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L100 Inverter

roub

leshooting

and Maintenance

6–9

Maintenance and Inspection

Monthly and Yearly Inspection Chart

Note 1:

The life of a capacitor is affected by the ambient temperature. See

“Capacitor

Life Curve” on page 6–11

Note 2:

The inverter must be cleaned periodically. If dust accumulates on the fan and
heat sink, it can cause overheating of the inverter

Item Inspected

Check for...

Inspection Cycle

Inspection

Method

Criteria

Month

Year

Overall

Ambient
environment

Extreme
temperatures
& humidity

✔

Thermometer,
hygrometer

Ambient temperature
between -10 to 40°C,
non-condensing

Major devices

Abnormal
noise & vib.

✔

Visual and aural

Stable environment for
electronic controls

Power supply
voltage

Voltage
tolerance

✔

Digital volt meter,
measure between
inverter terminals
[L1], [L2], [L3]

200V class:
200 to 240V 50/60 Hz
400V class:
380 to 460V 50/60 Hz

Main

circuit

Ground
Insulation

Adequate
resistance

✔

Digital volt meter,
GND to terminals

5 Meg. Ohms or greater

Mounting

No loose
screws

✔

Torque wrench

M3: 0.5 – 0.6 Nm
M4: 0.98 – 1.3 Nm
M5: 1.5 – 2.0 Nm

Components

Overheating

✔

Thermal trip
events

No trip events

Housing

Dirt, dust

✔

Visual

Vacuum dust and dirt

Terminal block Secure

connections

✔

Visual

No abnormalities

Smoothing
capacitor

Leaking,
swelling

✔

Visual

No abnormalities

Relay(s)

Chattering

✔

Aural

Single click when
switching ON or OFF

Resistors

Cracks or
discoloring

✔

Visual

Use Ohm meter to
check braking resistors

Cooling fan

Noise

✔

Power down,
manually rotate

Rotation must be
smooth

Dust

✔

Visual

Vacuum to clean

Control

circuit

Overall

No odor,
discoloring,
corrosion

✔

Visual

No abnormalities

Capacitor

No leaks or
deformation

✔

Visual

Undistorted appearance

Display LEDs

Legibility

✔

Visual

All LED segments work

Содержание L100 Series

Страница 1: ... Manual Single phase Input 200V Class Three phase Input 200V Class Three phase Input 400V Class After reading this manual keep it handy for future reference Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems Co Ltd Manual Number NB576XE December 2003 Cover ...

Страница 2: ...es are described in CAUTION as well as WARNING so be sure to observe them 1 Step 1 Indicates a step in a series of action steps required to accomplish a goal The number of the step will be contained in the step symbol NOTE Notes indicate an area or subject of special merit emphasizing either the product s capabilities or common errors in operation or maintenance TIP Tips give a special instruction...

Страница 3: ...gned to protect against personal injury HIGH VOLTAGE HAZARD OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK DISCONNECT INCOM ING POWER BEFORE WORKING ON THIS CONTROL WARNING Wait at least five 5 minutes after turning OFF the input power supply before performing maintenance or an inspection Otherwise there is the danger of electric shock CAUTION These instructions should be read and clearly understood before working on L100 s...

Страница 4: ...nected CAUTION Hazardous main terminals for any interconnection motor contact breaker filter etc must be inaccessible in the final installation CAUTION This equipment should be installed in IP54 or equivalent see EN60529 enclosure The end application must be in accordance with BS EN60204 1 Refer to the section Choosing a Mounting Location on page 2 7 The diagram dimensions are to be suitably amend...

Страница 5: ...tions in the text Chapter 1 Specifica tions Tables Otherwise it may fall and cause injury to personnel 2 7 CAUTION Be sure to install the unit on a perpendicular wall that is not subject to vibration Otherwise it may fall and cause injury to personnel 2 7 CAUTION Be sure not to install or operate an inverter that is damaged or has missing parts Otherwise it may cause injury to personnel 2 7 CAUTIO...

Страница 6: ...re the input power to the inverter is OFF If the drive has been powered leave it OFF for five minutes before continuing 2 19 CAUTION Fasten the screws with the specified fastening torque in the table below Check for any loosening of screws Otherwise there is the danger of fire 2 15 CAUTION Be sure that the input voltage matches the inverter specifica tions Single Three phase 200 to 240 V 50 60 Hz ...

Страница 7: ...ze these components properly each must have the capacity for rated current and voltage Otherwise there is the danger of fire 2 17 CAUTION The heat sink fins will have a high temperature Be careful not to touch them Otherwise there is the danger of getting burned 2 20 CAUTION The operation of the inverter can be easily changed from low speed to high speed Be sure to check the capability and limitat...

Страница 8: ...ly only after closing the front case While being energized be sure not to open the front case Otherwise there is the danger of electric shock 4 3 WARNING Be sure not to operate electrical equipment with wet hands Otherwise there is the danger of electric shock 4 3 WARNING While the inverter is energized be sure not to touch the inverter terminals even when the motor is stopped Otherwise there is t...

Страница 9: ...tion and is dangerous Before turning power ON confirm that the Run command is not active 4 9 WARNING After the Reset command is given and the alarm reset occurs the motor will restart suddenly if the Run command is already active Be sure to set the alarm reset after verifying that the Run command is OFF to prevent injury to personnel 4 19 CAUTION The heat sink fins will have a high temperature Be ...

Страница 10: ...Make sure that only qualified personnel will perform maintenance inspection and part replacement Before starting to work remove any metallic objects from your person wristwatch bracelet etc Be sure to use tools with insulated handles Otherwise there is a danger of electric shock and or injury to personnel 6 2 WARNING Never remove connectors by pulling on its wire leads wires for cooling fan and lo...

Страница 11: ...when a Run command is active So please be careful CAUTION Do not insert leading power factor capacitors or surge absorbers between the output terminals of the inverter and motor CAUTION MOTOR TERMINAL SURGE VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION FILTER For the 400 V CLASS In a system using an inverter with the voltage control PWM system a voltage surge caused by the cable constants such as the cable length especiall...

Страница 12: ...on the power supply side sometimes destroying the converter module 1 The unbalance factor of the power supply is 3 or higher 2 The power supply capacity is at least 10 times greater than the inverter capacity or the power supply capacity is 500 kVA or more 3 Abrupt power supply changes are expected due to conditions such as a Several inverters are interconnected with a short bus b A thyristor conv...

Страница 13: ... details While operating the product make sure that the covers and safety devices are placed as they were specified originally and operate it according to the instruction manual UL Cautions Warnings and Instructions Wiring Warnings for Electrical Practices and Wire Sizes The Cautions Warnings and instructions in this section summarize the procedures necessary to ensure an inverter installation com...

Страница 14: ...cturer Input Voltage Motor Output Inverter Model Wiring Size Range AWG Torque kW HP ft lbs N m 200V 0 2 1 4 L100 002NFE NFU 16 0 6 0 8 0 4 1 2 L100 004NFE NFU 0 55 3 4 L100 005NFE 0 9 1 2 0 75 1 L100 007NFE NFU 14 1 1 1 1 2 L100 011NFE 1 5 2 L100 015NFE NFU 12 2 2 3 L100 022NFE NFU 10 3 7 5 L100 037LFU 12 5 5 7 1 2 L100 055LFU 10 1 5 2 0 7 5 10 L100 075LFU 8 400V 0 4 1 2 L100 004HFE HFU 16 0 9 1 2...

Страница 15: ...are connected to the inverter they cannot be protected by the electronic overload protection Install an external thermal relay on each motor Input Voltage Motor Output Inverter Model Fuse A UL rated class J 600V kW HP 200V 0 2 1 4 L100 002NFE NFU 10 single ph 7 three ph 0 4 1 2 L100 004NFE NFU 0 55 3 4 L100 005NFE 0 75 1 L100 007NFE NFU 15 single ph 10 three ph 1 1 1 1 2 L100 011NFE 1 5 2 L100 015...

Страница 16: ...ction to Variable Frequency Drives 1 18 Frequently Asked Questions 1 23 Chapter 2 Inverter Mounting and Installation Orientation to Inverter Features 2 2 Basic System Description 2 5 Step by Step Basic Installation 2 6 Powerup Test 2 19 Using the Front Panel Keypad 2 21 Chapter 3 Configuring Drive Parameters Choosing a Programming Device 3 2 Using Keypad Devices 3 3 D Group Monitoring Functions 3 ...

Страница 17: ...ter System Accessories Introduction 5 2 Component Descriptions 5 3 Dynamic Braking 5 5 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting and Maintenance Troubleshooting 6 2 Monitoring Trip Events History Conditions 6 5 Restoring Factory Default Settings 6 8 Maintenance and Inspection 6 9 Warranty 6 16 Appendix A Glossary and Bibliography Glossary A 2 Bibliography A 8 Appendix B Drive Parameter Settings Tables Introductio...

