- 99 -
VWUƗYDVSDGHYHLUEORƷƝWD
NXVWƯEDVEORƷƝãDQDFLOLQGUDDWVORJRãDQDMDLU
LUEORƷƝWDGDUEƯEDVDXWRPƗWLVNDDWMDXQRãDQD
8=0$1Ʈ%8 3(5,2',6., 3Ɩ5%$8',(7 )81.&,-$6 '$5%Ʈ%8 .$6
,=6/Ɯ'=$3$5Ɩ78'52âƖ67Ɩ92./Ʈ
3DODLãDQDVSRJD³67$57´
7ƗLUMƗQRVSLHåODLYDUƝWXYDGƯWPHWLQƗãDQXãDMRVJDGƯMXPRV
NDWUXUHL]LNDGJDOYHQDLVVOƝG]LVWLHNLHVOƝJWVSR]³2´ !SR]³_´
SƝFNDWUDVGURãƯEDVDL]VDUG]ƯEDVLHUƯþXLHVOƝJãDQƗVUHL]HV
SƝFHQHUƧLMDVVWUƗYDVYDLVDVSLHVWƗJDLVDSDGHYHVDWMDXQRãDQDVMDWƗLHSULHNã
WLNDSƗUWUDXNWDDUVOƝG]LNDVX]VWƗGƯWVSLUPVDSDUƗWDYDLDYƗULMDVGƝƺ
8=0$1Ʈ%8
3(5,2',6.,
3Ɩ5%$8',(7
,(.Ɩ57$6
'52â$6
,(6/Ɯ*â$1$6)81.&,-$6'$5%Ʈ%8
&LNOD%(=0(7,1Ɩâ$1$60(7,1Ɩâ$1$SƗUVOƝJV
-
%(=0(7,1Ɩâ$1$6ƺDXMYDGƯWSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWXEH]PHWLQƗãDQDV
7R L]PDQWR ODL SƗUYLHWRWX VYLUDV XQ VDVSLHVWX HOHNWURGXV QHLHVOƝG]RW VWUƗYDV
padevi.
$7/,.8â$,6 5,6.6 $UƯ ãDMƗ GDUEƯEDV UHåƯPD SDVWƗY DXJãƝMR
HNVWUHPLWƗãX
VDVSLHãDQDV
ULVNV
YHLFLHW
QHSLHFLHãDPXV
SLHVDUG]ƯEDVSDVƗNXPXVVNDWLHWQRGDƺXSDUGURãƯEX
-
0(7,1Ɩâ$1$QRUPƗOV PHWLQƗãDQDV FLNOV ƺDXM SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWX
L]PDQWRWPHWLQƗãDQDL
7HUPLVNƗDL]VDUG]ƯED$/
7Ɨ LHVOƝG]DV SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWD SƗUNDUãDQDV JDGƯMXPƗ NR L]UDLVƯMD
G]HVƝãDQDVnjGHQVWUnjNXPVYDLQHSLHWLHNRãDSOnjVPDYDLGDUEDFLNOV'87<&<&/(
NDVSƗUVQLHG]DWƺDXWRVWHUPLVNRVLHUREHåRMXPXV
8]LHVOƝJãDQRVQRUƗGDSLNWRJUDPPDNDVUHG]DPD$77'XQ$/
5(=8/7Ɩ76VWUƗYDVEORƷƝãDQDPHWLQƗãDQDWLHNEORƷƝWD
$7-$812â$1$PDQXƗODDUSRJDV67$57SDOƯG]ƯEXSƝFWHPSHUDWnjUDVDWJULHãDQƗV
SLHƺDXMDPDMƗVUREHåƗVL]VOƝG]DVSLNWRJUDPPD$/XQLHVOƝG]DV³67$57´
6DVSLHVWƗJDLVDGURãƯEDVLHUƯFH$/WLNDLPRG3&3
,HVOƝG]DVVSLHGLHQDWUnjNXPDYDLNULWLHQDJDGƯMXPƗS·EDUVDVSLHVWƗJDLVD
DYRWƗX]LHVOƝJãDQXQRUƗGDPDQRPHWUDUƗGƯMXPV·EDUXQ$/LHVOƝJãDQƗVX]
GLVSOHMD
5(=8/7Ɩ76 NXVWƯEDV EORƷƝãDQD HOHNWURGX DWYƝUãDQD QR FLOLQGUD WLHN L]ODLVWV
VSLHGLHQVVWUƗYDVEORƷƝãDQDPHWLQƗãDQDWLHNEORƷƝWD
$7-$812â$1$ PDQXƗOD DU SRJDV 67$57 SDOƯG]ƯEX SƝF VSLHGLHQD DWJULHãDQƗV
SLHƺDXMDPDMƗVUREHåƗVGLVSOHMƗSDUƗGƗV³67$57´
