D-Link DGS-3312SR, Product Manual

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DGS-3312SR Gigabit Layer 3 Switch
through Router C. This higher-cost route will not be included in the Router A’s shortest path tree. The resulting tree will
look like this:
Router A
Router B
Router C
128.213.0.0
192.213.11.0
222.211.10.0
0
10
10
5
10
Figure 5- 7. Constructing a Shortest Path Tree - Completed
Note that this shortest path tree is only from the viewpoint of Router A. The cost of the link from Router B to Router A, for
instance is not important to constructing Router A’s shortest path tree, but is very important when Router B is constructing
its shortest path tree.
Note also that directly connected networks are reached at a cost of 0, while other networks are reached at the cost
calculated in the shortest path tree.
Router A can now build its routing table using the network addresses and costs calculated in building the above shortest
path tree.
Areas and Border Routers
OSPF link-state updates are forwarded to other routers by flooding to all routers on the network. OSPF uses the concept of
areas to define where on the network routers that need to receive particular link-state updates are located. This helps ensure
that routing updates are not flooded throughout the entire network and to reduce the amount of bandwidth consumed by
updating the various router’s routing tables.
Areas establish boundaries beyond which link-state updates do not need to be flooded. So the exchange of link-state
updates and the calculation of the shortest path tree are limited to the area that the router is connected to.
Routers that have connections to more than one area are called Border Routers (BR). The Border Routers have the
responsibility of distributing necessary routing information and changes between areas.
Areas are specific to the router interface. A router that has all of its interfaces in the same area is called an Internal Router.
A router that has interfaces in multiple areas is called a Border Router. Routers that act as gateways to other networks
(possibly using other routing protocols) are called Autonomous System Border Routers (ASBRs).
Link-State Packets
There are different types of link-state packets, four are illustrated below:
•
Router Link-State Updates
−
these describe a router’s links to destinations within an area.
•
Summary Link-State Updates – issued by Border Routers and describe links to networks outside the area
but within the Autonomous System (AS).
•
Network Link-State Updates – issued by multi-access areas that have more than one attached router.
One router is elected as the Designated Router (DR) and this router issues the network link-state updates
describing every router on the segment.
•
External Link-State Updates – issued by an Autonomous System Border Router and describes routes to
destinations outside the AS or a default route to the outside AS.
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