data to the FX one line at a time 188 ...

Page 206: ...de up of many thousands of dots Because of the length of the program we will only occasionally ask you to run it Begin by defining variables NEW 10 DIM A 480 X 1 C 0 20 MAX 5 MIN l RE 4 N 0 For easy reference Table 14 1 lists in alphabetical order the variables you will use for this program The array A which is DIMensioned in line 10 will store the pattern Program loops will use the variables in l...

Page 207: ...s by one to the value of MAX Each time through the second loop lines 70 to 90 N decreases by one to the value of MIN For each value of N the program calls subroutine 300 and each time it is called this subroutine adds more ones and zeros into the array Enter the program lines for the subroutine by typing 290 LPRINT CHR 27 2 END 300 FOR K 0 TO MAX N 310 FOR L l TO N 320 C C l A C X 330 NEXT L X 1 X...

Page 208: ...1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 l 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Figure 14 1 Printing the array contents Your entire printout is just a one line array the ones and zeros wrap around when they meet the temporary right margin that you set in line 5 This program shows how FOR NEXT loops can use variables to create patterns The overall pattern gets made up of five sets of ...

Page 209: ...70 IF A 7 PASS DOT l l THEN P P 2 6 DOT 180 NEXT DOT 190 P0 127 P IF PASS LAST THEN P0 P0 1 2 7 R For each pass of the print head zero to LAST the program calculates the pin patterns seven dots at a time Line 170 calculates P and line 190 calculates its complement PO Appendix F discusses problem codes and the P variable Adjust the line spacing to match the 7 dot passes 120 LPRINT CHR 27 1 If this ...

Page 210: ...e add it now 7 WIDTH LPRINT 255 The format for this statement may be different for your BASIC see your software documentation Pattern Printout Now that you ve completed the groundwork add the lines that actually print the pattern 230 FOR K l TO C 240 IF A K 1 THEN LPRINT CHR P 250 IF A K l THEN LPRINT CHR P0 260 NEXT K 270 LPRINT 280 NEXT PASS These lines which are part of the loop for each pass c...

Page 211: ...THEN H R 1 160 FOR DOT 0 TO H 170 IF A 7 PASS DOT l l THEN P P 2 6 DOT 180 NEXT DOT 190 P0 127 P IF PASS LAST THEN P0 P0 1 2 7 R 200 Nl C N2 0 210 IF C 255 THEN Nl C 256 N2 1 220 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 5 CHR Nl CHR N2 230 FOR K l TO C 240 IF A K 1 THEN LPRINT CHR P 250 IF A K 1 THEN LPRINT CHR P0 260 NEXT K 270 LPRINT 280 NEXT PASS 290 LPRINT CHR 27 2 END 300 FOR K 0 TO MAX N 310 FOR L l TO N 320 C C l...

Page 212: ...y controls your symmetric pattern dot for dot Small changes in the program can affect the pattern in a big way For example try this simple change in line 300 300 FOR K 0 TO 0 And RUN the program again Notice in your printout or in Figure 14 5 that each string of ones and zeros in the array prints only once The K loop in line 300 controls the repetitions of these strings 195 ...

Page 213: ...ng variation 20 MAX 64 MIN l RE l N 1 2 40 N N 2 70 N N 2 Figure 74 6 Symmetric pattern 3 Quite a difference Instead of adding and subtracting one from N lines 40 and 70 now double and halve it This geometric progression creates a very different pattern 196 ...

Page 214: ...riables and loops Summary In this chapter you used a single string of ones and zeros to create a two dimensional figure You can use this technique to create large pat terns with little drain on computer memory but only with highly structured patterns You also used a graphics density of 72 dots per inch to produce a one to one aspect ratio of the dots 197 ...

Page 215: ...198 ...

Page 216: ...as they fit into the same dot matrix as the ROM characters do 9 dots tall by 11 dots wide 6 main columns plus 5 intermediate col umns Figure 15 1 shows a comparison of a few sample characters and their ROM equivalents ROM USER DEFINED CHARACTERS CHARACTERS LETTERS F X F X SYMBOLS R NUMBERS 8 0 8 0 P L A Y I T A G A I N F X 8 0 Figure 15 1 ROM and user defined characters Once you define your own ch...

Page 217: ... to 255 for which the ROM characters are shown in Appendix A except for those areas where control codes reside 0 to 31 127 to 159 and 255 You can also use some of the control code locations but only after special ESCape codes are issued We ll get to that a bit later Here s how c1 and c2 work Suppose you want to redefine the letters from A to E The associated ASCII numbers are 65 to 69 so you simpl...

Page 218: ...g fancy just 11 standard graphics pin patterns Design The first step in defining a new character is to lay out the dot pat tern Check Appendix A to see how the ROM characters are designed Your characters share the same limitations as those found in the ROM Characters can be a maximum of 8 dots tall even though the matrix is 9 dots and 11 dots wide Most characters use only the top 7 pins of the pri...

Page 219: ... it uses overlapping dots Will not print 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Will not print Figure 75 3 Incorrectly designed E Dots into DATA The data numbers for each column of Figure 15 2 are calculated in the same manner as the data for Graphics Mode And the appropriate numbers can just as easily be stored in DATA statements Type in the READ routine and data for the character in Figure 15 2 150 FOR X 1 TO 11 ...

Page 220: ... order bit is on the top 8 pins of the print head are used if the high order bit is off the bottom 8 are used To put it another way if the attribute byte for a given character is 128 or greater the top 8 pins are used if it is 127 or less the bottom 8 are used Figure 15 4 demonstrates these choices A T T R I B U T E B Y T E If attribute byte is less than 128 bottom eight pins are used A T T R I B ...

Page 221: ...ormation into the attribute byte The starting column number 1 is converted to a 3 bit binary number 001 and stored in bits 4 5 and 6 of the attribute byte The ending column number 10 is converted to a 4 bit binary number 1010 and stored in bits 0 to 3 The conversions are shown in Figure 15 5 Figure 15 5 Attribute byte conversions The full 8 bit attribute byte then is composed of three parts 1 Bit ...

Page 222: ...at column 11 and uses the top 8 pins of the print head Seven bit systems can use 139 or 11 Either way the printer will use the bottom 8 pins for 7 bit systems Add 140 LPRINT CHR 139 Printing User Defined Characters If you RUN the program at this point it will define the character E in RAM area 0 assuming switch 1 4 is off but only the ROM version of the E will print Try it Add 180 LPRINT EEEEE 200...

Page 223: ...INT CHR 27 200 LPRINT CHR 27 END 1170 DATA 62 65 8 65 8 65 28 65 34 0 0 My E Let s see what it looks like in Proportional Mode without the last two columns printed Add 140 LPRINT CHR 137 175 LPRINT CHR 27 pl See how the Es are packed closely together Fine Before proceeding change back to monospacing by deleting line 175 and changing 140 140 LPRINT CHR 139 While you are in the neighborhood take a l...

Page 224: ...e future expansion in mind For now set all three numbers to 0 110 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 0 CHR 0 CHR 0 Now you get your custom designed E plus four of the normal charac ters copied over from ROM Notice that the E is lower on the page than the other characters even though the high order bit of the attribute byte is on In order to save 7 bit users from total frustration we designed the character to use t...

Page 225: ...me of you dedicated users the range from 32 to 126 and 160 to 254 may not be large enough to accommodate all the characters you want Perhaps you have a passion for Egyptian hieroglyphics or maybe you need a complete set of mathematics symbols And what about the entire Japanese character set it has some 4000 symbols If you get carried away with user defined characters you may end up searching for m...

Page 226: ... a 7 bit system in which case this won t work 130 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 0 CHR 128 CHR l31 140 FOR Y l TO 4 LPRINT CHR 139 165 LPRINT CHR 27 6 180 LPRINT CHR l28 CHR 129 CHR l30 CHR l31 1140 DATA 0 l26 1 2 4 8 4 2 1 126 0 My W W A R S The low order control codes can also be defined but not all of them can be printed with ease CHR 27 Il makes them printable and CHR 27 Io returns them to normal Just as t...