$L]VDUG]ƯEDSUHWSƗUƗNDXJVWXXQSƗUƗN]HPXVSULHJXPX$/XQ$/
,HVOƝG]DV MD EDURãDQDV OƯQLMDV VSULHJXPV LU SƗUƗN DXJVWV YDL SƗUƗN ]HPV SDU
LHVOƝJãDQX ]LƼR $/ SƗUƗN DXJVWV VSULHJXPV XQ $/ SƗUƗN ]HPV VSULHJXPV
SDUƗGƯãDQƗVX]GLVSOHMD
5(=8/7Ɩ76 NXVWƯEDV EORƷƝãDQD QR FLOLQGUD WLHN L]ODLVWV VSLHGLHQV MD LU VWUƗYDV
EORƷƝãDQDPHWLQƗãDQDWLHNEORƷƝWD
$7-$812â$1$ PDQXƗOD DU SRJDV 67$57 SDOƯG]ƯEX SƝF VSULHJXPD DWJULHãDQƗV
SLHƺDXMDPDMƗVUREHåƗVGLVSOHMƗSDUƗGƗV³67$57´
8=67Ɩ'Ʈâ$1$
8=0$1Ʈ%88=67Ɩ'27381.70(7,1Ɩâ$1$6$3$5Ɩ78819(,&27
(/(.75,6.26 81 31(,0$7,6.26 6$9,(12-8086 381.70(7,1Ɩâ$1$6
$3$5Ɩ7$0,5-Ɩ%Nj73,/1Ʈ*,,=6/Ɯ*7$081$76/Ɯ*7$012%$52â$1$6
7Ʈ./$
(/(.75,6.26 81 31(,0$7,6.26 6$9,(12-8086 '5Ʈ.67 ,=3,/'Ʈ7 7,.$,
3,(5('=Ɯ-8â$,69$,.9$/,),&Ɯ7$,63(5621Ɩ/6
$35Ʈ.2-806
,]SDNRMLHWSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWXYHLFLHWVDYLHQRMXPXVNƗQRUƗGƯWVãDMƗQRGDƺƗ
3$&(/â$1$6127(,.80,=Ʈ0(
3XQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWVLUMƗSDFHƺDUGLYƗPWURVƝPXQƗƷLHPL]PDQWRMRWDWELOVWRãXV
JUHG]HQXV
,UDEVROnjWLDL]OLHJWVVWURSƝWSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWXYHLGƗNDVDWãƷLUDVQRQRUƗGƯWƗ
SLHPƝUDPDL]VYLUƗPYDLHOHNWURGLHP
5.3 IZVIETOJUMS
8]VWƗGƯãDQDV]RQƗDWVWƗMLHWSLHWLHNRãLSODãXODXNXPXEH]ãƷƝUãƺLHPNDVQRGURãLQƗV
SLOQƯJLGURãXSLHNƺXYLYDGƯEDVSDQHOLPXQGDUED]RQDLHOHNWURGLHP
3ƗUOLHFLQLHWLHVNDX]WƗVQDYãƷƝUãƺXEODNXVG]HVƝãDQDVJDLVDLHSOnjGHVXQL]SOnjGHV
FDXUXPLHPWXUNOƗWSƗUOLHFLQLHWLHVNDQHYDUWLNWLHVnjNWLHOHNWUƯEXYDGRãLHSXWHNƺLNRGƯJL
WYDLNLPLWUXPVXWW
1RYLHWRMLHW SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWX X] SODNDQDV YLUVPDV QR YLHQGDEƯJD XQ EOƯYD
PDWHULƗODEHWRQDJUƯGDYDLJUƯGDDUDQDORƧLVNLHP¿]LNƗOLHPUDNVWXURMXPLHP
3LHVWLSULQLHW SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWX SLH JUƯGDV DU þHWUX 0 VNUnjYMX SDOƯG]ƯEX
L]PDQWRMRWDWELOVWRãDVDWYHUHVSDPDWQƝNDWUDPDWVHYLãƷDPVWLSULQƗMXPDHOHPHQWDP
MƗQRGURãLQDVWLHSHVL]WXUƯEXNDVYLHQƗGDYLVPD]DU.JGD1
0DNVLPƗOƗVORG]H
$SDNãƝMƗVVYLUDVPDNVLPƗOƗVORG]HLHGDUERMDVX]HOHNWURGDDVLLUYLHQƗGDDU.J
(35daN).