Страница 18: ...ed UL Instructions Page xviii Contact page update Pages 1 5 to 1 8 Added watt loss efficiency data to tables Pages 1 10 to 1 15 Added derating graphs Page 2 16 Added power terminal diagrams Page 4 5 Added system wiring diagram Page 4 7 Added terminal index listing Page 4 8 Added input terminal wiring diagrams Page 4 21 Added output terminal wiring diagrams Pages 5 5 to 5 7 Added braking tables and...

Страница 19: ... 1 914 631 0600 Fax 1 914 631 3672 Hitachi Australia Ltd Level 3 82 Waterloo Road North Ryde N S W 2113 Australia Phone 61 2 9888 4100 Fax 61 2 9888 4188 Hitachi Europe GmbH Am Seestern 18 D 40547 Düsseldorf Germany Phone 49 211 5283 0 Fax 49 211 5283 649 Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems Co Ltd International Sales Department WBG MARIVE WEST 16F 6 Nakase 2 chome Mihama ku Chiba shi Chiba 261 71...

Страница 20: ...Getting Started In This Chapter page Introduction 2 L100 Inverter Specifications 5 Introduction to Variable Frequency Drives 18 Frequently Asked Questions 23 1 ...

Страница 21: ...rs UL or CE version available V f volts per hertz control algorithm select able for either constant or reduced torque loads Convenient keypad for parameter settings Built in RS 422 communications interface to allow configuration from a PC and for field bus external modules Sixteen programmable speed levels Two step acceleration and deceleration curves PID control adjusts motor speed automatically ...

Страница 22: ...has the additional capability of reading uploading the parameter settings in the inverter into its memory Then you can connect the copy unit on another inverter and write download the parameter settings into that inverter OEMs will find this unit particularly useful as one can use a single copy unit to transfer parameter settings from one inverter to many Other digital operator interfaces may be a...

Страница 23: ...end below Inverter model number Motor capacity for this model Output Rating Frequency voltage current Manufacturing codes Lot number date etc Specifications label Regulatory agency approvals Power Input Rating frequency voltage phase current L100 004 H F U 5 Version number _ 1 2 Restricted distribution E Europe U USA Input voltage N single or three phase 200V class H three phase 400V class L three...

Страница 24: ... 0 5 1 0 1 2 1 6 2 0 Rated input voltage 1 phase 200 to 240V 5 10 50 60 Hz 5 3 phase 200 to 240V 5 10 50 60 Hz 5 037LFU 055LFU 075LFU 3 phase only Rated input current A 1 phase 3 1 5 8 6 7 9 0 11 2 3 phase 1 8 3 4 3 9 5 2 6 5 Rated output voltage 3 3 phase 200 to 240V corresponding to input voltage Rated output current A 1 4 2 6 3 0 4 0 5 0 Efficiency at 100 rated output 91 5 92 8 93 6 94 1 95 4 W...

Страница 25: ...king torque The average deceleration torque varies with motor loss This value decreases when operating beyond 50 Hz Note that a braking unit is not included in the inverter If a large regenerative torque is required the optional regenerative braking unit should be used Note 6 The frequency command is the maximum frequency at 9 8V for input voltage 0 to 10 VDC or at 19 6 mA for input current 4 to 2...

Страница 26: ... current A 1 phase 16 0 22 5 3 phase 9 3 13 0 20 0 30 0 40 0 Rated output voltage 3 3 phase 200 to 240V corresponding to input voltage Rated output current A 7 1 10 0 15 9 24 32 Efficiency at 100 rated output 95 3 95 6 95 5 96 1 96 2 Watt loss approximate W at 70 output 50 71 118 152 204 at 100 output 70 97 166 216 288 Braking Dynamic braking approx torque short time stop from 50 60 Hz 5 100 50Hz ...

Страница 27: ... 3 5 0 7 0 Rated output voltage 3 3 phase 380 to 460V corresponding to input voltage Rated output current A 1 5 2 5 3 8 5 5 Efficiency at 100 rated output 92 0 93 7 95 7 95 8 Watt loss approximate W at 70 output 25 33 48 68 at 100 output 32 44 65 92 Braking Dynamic braking approx torque short time stopping from 50 60 Hz 5 100 50Hz 50 60Hz 40 50Hz 20 60Hz Capacitive feedback type dynamic braking un...

Страница 28: ...Braking Dynamic braking approx torque short time stop from 50 60 Hz 5 40 50Hz 20 60Hz 20 50Hz 20 60Hz Capacitive feedback type dynamic braking unit and braking resistor optional individually installed DC braking Variable operating frequency time and braking force Weight kg 2 8 2 8 5 5 5 7 lb 6 17 6 17 12 13 12 57 Item General Specifications Protective housing 1 IP20 Control method Sine wave pulse ...

Страница 29: ... analog output current monitor or digital output frequency monitor Alarm output contact ON for inverter alarm 1C contacts both normally open or closed avail Other functions AVR function curved accel decel profile upper and lower limiters 16 stage speed profile fine adjustment of start frequency carrier frequency change 0 5 to 16 kHz frequency jump gain and bias setting process jogging electronic t...

Страница 30: ...uts 50mA maximum ON state current 27 VDC maximum OFF state voltage PWM analog digital output 0 to 10VDC 1 mA PWM and 50 duty digital Analog input current 4 to 19 6 mA range 20 mA nominal Analog input voltage 0 to 9 6 VDC range 10VDC nominal input impedance 10 kΩ 10V analog reference 10VDC nominal 10 mA maximum Alarm relay contacts 250 VAC 2 5A R load max 0 2A I load P F 0 4 max 100 VAC 10mA min 30...

Страница 31: ...ter housing such as inside the control cabinet where the inverter is mounted A higher ambient temperature decreases derates the inverter s maximum current output capacity Use the following derating curves to help determine the optimal carrier frequency setting for your inverter and to find the output current derating Be sure to use the proper curve for your particular L100 inverter model number L1...

Страница 32: ...12 14 16 70 80 90 100 95 85 75 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz L100 0015NFE NFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 70 80 90 100 95 85 75 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz L100 022NFE NFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 70 80 90 100 95 85 75 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz ...

Страница 33: ... 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 40 60 80 100 90 70 50 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz L100 055LFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 70 80 90 100 95 85 75 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz L100 075LFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 70 80 90 100 95 85 75 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz ...

Страница 34: ... 12 14 16 40 60 80 100 90 70 50 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz L100 007HFE HFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 40 60 80 100 90 70 50 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz L100 015HFE HFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 40 60 80 100 90 70 50 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz ...

Страница 35: ... 6 8 10 12 14 16 40 60 80 100 90 70 50 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz L100 040HFE HFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 40 60 80 100 90 70 50 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz L100 055HFE HFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 70 80 90 100 95 85 75 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz ...

Страница 36: ...L100 Inverter Getting Started 1 17 Derating curves continued L100 075HFE HFU 0 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 70 80 90 100 95 85 75 of rated output current Carrier frequency kHz ...

Страница 37: ... the frequency of the power sent to the motor An inverter in general is a device that converts DC power to AC power The figure below shows how the variable frequency drive employs an internal inverter The drive first converts incoming AC power to DC through a rectifier bridge creating an internal DC bus voltage Then the inverter circuit converts the DC back to AC again to power the motor The speci...

Страница 38: ... variable torque curves With the free setting torque curve feature you can specify a series of data points that will define a custom torque curve to fit your application Inverter Input and Three Phase Power The Hitachi L100 Series of inverters includes two sub groups the 200V class and the 400V class inverters The drives described in this manual may be used in either the United States or Europe al...

Страница 39: ... chassis ground to the ground connection at the bottom of the inverter housing Notice the three connections to the motor do not include one marked Neutral or Return The motor represents a balanced Y impedance to the inverter so there is no need for a separate return In other words each of the three Hot connections serves also as a return for the other connections because of their phase relationshi...

Страница 40: ...r s settings in many other inverters in assembly line fashion Braking In general braking is a force that attempts to slow or stop motor rotation So it is associ ated with motor deceleration but may also occur even when the load attempts to drive the motor faster than the desired speed overhauling If you need the motor and load to decelerate quicker than their natural deceleration during coasting w...

Страница 41: ... preset speeds And it can apply separate acceleration and deceleration transitions from any preset to any other preset speed A multi speed profile shown at right uses two or more preset speeds which you can select via intelligent input terminals This external control can apply any preset speed at any time Alterna tively the selected speed is infinitely variable across the speed range You can use t...

Страница 42: ... device providing controlled acceleration and deceleration to a fixed speed Other functions of the L100 may be useful in such applications as well However using a variable speed drive can benefit many types of industrial and commercial motor applications by providing controlled acceleration and deceleration high torque at low speeds and energy savings over alternative solutions Q Can I use an inve...

Страница 43: ... short in the motor that puts a hazardous voltage on its housing Secondly motors exhibit leakage currents that increase with aging Lastly a grounded chassis generally emits less electrical noise than an ungrounded one Q What type of motor is compatible with the Hitachi inverters A Motor type It must be a three phase AC induction motor Use an inverter grade motor that has 800V insulation for 200V c...

Страница 44: ...he operation of nearby electrical devices is not affected Some applications are governed by particular regulatory agencies and noise suppression is mandatory In those cases the inverter must have the corresponding noise filter installed Other applications may not need noise suppression unless you notice electrical interference with the operation of other devices Q The L100 features a PID loop feat...

