DF:YST BCNHERWBB GJ NT{YBRT
<TPJGFCYJCNB
Ghjxnbnt bycnherwbb
Gthtl yfxfkjv =rcgkefnfwbb bpltkbz ytj,[jlbvj ghjxtcnm dct bycnherwbb gj
nt[ybrt ,tpjgfcyjcnb b =rcgkefnfwbb7
Cj[hfyzqnt bycnherwbb
Bycnherwbb gj nt[ybrt ,tpjgfcyjcnb b =rcgkefnfwbb ytj,[jlbvj cj[hfyznm
lkz gjcktle.ob[ cghfdjr7
J,hfofqnt dybvfybt yf ghtljcntht;tybz
Ytj,[jlbvj dsgjkyznm dct ghtljcntht;tybz9 erfpfyyst yf bpltkbb b d
bycnherwbz[ gj tuj =rcgkefnfwbb7
Cktleqnt bycnherwbzv
Ytj,[jlbvj cktljdfnm dctv bycnherwbzv gj =rcgkefnfwbb b gjkmpjdfyb.7
Jxbcnrf
Gthtl yfxfkjv jxbcnrb dsymnt dbkre iyehf gbnfybz bp hjptnrb =ktrnhjctnb7
Yt gjkmpeqntcm ;blrbvb bkb f=hjpjkmysvb vj.obvb chtlcndfvb7 Lkz
jxbcnrb bcgjkmpeqnt vzure. nrfym7
Vjynf;yst ghbcgjcj,ktybz
Yt bcgjkmpeqnt vjynf;yst ghbcgjcj,ktybz9 yt htrjvtyljdfyyst
bpujnjdbntktv bpltkbz9 nfr rfr jyb vjuen ghtlcnfdkznm jgfcyjcnm7
Djlf b dkfuf
Yt bcgjkmpeqnt =njn fggfhfn d,kbpb djls — yfghbvth9 hzljv c dfyyjq9 hfrjd-
byjq9 re[jyyjq vjqrjq bkb nfpjv lkz cnbhrb ,tkmz4 d gjldfkf[ c gjdsityyjq
dkf;yjcnm. bkb hzljv c gkfdfntkmysv ,fcctqyjv7
Dtynbkzwbz
Otkb b jndthcnbz yf rjhgect ghtlyfpyfxtys lkz dtynbkzwbb9 j,tcgtxbdf.otq
yflt;ye. hf,jne bpltkbz b pfobne tuj jn gthtuhtdf9 gj=njve =nb jndthcnbz
yt ljk;ys pfujhf;bdfnmcz bkb pfrhsdfnmcz7 Bpltkbt yt cktletn hfpvtofnm yf
rhjdfnb9 cjat9 rjdht bkb yf lheujq fyfkjubxyjq gjdth[yjcnb9 nfr rfr ghb
=njv vjuen pfujhf;bdfnmcz
dtynbkzwbjyyst jndthcnbz7 Bpltkbt yt cktletn ecnfyfdkbdfnm d pfvryenst
j,≤tvs9 nfrbt rfr ryb;yst gjkrb bkb zobrb9 pf bcrk.xtybtv jcj,s[
ckexftd9 rjulf d yb[ j,tcgtxbdftncz ljcnfnjxyfz dtynbkzwbz bkb rjulf
=nj hfphtityj d bycnherwbz[ bpujnjdbntkz7
Bcnjxybrb gbnfybz
+nj bpltkbt cktletn gjlcjtlbyznm r bcnjxybre gbnfybz njkmrj njuj nbgf9
rjnjhsq erfpfy yf abhvtyyjq nf,kbxrt7 Tckb Ds yt pyftnt gfhfvtnhjd
=ktrnhjctnb d Dfitv ljvt9 j,hfnbntcm r Dfitve lbkthe bkb d vtcnye.