3,(6/Ɯ*â$1$3,(7Ʈ./$
%UƯGLQƗMXPL
3LUPV MHENƗGX HOHNWULVNR VDYLHQRMXPX YHLNãDQDV SƗUEDXGLHW YDL GDWL X]
SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWD SOƗNVQƯWHV DWELOVW X]VWƗGƯãDQDV YLHWƗ SLHHMDPƗ WƯNOD
VSULHJXPDPXQIUHNYHQFHL
3XQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWXGUƯNVWSLHVOƝJWWLNDLSLHWƗGDVEDURãDQDVVLVWƝPDVNXUDL
QHLWUƗODLVYDGVLULH]HPƝWV
/DLQRGURãLQƗWXDL]VDUG]ƯEXSUHWQHWLHãRNRQWDNWXL]PDQWRMLHWãƗGXWLSXGLIHUHQFLƗORV
VOƝGåXV
-
Tips
A
(
YLHQIƗ]HVDSDUƗWLHP
- Tips B (
WUƯVIƗåXDSDUƗWLHP
/DLDSPLHULQƗWXVWDQGDUWD(1SXOVƗFLMDSUDVƯEDVSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDV
DSDUƗWXWLHNUHNRPHQGƝWVSLHYLHQRWSLHWƗGƗPEDURãDQDVWƯNODSLHVOƝJXPDYLHWƗP
NXUXLPSHGDQFHLUPD]ƗNƗSDU=PD[ RPL
3XQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWVQHDWELOVWQRUPDV,(&(1SUDVƯEƗP
3LHYLHQRMRW SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWX SLH QHUnjSQLHFLVNƗ EDURãDQDV WƯNOD
PRQWƝWƗMD YDL OLHWRWƗMD SLHQƗNXPV LU SƗUEDXGƯW YDL DSDUƗWX YDU SLH WƗ SLHYLHQRW
QHSLHFLHãDPƯEDVJDGƯMXPƗVD]LQLHWLHVDUVDGDOHVWƯNODSƗUVWƗYL
%DURãDQDVYDGDSLHYLHQRãDQDSLHSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWD=Ʈ0)
1RƼHPLHW ODER VƗQX SDQHOL X]VWƗGLHW NRPSOHNWƗFLMƗ HVRãR YDGX EORƷƝWƗMX DWELOVWRãL
DWYHUHLDL]PXJXUHVSDQHOƯ
9LVSLUPVDUYDGXWXUƝWƗMDSDOƯG]ƯEXQRVWLSULQLHWEDURãDQDVYDGXWDGVDYLHQRMLHWWRDU
EDURãDQDVEORNDVSDLOƝPIƗ]HV/1/XQDU]HPƝMXPDVNUnjYVSDLOLNDVDWELOVW
G]HOWHQDPYDGDP
$WELOVWRãL VSDLƺX SDQHƺD PRGHƺD ƯSDWQƯEƗP SLHYLHQRMLHW YDGD JDOXV NƗ SDUƗGƯWV
]ƯPƝMXPƗ=Ʈ0))
1REORƷƝMLHWYDGXSLHVNUnjYƝMRWYDGDEORƷƝWƗMDVNUnjYHV
,QIRUPƗFLMDLSDUYDGXPLQLPƗORãƷƝUVJULH]XPXVNDWLHWSDUDJUƗIX´7(+1,6.,('$7,´
.RQWDNWGDNãDXQUR]HWH
6DYLHQRMLHWEDURãDQDVYDGXDUVWDQGDUWDNRQWDNWGDNãX37=67$53)Ɩ=89
VDYLHQRMXPƗWLHNL]PDQWRWLWLNDLSROL37=9,(1)Ɩ=(69VDYLHQRMXPVDU