Страница 45: ...InverterMounting and Installation In This Chapter page Orientation to Inverter Features 2 Basic System Description 5 Step by Step Basic Installation 6 Powerup Test 19 Using the Front Panel Keypad 21 2 ...

Страница 46: ... in the heat sink for your convenience Never touch the heat sink during or just after operation it can be very hot The electronics housing and front panel are built onto the front of the heat sink The front panel has three levels of physical access designed for convenience and safety First level access for basic use of inverter and editing parameters power ON Second level access for editing parame...

Страница 47: ... connectors provide the interface for logic level control signals These signals are generally low voltage in nature and are appropriate for second level access Locate the label sheet that came with the manual This is a good moment to apply the self sticking labels as shown below Adhere the larger label for monitor codes and basic functions to the rear of the half door panel Then adhere the remaini...

Страница 48: ... access to the terminals for wiring as shown Never operate the inverter drive with the partition removed or the full access door opened The alarm circuit connections are accessible on the 3 position connector near the modular connector on the rear of the main panel door The nearby relay provides both normally open and normally closed logic for interface to an external alarm The alarm circuit may c...

Страница 49: ...revent inverter damage See Warning on next page Radio noise filter Electrical noise interference may occur on nearby equipment such as a radio receiver This magnetic choke filter helps reduce radiated noise can also be used on output EMI filter for CE applications see Appendix D Reduces the conducted noise on the power supply wiring between the inverter and the power distribution system Connect to...

Страница 50: ...so where the effects of an indirect lightning strike are possible install a lightning conductor Step by Step Basic Installation This section will guide you through the following basic steps of installation 1 Study the warnings associated with mounting the inverter 2 Select a suitable mounting location NOTE If the installation is in an EU country study the EMC installation guidelines in Appendix C ...

Страница 51: ...etal shavings dust etc Other wise there is the danger of fire CAUTION Be sure to install the inverter in a place that can bear the weight according to the specifications in the text Chapter 1 Specifications Tables Otherwise it may fall and cause injury to personnel CAUTION Be sure to install the unit on a perpendicular wall that is not subject to vibration Otherwise it may fall and cause injury to...

Страница 52: ...all that is needed This will prevent harmful debris such as wire clippings and metal shavings from entering the inverter during installation The inverter housing comes from the factory with a snap in cover on the top of its housing Ensure it is in place at this time also to be removed later unless the installation must have a NEMA rating Please observe this checklist while mounting the inverter 1 ...

Страница 53: ...ck Inverter Dimensions Step 4 Locate the applicable drawing on the following pages for your inverter Dimensions are given in millimeters inches format NOTE Some inverter housings require two mounting screws while others require four Be sure to use lock washers or other means to ensure screws do not loosen due to vibration 4 MODEL H mm in External Dimensions L100 002NFE 002NFU 004NFE 004NFU 107 4 2...

Страница 54: ...ernal Dimensions L100 004HFE 004HFU 007NFE 007NFU 98 3 86 118 4 65 5 0 20 130 5 12 5 0 20 Air Air 98 3 86 118 4 65 L100 007HFE No fan 007HFU No fan 015HFE 015HFU 110 4 33 4 0 16 10 0 39 7 0 28 2 5 0 10 129 5 08 5 0 20 110 4 33 4 0 16 5 0 20 130 5 12 6 0 24 156 6 14 7 0 28 Ground Terminal Ground Terminal MODEL 005NFE ...

Страница 55: ...FAN L100 015NFE 015NFU L100 022NFE 022NFU 030HFE 037LFU 040HFE 040HFU 140 5 51 168 6 61 180 7 08 128 5 04 5 0 20 5 0 20 7 0 28 Ground Terminal 164 6 46 6 0 24 Air Air Ground Terminal 7 0 28 153 6 02 3 5 0 14 180 7 09 5 0 20 140 5 51 128 5 04 168 6 61 5 0 20 10 0 39 011NFE 022HFE 022HFU ...

Страница 56: ...ion 2 12 Dimensional drawings continued NOTE Model L100 075LFU has 2 fans All other models in this housing have 1 fan 182 7 17 160 6 30 236 9 29 170 6 69 Air Air 257 10 12 1 7 0 28 7 0 28 7 0 28 6 0 24 Ground Terminal L100 055LFU 075LFU 055HFU 075HFU 055HFE 075HFE ...

Страница 57: ...uit capable of delivering not more than 5 000 rms symmetrical amperes 480 V maximum For models with suffix H HIGH VOLTAGE Be sure to ground the unit Otherwise there is a danger of electric shock and or fire HIGH VOLTAGE Wiring work shall be carried out only by qualified personnel Oth erwise there is a danger of electric shock and or fire HIGH VOLTAGE Implement wiring after checking that the power ...

Страница 58: ...uit breaker to be used Note 3 Be sure to use a larger wire gauge if power line length exceeds 66 ft 20m Note 4 Use 18 AWG 0 75 mm2 wire for the alarm signal wire AL0 AL1 AL2 terminals Motor Output kW HP Inverter Model Wiring Applicable equipment kW HP Power Lines Signal Lines Fuse UL rated class J 600V 0 2 1 4 L100 002NFE NFU AWG16 1 3 mm2 18 to 28 AWG 0 14 to 0 75 mm2 shielded wire see Note 4 10A...

Страница 59: ...single phase or three phase power All models have the same power connector terminals L1 L2 and N L3 So you must refer to the specifications label on the side of the inverter for the acceptable power source types For inverters that can accept single phase power and are connected that way terminal L2 will remain unconnected The wiring example to the right shows an L100 inverter wired for 3 phase inp...

Страница 60: ...e matches the inverter specifications Single Three phase 200 to 240 V 50 60 Hz up to 2 2kW Three phase 200 to 230V 50 60Hz above 2 2kW Three phase 380 to 460 V 50 60Hz CAUTION Be sure not to power a three phase only inverter with single phase power Otherwise there is the possibility of damage to the inverter and the danger of fire 1 1 L1 L2 N L3 U T1 V T2 W T3 L2 N L3 U T1 V T2 1 L1 L2 N L3 U T1 V...

Страница 61: ...l amounts of DC current Please observe the following Use only short time invariant and pulse current sensitive ground fault interrupters with higher trigger current Other components should be secured with separate ground fault interrupters Ground fault interrupters in the power input wiring of an inverter are not an absolute protection against electric shock CAUTION Be sure to install a fuse for e...

Страница 62: ...r chassis ground must also connect to the same point Use a star ground single point arrangement and never daisy chain the grounds point to point Use the same wire gauge on the motor and chassis ground wiring as you used on the power input wiring in the previous step After completing the wiring Check the mechanical integrity of each wire crimp and terminal connection Replace the housing partition t...

Страница 63: ...before conducting the powerup test You have followed all the steps in this chapter up to this step The inverter is new and is securely mounted to a non flammable vertical surface The inverter is connected to a power source and motor No additional wiring of inverter connectors or terminals has been done The power supply is reliable and the motor is a known working unit and the motor nameplate ratin...

Страница 64: ...ne specifications with the respective manufacturer Only operate the motor at elevated frequencies after getting their approval Otherwise there is the danger of equipment damage and or injury CAUTION Check the following before and during the powerup test Otherwise there is the danger of equipment damage Is the shorting bar between the 1 and terminals installed DO NOT power or operate the inverter i...

Страница 65: ...erter output is OFF Stop Mode Program Monitor LED This LED is ON when the inverter is ready for parameter editing Program Mode It is OFF when the parameter display is monitoring data Monitor Mode Run Key Enable LED is ON when the inverter is ready to respond to the Run key OFF when the Run key is disabled Run Key Press this key to run the motor the Run Enable LED must be ON first Parameter F_04 Ke...

Страница 66: ...ted into related groups identifiable by the left most character as the table shows For example function A_04 is the base frequency setting for the motor typically 50 Hz or 60 Hz To edit the parameter the inverter must be in Program Mode PGM LED will be ON You use the front panel keys to first select the function code A_04 After displaying the value for A_04 use the Up Down or keys to edit it NOTE ...

Страница 67: ...gational map of parame ters and functions in the diagram below You may later use this map as a reference The navigational map shows the relationship of all resources of the inverter in one view In general use the key to move left and right and the arrow keys to move up and down 1 2 2 1 Edit Write data to EEPROM Increment decrement value 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 Select Parameter 2 Return to parameter ...

Страница 68: ...espective manufacturer Only operate the motor at elevated frequencies after getting their approval Otherwise there is the danger of equipment damage Setting the Motor Base Frequency The motor is designed to operate at a specific AC frequency Most commercial motors are designed for 50 60 Hz operation First check the motor specifications Then follow the steps in the table below to verify the setting...

Страница 69: ...un Enable LED above the RUN switch on the keypad will turn ON This is normal and does not mean the motor is trying to run It means that the RUN key is now enabled DO NOT press the RUN key at this time finish out the programming exercise first TIP If you became lost during any of these steps first observe the state of the PRG LED Then study the Keypad Navigational Map on page 2 23 to determine the ...

