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Safety of machines and systems
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2 Safety of machines and systems
In modern industrial production, the amount of complex technical equipment used is con-
stantly increasing. The purpose of safety technology is to reduce the safety risk to persons,
livestock, the environment, and machines as far as possible but at least to a reasonable
degree. At the same time, the availability of production equipment should not be restricted
any more than is absolutely necessary.
Safety is relative. There can never be a completely safe machine. However, since the open-
ing of the European single market, manufacturers and operators of machines and technical
equipment are legally bound to observe European directives for the design and operation
of machines and systems.
When adhering to harmonized standards (assumed effect), which apply to a machine or
piece of technical equipment, it is assumed that they comply with legal regulations when
launched.
The Machinery Directive is one of the most important single market directives. It is of such
importance because machine building is one of the industrial mainstays of the European
Economic Area. The Machinery Directive defines the requirements machinery must meet
before it can be placed on the market and operated in the European Economic Area. It also
contains essential health and safety requirements for the planning and construction of
machinery and safety components.
Every machine or system poses a risk. According to the requirements of the Machinery
Directive, a risk assessment must be carried out for every machine.
If the risk is greater than the level of risk that can be tolerated, risk reduction must be imple-
mented.
Standard EN ISO 12100 “Safety of machinery – General principles for design – Risk assess-
ment and risk reduction” describes the risks to be considered and the general principles for
design to reduce risk. It also describes risk assessment and risk reduction as a repetitive
process to achieve safety. All phases in the life of the machine are therefore assessed.
Figure 2-1 Risk reduction in machines
Design-related
measures
Protective measures
Has everything
been done?
How to proceed
Risk
Organization
Has everything
been done?