DWELOVWRãXQRPLQƗOXXQVDJDWDYRMLHWEDURãDQDVWƯNODUR]HWLNDVDSUƯNRWDDUGURãLQƗWƗMX
YDL DXWRPƗWLVNR PDJQHWRWHUPLVNR VOƝG]L DWELOVWRãDMDP LH]HPƝãDQDV L]YDGDP MƗEnjW
VDYLHQRWDPDUEDURãDQDVOƯQLMDV]HPƝMXPDYDGXG]HOWHQL]Dƺã
'URãLQƗWƗMXXQPDJQHWRWHUPLVNƗVOƝGåDQRPLQƗOVXQUDNVWXURMXPLLUQRUƗGƯWLSDUDJUƗIƗ
Ä7(+1,6.,('$7,´XQYDL7$%
-DWLHNX]VWƗGƯWLYDLUƗNLSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWLVDGDOLHWEDURãDQXFLNOLVNLVWDUSWULP
IƗ]ƝPODLVORG]HEnjWXYLHQOƯG]ƯJƗNDSLHPƝUDP
SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWVEDURãDQD//
SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWVEDURãDQD//
SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWVEDURãDQD//
8=0$1Ʈ%8 $XJVWƗN DSUDNVWƯWR QRWHLNXPX QHLHYƝURãDQD EnjWLVNL
VDPD]LQƗV UDåRWƗMD X]VWƗGƯWƗV GURãƯEDV VLVWƝPDV NODVH , HIHNWLYLWƗWL OƯG] DU
NREnjWLVNLSLHDXJVULVNDSDNƗSHSHUVRQƗODPSLHPƝUDPHOHNWURãRNDULVNVXQ
PDQWDLSLHPƝUDPXJXQVJUƝNDULVNV
5.5 PNEIMATISKAIS SAVIENOJUMS (ATT. G) (tikai mod. PCP)
6DJDWDYRMLHWVDVSLHVWƗJDLVDOƯQLMXDUGDUEDVSLHGLHQXYLVPD]EDU
3LHYLHQRMLHW NRPSOHNWƗFLMƗ LHNƺDXWR FDXUXOHV X]PDYX SLH JƗ]HV VWLSULQƗMXPD
NDV SDUƗGƯWV $77 * VDYLHQRMXPX KHUPƝWLVNXPD QRGURãLQƗãDQDL L]PDQWRMLHW
WHÀRQDOHQWL
3LHYLHQRMLHW SLHPƝURWD GLDPHWUD VDVSLHVWƗ JDLVD ORNDQX FDXUXOL SLH X]PDYDV
L]PDQWRMDPƗVVDYLHQRMXPXKHUPƝWLVNXPDQRGURãLQƗãDQDLL]PDQWRMLHWSLHPƝURWX
VDYLOFƝMXYDLVNDYX
'=(6Ɯâ$1$6.217Nj5$6$9,(12-806$77+
,U MƗVDJDWDYR njGHQV SDGHYHV FDXUXƺYDGV NDV SLHPƝURWV WHPSHUDWnjUDL QH OLHOƗNDL
SDU & XQ PLQLPƗOR SOnjVPDV ƗWUXPX 4 NDV QDY PD]ƗNV SDU 7(+1,6.$-26
'$726QRUƗGƯWDMDLYƝUWƯEDL9DULHUƯNRWDWYƝUWRG]HVƝãDQDVNRQWnjUXDWJULH]HVnjGHQV
WLHN L]ODLVWV ƗUƗ YDL VOƝJWR NRQWnjUX DU QRVDFƯMXPX ND WLHN LHYƝURWL LHSOnjGHV njGHQV
WHPSHUDWnjUDVXQSDWƝULƼDSDUDPHWUL
3LHYLHQRMLHW DWWLHFƯJRV NRPSOHNWƗFLMƗ LHNƺDXWRV njGHQV VDYLHQRMXPXV SLH JƗ]HV
