This document is printed from SPI². Not for RESALE
52
SEBU8311-02
Maintenance Section
Re
fi
ll Capacities
(Table 36, contd)
Lubricity corrected
wear scar diameter at
60 °C (140 °F).
(7)
mm
0.46 maximum
D6079
“ISO”12156-1
(1)
This speci
fi
cation includes the requirements for Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD). ULSD fuel will have
≤
15 ppm (0.0015%) sulfur. Refer to
“ASTM D5453”, “ASTM D2622”, or “ISO 20846, ISO 20884” test methods. This speci
fi
cation includes the requirements for Low Sulfur Diesel
(LSD). LSD fuel will have
≤
500 ppm (0.05%) sulfur. Refer to following:“ASTM 5453, ASTM D2622”, “ISO 20846”, and “ISO 20884 test
methods”. Refer to Tables 37 and 38.
(2)
A fuel with a higher cetane number is recommended in order to operate at a higher altitude or in cold weather.
(3)
“Via standards tables, the equivalent API gravity for the minimum density of 801 kg / m
3
(kilograms per cubic meter) is 45 and for the
maximum density of 876 kg / m
3
is 30”.
(4)
Regional regulations, national regulations or international regulations can require a fuel with a speci
fi
c sulfur limit. Consult all applicable
regulations before selecting a fuel for a given engine application. Perkins fuel systems and engine components can operate on high sulfur
fuels in territories that are non-emissions regulated. Fuel sulfur levels affect exhaust emissions. High sulfur fuels also increase the potential
for corrosion of internal components. Fuel sulfur levels above 0.5% may signi
fi
cantly shorten the oil change interval. For additional
information, refer to this manual, “Fluid recommendations (General lubricant Information)”.
(5)
The values of the fuel viscosity are the values as the fuel is delivered to the fuel injection pumps. Fuel should also meet the minimum
viscosity requirement and the fuel should meet the maximum viscosity requirements at 40 °C (104 °F) of either the “ASTM D445” test
method or the “ISO 3104” test method. If a fuel with a low viscosity is used, cooling of the fuel may be required to maintain 1.4 cSt or
greater viscosity at the fuel injection pump. Fuels with a high viscosity might require fuel heaters in order to lower the viscosity to 4.5
cSt at the fuel injection pump.
(6)
Follow the test conditions and procedures for gasoline (motor).
(7)
The lubricity of a fuel is a concern with low sulfur and ultra low sulfur fuel. To determine the lubricity of the fuel, use the “ISO 12156-1
or ASTM D6079 High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)” test. If the lubricity of a fuel does not meet the minimum requirements,
consult your fuel supplier. Do not treat the fuel without consulting the fuel supplier. Some additives are not compatible. These additives
can cause problems in the fuel system.
NOTICE
Operating with fuels that do not meet the Perkins rec-
ommendations can cause the following effects: Start-
ing dif
fi
culty, poor combustion, deposits in the fuel in-
jectors, reduced service life of the fuel system, de-
posits in the combustion chamber, and reduced ser-
vice life of the engine.
Diesel Fuel Characteristics
Perkins Recommendation
Cetane Number
Fuel that has a high cetane number will give a shorter
ignition delay. This will produce a better ignition
quality. Cetane numbers are derived for fuels against
proportions of cetane and heptamethylnonane in the
standard CFR engine. Refer to “ISO 5165” for the
test method.
Cetane numbers in excess of 45 are normally
expected from current diesel fuel. However, a cetane
number of 40 may be experienced in some territories.
The United States of America is one of the territories
that can have a low cetane value. A minimum cetane
value of 40 is required during average starting
conditions. A higher cetane value may be required
for operations at high altitudes or in cold weather
operations.
Fuel with a low cetane number can be the root cause
of problems during cold start.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a liquid of offering
resistance to shear or
fl
ow. Viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature. This decrease in viscosity
follows a logarithmic relationship for normal fossil
fuel. The common reference is to kinematic viscosity.
This is the quotient of the dynamic viscosity that is
divided by the density. The determination of kinematic
viscosity is normally by readings from gravity
fl
ow
viscometers at standard temperatures. Refer to “ISO
3104” for the test method.
The viscosity of the fuel is signi
fi
cant because fuel
serves as a lubricant for the fuel system components.
Fuel must have suf
fi
cient viscosity in order to lubricate
the fuel system in both extremely cold temperatures
and extremely hot temperatures. If the kinematic
viscosity of the fuel is lower than 1.4 cSt at the fuel
injection pump damage to the fuel injection pump
can occur. This damage can be excessive scuf
fi
ng
and seizure. Low viscosity may lead to dif
fi
cult hot
restarting, stalling and loss of performance. High
viscosity may result in seizure of the pump.
Perkins recommends kinematic viscosities of 1.4 and
4.5 mm2/sec that is delivered to the fuel injection
pump.