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Section 11

Theory of Gas Chromatography

11.1 What is Gas Chromatography?

Gas chromatography is the separation and detection of a gaseous mixture of compounds

(solutes) into its individual components. As described below, it can provide:

•

Qualitative Analysis - what is in the sample

•

Quantitative Analyses – what is the concentration of the various gases in the sample

This appendix describes:

•

How a gas chromatograph operates (Section 11.3)

•

The components of a chromatograph (Section 11.4)

•

The role of the chromatogram (Section 11.5)

A discussion of the various equations that are used for quantization is presented

in Section B.

11.2 How Does a Gas Chromatograph Separate the

Compounds in a Sample?

The components (e.g. methane, ethane etc.) of a gas sample are separated in a gas

chromatograph by distribution of the components between a ‘mobile phase’ and a ‘stationary

phase’. A mobile phase (carrier gas) is an inert gas such as helium, argon, or nitrogen which

transports the sample through a column which contains the stationary phase. The stationary

phase will adsorb and desorb the various components of the sample at different rates,

depending on the nature of each compound.

Some compounds will have a greater affinity for the stationary phase than others. A

compound with a strong affinity for the stationary phase will travel thru the column more

slowly than a compound with a weak affinity. As a result of these differences in mobility,

sample components will become separated from each other as they travel through the

stationary phase in the column. The components will emerge from the column (elute) at

different times. When the components reach the end of the column, they pass over the

detector, where they are identified and their concentrations are determined. Figure 11-1

shows the separation process as the carrier gas moves the sample through the column.

Содержание AccuChrome MA2963

Страница 1: ...MATOGRAPH OPERATION MANUAL P N MA2963 Revision 4 Dec 15 2018 Galvanic Applied Sciences Inc 7000 Fisher Road S E Calgary Alberta T2H OW3 Canada Phone 403 252 8470 Fax 403 255 6287 E mail support galvanic com www galvanic com ...

Страница 2: ...ion in this manual is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Galvanic Applied Sciences Inc No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Galvanic Applied Sciences Inc Note Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Galvanic Applied Sciences Inc could void the user s authorit...

Страница 3: ...CTION 3 INSTALLATION 12 3 1 RECEIVING THE SYSTEM 12 3 2 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 12 3 2 1 Temperature Humidity 12 3 2 2 Space Requirements Weight 12 3 3 SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS 16 3 3 1 Sampling Point Location 16 3 3 2 Sample Volume and Flow Rate 16 3 3 3 Sample Conditioning 16 3 4 ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS 16 3 5 INSTALLATION STEPS 17 3 6 INTERFACING THE CHROMATOGRAPH TO THE COMPUTER 20 SECTION 4...

Страница 4: ...STREAM SCHEDULER 71 5 9 DIGITAL INPUTS 72 5 10 DIGITAL OUTPUTS 73 5 11 ANALOG INPUTS 74 5 12 ANALOG OUTPUTS 75 5 13 GLOBAL SETTING 76 SECTION 6 USING THE INSTRUMENT 77 6 1 INTRODUCTION 77 6 2 VIEW MODE 77 6 2 1 Viewing the Current Chromatogram 77 6 2 2 Viewing Data 78 6 2 3 Generating Reports 80 6 3 SETTING UP THE DESIRED ANALYSIS 80 6 3 1 Editing the Component Table 81 6 3 2 Editing an Action 82 ...

Страница 5: ...aphic Output 104 10 2 3 Instrumental Issues 105 SECTION 11 THEORY OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 106 11 1 WHAT IS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 106 11 2 HOW DOES A GAS CHROMATOGRAPH SEPARATE THE COMPOUNDS IN A SAMPLE 106 11 3 BASIC PARTS OF A GAS CHROMATOGRAPH 107 11 4 HOW ARE THE COMPONENTS DETECTED AND QUANTIFIED 108 11 5 THE CHROMATOGRAPH OUTPUT THE CHROMATOGRAM 109 SECTION 12 WIRING BOOK 110 SECTION 13 DEFINITION...

Страница 6: ...THE NETWORK TAB 30 FIGURE 4 9 THE TOOLS TAB 31 FIGURE 4 10 ACCUCHROME ICON 32 FIGURE 4 11 LOG IN NAVIGATION DIALOG BOX 32 FIGURE 4 12 NEW CONNECTION SETUP DIALOG BOX 33 FIGURE 4 13 EXIST CONNECTION DIALOG BOX 33 FIGURE 4 14 SELECT MODE DIALOG BOX 34 FIGURE 4 15 MAIN SCREEN ACCUCHROME 35 FIGURE 4 16 TOOLBAR 36 FIGURE 4 17 THE RIBBON 36 FIGURE 4 18 CHROMATOGRAM TAB 38 FIGURE 4 19 CHROMATOGRAM TAB RI...

Страница 7: ...OW 82 FIGURE 7 1 STREAM SEQUENCER SELECTION OF THE CONFIGURE G C TAB 85 FIGURE 7 2 CONFIGURE G C TABLE 87 FIGURE 7 3 SKIMMING PARAMETERS INDICATE THE WINDOWS IN WHICH THE PEAK MINIMA CAN BE FOUND 88 FIGURE 8 1 MAIN MODBUS PAGE 89 FIGURE 8 2 ENRON MODE SHORT INTEGERS 91 FIGURE 8 3 ENRON MODE FLOATING POINTS 92 FIGURE 8 4 COMMUNICATION PORTS PAGE 93 FIGURE 8 5 SETTING PORT CONFIGURATION 94 FIGURE 8 ...