Page 227: ...ne Codes that currently activate special modes or actions by the printer cannot be printed as normal characters These include 7 to 15 17 to 20 24 and 27 It is however possible to print the characters stored in these locations with the CHR 27 R command Here s how it works Suppose you choose to define the ASCII code 8 normally a backspace The CHR 27 command will work fine but printing CHR 8 still pr...

Page 228: ...st use CHR 8 in the CHR 27 sequence to define the charac ter but CHR 93 to print it To make sure you understand this thoroughly try answering this one how would you redefine the ESCape code First find 27 on the chart It occurs in two places one of which is in the column labelled Sweden and the row labelled 124 So you could store a user defined character at 27 and print it in the Swedish set as cha...

Page 229: ...and change line 180 180 LPRINT 147646 12345678 S T R A T A S O F T W A R E Save the current program as STRATA Summary CHR 27 CHR n1 CHR n2 CHR n3 Defines characters where n1 selects the RAM buffer 0 n2 is the starting character and n3 is the ending character For each character in the CHR 27 sequence from n2 to n3 the printer expects 12 data numbers The first number called the attribute byte determ...

Page 230: ...CHR 27 6 Enables printing of codes 128 to 159 and 255 CHR 27 7 Disables printing of codes 128 to 159 and 255 CHR 27 I1 Enables printing of the codes 0 to 31 except those used as control codes The control codes can be printed with CHR 27 R CHR 27 I0 Disables printing of codes 0 to 31 213 ...

Page 231: ...214 ...

Page 232: ...R 27 CHR 0 CHR 0 CHR 0 25 Copies ROM to RAM 30 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR l CHR 0 Activates RAM 60 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 0 AB 65 Defines characters A B 70 FOR Y l TO 2 LPRINT CHR 139 Attribute byte 80 FOR x 1 TO 11 READ N LPRINT CHR N NEXT x 90 NEXT Y 180 LPRINT CHR 27 END The ESCape sequences in line 20 30 and 60 are the commands from the last chapter This program prepares the printer to define the two charac...

Page 233: ...n But there is one problem When two user defined characters are placed side by side there is one intermediate column that unless the first character is printed in Emphasized Mode cannot contain any dots As you can see in Figure 16 1 that is the shared intermediate column Unused columns Figure 16 1 Side by side characters 216 ...

Page 234: ...Double Wide For even larger type styles you can design letters that are both two characters tall and two characters wide This gives you an 18 by 22 matrix If you have a 7 bit system you will have to skip to Core Sets below Which ASCII numbers can be use to store the four characters that will make up each letter A quick glance at the ASCII chart Appendix A shows that there are four symbols that rea...

Page 235: ... 2 Double high and wide character In order to define letters in groups of four you ll have to modify the definition process Fortunately the ASCII numbers that represent the four versions of each character have a consistent pattern That pattern in shown in Table 16 1 218 ...

Page 236: ...ined and the data for its four compo nents are stored in DATA statements Delete lines 200 210 and type 250 G 260 DATA 71 270 DATA 0 15 16 0 32 31 64 0 64 0 64 280 DATA 64 4 72 2 32 2 24 4 0 0 0 290 DATA 0 120 4 0 2 124 1 0 10 1 300 DATA 1 64 0 124 2 68 8 120 0 64 0 Here s the printing routine 100 A INPUT ENTER A STRING A IF A THEN ia0 110 INPUT ENTER A MASTER PRINT MODE NUMBER M 120 LPRINT CHR 27 ...

Page 237: ...HR 27 CHR 0 CHR A CHR A 70 LPRINT CHR 139 80 FOR X 1 TO 11 READ N LPRINT CHR N NEXT X 90 NEXT Z NEXT Y 100 A INPUT ENTER A STRING A IF A THEN 180 110 INPUT ENTER A MASTER PRINT MODE NUMBER M 120 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR M 130 FOR Y 0 To 1 FOR X 1 TO LEN A 140 A ASC MID A X 1 128 Y 150 LPRINT CHR A CHR A 32 160 NEXT X LPRINT NEXT Y 170 LPRINT 180 LPRINT CHR 27 END 250 G 260 DATA 71 270 DATA 0 15 16 0 32 3...

Page 238: ...or the Roman upper and lowercase versions of each character on the first pass of the print head On the second pass Y is set to 1 and 128 is added to A in line 140 Thus line 150 then prints what has replaced the Italic versions of the character To get a better idea of what this program can do you ll need to add more data The DATA lines below supply data for the letters A M E S and for the space cha...

Page 239: ...ATA 0 1 0 127 0 1 0 127 0 1 0 430 E 440 DATA 69 450 DATA 0 64 0 127 0 64 0 62 65 0 65 460 DATA 65 0 67 0 64 0 64 32 0 0 0 470 DATA 0 1 0 127 0 1 0 126 1 0 1 480 DATA 1 0 69 0 11 0 11 0 6 0 0 490 S 500 DATA 83 510 DATA 0 0 0 24 36 0 66 16 105 0 68 520 DATA 74 0 69 0 68 0 40 16 0 0 0 530 DATA 0 8 22 0 33 0 33 16 1 0 65 540 DATA 33 0 17 0 75 4 33 0 22 8 0 Figure 16 S Data for AMES And RUN This time r...

Page 240: ...g of this manual shows a few more of these Double Wide and Double High letters You may want to SAVE the current program before proceeding Core Sets Combining user defined characters is a great way to create fre quently used logos or fancy headings But as you saw defining an entire alphabet of oversized letters uses up ASCII codes rather quickly Fortunately there is an alternative In some cases you...

Page 241: ...t it is a very powerful set of characters With them you can print an entire alphabet and more To see the magnificent SIX type 180 LPRINT 1 2 3 4 5 6 200 LPRINT CHR 27 END Now try printing them in a different order Type 170 FOR Y l TO 5 180 READ P LPRINT P 190 NEXT Y 210 f Tracks 220 DATA 62662620162016262050166 230 DATA 05005050505050505050500 240 DATA 05005630565050005630462 250 DATA 050050505050...

Page 242: ...them again in the next chapter be sure to save the next program when you are through entering it We will add to the program that you built and saved as STRATA in the last chapter LOAD in the STRATA program and delete lines 180 and 190 Then add these lines 130 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 0 a1 140 FOR Y l TO 12 LPRINT CHR 139 170 LPRINT a b c d e f g h i j k 1 Remember if your computer cannot send lowercase l...

Page 243: ... LPRINT gjjjjjjijjjjjjjh 185 LPRINT k k k 190 LPRINT djjjjjjejjjjjjjc RUN the program to produce pair of boxes as shown below Note the the text lines use only uppercase letters since you ve replaced the lowercase versions with your own characters Make sure you SAVE this program as LINE but before you do delete lines 170 to 190 Summary In this chapter we ve shown you how to combine user defined cha...

Page 244: ...er Second a longer program shows you how versatile your printer can be Preparation Load the LINE program you saved at the end of Chapter 16 and delete lines 1100 1170 You will use the line graphics characters to print a sales chart in this chapter Barchart This program creates the barchart shown as Figure 17 1 It uses the line graphics characters from the LINE program as well as three new user def...

Page 245: ... printouts you will probably want to change this specification to 66 to conform to the usual page size Check that you like the positioning of your paper since C also sets top of form to the current position of the print head Now add these lines 10 FOR J l TO 3 FOR K l TO 3 20 READ MAX J K 30 NEXT K NEXT J 40 DATA 12 18 23 28 36 34 28 27 30 Line 20 READS the maximum heights for the chart s vertical...

Page 246: ...NG ROUTINE 800 FOR J l TO N LPRINT A NEXT J RETURN Lines 210 and 220 start the printing using horizontal tabs and special characters For systems without a STRING function the GOSUB in line 220 can print a string of characters 230 LPRINT H H k H H H H k 240 FOR R 39 TO 1 STEP 1 LPRINT H F 0 250 IF R l0 INT R l0 THEN LPRINT R F l 260 LPRINT B H g D C Line 250 prints the value of R every tenth line a...