=ktrnhbxtcre. rjvgfyb.7 Lkz bpltkbq9 hf,jnf.ob[ jn =ktvtynjd gbnfybz
bkb lheub[ bcnjxybrjd9 cv7 Herjdjlcndj gj b[ =rcgkefnfwbb7
Pfptvktybt bkb cj,k.ltybt gjkzhyjcnb
+nj bpltkbt vj;tn ,snm j,jheljdfyj gjkzhbpjdfyyjq ctntdjq dbkrjq
5c rjynfrnysvb gkfcnbyfvb hfpkbxyjq ibhbys87 Gjkzhbpjdfyyfz ctntdfz
dbkrf ghtlyfpyfxtyf lkz j,tcgtxtybz ,tpjgfcyjcnb7 Nfrfz dbkrf ,eltn
dcnfdkznmcz d hjptnre =ktrnhjctnb njkmrj d jlyjv gjkj;tybb7 Tckb dbkrf yt
dcnfdkztncz d hjptnre gjkyjcnm.9 gjgsnfqntcm gthtdthyenm dbkre7 Tckb dbkrf
gj-ght;ytve yt dcnfdkztncz d hjptnre9 j,hfnbntcm r rdfkbabwbhjdfyyjve
=ktrnhbre7 Yb ghb rfrb[ j,cnjzntkmcndf[ yt yfheifqnt gjkzhbpfwb. dbkrb7
Pfobnf iyehjd gbnfybz
Iyehs gbnfybz ljk;ys ghjrkflsdfnmcz nfrbv j,hfpjv9 xnj,s yf yb[ yt
yfcnegfkb b yt pfltdfkb b[ rfrbvb-kb,j ghtlvtnfvb9 hfcgjkj;tyysvb hzljv
c ybvb9 j,hfofqnt jcj,jt dybvfybt yf iyehs d,kbpb intgctkmys[ hfp≤tvjd
b vtcnf ds[jlf bp bpltkbz7
Gthtuheprf
Yt gthtuhe;fqnt hjptnrb =ktrnhjctnb b elkbybntkmyst iyehs9 nfr rfr =nj
cjplftn jgfcyjcnm djpujhfybz bkb gjhf;tybz =ktrnhbxtcrbv njrjv7
Gjgflfyyt dyenhm ghtlvtnjd b ;blrjcntq
Ybrjulf yt dcnfdkzqnt ybrfrbt ghtlvtns dyenhm rjhgecf xthtp jndthcnbz9 nfr
rfr jyb vjuen ghbrjcyenmcz r =ktvtynfv9 yf[jlzobvcz gjl jgfcysv
yfghz;tybtv9 bkb dspdfnm rjhjnrjt pfvsrfybt9 xnj cjplftn jgfcyjcnm
djpujhfybz bkb gjhf;tybz =ktrnhbxtcrbv njrjv7 Ybrjulf yt ghjkbdfqnt
yf bpltkbt ybrfrb[ ;blrjcntq7
J,cke;bdfybt
Yt gsnfqntcm dsgjkyznm nt[ybxtcrjt j,cke;bdfybt bpltkbz cfvjcnjzntkmyj9
nfr rfr jnrhsdfybt bkb elfktybt rhsitr vj;tn ghbdtcnb r gjgflfyb. gjl
jgfcyjt yfghz;tybt b lheubv jgfcyjcnzv7
Bcnjxybrb ntgkf
+nj bpltkbt cktletn hfpvtofnm dlfkb jn bcnjxybrjd ntgkf9 nfrb[ rfr
hflbfnjhs9 ntgkjdst pfdtcs9 gtxb bkb lheubt ghb,jhs 5drk.xfz
ecbkbntkb89 rjnjhst dsltkz.n ntgkj7
Gththsds d bcgjkmpjdfybb
Tckb fggfhfn yt ,eltn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz d ntxtybt lkbntkmyjuj gthbjlf
dhtvtyb9 dbkre iyehf gbnfybz cktletn dsybvfnm bp hjptnrb =ktrnhjctnb7
Gjdht;ltybz9 nht,e.obt j,cke;bdfybz
Rdfkbabwbhjdfyysq gthcjyfk ljk;ty ghjdtcnb nt[ybxtcrjt j,cke;bdfybt
=njuj bpltkbz d nt[ ckexfz[9 rjulf6
(A)
Gjdht;lty iyeh gbnfybz bkb dbkrf4
(B)
Dyenhm fggfhfnf gjgfkb ghtlvtns bkb ;blrjcnm4
(C)
Fggfhfn gjgfk gjl lj;lm4
(D)
Gjzdbkbcm ghbpyfrb ytbcghfdyjcnb fggfhfnf bkb ghjbpjikb pfvtnyst
bpvtytybz tuj [fhfrnthbcnbr4
(E)
Bpltkbt ehjybkb bkb gjdht;lty tuj rjhgec7
DDTLTYBT
Gjplhfdkztv dfc c ghbj,htntybtv uhjvrjujdjhythl;b} Jhbubyfkmyfz9