Страница 70: ...s no longer in programming mode even while you are selecting the particular monitoring parameter After pressing the Function key the display shows the current speed is zero at this point Running the Motor If you have programmed all the parameters up to this point you re ready to run the motor First review this checklist 1 Verify the Power LED is ON If not check the power connections 2 Verify the R...

Страница 71: ...put 60 Hz at full scale Use the following formula to calculate the RPM The theoretical speed for the motor is 1800 RPM speed of torque vector rotation However the motor cannot generate torque unless its shaft turns at a slightly different speed This difference is called slip So it s common to see a rated speed of approxi mately 1750 RPM on a 60 Hz 4 pole motor Using a tachometer to measure shaft s...

Страница 72: ...Chapter page Choosing a Programming Device 2 Using Keypad Devices 3 D Group Monitoring Functions 6 F Group Main Profile Parameters 8 A Group Standard Functions 9 B Group Fine Tuning Functions 22 C Group Intelligent Terminal Functions 32 3 ...

Страница 73: ...ore it is okay to begin running the motor with a loosely tuned system By making specific individual changes and observing their effects you can achieve a finely tuned system Introduction to Inverter Programming The front panel keypad is the first and best way to get to know the inverter s capabilities Every function or programmable parameter is accessible from the keypad The other devices simply i...

Страница 74: ...d deceleration rate This key will also reset an alarm that has tripped Potentiometer Allows an operator to directly set the motor speed when the potenti ometer is enabled for output frequency control Potentiometer Enable LED ON when the potentiometer is enabled for value entry Parameter Display A 4 digit 7 segment display for parameters and function codes Display Units Hertz Amperes One of these L...

Страница 75: ...y saves the edited parameter shown in the display to the inverter s EEPROM Upload or download of parameters to from external devices is accomplished through a different command do not confuse Store with Download or Upload 1 2 2 1 Edit Write data to EEPROM Increment decrement value 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 Select Parameter 2 Return to parameter list 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 Edit Parameter FUNC FUNC FUNC FU...

Страница 76: ...verter parameter adjustment The parameter tables in this chapter have a column titled Run Mode Edit An Ex mark means the parameter cannot be edited a Check mark means the parameter can be edited The Software Lock Setting parameter B_31 determines when the Run Mode access permission is in effect and access permission in other conditions as well It is the responsibility of the user to choose a usefu...

Страница 77: ...e previously monitored parameter upon the next powerup D Function Run Mode Edit Range and Units Func Code Name SRW Display Description D_01 Output frequency monitor Real time display of output frequency to motor from 0 0 to 360 0 Hz 0 0 to 360 0 Hz FM 0000 00Hz D_02 Output current monitor Filtered display of output current to motor 100 ms internal filter time constant A Im 0 0A 0 0 D_03 Rotation d...

Страница 78: ...Function Run Mode Edit Range and Units Func Code Name SRW Display Description D Function Run Mode Edit Range and Units Func Code Name SRW Display Description D_08 Trip event monitor Displays the current trip event information ERR1 EEPROM ERR1 0 0Hz ERR1 0 0A ERR1 324 3Vdc ERR1 RUN 000000H D_09 Trip history monitor Displays the previous two events and their causes ERR2 EEPROM ERR2 0 0Hz ERR2 0 0A E...

Страница 79: ...ecel values for the main profile Accel and decel values for an alternative profile are specified by using parameters A_92 through A_93 The motor direction selection F_04 determines the direction of rotation as commanded only from the keypad Output frequency F 01 F 02 F 03 t 0 F Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units F_01 Output frequency set...

Страница 80: ... the maximum frequency serves to let the motor run faster but at a reduced torque If you want the motor to output constant torque over its entire operating range limited to the motor nameplate voltage and frequency rating then set the base frequency and maximum frequency equal as shown below right Base Frequency Maximum Frequency Base frequency maximum frequency A 03 A 04 A 03 A 04 V V 100 100 f f...

Страница 81: ...puts 0Hz or the A_11 frequency when the analog input value is less than the A_13 setting determines the non linear part of the translation A 12 A 11 A 13 A 14 A 12 A 11 A_15 00 A_15 01 A 13 A 14 Frequency Frequency 0V 4mA 10V 20mA Input scale Input scale 0V 4mA 10V 20mA 0 0 A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_11 O OI L input active ra...

Страница 82: ...Parameters 3 11 A_16 External frequency filter time constant Range n 1 to 8 where n number of samples for avg 8 8 8 Sam ples IN F SAMP 8 A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units ...

Страница 83: ... Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_20 Multi speed frequency setting Defines the first speed of a multi speed profile range is 0 to 360 Hz 0 0 0 Hz SPD FS 000 0Hz A_21 to A_35 Multi speed frequency settings Defines 15 more speeds range is 0 to 360 Hz A_21 Speed 2 A_35 Speed 16 see next row see next row see next row Hz SPD 1 000 0Hz SPD 2 000 0Hz SP...

Страница 84: ...range from 0Hz to the base frequency is the variable characteristic Torque Boost The Constant and Variable Torque algorithms feature an adjustable torque boost curve When the motor load has a lot of inertia or starting friction you may need to increase the low frequency starting torque characteristics by boosting the voltage above the normal V f ratio shown at right The boost is applied from zero ...

Страница 85: ...Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_41 Torque boost method selection Two options 00 Manual torque boost 01 Automatic torque boost 00 00 00 V Boost Mode 0 A_42 Manual torque boost value Can boost starting torque between 0 and 99 above normal V f curve from 0 to 1 2 base frequency 11 11 11 V Boost code 11 A_43 Manual torque boost frequency adjustment Sets the frequency of the V f...

Страница 86: ...stor and wiring it to the inverter s thermistor input see Thermistor Thermal Protection on page 4 20 Also refer to the motor manufacturer s specifications for duty cycle recommendations during DC braking DC braking Free run Running A 53 A 55 t 0 A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_51 DC braking enable Two options select codes 00 Disab...

Страница 87: ... or capability of the machinery Upper limit Frequency command Lower limit Settable range A 61 A 62 Output frequency 0 A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_61 Frequency upper limit setting Sets a limit on output frequency less than the maximum frequency A_04 Range is 0 5 to 360 0 Hz 0 0 setting is disabled 0 1setting is enabled 0 0 0 0 ...

Страница 88: ...6 A 68 A 68 A 65 A 67 Hysteresis values 0 A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_63 A_65 A_67 Jump center frequency setting Up to 3 output frequencies can be defined for the output to jump past to avoid motor resonances center frequency Range is 0 0 to 360 0 Hz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hz JUMP F1 000 0Hz JUMP F2 000 0Hz JUMP F...

Страница 89: ...grator s time constant Ti not the gain The integrator gain Ki 1 Ti When you set A_73 0 the integrator is disabled A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_71 PID Enable Enables PID function two option codes 00 PID Disable 01 PID Enable 00 00 00 PID SW OFF A_72 PID proportional gain Proportional gain has a range of 0 2 to 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 PI...

Страница 90: ...han the power input voltage If you enable this feature be sure to select the proper voltage class setting for your motor A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_81 AVR function select Automatic output voltage regulation selects from three type of AVR functions three option codes 00 AVR enabled 01 AVR disabled 02 AVR enabled except during ...

Страница 91: ...equency transition point A 95 A_94 00 A_94 01 Output frequency Output frequency t t Accel 1 Accel 2 t Transition via 2CH input Transition via freq level 0 0 1 0 A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_92 Acceleration 2 time setting Duration of 2nd segment of acceleration range is 0 1 to 3000 sec 15 0 15 0 15 0 sec ACC 2 0015 0s A_93 Decel...

Страница 92: ...y selected To enable the S curve use function A_97 acceleration and A_98 deceleration Acceleration period S curve Linear Accel curve selection Target freq Output frequency t 0 A_97 00 A_97 01 A Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units A_97 Acceleration curve selection Set the characteristic curve of Acc1 and Acc2 two options 00 linear 01 S cur...

Страница 93: ...er current trip restart up to 3 times Over voltage trip restart up to 3 times Under voltage trip restart up to 16 times When the inverter reaches the maximum number of restarts 3 or 16 you must power cycle the inverter to reset its operation Other parameters specify the allowable under voltage level and the delay time before restarting The proper settings depend on the typical fault conditions for...

Страница 94: ...q matching then decelerate to stop and display trip info 00 00 00 IPS POWR ALM B_02 Allowable under voltage power failure time The amount of time a power input under voltage can occur without tripping the power failure alarm Range is 0 3 to 25 sec If under voltage exists longer than this time the inverter trips even if the restart mode is selected 1 0 1 0 1 0 sec IPS UVTIME 01 0s B_03 Retry wait t...

Страница 95: ...turns the motor output OFF when tripped WARNING When parameter B_12 level of electronic thermal setting is set to device FLA rating Full Load Ampere nameplate rating the device provides solid state motor overload protection at 115 of device FLA or equivalent Parameter B_12 level of electronic thermal setting is a variable parameter NOTE For inverter models 005NFE 011NFE and 030HFE the thermal valu...