Page 247: ...AX J K 30 NEXT K NEXT J 40 DATA 12 18 23 28 36 34 28 27 30 50 B CHR 27 E 60 D CHR 27 J CHR ll C CHR 27 F 70 DATA 2 1 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 64 32 80 DATA 127 0 99 0 65 0 65 0 99 0 127 90 DATA 127 0 28 0 62 65 62 0 28 0 127 100 LPRINT CHR 27 3 CHR l0 CHR 27 Ul j 110 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 0 CHR 0 CHR 0 120 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR l CHR 0 130 LPRINT CHR 27 CHR 0 CHR 94 CHR l07 140 FOR Y l TO 14 LPRINT CHR 139 150 FO...

Page 248: ...ATA 0 0 0 0 127 0 8 0 8 0 8 g 970 DATA 8 0 8 0 127 0 0 0 0 0 0 h 980 DATA 8 0 8 0 127 0 8 0 8 0 8 i 990 DATA 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 j 1000 DATA 0 0 0 0 127 0 0 0 0 0 0 k 1010 DATA 84 0 170 0 84 0 170 0 84 0 170 1 Figure 17 2 Program for BARCHART concluded Statement Form For the last application of this manual you will produce for a hypothetical business Strata Software the statement form that is sh...

Page 249: ......

Page 250: ... position of the print head and sends the program to line 700 where the logo subroutine begins You can check your changes against the complete listing of STATE MENT that appears as Figure 17 4 That listing also gives you the lines that are new such lines fall into two long sections 170 to 770 1099 to 1370 Enter them one at a time replacing the corresponding lines from the BARCHART program If your ...

Page 251: ...SUB 700 LPRINT H DATA TOWN U S A 01248 GOSUB 700 240 LPRINT LPRINT H H CHR 27 Q PHONE FX1 0080 250 LPRINT CHR 27 260 LPRINT CHR 27 D CHR 57 CHR 72 CHR 1 270 C 2 H 2 F 0 FT 1 GOSUB 500 LPRINT 280 LPRINT CHR ll H CHR 8 A CHR 95 N 21 GOSUB 800 290 LPRINT LPRINT H CHR 27 S1 AMOUNT REMITTED 300 LPRINT CHR 27 D CHR 3 CHR 13 CHR 29 CHR 46 CHR 55 CHR 68 CHR 1 310 LPRINT CHR 11 H H CHR 27 S0 PLEASE DETACH ...

Page 252: ...0 LPRINT CHR 27 L CHR 60 CHR 0 710 READ N IF N 128 THEN 770 720 IF N 0 THEN LPRINT CHR N GOT0 710 730 READ P R FOR J 1 TO N LPRINT CHR P CHR R NEXT J 740 GOT0 710 770 RETURN 799 STRING ROUTINE 800 FOR J 1 TO N LPRINT A NEXT J RETURN 899 LINE GRAPHICS AND SHADING 900 DATA 0 0 0 0 15 0 8 0 8 0 8 a 910 DATA 8 0 8 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 b 920 DATA 8 0 8 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 930 DATA 0 0 0 0 120 0 8 0 8 0 8 d...

Page 253: ...128 1220 DATA 0 0 0 64 32 16 72 36 3 16 4 34 65 0 0 65 34 8 16 4 18 11 4 2 1 0 9 0 0 128 1230 DATA 8 0 0 64 32 16 72 36 16 7 4 16 36 67 0 0 1 66 36 4 16 4 18 11 4 2 1 290 0 128 1240 DATA 0 32 16 64 8 64 15 8 32 72 16 32 64 6 0 0 0 127 0 0 127 0 0 0 128 1250 DATA 7 0 0 0 8 4 16 2 16 15 2 8 18 36 72 16 32 64 2 g 0 128 1299 BOX DATA 1300 DATA a j f b k k k g j i h k k k d j e c 1310 DATA 11 8 ACCOUNT...

Page 254: ... tab command in H and prints STATEMENT in Expanded print Line 210 prints the second and third lines of the logo Lines 220 250 print more of the logo and the address in various mode combinations Line 260 sets new horizontal tab stops Line 270 sets some variables for the box subroutine at 500 That rou tine prints the box in the upper right comer of the sheet Line 280 does a vertical tab then prints ...

Page 255: ...he width of each cell and the headings The variables sent to the subroutine are C the number of cells H the height of the cells F a flag for shading the headings FT a flag that allows a horizontal tab to adjust the left margin of the box 999 REM The End In this chapter we developed a program that uses many of the fea tures of the FX printer The program demonstrates the tremendous potential of the ...

Page 256: ...tional character set Attribute byte See User defined characters Automatic test See Test B b See Blank space Backspace 81 83 CHR 8 produces it Bail See Paper bail Barchart 227 231 BASIC program listings 322 Beeper 41 42 304 305 CHR 7 sounds beeper Bidirectional printing See Unidirectional Mode Bit high order 310 311 ESCape turns it on ESCape turns it off ESCape accepts eighth bit as is from the com...

Page 257: ...R l3 Produces a carriage return See Carriage return CHR l4 Turns One Line Expanded Mode on See Expanded Mode CHR 15 Turns Compressed Mode on See Compressed Mode CHR l8 Turns Compressed Mode off See Compressed Mode CHR 20 Turns One Line Expanded Mode off See Expanded Mode CHR 27 ESCape code See ESCape CHR 127 Deletes See DELete CHR 137 Alternate code to activate horizontal tab See Tabs Circle plott...

Page 258: ...ete 46 CHR 127 deletes Density See Graphics Mode Designing graphics See Graphics DIMensioning See Arrays Dimensions of printer 329 DIP switches 20 23 296 299 Dot matrix 49 52 in dot graphics 131 132 patterns for character fonts 49 52 253 270 Double Strike Mode 61 62 63 ESCape G turns it on ESCape H turns it off Downloading See User defined characters Dress up Modes See Underline Mode Script Mode I...

Page 259: ...efined characters ESCape 7 Returns codes 128 159 to control codes See User defined characters ESCape 8 Turns paper out sensor off See Paper out sensor ESCape 9 Turns paper out sensor on See Paper out sensor ESCape CHR n1 CHRS n2 CHR n3 Copies ROM characters to the RAM area See User defined characters ESCape Turns on One line Unidirectional Mode See Unidirectional Mode ESCape Sets high order bit of...

Page 260: ...nidirectional Mode on See Unidirectional Mode ESCape W0 Turns Expanded Mode off See Expanded Mode ESCape W1 Turns Continuous Expanded Mode on See Expanded Mode ESCape Y CHR n1 CHR n2 Turns High Speed Double Density Graphics Mode on See Graphics Mode ESCape Z CHR n1 CHR n2 Turns Quadruple Density Graphics Mode on See Graphics Mode ESCape A CHR d CHR n1 CHR n2 Enters Nine Pin Graphics Mode See Graph...

Page 261: ...54 155 159 171 189 196 line 225 226 plotter 173 187 problem codes with 144 145 Reset Code with 144 troubleshooting 302 303 with seven bit systems 311 width of 134 135 193 See also Graphics Mode Graphics Mode 134 135 density command 145 149 150 ESCape CHR m CHR n1 CHR n2 selects one of six graphics densities See also densities below Single Density 134 135 145 146 ESCape CHR 0 CHR n 1 CHR n2 or ESCa...

Page 262: ...sonal Computer 38 40 313 314 Immediate Print Mode 89 90 ESCape i1 turns it on ESCape i0 turns it off Installation See Set up operations Interface 329 333 336 Intermediate positions See columns International characters 85 88 255 258 263 265 A DIP switch setting and or ESCape R CHR n selects one See also ASCII codes Italic Mode 72 73 ESCape 4 turns it on ESCape 5 turns it off K Knob See Manual feed ...

Page 263: ...ommands 37 38 Location of printer 16 17 LPRINT See PRINT Lubrication 323 324 M Mailing labels See Labels Maintenance 323 324 Manual feed knob 19 20 Margins 113 118 effect of pitch on 114 116 with horizontal tab setting 118 122 left 113 116 118 ESCape l CHR n sets left margin right 116 118 ESCape Q CHR n sets right margin printing width in Compressed and 117 Master Select 73 78 Quick reference char...