hfphf,jnfyyfz rjvythl;b nt[yjkjubz9 b dscjrjt rfxtcndj bpujnjdktybz
gjpdjkzn dfv ljkubt ujls yfckf;lfnmcz yfb,jktt tcntcndtyysv b njxysv
djcghjbpdtltybtv vepsrb9 xnj zdkztncz jnkbxbntkmyjq xthnjq dct[ uhjvrjujdj
hbntktq vfhrb “+ythl;b27 Cjdtns9 cjlth;fobtcz d =njq bycnherwbb9 yfghfdktys yf
nj9 xnj,s gjvjxm dfv ljcnbuyenm jgnbvfkmyjuj ehjdyz djcghjbpdtltybz b yfbkexituj
bcgjkytybz9 f ntv cfvsv b vfrcbvfkmyjuj eljdktndjhtybz ghb ckeifymb7
Cnflbb rjycnhebhjdfybz ghtlitcnde.n j,ibhyst bccktljdfybz dct[ fcgtrnjd
uhjvrjujdjhbntktq b b[ jwtyrf9 n7t7 yfkbwj rjywtgwbz9 rjnjhe. vs yfpsdftv
“wtkjcnysv2 gjl[jljv r rjycnhebhjdfyb.7 Vtkmxfqibt rjvgjytyns b
vfnthbfks bpujnfdkbdf.ncz b bcgsnsdf.ncz c bcgjkmpjdfybtv cfvs[ gthtljds[
vtnjljd ghjbpdjlcndf b rjynhjkz lkz njuj9 xnj,s j,tcgtxbnm bcrk.xbntkmyjt
djcghjbpdtltybt9 kexitt xtv e uhjvrjujdjhbntktq9 d ytcrjkmrj hfp ghtdjc[jlzob[
b[ gj wtyt7
Ghbvtxfybt6 Cj[hfyzqnt9 gj;fkeqcnf9 dct rfhnjyyst rjhj,rb b egfrjdjx
ysq vfnthbfk jn dfib[ uhjvrjujdjhythl;b lkz njuj9 xnj,s ghtlj[hfyznm
b[ d ckexft gthttplf bkb ghb jnghfdrt d wtynh gj j,cke;bdfyb. lkz htvjynf7
Ghjlerwbz9 gjkextyyfz cthdbc-wtynhjv d gjdht;l∑yyjv dblt9 tckb jyf ,skf
jnghfdktyf rjytxysv gjnht,bntktv d egfrjdrt9 jnkbxf.otqcz jn jhbubyfkmyjq9
htvjynbhetncz9 ghbdjlbncz d gjhzljr9 ljk;ysv j,hfpjv egfrjdsdftncz lkz jnghfdrb
d flhtc rjytxyjuj gjkmpjdfntkz b jncskftncz pf tuj cx∑n7
J,OBT CDTLTYBZ J RJVGFYBB
Uhjvrjujdjythl;b crjycnhebhjdfys b bpujnjdktys rjhgjhfwbtq Felbj
Ghjlfrnc Bynthy=iyk9 jcyjdfyyjq d !(&# ujle7 FGB d[jlbn d gthde. d vbht ltcznre
ghjbpdjlbntktq uhjvrjujdjhbntktq b gjcnfdkztn cdj. ghjlerwb. ,jktt xtv d %%
cnhfy vbhf7
Pfdjl FGB ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq cjdhtvtyysq rjvgktrc gkjoflm. !^% ))) rd7 aenjd9
drk.xf.obq bccktljdfntkmcrbq b rjycnhernjhcrbq jnltks b ghjbpdjlcndtyyst
gjlhfpltktybz7 Pfdjl hfcgjkj;ty d jlyjv bp ghbujhjljd Njhjynj9 d Rfyflt7 <jktt
@)) xtkjdtr hf,jnf.n d =njv ghtlcnfdkz.otv cj,jq itltdh fh[bntrnehs rjvgktrct9
rjycnhebhez9 bpujnfdkbdfz b htrkfvbhez ghtj,hfpjdfntkb9 rjhgecyst
uhjvrjujdjhbntkb9 ecbkbntkb b rhjccjdths7
Rjkktrnbd rjvgtntynys[ bccktljdfntktq b hfphf,jnxbrjd bcgjkmpetn cjdhtvtyyst9
jcyjdfyyst yf ghbvtytybb rjvgm.nthjd vtnjls rjycnhebhjdfybz b nhb ,tp≤=[jds[
rfvths d gjcnjzyyj cjdthitycnde.otqcz ghjuhfvvt hfphf,jnjr7 +nbv rjkktrnbdjv
herjdjlbn pfvtcnbntkm dbwt-ghtpbltynf b ukfdysq rjycnhernjh bpltkbq vfhrb