Страница 96: ...ou can choose the rate of deceleration that the inverter uses to lower the output current Motor Current Output frequency B 22 B 23 t t Restriction area 0 0 B Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units B_21 Overload restriction operation mode Select the operating mode during overload conditions three options option codes 00 Disabled 01 Enabled fo...

Страница 97: ... as shown to the right The marks Check or Ex under the Run Mode Edit column title indicate whether access applies to each parameter as defined in the table below In some lock modes you can edit only F_01 and the Multi speed parameter group that includes A_20 A220 A_21 A_35 and A_38 Jog However it does not include A_19 Multi speed operation selection The editing access to B_31 itself is unique and ...

Страница 98: ...faults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units B_31 Software lock mode selection Prevents parameter changes in four options option codes 00 all parameters except B_31 are locked when SFT terminal is ON 01 all parameters except B_31 and output frequency F01 when SFT from terminal is ON 02 all parameters except B_31 are locked 03 all parameters except B_31 and output frequenc...

Страница 99: ...nect switch or breaker to ensure that you do not connect the motor or inverter to live wiring Otherwise there is the danger of electric shock 2 Run the motor and measure the no load current with an AC current clamp recording the value 3 Disconnect the motor from the AC line connection and connect the motor to the L100 inverter output still with no load attached 4 Run the motor at the base frequenc...

Страница 100: ...on Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units B_32 Reactive current setting Calibrate detection of motor s no load reactive current to improve D_02 display accuracy range is 0 to 32 Amperes 58 rated current A IO 0 00A B_81 FM terminal analog meter adjustment Adjust 8 bit gain to analog meter connected to terminal FM range is 0 to 255 80 80 80 ADJ 080 B_8...

Страница 101: ...d NOTE Other events can cause or be configured to cause a free run stop such as power loss see Automatic Restart Mode on page 3 22 or an intelligent input terminal FRS signal If all free run stop behavior is important to your application such as HVAC be sure to configure each event accordingly An additional parameter further configures all instances of a free run stop Parameter B_03 Retry Wait Tim...

Страница 102: ...m 0Hz 01 Restart from frequency detected from real speed of motor frequency matching 00 00 00 RUN FRS ZST B_89 Data select for digital operator OPE J Select the monitoring data to send to the optional remote hand held digital operator seven option codes 01 Output frequency D_01 02 Output current D_02 03 Motor direction D_03 04 PID PV feedback D_04 05 Input states for input terminals D_05 06 Output...

Страница 103: ...ollowing table let you assign one of fifteen options to any of the five logic inputs for the L100 inverters The functions C_01through C_05 configure the terminals 1 through 5 respectively The value of these particular parameters is not a scalar value but it is a discrete number that selects one option from many available options For example if you set function C_01 00 you have assigned option 00 F...

Страница 104: ...nal block connector is simply 1 2 3 4 or 5 However schematic examples in this manual also use the terminal symbol such as FW to show the assigned option The option codes for C_11 to C_15 determines the active state of the logical input active high or active low C Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units C_11 Terminal 1 active state Select logi...

Страница 105: ...d Select Bit 2 ON Binary encoded speed select Bit 2 logical 1 OFF Binary encoded speed select Bit 2 logical 0 05 CF4 Multi speed Select Bit 3 MSB ON Binary encoded speed select Bit 3 logical 1 OFF Binary encoded speed select Bit 3 logical 0 06 JG Jogging ON Inverter is in Run Mode output to motor runs at jog parameter frequency OFF Inverter is in Stop Mode 09 2CH 2 stage Acceleration and Decelerat...

Страница 106: ...rrent Select ON Terminal OI is enabled for current input uses terminal L for power supply return OFF Terminal O is enabled for voltage input uses terminal L for power supply return 18 RS Reset Inverter ON The trip condition is reset the motor output is turned OFF and powerup reset is asserted OFF Normal power ON operation 19 PTC PTC Thermistor Thermal Protection ANLG When a thermistor is connected...

Страница 107: ...ction 01 FA1 01 FA1 01 FA1 OUT TM 1 FA1 C_22 Terminal 12 function Select terminal 12 function 6 options see next section 00 RUN 00 RUN 00 RUN OUT TM 2 RUN C_23 FM signal selection Select terminal FM function 3 options see next section 00 A F 00 A F 00 A F MONITOR A F C Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units C_31 Terminal 11 active state FU S...

Страница 108: ...ut to motor is OFF or in any accelera tion or deceleration ramp 02 FA2 Frequency Arrival Type 2 Over frequency ON when output to motor is at or above the set frequency even if in accel or decel ramps OFF when output to motor is OFF or at a level below the set frequency 03 OL Overload Advance Notice Signal ON when output current is more than the set thresh old for the overload signal OFF when outpu...

Страница 109: ...e Option Code Function Name Description 00 Analog Frequency Monitor PWM pulse width modulated voltage output that has a duty cycle proportional to the inverter output frequency 01 Analog Current Output Monitor PWM pulse width modulated voltage output that has a duty cycle proportional to the inverter output current to the motor It reaches 100 duty cycle when the output reaches 200 of the rated inv...

Страница 110: ...pecific to accel eration and deceleration ramps C_42 and C_43 The Error for the PID loop is the magni tude absolute value of the difference between the Setpoint desired value and Process Variable actual value The PID output deviation signal OD output terminal function option code 04 indicates when the error magnitude has exceeded a magnitude you define Motor current Overload signal C 41 t t 0 1 0 ...

Страница 111: ...quency during deceleration 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hz ARV DEC 000 0Hz C_44 PID deviation level setting Sets the allowable PID loop error magnitude absolute value SP PV range is 0 0 to 100 resolution is 0 1 3 0 3 0 3 0 OV PID 003 0 C_91 Debug mode selection Reserved DO NOT EDIT 00 00 00 INIT DEBG OFF C Function Run Mode Edit Defaults Func Code Name SRW Display Description FE CE FU UL FR Jpn Units ...

Страница 112: ...ction 2 Connecting to PLCs and Other Devices 4 Using Intelligent Input Terminals 8 Using Intelligent Output Terminals 21 Analog Input Operation 29 Analog and Digital Monitor Output 30 PID Loop Operation 32 Configuring the Inverter for Multiple Motors 33 4 ...

Страница 113: ... L100 inverter may be used with two or more motors in some types of applications This chapter shows the electrical connections involved in multiple motor applications The topics in this chapter can help you decide the features that are important to your application and how to use them The basic installation covered in Chapter 2 concluded with the powerup test and running the motor Now this chapter...

Страница 114: ...s if the Run command is active If a restart may pose danger to personnel so be sure to use a lock out circuit so that it will not restart after power recovery Otherwise it may cause injury to personnel WARNING The Stop Key is effective only when the Stop function is enabled Be sure to enable the Stop Key separately from the emergency stop Otherwise it may cause injury to personnel WARNING During a...

Страница 115: ...tage characteristics of a connection point The connections between the inverter and other devices rely on the electrical input output characteristics at both ends of each connection shown in the diagram to the right The inverter s inputs require a sourcing output from an external device such as a PLC This chapter shows the inverter s internal electrical component s at each I O terminal In some cas...

Страница 116: ...n collector outputs Analog reference R L1 S L2 T N L3 U T1 V T2 W T3 Motor Forward Reverse Intelligent inputs 5 terminals 4 20mA 0 10VDC NOTE For the wiring of intelligent I O and analog inputs be sure to use twisted pair shielded cable Attach the shield wire for each signal to its respective common terminal at the inverter end only Thermistor Meter Analog common Load Freq arrival signal Run signa...

Страница 117: ...c inputs 27VDC max use P24 or an external supply refer enced to terminal L L top row 1 GND for logic inputs sum of input 1 5 currents return 11 12 Discrete logic outputs 50mA maximum ON state current 27 VDC maximum OFF state voltage CM2 GND for logic outputs 100 mA sum of 11 and 12 currents return FM PWM analog digital output 0 to 10VDC 1 mA PWM and 50 duty digital L bottom row 1 GND for analog in...

Страница 118: ...ect Bit 3 4 10 JG 06 Jogging 4 12 2CH 09 2 stage Acceleration and Deceleration 4 13 FRS 11 Free run Stop 4 14 EXT 12 External Trip 4 15 USP 13 Unattended Start Protection 4 16 SFT 15 Software Lock 4 17 AT 16 Analog Input Voltage current Select 4 18 RS 18 Reset Inverter 4 19 TH 19 Thermistor Thermal Protection 4 20 Intelligent Outputs Symbol Code Name Page RUN 00 Run Signal 4 22 FA1 01 Frequency Ar...

Страница 119: ...per to activate an input terminal that has been configured If you use an external supply its GND terminal must connect to the L terminal on the inverter to complete the input circuit Current can only flow into each input so they are sinking inputs whether powered internally or externally NOTE We recommend using the top row L logic GND for logic input circuits and the L GND on the bottom row of ter...