Page 264: ... ESCape 9 turns it on ESCape 8 turns it off DIP switch control of 297 298 Parallel interface See Interface Pattern design See Graphics PEEK See POKEing codes Perforation See Skip over perforation Top of form Pica Mode 52 53 Pin feed paper See paper Pin feeder and pin feed lever 26 28 30 32 Pins firing 135 141 numbering of 135 137 Pitch summary table of 60 See also specific pitches by name Platen 2...

Page 265: ...5 ESCape pl turns it on ESCape P0 turns it off attribute byte with 203 204 206 Protective lids See lids Q Quadruple Density See Graphics Mode Quiet printing See Half Speed Mode QX 10 38 40 314 315 R RAM Random Access Memory 2 DIP switch control of 23 200 See also Printer buffer User defined characters READ statement See DATA statement REMarks in program lines v vi Reset Code 45 Resetting See Reset...

Page 266: ...witch 2 4 turns it on ESCape O turns it off Space See Blank space Spacing See Line spacing Proportional spacing Special characters 85 Specifications See Technical specifications Spread sheet printing 321 Statement program 231 238 STOP See END Subscript See Script Mode Superscript See Script Mode Switches See DIP switches T Tabs effect of pitch on 122 margin settings with See Margins horizontal 119...

Page 267: ...e chart 317 U Up arrow See Exponent character Underline Mode 70 72 ESCape 1 turns underline on ESCape 0 turns it off Unidirectional Mode 83 85 ESCape U1 activates it ESCape U0 turns it off ESCape turns it on for one line only User defined characters 199 213 ESCape CHR n1 CHR n2 CHR n3 defines characters ESCape CHR n1 CHR n2 CHR n3 downloads ROM characters into RAM attribute byte 203 205 compared t...

Page 268: ...W Width of characters 256 270 statements 313 314 Word processing 36 321 322 Z Zero slashed 23 251 ...

Page 269: ......

Page 270: ...U S Government Printing Office Washington DC 20402 Stock No 004 000 00345 4 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means mechanical photocopying recording or other wise without the prior written permission of Epson America Inc No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contai...

Page 271: ...they are implemented on three Epson printers the MX III the FX and the RX a discussion of the differences follows the chart Appendixes E through H provide information on other printing needs E covers defaults and DIP switches F gives troubleshooting advice G summarizes how to combine print modes and H gives ideas for customizing your printer and its programs Appendixes I through K concentrate on t...

Page 272: ...iv ...

Page 273: ...nternational Characters 253 ASCII Code Summary 254 International Characters Summary 255 ASCII Character Matrixes 256 B Control Codes in Numeric Order 271 C Control Codes by Function 283 D Control Code Comparison 287 Control Code Chart 287 Epson Model Differences 289 E Defaults and DIP Switches 295 Default Settings 295 DIP Switches 296 Examining the Switches 297 v ...

Page 274: ...lutions 313 IBM PC solutions 313 QX 10 solutions 314 G Mixing Print Modes 317 Methods for Mixing 317 Mode Conflicts and Priorities 318 Summary Notes 319 H Customizing the FX 321 Spread Sheet Programs 321 Word Processing 321 BASIC Program Listings 322 Quiet Printing 322 Graphics and User Defined Characters 322 I Printer Maintenance 323 Always 323 Now and Then 323 Rarely 323 Changing the Print Head ...

Page 275: ... TRS 80 Model III hex dump I 1 Print head replacement K 1 Parallel interface timing List of Tables E 1 DIP switch functions 297 E 2 International DIP switch settings 298 G 1 Arriving at 128 type styles 317 G 2 Master Select quick reference chart 318 G 3 Mode priorities 319 K 1 Pins and signals 333 K 2 Signal interrelations 336 333 335 335 335 337 297 306 306 324 335 vii ...

Page 276: ...he Italic font for the USA character set decimal X0 254 Also included here is the pair of fonts for the international characters which you access indirectly 3 the Roman font for international characters decimal 0 31 4 the Italic font for international characters decimal 128 159 ASCII Codes and International Characters To use a character or one of the control codes specified in the third column you...

Page 277: ... A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V w X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z DEL Dec Hex CHR Dec Hex CHR 128 80 none 192 CO 129 81 none 193 C1 130 82 none 194 C2 131 83 none 195 C3 132 84 none 196 C4 133 85 none 197 C5 134 86 none 198 C6 135 87 BEL 199 C7 136 88 BS 200 C8 137 89 HT 201 C9 138 8A LF 202 CA 139 8B VT 203 CB 140 8C FF 204 CC 141 8D CR 205 CD 142 8E SO 206 ...

Page 278: ...equences Dec Hex CHR 0 00 1 01 2 02 3 03 4 04 5 05 6 06 7 07 8 08 9 09 10 0A 11 0B 12 0C 13 OD 14 0E 15 0F 16 10 17 11 18 12 19 13 20 14 21 15 22 16 23 17 24 18 25 19 26 1A 27 1B 28 1C 29 1D 30 1E 31 1F Dec Hex CHR 128 80 129 81 130 82 131 83 132 84 133 85 134 86 135 87 136 88 137 89 138 8A 139 8B 140 8C 141 8D 142 8E 143 8F 144 90 145 91 146 92 147 93 148 94 149 95 150 96 151 97 152 98 153 99 154...

Page 279: ...up the USA character set occupy ASCII positions 32 through 126 and 160 through 254 respec tively The international characters use ASCII positions 0 through 31 and 128 through 159 We show enlarged dot matrixes for both pairs of fonts The width column shows the number of units used to print each character in Proportional Mode A unit is the width of one of the 12 columns in a character matrix about h...

Page 280: ...Character Width Dec Hex Character Width Dec 12 OC 13 OD 14 OE 22 16 23 17 24 18 25 19 15 OF 16 8 12 12 12 10 11 17 18 27 1B 28 1C 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 12 12 12 11 10 11 12 12 12 21 15 26 1A 12 29 1D 12 257 ...

Page 281: ...c Hex Character Width Dec Hex Character Width 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1E 1F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 12 12 12 5 8 12 12 12 12 39 27 40 28 41 29 42 2A 43 2B 44 2C 45 2D 46 2E 47 2F 5 6 6 12 12 7 12 6 10 258 ...

Page 282: ...racter 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Hex 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Character 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Width Dec Hex 12 57 39 8 58 3A 12 12 12 12 12 59 3B 60 3C 61 3D 62 3E 63 3F 12 12 64 65 40 41 Width 12 6 6 10 12 10 12 12 259 ...

Page 283: ......

Page 284: ...ex 84 54 Character 85 55 86 56 87 57 88 58 89 59 90 91 92 5A 5B 5C Width Dec Hex 12 93 5D Character 12 94 5E 12 95 5F 12 96 60 10 97 61 12 98 62 10 10 99 100 101 63 a 64 65 Width a 12 12 5 12 11 11 11 12 261 ...

Page 285: ...67 g 104 68 h 105 69 i 106 6A 107 6B 108 6C 109 6D 110 6E j o p q r s t u v w k l m n Width Dec Hex 10 111 6F 11 112 70 11 113 71 a 114 72 9 115 73 10 116 74 a 117 75 12 11 118 76 119 77 Character Width 12 11 11 11 12 11 12 12 12 262 ...

Page 286: ...78 121 79 122 7A 123 7B 124 7C 125 7D 126 7E 127 7F 128 80 Character Width Dec Hex 10 129 81 12 10 9 5 9 12 12 11 130 82 131 83 132 84 133 85 134 86 135 87 136 88 137 89 Character Width 11 11 11 8 8 12 10 11 12 263 ...

Page 287: ...cter Width Dec Hex Character Width 138 8A 139 8B 140 8C 141 8D 142 8E 143 8F 144 90 145 91 146 92 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 11 12 147 93 148 94 149 95 150 96 151 97 152 98 153 99 154 9A 155 9B 12 12 11 9 12 12 11 11 264 ...