VDYLHQRMXPLHPNDVSDUƗGƯWL$77+njGHQVVDYLHQRMXPLLUDSUƯNRWLDUEOƯYJUHG]HQX
XQWRSLHVOƝJãDQDLQDYQHSLHFLHãDPDWHÀRQDOHQWH
3LHYLHQRMLHW njGHQV SDGHYHV FDXUXOL $77 + SLH ƗUƝMƗ njGHQV NDQƗOD SƗUEDXGRW
YDL DWJULH]HV FDXUXOHL LU SDUHL]D FDXUSOnjGH $77 + VDYLHQRMXPX KHUPƝWLVNXPD
QRGURãLQƗãDQDLL]PDQWRMLHWSLHPƝURWXVDYLOFƝMXYDLVNDYX
8=0$1Ʈ%8-DPHWLQƗãDQDVODLNƗLUQHSLHWLHNRãDnjGHQVFLUNXOƗFLMDYDL
WƗVYLVSƗUQDYSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWVYDUL]LHWQRLHULQGDVSƗUNƗUãDQDVGƝƺ
0(7,1Ɩâ$1$3XQNWPHWLQƗãDQD
6$*$7$92â$1$6'$5%,
3LUPVMHENƗGXPHWLQƗãDQDVSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVGDUEXYHLNãDQDVLUMƗYHLFSƗUEDXåX
YLUNQHXQUHJXOƝMXPLNXUXODLNƗJDOYHQDMDPVOƝG]LPLUMƗEnjWVWƗYRNOƯ´2´3&3PRGHƺRV
VOƝG]HQHLMƗEnjWDL]VOƝJWDLXQVDVSLHVWƗJDLVDDYRWDPMƗEnjW$79,(127$0
3ƗUEDXGLHW YDL HOHNWULVNLH VDYLHQRMXPL LU YHLNWL SDUHL]L XQ VDVNDƼƗ DU DXJVWƗN
L]NOƗVWƯWLHPQRUƗGƯMXPLHP
,HVOƝG]LHWG]HVƝãDQDVnjGHQVFLUNXOƗFLMX
3LHOƗJRMLHW HOHNWURGX NRQWDNWD YLUVPDV GLDPHWUX ´G´ DWELOVWRãL DSVWUƗGƗMDPƗV
ORNVQHVELH]XPDPVDVNDƼƗDUDWWLHFƯEXG ·ā¥V
1RYLHWRMLHWVWDUSHOHNWURGLHPVWDUSOLNXNXUDVELH]XPVLUYLHQƗGVDUDSVWUƗGƗMDPƗV
ORNVQHVELH]XPXSƗUOLHFLQLHWLHVNDPDQXƗOLSLHWXYLQƗWDVVYLUDVLUSDUDOƝODV
1HSLHFLHãDPƯEDV JDGƯMXPƗ QRUHJXOƝMLHW WƗV DWVOƗELQRW HOHNWURGX WXUƝWƗMX
EORƷƝãDQDV VNUnjYHV ODL QRYLHWRWX WRV YLVSLHPƝURWƗNƗ GDUED SR]ƯFLMƗ X]PDQƯJL
SLHVNUnjYƝMLHWEORƷƝãDQDVVNUnjYHVOƯG]JDODP
0RGHƺRV 37( XQ 3&3 DU DSDNãƝMƗ VYLUX WXUƝWƗMD QRVWLSULQƗWƗMVNUnjYMX YDU
QRUHJXOƝWDUƯELH]XPXVWDUSVYLUƗPVNWHKQLVNRVGDWXV
$WYHULHW GURãƯEDV ORG]LƼX NDV DWURGDV SXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWD DL]PXJXUƝ
DWVOƗELQRW þHWUDV QRVWLSULQƗWƗMVNUnjYHV XQ SLHNƺDXMRW HOHNWURGX VSƝND UHJXOƝãDQDV
X]JULH]QLPDWVOƝJD1U