Страница 120: ...d is dangerous Before turning power ON confirm that the Run command is not active Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name State Description 00 FW Forward Run Stop ON Inverter is in Run Mode motor runs forward OFF Inverter is in Stop Mode motor stops 01 RV Reverse Run Stop ON Inverter is in Run Mode motor runs reverse OFF Inverter is in Stop Mode motor stops Valid for inputs C_01 C_02 C_03 C_04 C...

Страница 121: ...0 parameter value Multi speed Input Function CF4 CF3 CF2 CF1 Speed 0 0 0 0 0 Speed 1 0 0 0 1 Speed 2 0 0 1 0 Speed 3 0 0 1 1 Speed 4 0 1 0 0 Speed 5 0 1 0 1 Speed 6 0 1 1 0 Speed 7 0 1 1 1 Speed 8 1 0 0 0 Speed 9 1 0 0 1 Speed 10 1 0 1 0 Speed 11 1 0 1 1 Speed 12 1 1 0 0 Speed 13 1 1 0 1 Speed 14 1 1 1 0 Speed 15 1 1 1 1 CF1 CF2 CF3 FWD t Speed 0th 4th 6th 1st 2nd 5th 7th 3rd 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Optio...

Страница 122: ...n the digital operator c Set the desired output frequency by pressing the and keys d Press the key once to store the set frequency When this occurs F_01 indicates the output frequency of Multi speed n e Press the key once to confirm that the indication is the same as the set frequency f Repeat operations in 2 a to 2 e to set the frequency of other Multi speeds It can be set also by parameters A_20...

Страница 123: ...ource The type of deceleration used to end a motor jog operation is selectable by programming function A_39 The options are 00 Free run stop coasting 01 Deceleration normal level and stop 02 Use DC braking and stop JG FW RV Jog decel type Jog speed A 38 A 39 1 0 1 0 t Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Input State Description 06 JG Jogging ON Inverter is in Run Mode output to motor runs at ...

Страница 124: ...ive during the initial acceleration This causes the inverter to switch from using acceleration 1 F_02 to acceleration 2 A_92 Output frequency FW RV 2CH t target frequency second initial 1 0 1 0 Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Input State Description 09 2CH 2 stage Acceleration and Deceleration ON Frequency output uses 2nd stage acceleration and deceleration values OFF Frequency output us...

Страница 125: ...ter B_03 specifies a delay time before resuming operation from a free run stop To disable this feature use a zero delay time Motor speed FW RV Zero frequency start Motor speed Resume from motor speed wait time B 03 B_88 00 B_88 01 1 0 t t FRS FRS FW RV 1 0 1 0 1 0 Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Input State Description 11 FRS Free run Stop ON Causes output to turn OFF allowing motor to f...

Страница 126: ...n the Reset is turned OFF the motor begins rotation since the Run command is already active EXT terminal RUN command FW RV RS terminal Motor revolution speed Alarm output terminal t free run 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Input State Description 12 EXT External Trip ON When assigned input transitions OFF to ON inverter latches trip event and displays E12 OFF No trip ...

Страница 127: ...ut frequency Inverter power supply USP terminal Alarm output terminal RUN command FW RV Run command Alarm cleared Alarm display E13 t 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Events Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Input State Description 13 USP Unattended Start Protection ON On powerup the inverter will not resume a Run command mostly used in the US OFF On powerup the inverter will resume a Run command that ...

Страница 128: ...te or is locked as well Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Input State Description 15 SFT Software Lock ON The keypad and remote programming devices are prevented from changing parameters OFF The parameters may be edited and stored Valid for inputs C_01 C_02 C_03 C_04 C_05 Required settings B_31 excluded from lock Notes When the SFT terminal is turned ON only the output frequency can be cha...

Страница 129: ...minal OI is enabled for current input uses terminal L for power supply return OFF Terminal O is enabled for voltage input uses terminal L for power supply return Valid for inputs C_01 C_02 C_03 C_04 C_05 Required settings A_01 01 Notes If the AT option is not assigned to any intelligent input terminal then inverter uses the algebraic sum of both the voltage and current inputs for the frequency com...

Страница 130: ...id for inputs C_01 C_02 C_03 C_04 C_05 Required settings none Notes When the control terminal RS input is already ON at powerup for more than 4 seconds the remote operator display is R ERROR COMM 2 the display of the digital operator OPE J is However the inverter has no error To clear the digital operator error turn OFF the terminal RS input and press one of the operator keys Pressing the Stop Res...

Страница 131: ...t State Description 19 TH Thermistor Thermal Protection Sensor When a thermistor is connected to terminals 5 and L the inverter checks for over temperature and will cause trip E35 and turn OFF the output to the motor Open An open circuit in the thermistor causes a trip and the inverter turns OFF the output Valid for inputs C_05 only Required settings none Notes Be sure the thermistor is connected ...

Страница 132: ...100 Inverter 12 11 CM2 Open collector outputs Load Load Logic output common L100 Inverter 12 11 CM2 Open collector outputs Logic output common RY RY Sinking Outputs Open Collector The open collector transistor outputs can handle up to 50mA each We highly recommend that you use an external power source as shown It must be capable of providing at least 100mA to drive both outputs at full load To dri...

Страница 133: ...om damaging the inverter s output transistor FW RV Output freq Run Signal start freq B 82 t ON 1 0 1 0 Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Output State Description 00 RUN Run Signal ON when inverter is in Run Mode OFF when inverter is in Stop Mode Valid for outputs 11 12 Required settings none Notes The inverter outputs the RUN signal whenever the inverter output exceeds the start frequency ...

Страница 134: ...e set frequency OFF when output to motor is OFF or in any accelera tion or deceleration ramp 02 FA2 Frequency Arrival Type 2 Over frequency ON when output to motor is at or above the set frequency thresholds for even if in acceleration or deceleration ramps OFF when output to motor is OFF or during accelera tion or deceleration before the respective thresh olds are crossed Valid for outputs 11 12 ...

Страница 135: ...he active low nature of the signal due to the open collector output Frequency arrival output FA2 works the same way it just uses two separate thresholds as shown in the figure to the right These provide for separate acceler ation and deceleration thresholds to provide more flexibility than for FA1 FA2 uses C_42 during acceleration for the ON threshold and C_43 during decel eration for the OFF thre...

Страница 136: ...gnal C 41 C 41 1 0 ON t ON Current threshold regeneration power running threshold Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Output State Description 03 OL Overload Advance Notice Signal ON when output current is more than the set thresh old for the overload signal OFF when output current is less than the set threshold for the overload signal Valid for outputs 11 12 Required settings C_41 Notes The...

Страница 137: ...oing turn off spike generated by the coil from damaging the inverter s output transistor OD Signal SP PV C 44 C 44 1 0 t ON ON Setpoint Process variable Option Code Terminal Symbol Function Name Output State Description 04 OD Output Deviation for PID Control ON when PID error is more than the set threshold for the deviation signal OFF when PID error is less than the set threshold for the deviation...

Страница 138: ...red OFF when no alarm has occurred since the last clearing of alarm s Valid for outputs 11 12 Required settings C_33 Notes When the alarm output is set to normally closed a time delay of less than 2 seconds occurs until the contact is closed when the power is turned ON Terminals 11 and 12 are open collector outputs so the electric specifications of AL are different from the contact output terminal...

Страница 139: ...contacts switch to the opposite position when it is in Trip Mode or when input power is OFF N C contacts after initialization N O contact inverted by C_33 setting During normal running When an alarm occurs or power is turned OFF During normal running or power is turned OFF When an alarm occurs AL0 AL2 AL1 AL0 AL2 AL1 AL0 AL2 AL1 AL0 AL2 AL1 Contact Power Run State AL0 AL1 AL0 AL2 N C after initial...

Страница 140: ...rter output frequency and a good way to learn how to use the analog inputs The potentiometer uses the built in 10V reference H and the analog ground L for excitation and the voltage input O for the signal By default the AT terminal selects the voltage input when it is OFF Take care to use the proper resistance for the potentiometer which is 1 to 2 k Ohms 2 Watts Voltage Input The voltage input cir...

Страница 141: ...g table lists terminal FM configurations Use function C_23 to configure PWM Signal Type The pulse width modulated signal at terminal FM is primarily designed for driving a moving coil meter The PWM signal is automatically averaged by the inertia of the moving coil mecha nism converting the PWM signal to an analog representation Be sure to use a 10V full scale DC voltmeter The signal characteristic...

Страница 142: ... a relatively stable DC analog voltage that represents the output value To do this use the circuit shown to the right Note the output impedance of the circuit is at least 82kΩ so the monitoring device needs an input impedance of 1MΩ or greater Other wise the impedance of the smoothing circuit will cause a non linearity in the reading FM Signal Type The frequency modulated output at terminal FM var...

Страница 143: ... ideal output frequency to minimize the loop error This means we no longer command the inverter to run at a particular frequency but we specify the ideal value for the process variable That ideal value is called the setpoint and is specified in the units of the external process variable For a pump appli cation it may be gallons minute or it could be air velocity or temperature for an HVAC unit Par...

Страница 144: ...rter output must be rated to handle the sum of the currents from the motors You must use separate thermal protection switches or devices to protect each motor Locate the device for each motor inside the motor housing or as close to it as possible The wiring for the motors must be permanently connected in parallel do not remove one motor from the circuit during operation NOTE The motor speeds are i...