Page 288: ...C Character 157 9D 158 9E 159 9F 160 A0 161 Al 162 A2 163 A3 164 A4 Width Dec Hex 12 165 A5 12 11 12 12 10 10 12 11 166 A6 167 A7 168 A8 169 A9 170 AA 171 AB 172 AC 173 AD Character Width 12 12 5 a a 12 12 a 12 265 ...

Page 289: ...176 177 178 179 180 181 182 Hex Character AE AF B0 Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Width 7 10 12 9 12 12 12 12 11 Dec Hex 183 B7 Character 184 B8 185 B9 186 BA 187 BB 188 BC 189 BD 190 191 BE BF Width 12 12 11 8 9 10 11 9 11 266 ...

Page 290: ......

Page 291: ... 210 D2 R 211 D3 S 212 D4 T 213 D5 U 214 D6 V 215 D7 W 216 D8 X 217 D9 Y 218 DA Z 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 Dec 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 Hex DB DC DD DE DF E0 E1 E2 E3 Character Width 11 7 11 10 12 5 11 11 11 268 ...

Page 292: ...ter 228 E4 229 E5 230 E6 231 E7 232 E8 233 E9 234 EA 235 EB 236 EC Width Dec Hex 12 237 ED 11 12 11 11 238 EE 239 EF 9 10 11 9 240 FO 241 F1 242 F2 243 F3 244 F4 245 F5 Character Width 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 10 11 269 ...

Page 293: ...Dec Hex Character Width Dec Hex Character Width 246 F6 247 F7 248 F8 249 F9 250 FA 251 FB 252 FC 253 FD 254 FE 10 12 12 11 12 10 9 10 12 255 FF 12 270 ...

Page 294: ...ation marks as shown in the example below the command that turns Emphasized ON LPRINT CHR 27 E Abbreviations cpi characters per inch cps characters per second ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function 0 00 NUL Terminates horizontal and vertical tab setting 7 07 BEL Sounds beeper a 08 BS Backspace Empties the printer buffer then moves the print head left 1 space in the current pitch 9 09 HT Horizontal tab Emptie...

Page 295: ...Shift out Turns Expanded Mode ON for the length of the line unless cancelled by CHR 20 or CHR 27 WO Works with Pica Elite or Compressed Mode Shift in Empties the buffer and turns Compressed Mode 17 16 cpi ON Cannot work with Emphasized Elite Pica or Proportional Mode Stays on until cancelled by CHR 18 Device control 1 When 2 1 is OFF places the printer in the active state printer receives all data...

Page 296: ...set ESC 38 26 Defines characters in user RAM Format CHR 27 CHR 0 CHR c1 CHR c2 CHR a CHR d1 CHR d11 where CHR 0 is for future use c1 is the starting character and c2 is the ending character Each character in the range c1 c2 requires an attribute byte a and 11 data bytes d1 d11 ESC 42 2A Turns Graphics Mode ON Format CHR 27 CHR m CHR n1 CHR n2 followed by n data numbers where n n1 256 n2 n 0 255 n2...

Page 297: ...7 7 ESC 56 38 8 ESC 57 39 9 ESC 58 3A ESC 60 3C Turns Italic Mode ON Turns Italic Mode OFF Enables the printing of the Italic international characters which are stored in locations 128 159 and 255 Turns off CHR 27 6 Restores 126 159 and 255 to function as control codes Disables the paper out sensor Enables the paper out sensor Copies the ROM user defined character set to RAM Format CHR 27 CHR n1 C...

Page 298: ...ears all text and control codes from the print buffer Sets line spacing to n 72 inch n dot Format CHR 27 A CHR n where n 0 85 Sets up to 16 vertical tabs in the current line spacing Tab settings are not affected by subsequent changes in line spacing Format CHR 27 B CHR n 1 CHR n2 CHR nK CHR O where nk 1 255 Terminate this tab sequence with CHR 0 or a number less than that of the last tab nk Sets t...

Page 299: ...C 70 46 F ESC 71 47 G ESC 72 48 H ESC 73 49 I ESC 74 4A J Turns Emphasized Mode ON Cannot mix with Elite or Compressed Modes Turns Emphasized Mode OFF Turns Double Strike Mode ON Turns Double Strike Mode OFF Enables printing of the characters stored in the ASCII locations 0 31 that are not reserved for control codes Symbols stored in control code locations must be printed with CHR 27 R Format CHR ...

Page 300: ...SC 80 50 P Turns Low Speed Double Density Graphics Mode ON Prints 960 dots per 8 inch line Format CHR 27 L CHR n1 CHR n2 followed by n data numbers where n n1 256 n2 n1 0 255 n2 0 255 For example to print 960 dots n1 192 n2 3 Turns Elite Mode 12 cpi ON Cannot mix with Pica Proportional Emphasized or Compressed Mode Sets skip over perforation to n lines Format CHR 27 N CHR n where n 1 127 Turns ski...

Page 301: ...R n where n 0 8 ESC 83 53 S Turns Script Mode ON Either type of Script is printed in Double Strike neither can mix with Proportional Mode Format CHR 27 S CHR n where n 0 produces Superscript and 1 produces Subscript ESC 84 54 T ESC 85 55 U Turns Script Mode OFF Turns Unidirectional Mode ON Prints each line from left to right Format CHR 27 U CHR n where n toggles the mode on and off 0 turns it OFF ...

Page 302: ...t Turns Quadruple Density Graphics Mode ON Prints 1920 dots per 8 inch line Format CHR 27 Z CHR n1 CHR n2 followed by n data numbers where n n 256 n2 n1 0 255 n2 0 255 For example to print 1920 dots on the FX 80 n1 128 n2 7 On the FX 100 to print 3264 dots n1 192 n2 12 Turns Nine Pin Graphics ON Format CHR 27 ˆ CHR d CHR n 1 CHR n2 followed by 2 times n data numbers where n n1 255 n2 n1 0 255 n2 0...

Page 303: ... from FX 80 FX 100 0 78 0 134 in Pica 0 93 0 160 in Elite 0 133 0 229 in Compressed Turns Proportional Mode ON Cannot mix with Elite Emphasized Compressed Script or Double Strike Mode Format CHR 27 p CHR n where n toggles Proportional on and off 0 turns it OFF and 1 turns it ON Selects the print speed Half Speed Mode can be employed to reduce noise Format CHR 27 s CHR n where n toggles Half Speed ...

Page 304: ...DC2 19 147 93 DC3 20 148 93 DC4 24 152 97 CAN 27 155 9B ESC 127 255 FF DEL Terminates horizontal and vertical tab setting Sounds beeper Backspace Horizontal tab Line feed Vertical tab Form feed Carriage return Shift out turns Expanded Mode ON Shift in turns Compressed Mode ON Device control 1 activates printer Device control 2 turns Compressed Mode OFF Device control 3 deactivates printer Device c...

Page 305: ...282 ...

Page 306: ...r Width Pitch CHR 27 M Turns Elite Mode ON CHR 27 P Turns Elite Mode OFF CHR 15 Turns Compressed Mode ON CHR 18 Turns Compressed Mode OFF CHR 14 Turns one Line Expanded Mode ON CHR 20 Turns one Line Expanded Mode OFF CHR 27 W0 Turns Expanded Mode OFF CHR 27 W1 Turns continuous Expanded Mode ON CHR 27 p0 Turns Proportional Mode OFF CHR 27 p1 Turns Proportional Mode ON Character Weight CHR 27 E CHR ...

Page 307: ... Turns Italic Mode ON CHR 27 5 Turns Italic Mode OFF CHR 27 6 Enables printing of characters stored at ASCII 128 159 CHR 27 7 Causes codes 128 159 to print as control codes CHR 27 CHR n1 CHR n2 CHR n3 Copies ROM characters to the user RAM area CHR 27 Reset Code CHR 27 I0 Causes codes 0 31 to print as control codes CHR 27 I1 Enables printing of characters stored at ASCII 0 31 that are not used as c...