1RVSULHJRMRW DWVSHUL SDJULHåRW X]JULH]QL SD ODEL HOHNWURGX SLHOLHNDPDLV VSƝNV
SDOLHOLQƗVQRPLQLPƗOƗVOƯG]PDNVLPƗODLYƝUWƯEDLVNDWLHWWHKQLVNRVGDWXV
âLVVSƝNVWLHNSDOLHOLQƗWVSURSRUFLRQƗOLPHWLQƗPƗVORNVQHVELH]XPDPXQHOHNWURGD
X]JDƺDGLDPHWUDP
1HSLHFLHãDPƯEDVJDGƯMXPƗQRUHJXOƝMLHWSOnjVPDVUHGXNWRUXNDVSDUƗGƯWV$77'
ODLSDOƝQLQƗWXHOHNWURGXQRODLãDQX
,HVDNƗPNRPSHQVƝWVYLUDVSLHVSLHãDQDVSDOƝQLQƗMXPXDULOJƗNXVDVSLHãDQDVODLNX
ODLƺDXWXVSƝNDPVDVQLHJWPDNVLPƗORYƝUWƯEXSLUPVSXQNWPHWLQƗãDQDVX]VƗNãDQDV
2ULHQWƝMRãL MD LHHMDV VSLHGLHQV LU EDU XQ UHJXODWRUD VNUnjYH LU YLGƝMƗ SR]ƯFLMƗ
LHVWDWLHWVDVSLHãDQDVFLNOXVVMDUHJXOƝãDQDVVNUnjYHLUSLOQƯJLDWVNUnjYƝWD
VNUnjYHLUOƯG]JDODPSDJULH]WDSUHWƝMLSXONVWHƼUƗGƯWƗMDYLU]LHQDPXQJDLVDSDGHYH
QDYDL]YƝUWDLHVWDWLHWFLNOXVPV
$L]YHULHW ORG]LƼX ODL QRYƝUVWX VYHãƷHUPHƼX QRNƺnjãDQX DSDUƗWD LHNãSXVƝ XQ
QHMDXãX QRQƗNãDQX VDVNDUƝ DU ]HP VSULHJXPD HVRãƗP GHWDƺƗP XQ NXVWƯJƗP
GHWDƺƗP
3&3PRGHƺRVSƗUEDXGLHWVDVSLHVWƗJDLVDVDYLHQRMXPXSLHYLHQRMLHWSDGHYHVFDXUXOL
SQHLPDWLVNDMDPWƯNODPDUUHGXNWRUDURNWXUDSDOƯG]ƯEXQRUHJXOƝMLHWVSLHGLHQXODLX]
PDQRPHWUDSDUƗGƯWRVYƝUƯEDEDU36,
Содержание PCP 28 LCD
Страница 29: ...29 2 2 FRV 3 3 3 3 37 3 3 37 3 3 3 3 2 02 67 57 3 3 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 67 57 13...
Страница 32: ...32 _ 67 57 3 3 3 3 D E F G...
Страница 42: ...42 3 3 D E F G...
Страница 101: ...1 4 1 3 3 67 57 3 3 3 3 3 57 2 2 2 3 G GE 0 FP G FP...
Страница 105: ...PD EDU _ 67 57 3 3 3 3 D E F G...
Страница 115: ...115 FIG A FIG B THYRISTOR THYRISTOR periods...
Страница 117: ...117 FIG D1 FIG D2 MODE TIME START 5 6 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 7 15...
Страница 118: ...118 FIG D3 FIG E 1 2 FIG D4 1 2...
Страница 119: ...119 FIG F1 FIG F2 ZT1 WT1 L1 L2 1 3 2 1 4 5 7 6 1 3 2 1 4 6 9 8 L1 L2 5 7...
Страница 120: ...FIG G FIG H FIG I d 1 2 1 2...