Страница 145: ...Inverter System Accessories In This Chapter page Introduction 2 Component Descriptions 3 Dynamic Braking 5 5 ...

Страница 146: ...ra ture can help match size and rating of your inverter to the proper accessory size Each inverter accessory comes with its own printed instruction manual Please refer to those manuals for complete installation details This chapter gives only an overview of these optional system devices Name Part No Series See page Europe Japan USA AC reactor input side ALI xxx2 HRL x 5 3 RF noise filter input sid...

Страница 147: ...wer factor correction capacitor opens and closes Where these conditions exist or when the connected equipment must be highly reliable you MUST install an input side AC reactor of 3 at a voltage drop at rated current with respect to the supply voltage on the power supply side Also where the effects of an indirect lightning strike are possible install a lightning conductor Example calculation VRS 20...

Страница 148: ... to the EMC Class A directive Europe and C TICK Australia See CE EMC Installation Guidelines on page C 2 WARNING The EMI filter has high internal leakage current from power wiring to the chassis Therefore connect the chassis ground of the EMI filter before making the power connections to avoid danger of shock or injury RF Noise Filter Capacitive This capacitive filter reduces radiated noise from t...

Страница 149: ...optional braking resis tor s The dynamic braking resistor serves as a load developing heat to stop the motor just as brakes on an automobile develop heat during braking A switching circuit and power resistor are the main components of the dynamic braking unit that includes a fuse and thermally activated alarm relay for safety However be careful to avoid overheating its resistor The fuse and therma...

Страница 150: ...0 120 004NFE NFU 1 2 50 150 120 005NFE NFU 3 4 50 150 120 007NFE NFU 1 50 100 80 150 120 011NFE NFU 1 5 50 60 60 100 80 015NFE NFU 2 50 50 50 100 80 022NFE NFU 3 20 50 50 100 80 037LFU 5 20 40 40 60 60 100 100 150 120 055LFU 7 5 20 30 30 50 50 70 70 100 80 075LFU 10 20 20 20 40 40 50 50 80 80 L100 Inverter 200V Models Braking Torque with TWO 2 BRD E2 Braking Units Model Number HP Braking torque wi...

Страница 151: ...ng torque without braking unit Using built in resistor only External resistor added HRB1 x 2 HRB2 x 2 HRB3 x 2 A B A B A B A B 004HFE HFU 1 2 50 150 150 007HFE HFU 1 50 150 150 015HFE HFU 2 50 100 100 022HFE HFU 3 20 60 60 030HFE HFU 4 20 50 50 150 150 040HFE HFU 5 20 40 40 130 130 150 150 055HFE HFU 7 5 20 30 30 100 100 130 130 075HFE HFU 10 20 20 20 70 70 100 100 L100 Inverter 400V Models Brakin...

Страница 152: ...Troubleshooting and Maintenance In This Chapter page Troubleshooting 2 Monitoring Trip Events History Conditions 5 Restoring Factory Default Settings 8 Maintenance and Inspection 9 Warranty 16 6 ...

Страница 153: ...here is a danger of electric shock and or injury to personnel WARNING Never remove connectors by pulling on its wire leads wires for cooling fan and logic P C board Otherwise there is a danger of fire due to wire breakage and or injury to personnel General Precautions and Notes Always keep the unit clean so that dust or other foreign matter does not enter the inverter Take special care in regard t...

Страница 154: ...for C_01 C_05 are correct Turn ON Run Command enable Supply 24V to FW or RV terminal if configured Has the frequency setting for F_01 been set greater than zero Are the control circuit terminals H O and L connected to the potentiometer Set the parameter for F_01 to a safe non zero value If the potentiometer is the frequency setting source verify voltage at O 0V Is the RS reset function or FRS free...

Страница 155: ...expected output frequency Verify the V f settings match motor specifications Make sure all scaling such as A_11 to A_14 is properly set Inverter data is not correct No downloads have occurred Was power turned OFF after a parameter edit but before pressing the Store key Edit the data and press the Store key once Edits to data are permanently stored at power down Was the time from power OFF to power...

Страница 156: ...lt Fault Error Code Name Cause s E 01 Over current event while at constant speed The inverter output was short circuited or the motor shaft is locked or has a heavy load These conditions cause excessive current for the inverter so the inverter output is turned OFF The dual voltage motor is wired incorrectly E 02 Over current event during deceleration E 03 Over current event during acceleration E 0...

Страница 157: ... faults between the inverter output and the motor during powerup tests This feature protects the inverter and does not protect humans E 1 5 Input over voltage When the input voltage is higher than the specified value it is detected 100 seconds after powerup and the inverter trips and turns OFF its output E 2 1 Inverter thermal trip When the inverter internal temperature is above the threshold the ...

Страница 158: ...istory function The following Monitor Menu map shows how to access the error codes When fault s exist you can review their details by first selecting the proper function D_08 displays current trip data and D_09 displays trip history 2 1 Error Code Previous error 1 FUNC FUNC FUNC FUNC FUNC FUNC Output frequency at trip point Motor current at trip point DC bus voltage at trip point No error Yes No F...

Страница 159: ...ry code setting To change the country code press or to set to store 6 Press the key Country code for initialization selected 7 Press the key Initialization function selected 8 Press the key 00 initialization disabled clear fault history only 9 Press the key 01 initialization enabled 10 Press the key Initialization now enabled to restore all defaults 11 Press and hold the and keys Do not release ye...

Страница 160: ...inverter terminals L1 L2 L3 200V class 200 to 240V 50 60 Hz 400V class 380 to 460V 50 60 Hz Main circuit Ground Insulation Adequate resistance Digital volt meter GND to terminals 5 Meg Ohms or greater Mounting No loose screws Torque wrench M3 0 5 0 6 Nm M4 0 98 1 3 Nm M5 1 5 2 0 Nm Components Overheating Thermal trip events No trip events Housing Dirt dust Visual Vacuum dust and dirt Terminal bloc...

Страница 161: ...d motor wires will be disconnected from the inverter 4 Use a bare wire and short terminals R S T 1 U V and W together as shown in the diagram 5 Connect the megger to the inverter Earth GND and to the shorted power terminals as shown Then perform the megger test at 500 VDC and verify 5MΩ or greater resis tance 6 After completing the test disconnect the megger from the inverter 7 Reconnect the origi...

Страница 162: ...emperatures as the graph below demon strates Be sure to keep the ambient temperature at acceptable levels and perform maintenance inspections on the fan heat sink and other components If the inverter is installed on a cabinet the ambient temperature is the temperature inside the cabinet Part description Symbol Quantity Notes Used Spare Cooling fan FAN 1 1 022NF 037LF 015HF to 075HF Case CV 1 1 Fro...

Страница 163: ...inusoid Parameter Circuit location of measurement Measuring instrument Notes Reference Value Supply voltage E1 ER across L1 and L2 ES across L2 and L3 ET across L3 and L1 Moving coil type voltmeter or rectifier type voltmeter Fundamental wave effective value Commercial supply voltage 200V class 200 240V 50 60 Hz 400V class 380 460V 50 60 Hz Supply current I1 Ir L1 Is L2 It L3 Total effective value...

Страница 164: ...page The voltage to be measured is the funda mental wave effective voltage The power to be measured is the total effective power E1 W1 I1 I1 I1 I1 EU V EU V EU V W01 W02 E1 I1 I1 I1 I1 EU V EU V EU V W01 W02 W01 W02 E1 E1 I2 I3 Single phase Measurement Diagram Three phase Measurement Diagram L1 N L1 N U V W T1 T2 T3 Inverter Motor T1 T2 T3 U V W R S T Inverter Motor L1 L2 L3 ...

Страница 165: ... misleading results So we highly recommend using the following circuits to measure voltage for performing the equipment inspections HIGH VOLTAGE Be careful not to touch wiring or connector terminals when work ing with the inverters and taking measurements Be sure to place the measurement cir cuitry components above in an insulated housing before using them 220 kΩ 2W 220 kΩ 2W Voltage measurement w...

Страница 166: ...lmost infinite resistance Ω Almost zero resistance 0 Ω NOTE The resistance values for the diodes or the transistors will not be exactly the same but they will be close If you find a significance difference a problem may exist NOTE Before measuring the voltage between and with the DC current range confirm that the smoothing capacitor is discharged fully then execute the tests Part DVM Measured Valu...

Страница 167: ...es even within the warranty period shall be charged to the purchaser a Malfunction or damage caused by mis operation or modification or improper repair b Malfunction or damage caused by a drop after purchase and transportation c Malfunction or damage caused by fire earthquake flood lightening abnormal input voltage contamination or other natural disasters 2 When service is required for the product...

Страница 168: ...Glossary and Bibliography In This Appendix page Glossary 2 Bibliography 8 A ...

Страница 169: ...lue The Hitachi inverters have a programmable base frequency so you must ensure that parameter matches the attached motor The term base frequency helps differentiate it from the carrier frequency See also Carrier Frequency and Frequency Setting Braking Resistor An energy absorbing resistor that dissipates energy from a deceler ating load Load inertia causes the motor to act as a generator during d...