Page 308: ... line spacing to 7 72 inch CHR 27 2 Sets line spacing to 1 6 inch default CHR 27 A CHR n Sets line spacing to n 72 inch CHR 27 3 CHR n Sets line spacing to n 216 inch CHR 27 J CHR n Produces an immediate one time line feed of n 216 inch without a carriage return CHRS 27 j CHR n Produces an immediate one time reverse feed of n 216 inch without a carriage return Forms Control CHR 27 8 Turns the pape...

Page 309: ...When sent as graphics data fires pin X where x 0 7 CHR 27 CHR n CHR n 1 CHR n2 Selects one of six graphics densities CHR 27 s CHR n Reassigns a code letter s to a graphics density n where s K L Y or Z and n 0 6 CHR 27 K CHR n1 CHR n2 Turns Single Density Graphics Mode ON CHR 27 L CHR n1 CHR n2 Turns Double Density Graphics Mode ON CHR 27 Y CHR n1 CHR n2 Turns High Speed Double Density Graphics Mod...

Page 310: ...ariations in hardware features The com mands both in the chart and in the prose summary are arranged in ASCII order Control Code Chart ASCII ASCII Dec symbol Function MXIII FX RX 7 BEL Sounds beeper 8 BS Backspace 9 HT Horizontal Tabulation 10 LF Line Feed 11 VT Vertical Tabulation 12 F F Form Feed I I 13 CR Carriage Return 14 SO Shift Out Expanded 1 line on 15 SI Shift In Compressed on 17 DC1 Act...

Page 311: ...288 ...

Page 312: ...arries it CHR 8 Backspacing On the MX III in Expanded Mode moves the print head to the left one Pica position On the FX and RX in all six pitches moves the print head to the left one position in the current pitch CHR 9 or CHR 137 Default horizontal tabbing See CHR 27 D and CHR 27 e CHR 11 Vertical tabbing On the MX III prints a line feed On the FX and RX activates a vertical tab See also ESCape e ...

Page 313: ...7 bit system users to print high order control codes by manipulating the most significant bit ESCape and Custom character definition On the FX only lets you design your own characters and store them in RAM You can use them alone or in combination with the standard FX characters Escape Special Graphics Mode selection On all three models ESCape K and L provide two Graphics Modes On both the FX and t...

Page 314: ... 100 only reassigns alternate graphics codes to one of six density settings ESCape A Special line spacing On all three models you can set and reset the line feed function by changing hardware DIP switch and or cable wiring On the FX and RX this code provides n 72 inch line spacing and incidentally controls the automatic line feed function ESCape B Vertical tabbing See Escape ESCape D Horizontal ta...

Page 315: ...RX this code works with the high order bit set and n2 does work modulo 8 ESCape M and P Elite Mode selection On the FX and RX prints in Elite 12 characters per inch which matches the pitch used on many typewriters ESCape M selects Elite and P returns the printer to the default mode ESCape R International character set selection On the RX lets you select from 11 international character sets On the ...

Page 316: ... affect its position Escape f Special horizontal and vertical spacing On the RX 80 only lets you print up to 127 horizontal spaces or vertical line feeds ESCape i Immediate printing On the FX 80 only causes character by character printing as on a typewriter Escape j Reverse line feed selection On the FX 80 only causes a reverse line feed of n 216 inch in the current column ESCape 1 Left margin sel...

Page 317: ...hold down the FF button As you turn on the RX hold down both the FF and LF buttons For either model you stop dumping in hex by turning off the printer The FX 80 prints the hex dump at 20 numbers per line this leaves 2 spaces between each pair of numbers The FX 100 prints the hex dump at 34 numbers per line this leaves 2 spaces between each pair of num bers The RX 80 prints the hex dump at 26 numbe...

Page 318: ...An asterisk means that you can change the default for this setting by changing a DIP switch while a bullet means that you can change this setting in a program by using an ESCape code l Printer activated l Roman character font l Pica pitch l Margins set at maximums left margin at 0 and since the default is Pica the right margin at 80 on the FX 80 and at 136 on the FX 100 l 12 dot line spacing l 66 ...

Page 319: ...y turning power on or by issuing an ESCape or when you change the form length with either format of ESCape C DIP Switches The FX printers have two sets of internal switches which are used by the printer to determine the default mode on power up The switches are under the upper right vent As outlined in Chapter 1 the vent screw must be removed with a Phillips head screwdriver in order to take the c...

Page 320: ... i o n Switch 1 Note The shaded boxes show the factory settings OF F Figure E Z Factory setting of the DIP switches Examining the Switches Switches 1 6 1 7 and 1 8 determine the active international char acter set as shown on the next page 297 ...

Page 321: ...controls the printing of zeroes When it is ON the FX prints a slashed zero 0 When it is OFF a normal zero is printed Switch 1 1 selects a default pitch When it is ON Compressed Mode becomes the default When it is OFF Pica is the default If both switch 1 5 and switch 1 1 are ON Emphasized Mode takes priority over Compressed Switch 2 4 controls the line feed When it is ON the printer produces an aut...

Page 322: ...less of the setting of switch 2 2 Switch 2 1 selects the printer When it is ON it activates the SLCT IN signal and the printer actively processes commands sent from the computer it cannot be deactivated with software codes When it is OFF the printer can be activated and deactivated by external software codes CHR 17 DCl activates or turns on printing and CHR 19 DC3 deactivates or turns off printing...

Page 323: ...300 ...

Page 324: ...left column below will help you in identifying the source of your problem and start you on the way to finding a solution Problem Setting print styles Can t get Compressed print Doesn t go back to Pica print when Proportional Mode is can celled Solution Cancel Emphasized Elite and or Proportional Modes They have priority over Compressed Be sure that DIP switch 1 5 is not set for Emphasized Proporti...

Page 325: ...mber less than the last tab value Each tab sequence must be termi nated by a CHR 0 or a number less than the last tab value Tabs are set according to current print pitch Changes in pitch do not affect the position of the tabs on the page Some systems require a WIDTH statement See your system docu mentation Many computers have problems sending one or more of the codes 0 and 8 13 Avoid any that affe...

Page 326: ...DTH statement See your system docu mentation Seven bit computers are limited to widths of 0 127 256 383 512 639 etc See below Make sure the high order bit is OFF For 7 bit computers that means sending the code ESCape Make sure the attribute byte is sent before the 11 pin patterns for EACH character Use the correct setting for the attribute byte An attribute byte less than 128 makes the bottom 8 pi...

Page 327: ...to the last page of an old batch thus avoiding reloading There may be bits of paper caught under the roller Stop inserting paper turn the roller and extract any paper bits with fingers or tweezers Computer systems that monitor printer cable pin 12 will ignore both ESCape 8 and the setting of switch 1 3 These systems will stop the printing when no paper is in contact with the paper out sensor a ree...

Page 328: ...inter The FX s ability to dump in hexadeci mal lets you determine which codes are creating problems for your system The hex dump facility prints each code that is being received by the FX onto the paper as a string of hexadecimal values You turn the hex dump on by holding down the FF button while you turn the printer on A hex printout of a program shows you exactly what the printer is receiving re...

Page 329: ...s a series of line feeds hex 0A decimal 10 The hex mode prints 20 numbers per line on the FX 80 and 34 num bers per line on the FX 100 If it receives fewer than it expects in a line it sits in a holding pattern awaiting more data Take the printer off line to dump the characters to the paper To debug a program quickly just use the hex dumping capability Appendix A will help you translate the hex co...

Page 330: ... chang ing the codes On most computers you can send each code directly to the printer This bypasses the BASIC interpreter and avoids the inter face Unfortunately this process is also different for each computer sys tem We ll give the procedure for a couple of systems here if your system is not either of them use the procedure as a model Consult your computer s manual to determine if you can do the...

Page 331: ...9601 127 THEN 100 200 POKE 49296 N The printer s status is stored in location 49601 and the outgoing values are sent to 49296 Special printer drivers An even better but more difficult way to overcome these problems is to modify the printer driver so that the codes are passed correctly to the printer without any PEEKS or POKES If you do not want to write such a driver yourself your computer dealer ...