+ythl;b L;jy Xbkbyuehmzy9 hfphf,jnxbr gjkexbdib[ dscjre. jwtyre
uhjvrjujdjhbntktq cthbb “Dthbnfc27 Dthbnfc V @9 * pfdjtdfk vyjujxbcktyyst
yfuhfls9 jnpsds j y∑v gtxfnfkbcm dj dct[ dtleob[ ;ehyfkf[ gj dscjrbv
nt[yjkjubzv7 Dthbnfc V @9 * dlj[yjdbk hfphf,jnxbrjd yf cjplfybt cjdhtvtyyjuj
gjrjktybz bpltkbq vfhrb +ythl;b7
{FHFRNTHBCNBRB B GHTBVEOTCNDF
BPLTKBQ VFHRB +YTHL;B
Cthbb bpltkbq Fyrjh9 jnkbxf.obtcz evthtyyjq wtyjq9 [fhfrnthbpe.ncz ytrjnjhsvb
ghbywbgbfkmysvb xthnfvb9 ghbceobvb kexibv bpltkbzv cthbb Dthbnfc7 Gkjcrfz
fvgkbnelyj-xfcnjnyfz [fhfrnthbcnbrf b ibhjrfz lbfgfpjy gjkjcs ghjgecrfybz9
ibhjrfz b gjcnjzyyfz lbcgthcbz9 jxtym ckf,st bcrf;tybt b htpjy c — djn jcyjdyst
nht,jdfybz9 ghtl≤zdkztvst r k.,jve uhjvrjujdjhbntk. vfhrb +ythl;b7
Gkjcrfz fvgkbnelyj-xfcnjnyfz [fhfrnthbcnbrf ljcnbuftncz ,kfujlfhz lbaaepjhfv
eybrfkmyjq ajhvs9 bpujnjdkbdftvsv cgjcj,jv kbnmz gjl lfdktybtv9 rjnjhst
5lbaaepjhs8 hfcgjkfuf.ncz yf yfrkjyyjv =rhfyt9 xnj gjpdjkztn cybpbnm rhftde.
lbahfrwb.7 +nj j,tcgtxbdftn njxyjcnm djcghjbpdtltybz pderf d cgtrnht chtlyb[
xfcnjn b lf∑n yfnehfkmyjt pdexfybt ujkjcf b chtlyb[ xfcnjn7
Gjcrjkmre #)º djcghbybvftvjuj yfvb yf cke[ zdkztncz ghzvsv pdexfybtv b &)º
jnhf;∑yysv9 uhjvrjujdjhbntkm ljk;ty j,kflfnm ibhjrbvb lbcgthcysvb
[fhfrnthbcnbrfvb lkz njuj9 xnj,s ljcnjdthyj b frrehfnyj djcghjbpdjlbnm
jhbubyfkmyst pderjpfgbcb7 Bpujnfdkbdftvsq bp fk.vbybz uhjvrjujdjhbntkm lkz
djcghjbpdtltybz dth[yb[ pderjds[ xfcnjn vfhrb Doma c gjldtcrjq bp nrfyb
j,kflftn ghtdjc[jlysvb rfxtcndfvb djcghjbpdtltybz dth[yb[ xfcnjn b
gthtrk.xftncz yf @ ruw pfljkuj lj njuj9 rfr cbuyfk cnfyjdbncz yfghfdktyysv7
Bcrf;tybt b htpjyfyc9 rjnjhst nfr hfplhf;f.n ckeif.otuj b ghbdjlzn r ds[jle bp
cnhjz rjvgjytynjd9 rjynhjkbhe.ncz gjchtlcndjv ghbvtytybz =ktrnhbxtcrb[
rjvgjytynjd c njxyjq rfkb,hjdrjq9 [jhjij ghjlevfyyjq rjycnherwbtq kbytqyjuj
ltvgabhjdfybz b ghbvtytybz nt[ybrb rjhgecyjuj ltvgabhjdfybz7 Rjhgecf
bpujnfdkbdf.ncz bp bythnyjq kbcnjdjq ab,hs chtlytq gkjnyjcnb lkz
ghtljndhfotybz yt;tkfntkmys[ htpjyfycys[ zdktybq bkb db,hfwbq7
Nht,jdfybz r ecbkbntkzv
Bpltkbz cthbq Fyrjh jnkbxf.ncz dscjrjq =aatrnbdyjcnm. b
ytghb[jnkbdjcnm. d jnyjityb ghbcjtlbyztvs[ ecbkbntktq7 Jyb hfccxbnsdf.ncz yf
yjvbyfkmyjt cjghjnbdktybt * jv c ds[jlyjq uhjvrjcnm.
*( ltwb,tk7 Jyb vjuen ghjbuhsdfnmcz yf dscjrb[ ehjdyz[ ckeifybz cj chtlytq cbkjq
b cgjcj,yjcnm. cghfdkznmcz c ds[jljv ,jkmijq vjoyjcnb rhegys[
ecbkbntktq7
HERJDJLCNDJ GJ +RCGKEFNFWBB
e n c o r e
25