Страница 170: ...ble thermal rise for the device Dynamic Braking The inverter dynamic braking feature shunts the motor generated EMF energy into a special braking resistor The added dissipation braking torque is effective at higher speeds having a reduced effect as the motor nears a stop Error In process control the error is the difference between the desired value or setpoint SP and the actual value of a the proc...

Страница 171: ... transistor capable of conducting very large currents when in satura tion and capable of withstanding very high voltages when it is OFF This high power bipolar transistor is the type used in Hitachi invert ers Inertia The natural resistance a stationary object to being moved by an external force See also Momentum Intelligent Terminal A configurable input or output logic function on the Hitachi inv...

Страница 172: ...ic Manufacturer s Association NEMA Codes are a published series of device ratings standards Industry uses these to evaluate or compare the performance of devices made by various manufacturers to a known standard Open collector OutputsA common logic type discrete output that uses an NPN transistor that acts as a switch to a power supply common usually ground The transistor s collector is open for e...

Страница 173: ...ener ator and will either store the energy internally deliver the braking energy back to the main power input or dissipate it with a resistor Regulation The quality of control applied to maintain a parameter of interest at a desired value Usually expressed as a percent from the nominal motor regulation usually refers to its shaft speed Reverse Torque The torque applied in the direction opposite to...

Страница 174: ...optically sense shaft rotation speed and display it on a readout Thermal Switch An electromechanical safety device that opens to stop current flow when the temperature at the device reaches a specific temperature threshold Thermal switches are sometimes installed in the motor in order to protect the windings from heat damage The inverter can use thermal switch signals to trip shut down if the moto...

Страница 175: ...e also IGBT and Saturation Voltage Trip An event that causes the inverter to stop operation is called a trip event as in tripping a circuit breaker The inverter keeps a history log of trip events They also require an action to clear Watt Loss A measure of the internal power loss of a component the difference between the power it consumes and what its output delivers An inverter s watt loss is the ...

Страница 176: ...Drive Parameter Settings Tables In This Appendix page Introduction 2 Parameter Settings for Keypad Entry 2 B ...

Страница 177: ...Settings for Keypad Entry L100 series inverters provide many functions and parameters that can be configured by the user We recommend that you record all parameters that have been edited in order to help in troubleshooting or recovery from a loss of parameter data Main Profile Parameters This information is printed on the specification label located on the right side of the inverter L100 Inverter ...

Страница 178: ... active range end voltage 100 100 100 A_15 O OI L input start frequency enable 01 01 01 A_16 External frequency filter time constant 8 8 8 A_20 Multi speed 0 setting 0 0 0 A_21 Multi speed 1 setting 0 0 5 A_22 Multi speed 2 setting 0 0 10 A_23 Multi speed 3 setting 0 0 15 A_24 Multi speed 4 setting 0 0 20 A_25 Multi speed 5 setting 0 0 30 A_26 Multi speed 6 setting 0 0 40 A_27 Multi speed 7 settin...

Страница 179: ...g decelera tion 0 0 0 0 0 0 A_61 Frequency upper limit setting 0 0 0 0 0 0 A_62 Frequency lower limit setting 0 0 0 0 0 0 A_63 A_65 A_67 Jump center frequency setting 0 0 0 0 0 0 A_64 A_66 A_68 Jump hysteresis frequency width setting 0 5 0 5 0 5 A_71 PID Enable 00 00 00 A_72 PID proportional gain 1 0 1 0 1 0 A_73 PID integral time constant 1 0 1 0 1 0 A_74 PID derivative gain 0 0 0 0 0 0 A_75 PV s...

Страница 180: ... 00 A_95 Acc1 to Acc2 frequency transi tion point 0 0 0 0 0 0 A_96 Dec1 to Dec2 frequency transi tion point 0 0 0 0 0 0 A_97 Acceleration curve selection 00 00 00 A_98 Deceleration curve selection 00 00 00 A Group Parameters Default Setting User Setting Func Code Name FE Europe FU USA FR Japan ...

Страница 181: ...ction operation mode 01 01 01 B_22 Overload restriction setting Rated current x 1 25 Rated current x 1 25 Rated current x 1 25 B_23 Deceleration rate at overload restriction 1 0 1 0 1 0 B_31 Software lock mode selection 01 01 01 B_32 Reactive current setting Rated current x 0 58 Rated current x 0 58 Rated current x 0 58 B_81 FM terminal analog meter adjustment 80 80 80 B_82 Start frequency adjustm...

Страница 182: ...rminal 4 active state 00 01 00 C_15 Terminal 5 active state 00 00 00 C_21 Terminal 11 function 01 01 01 C_22 Terminal 12 function 00 00 00 C_23 FM signal selection 00 00 00 C_31 Terminal 11 active state FU 00 Reserved FE FR 00 00 C_32 Terminal 12 active state FU 00 Terminal 11 active state FE FR 00 00 C_33 Alarm relay terminal active state 01 01 01 C_41 Overload level setting Inverter rated curren...

Страница 183: ...CE EMC Installation Guidelines In This Appendix page CE EMC Installation Guidelines 2 Hitachi EMC Recommendations 6 C ...

Страница 184: ...nect the shields of the control lines to ground PE protective earth at both ends With distributed systems for example the communicating supervisory controller or host computer is not in the same control cabinet and there is a distance between the systems we recommend connecting the shield of the control lines only at the end connecting to the adjustable frequency inverter If possible route the oth...

Страница 185: ... should use only interference free devices and maintain a minimum distance of 0 25 m from the adjustable frequency inverter 6 Follow safety measures in the filter installation Ensure that the ground terminal PE of the filter is properly connected to the ground terminal of the adjustable frequency inverter An HF ground connection via metal contact between the housings of the filter and the adjustab...

Страница 186: ...CE EMC Installation Guidelines Appendix C C 4 L1 L2 L3 PE M 3 L100 inverter with footprint type filter ...

Страница 187: ...L100 Inverter Appendix C C 5 L1 L2 L3 PE L100 inverter with book type filter M 3 ...

Страница 188: ...ation 10 or less Voltage imbalance 3 or less Frequency variation 4 or less Voltage distortion THD 10 or less 2 Installation measure Use a filter designed for L100 inverter 3 Wiring Shielded wire screened cable is required for motor wiring and the length must be less than 50 meters The carrier frequency setting must be less than 5 kHz to satisfy EMC require ments Separate the power input and motor ...

Страница 189: ...e regulation 3 19 Auto tuning A 2 AVR 3 19 B B Group functions 3 22 Base frequency A 2 Bibliography A 8 Braking 1 21 dynamic 5 5 resistive 1 24 settings 3 15 Braking resistor 2 5 A 2 Braking resistor selection 5 5 Braking unit 2 5 Break away torque A 2 C C Group functions 3 32 Capacitor life curve 6 11 Carrier frequency 3 28 A 2 Catching a spinning motor 3 30 Cautions inverter mounting 2 7 operati...

Страница 190: ...idelines C 2 EMC installation recommendations C 6 EMI A 3 EMI filter 5 4 Environmental specs 1 9 Error A 3 PID loop 4 26 Error codes trip events 6 5 Event clearing 4 19 External trip 4 15 F F Group functions 3 8 Factory default settings 3 29 Factory settings restoring 6 8 Fan outlet 2 8 2 19 FAQ 1 23 Features 1 2 2 2 Filters noise suppression 5 2 Fine tuning functions 3 22 Forward run command 4 9 ...

Страница 191: ...requency settings 3 12 Jogging operation A 4 Jump frequencies 3 17 Jump frequency A 5 K Keypad features 2 21 3 3 navigation 2 23 3 4 navigation trip events 6 7 Keypad features 2 21 Keypads 1 3 3 2 L LEDs 2 21 3 3 Line reactor A 5 Linear accel decel 3 21 Logic terminals 3 32 3 36 4 6 M Main profile parameters 3 8 Maintenance procedures 6 9 Megger test 6 10 Model number 1 4 Model number convention 1...

Страница 192: ...27 3 4 Programming device 3 2 Proportional gain 3 18 Pulse width modulation 4 30 PV source setting 3 18 PWM A 6 R Ratings label 1 4 Reactance A 6 Reactive current setting 3 28 Read write copy unit 1 3 3 2 Rectifier A 6 Reduced torque 3 13 Regenerative braking A 6 Regulation A 6 Regulatory agency approvals 1 4 Relay alarm contacts 4 27 Reset function 4 19 Restart Mode 3 30 Reverse run command 4 9 R...

Страница 193: ...ions 1 19 Torque 1 19 A 8 Torque boost 3 13 Torque control algorithms 3 5 3 13 Torque specs terminals 2 15 Transistor A 8 Trip A 8 Trip events 3 7 clearing 6 5 error codes 6 5 external 4 15 monitoring 6 5 Trip history 6 7 Trip mode 4 19 Troubleshooting tips 6 3 Two stage accel decel 4 13 U UL instructions xii Unattended start protection 4 16 Unpacking 2 2 V V f control 3 13 Variable torque 3 13 Va...

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