Page 332: ...nly the lower half 0 127 To find out whether your system is an 8 bit system capable of generating all 256 ASCII codes enter this simple test 10 FOR X 160 TO 254 20 LPRINT CHR X 30 NEXT X If you get Italic characters when you RUN this you are using an 8 bit system If you have a 7 bit system you need to understand what happens to the control codes you send The FX automatically interprets these codes...

Page 333: ...er two bit control codes The FX also helps you 7 bit system users by letting you leave the eighth bit turned on through changes in the ESCape codes In other words adding 128 to any ESCape code will not change its effect This means that the low order sequence for Emphasized print CHR 27 CHR 69 and the high order sequence CHR 27 CHR CHR 27 CHR 69 produce the same result even though for the high orde...

Page 334: ...ample The usual way you reserve the entire width of an 8 inch page for graphics is LPRINT CHR 27 K CHR 224 CHR ll This gives 224 dots plus 1 times 256 dots or 480 total But a 7 bit system cannot send the 224 the largest number it can send is 127 So the maximum number attainable with n2 l is 127 1 x 256 383 which is still less than Single Density s page width If you change n1to a 0 and n2 to a 2 yo...

Page 335: ...mitation to seven bits You can POKE codes to memory as discussed above you can write your own printer driver or you can avoid the types of programs that require eight bits A routine to POKE codes to the memory of an Apple II Plus is given above The Apple II uses CHR 9 to initialize the printer This code and the following character or characters are intercepted by the printer interface card and use...

Page 336: ...IC to drive a printer First the IBM PC BASIC inserts a carriage return line feed CR LF after each 80 characters you send it Second it adds an LF to each CR in an LPRINT statement Here is the way to adjust the width when it is the only problem Tell the computer that the print line is wider than 80 characters with this WIDTH statement WIDTH LPTl 255 The 255 is a special number that prevents the comp...

Page 337: ... subsequent versions For Programmer s Easy Lesson make the following modifications in the program In line 10 change the 29 to 28 and the 137 to 9 in line 20 change the 26 to 25 in lines 110 and 250 change the 25s to 24s in line 330 change the 11s to 9s add one line 7 WIDTH LPTl 255 QX 10 solutions There are two types of computer printer interface problems that you owners of Epson QX 10s may need t...

Page 338: ...nother low order value For example FOR X 1 TO 10 IF X 9 THEN X 10 When DATA numbers include 9 you can sometimes simply double each of them or change each 9 to 8 or 11 The best number to substi tute for 9 in pin patterns is usually 11 315 ...

Page 339: ......

Page 340: ... modes as shown in Table G 1 you can print characters in 128 different type styles The details are in Chapter 5 a short summary is provided here Table G 1 Arriving at 128 type styles Methods for Mixing The Master Select code can be used to select 16 popular print modes The format is CHR 27 CHR n where n ranges from 0 to 255 317 ...

Page 341: ...ed H P X Elite Compressed Expanded Pica Expanded Expanded Compressed A N A Q N A D N A T N A 0 8 I N A 1 N A N A 4 N A The rest of the 128 unique mode combinations can be achieved by using one of the selections from Table G 2 with the code for one or more of the following modes Superscript Italic Subscript Underline Only two constraints must be observed when combining these four modes with the oth...

Page 342: ... Com pressed Mode is active Table G 3 shows the internal priority list maintained by the printer Table G 3 Mode priorities Elite Proportional Emphasized Compressed Pica Summary Notes 1 Pica is the default pitch when Elite and Compressed are turned off 2 When two modes conflict the one of lesser priority is masked not cancelled For example Compressed and Emphasized cannot be printed at the same tim...

Page 343: ...320 ...

Page 344: ... ohs Switch 1 4 ON makes the 2K buffer available so that you can work with the computer while the sheet finishes printing Also Switch 1 1 ON changes the power up pitch to Compressed so that you can squeeze more characters into a line For software that allows you to insert printer codes during the set up or operation of the program see the Quick Reference card for the appropriate codes Word Process...

Page 345: ...n according to the chart in Appendix E This will work as long as your word processor can send out the required codes See Chapter 6 For software that allows you to insert printer codes during the set up or operation of the program see the Quick Reference card for the appropriate codes BASIC Program Listings Set switch 1 2 ON to print all zeros with slashes Set switch 2 3 ON or use CHR 27 N CHR n to...

Page 346: ...ctious children or pets Now and Then Clean particles and dust from the printer every so often with a soft cloth or brush Use a mild cleanser for the outside framework and after removing the ribbon cartridge denatured alcohol for the inside The ribbon cartridge prints about 3 million characters See your Epson dealer for replacements Rarely Once in a great while your printer should be lubricated Eps...

Page 347: ...nt head is about 100 000 000 charac ters assuming an average of 14 dots per character See your Epson dealer for FX print head replacements To remove the old print head If you have been printing turn the printer OFF for about 15 minutes to allow the print head to cool Next remove the protective lid and ribbon cartridge Flip the head lock lever shown in Figure I 1 toward the back of the printer Figu...

Page 348: ... because it has to stay put Pull the print head straight up and off To install the new print head Place the new print head onto the head mount and flip the locking lever back toward the front of the printer Connect the cable to the block That s all there is to it 325 ...

Page 349: ...326 ...

Page 350: ...to right in Graphics Mode Character set 96 Roman characters 96 Italic characters 32 special international characters 8 international character sets Character sizes Mode Width mm Height mm Pica 2 1 3 1 Pica Emphasized 2 1 3 1 Pica Expanded 4 2 3 1 Elite 1 4 3 1 Elite Expanded 2 8 3 1 Compressed Pica 1 05 3 1 Compressed Expanded 2 1 3 1 Super Subscript 1 6 Line spacing Default is 1 6 inch Programmab...

Page 351: ...ractor feed with optional tractor unit Cut Sheet 7 25 to 8 5 Friction Feed Roll Paper 8 5 Friction Feed with optional roll paper holder FX 100 Paper width Pin feed Paper 4 to 16 Tractor feed Cut Sheet 7 25 to 8 5 Friction feed Number of copies One original plus two carbon copies total thickness not to exceed 0 3 mm 0 012 Printer Ribbon Cartridge ribbon black Ribbon life expectancy 3 000 000 charac...

Page 352: ...g 1 G less than 1 millisecond Storage 2 G less than 1 millisecond Vibration Operating 0 25 G 55Hz maximum Storage 0 50 G 55Hz maximum Insulation resistance 10 megaohms between AC power line and chassis Dielectric strength No trouble when 1 kilovolt R M S 50 or 60 Hz is applied for more than 1 minute between AC power line and chassis Interface Interface Centronics compatible 8 bit parallel compatib...

Page 353: ...330 ...

Page 354: ...Schematic 331 ...

Page 355: ... OUT PE OUT Description STROBE pulse to read data in Pulse width must be more than 0 5 microseconds at the receiving terminal These signals represent information of the 1st to 8th bits of parallel data respectively Each signal is at HIGH level when data is logical 1 and LOW when it is logical 0 Approximately 12 microsecond pulse LOW indicates that data has been received and that the printer is rea...

Page 356: ...erminal 32 ERROR 33 GND 34 NC 35 36 SLCT IN OUT This level becomes LOW when the printer is in 1 Paper end state 2 Off line 3 Error state Same as for Pins 19 30 Unused Pulled up to 5V through 3 3K ohm resistance IN Data entry to the printer is possible only when this level is LOW DIP switch 2 1 is set for this at the factory Notes 1 The column heading Direction refers to the direction of signal flo...

Page 357: ... the paper out condition is detected The ESCape 8 code disables pins 11 and 32 but not pin 12 Those computers that monitor pin 12 halt printing when the paper is out making ESCape 8 ineffective Data Transfer Sequence Interface timing Figure K 1 shows the timing for the parallel interface Figure K 1 Parallel interface timing Signal relationships Table K 2 shows the way data entry is handled in the ...

Page 358: ...IGH DC1 HIGH LOW HIGH Generated after data entry Enabled normal entry ON DC3 HIGH same same Enabled ON LOW DC1 DC3 HIGH same same Enabled normal entry Data entry will be acknowledged but the input data will be lost until DC1is input Note ERROR status is assumed to result only in Off Line state and the ERROR status does not always mean SLCT IN ...

Page 359: ...ational character set Attribute byte See User defined characters Automatic test See Test B See Blank space Backspace 81 83 CHR 8 produces it Bail See Paper bail Barchart 227 231 BASIC program listings 322 Beeper 41 42 304 305 CHR 7 sounds beeper Bidirectional printing See Unidirectional Mode Bit high order 310 311 ESCape turns it on ESCape turns it off ESCape accepts eighth bit as is from the comp...

Page 360: ... 13 Produces a carriage return See Carriage return CHR 14 Turns One Line Expanded Mode on See Expanded Mode CHR 15 Turns Compressed Mode on See Compressed Mode CHR 18 Turns Compressed Mode off See Compressed Mode CHR 20 Turns One Line Expanded Mode off See Expanded Mode CHR 27 ESCape code See ESCape CHR 127 Deletes See DELete CHR 137 Alternate code to activate horizontal tab See Tabs Circle plotti...

Page 361: ...ete 46 CHR 127 deletes Density See Graphics Mode Designing graphics See Graphics DIMensioning See Arrays Dimensions of printer 329 DIP switches 20 23 296 299 Dot matrix 49 52 in dot graphics 131 132 patterns for character fonts 49 52 253 270 Double Strike Mode 61 62 63 ESCape G turns it on ESCape H turns it off Downloading See User defined characters Dress up Modes See Underline Mode Script Mode I...

Page 362: ...efined characters ESCape 7 Returns codes 128 159 to control codes See User defined characters ESCape 8 Turns paper out sensor off See Paper out sensor ESCape 9 Turns paper out sensor on See Paper out sensor ESCape CHR n1 CHR n2 CHR n3 Copies ROM characters to the RAM area See User defined characters ESCape Turns on One line Unidirectional Mode See Unidirectional Mode ESCape Sets high order bit off...

Page 363: ...Unidirectional Mode on See Unidirectional Mode ESCape W0 Turns Expanded Mode off See Expanded Mode ESCape W1 Turns Continuous Expanded Mode on See Expanded Mode ESCape Y CHR n1 CHR n2 Turns High Speed Double Density Graphics Mode on See Graphics Mode ESCape Z CHR n1 CHR n2 Turns Quadruple Density Graphics Mode on See Graphics Mode ESCape CHR d CHR n1 CHR n2 Enters Nine Pin Graphics Mode See Graphi...

Page 364: ... 154 155 159 171 189 196 line 225 226 plotter 173 187 problem codes with 144 145 Reset Code with 144 troubleshooting 302 303 with seven bit systems 311 width of 134 135 193 See also Graphics Mode Graphics Mode 134 135 density command 145 149 150 ESCape CHR m CHR n1 CHR n2 selects one of six graphics densities See also densities below Single Density 134 135 145 146 ESCape CHR 0 CHR n1 CHR n2 or ESC...

Page 365: ...ónal Computer 38 40 313 314 Immediate Print Mode 89 90 ESCape i1 turns it on ESCape i0 turns it off Installation See Set up operations Interface 329 333 336 Intermediate positions See columns International characters 85 88 255 258 263 265 A DIP switch setting and or ESCape R CHR n selects one See also ASCII codes Italic Mode 72 73 ESCape 4 turns it on ESCape 5 turns it off K Knob See Manual feed k...

Page 366: ...ommands 37 38 Location of printer 16 17 LPRINT See PRINT Lubrication 323 324 M Mailing labels See Labels Maintenance 323 324 Manual feed knob 19 20 Margins 113 118 effect of pitch on 114 116 with horizontal tab setting 118 122 left 113 116 118 ESCape l CHR n sets left margin right 116 118 ESCape Q CHR n sets right margin printing width in Compressed and 117 Master Select 73 78 Quick reference char...

Page 367: ... ESCape 9 turns it on ESCape 8 turns it off DIP switch control of 297 298 Parallel interface See Interface Pattern design See Graphics PEEK See POKEing codes Perforation See Skip over perforation Top of form Pica Mode 52 53 Pin feed paper See paper Pin feeder and pin feed lever 26 28 30 32 Pins firing 135 141 numbering of 135 137 Pitch summary table of 60 See also specific pitches by name Platen 2...

Page 368: ...5 ESCape p1 turns it on ESCape P0 turns it off attribute byte with 203 204 206 Protective lids See lids Q Quadruple Density See Graphics Mode Quiet printing See Half Speed Mode QX 10 38 40 314 315 R RAM Random Access Memory 2 DIP switch control of 23 200 See also Printer buffer User defined characters READ statement See DATA statement REMarks in program lines v vi Reset Code 45 Resetting See Reset...

Page 369: ...itch 2 4 turns it on ESCape O turns it off Space See Blank space Spacing See Line spacing Proportional spacing Special characters 85 Specifications See Technical specifications Spread sheet printing 321 Statement program 231 238 STOP See END Subscript See Script Mode Superscript See Script Mode Switches See DIP switches T Tabs effect of pitch on 122 margin settings with See Margins horizontal 119 ...

Page 370: ...e chart 317 U Up arrow See Exponent character Underline Mode 70 72 ESCape 1 turns underline on ESCape 0 turns it off Unidirectional Mode 83 85 ESCape U1 activates it ESCape U0 turns it off ESCape turns it on for one line only User defined characters 199 213 ESCape CHR n1 CHR n2 CHR n3 defines characters ESCape CHR n1 CHR n2 CHR n3 downloads ROM characters into RAM attribute byte 203 205 compared t...

Page 371: ...w Width of characters 256 270 statements 313 314 Word processing 36 321 322 Zero slashed 23 Z 349 ...

Page 372: ...elect n 0 to 255 CHR 27 Reset Code Special Printer Features CHR 7 G CHR 8 H CHR 17 CHR 19 CHR 24 CHR 127 CHR 27 CHR 27 CHR 27 CHR 27 R CHR n CHR 27 i1 CHR 27 i0 CHR 27 s1 CHR 27 s0 Paper Feed Commands CHR 10 J CHR 27 0 CHR 27 1 CHR 27 2 CHR 27 A CHR n CHR 27 3 CHR n CHR 27 J CHR n CHR 27 j CHR n Sounds beeper Backspaces Enables the printer to receive data default Disables the printer from receivin...

Page 373: ...Q CHR n Sets the right margin at n where n ranges from 2 80 in Pica 3 96 in Elite and 4 137 in Compressed CHR 27 l CHR n Sets the left margin at n where n ranges from 0 78 in Pica 0 93 in Elite and 0 133 in Compressed CHR 27 U1 Turns Continuous Unidirectional Mode ON CHR 27 U0 Turns Continuous Unidirectional Mode OFF CHR 27 Turns One Line Unidirectional Mode ON Graphics Modes CHR 2 X Fires pin X w...

Page 374: ...If your computer cannot generate lower case letters use the equivalent decimal values Note For software that allows you to insert printer codes during the set up or operation of the program you will usually use the ESCape key Instead of CHR 27 and omit the quotation marks If the code does not include CHR 27 you will find an alternate version in brackets This alternate version uses the CONTROL key ...

Page 375: ...09 110 111 112 113 114 Hex 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 70 71 72 115 73 Character or Function A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W x Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Dec Hex 116 74 117 75 118 76 119 77 120 78 121 79 122 7A 123 7B 124 7C 125 7D 126 7...

Page 376: ...R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e Dec Hex 230 E6 231 E7 232 E8 233 E9 234 EA 235 EB 236 EC 237 ED 238 EE 239 EF 240 F0 241 F1 242 F2 243 F3 244 F4 245 F5 246 F6 247 F7 248 F8 249 F9 250 FA 251 FB 252 FC 253 FD 254 FE 255 FF Character or Function Switch 1 No ON Function OFF 1 8 ON International character OFF 1 7 ON International character OFF 1 6 ON International character OFF 1 5 Emphasized Print weight...

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