Страница 8: ...VEN RTD AND TCD CONNECTIONS 116 FIGURE 12 12 ARCNET AC485 TWISTED PAIR CONNECTION 116 FIGURE 12 13 OVEN HEATER CONNECTION 117 FIGURE 12 14 GC VALVES CONNECTIONS 117 FIGURE 12 15 SOLENOIDS 5 TO 10 CONNECTIONS 118 FIGURE 12 16 SOLENOIDS 1 TO 4 CONNECTIONS 118 FIGURE 12 17 DIGITAL INPUTS CONNECTIONS 119 FIGURE 12 18 CABINET HEATER CONNECTION 119 ...

Страница 9: ...YPICAL NATURAL GAS CALIBRATION BLEND 83 TABLE 7 2 TYPICAL ALLOWED DEVIATION 86 TABLE 9 1 ACCUCHROME CLASS 1 DIV 2 PARTS LIST 100 TABLE 12 1 WIRING BOOK ACCUCHROME GAS CHROMATOGRAPH 110 TABLE 14 1 PARAMETERS OF NATURAL GAS COMPONENTS GPA 124 TABLE 14 2 PARAMETERS OF NATURAL GAS COMPONENTS AGA 125 Page intentionally left blank ...

Страница 10: ...ry The Warning symbol indicates a hazardous situation that if not avoided could result in death or serious injury The Caution symbol with the safety alert symbol indicates a hazardous situation that if not avoided could result in minor or moderate injury The Notice symbol is used to highlight information that will optimize the use and reliability of the system ...

Страница 11: ...nnecting the AC Mains Source s may not remove power from the analog output signals or the alarm relay contacts Any safety recommendations or comments contained herein are suggested guidelines only Galvanic Applied Sciences Inc bears no responsibility and assumes no liability for the use and or implementation of these suggested procedures This system when operating in its normal mode and or when it...

Страница 12: ... Product and refund the purchase price paid by Buyer for that Product If requested by Buyer Seller will use its best efforts to perform warranty services at Buyer s facility as soon as reasonably practicable after notification by the Buyer of a possible defect provided that Buyer agrees to pay for travel time mileage from the Seller s facility or travel costs to the airport train station closest t...

Страница 13: ...The warranty herein applies only to Products within the agreed country of original end destination Products transferred outside the country of original end destination either by the Seller at the direction of the Buyer or by Buyer s actions subsequent to delivery may be subject to additional charges prior to warranty repair or replacement of such Products based on the actual location of such Produ...

Страница 14: ...r to view chromatograms as well as configure the analyzer The component concentrations and the calculated physical properties are available via serial Modbus and or Modbus TCP IP The ACCUCHROME is available in both Class 1 Division 1 and Class 1 Division 2 models Each of these models is also available with the option of AC power 1 2 General Mode of Operation of the Gas Chromatograph A detailed dis...

Страница 15: ... valve and 6 port valve in High Speed Heating Value Analysis analyzers the chromatograph column s and the thermal conductivity detector TCD are described further in Sections 2 2 and 2 3 A heater maintains a constant temperature within the oven which is critical for proper separation of the sample gasses and the stability of the detector Figure 2 1 Main Components of the Accuchrome Gas Chromatograp...

Страница 16: ...h Columns The ACCUCHROME uses micro packed columns for the separation of the natural gas into its constituent components The stationary phase is either porous polymer or liquid coated diatomaceous earth and is packed into a 1 16 O D tube The length of the column will depend on the specific separation requirements The micro packed columns are manufactured by Galvanic Applied Sciences The chromatogr...

Страница 17: ...mperature and thus have the same resistance In this case the Wheatstone Bridge is balanced and the voltage from the circuit will remain at zero The outlet of the column is plumbed to the Measurement cell so that when a compound elutes from the column it passes through the Measurement cell while the Reference cell contains only carrier gas Heat from the Measure thermistor will be transferred away f...

Страница 18: ...hows the Class 1 Division 2 model 2 3 1 The Controller Board Figure 2 4 shows the controller board This board contains the microprocessor and associated components Figure 2 4 The Controller Board 2 3 2 The I O Board Figure 2 5 shows the I O board The I O board contains all of the inputs and outputs required for the GC analysis as well as customer connections See Section 12 for detailed description...

Страница 19: ... 3 3 The Display The display Figure 2 6 is mounted on the analyzer electronics enclosure door for both Div 1 and Div 2 models The display uses a local intrinsically safe keypad for navigation and can be used to view status data about the chromatograph ...

Страница 20: ... The Intrinsic Safety IS Barrier The IS barrier Figure 2 7 is used in the Class Division 1 units only All electrical signals that connect from inside the explosion proof enclosure to inside the GC oven must pass through the IS barrier The purpose of the IS barrier is to limit the amount of electrical energy that can exit the explosion proof enclosure to avoid creating an ignition source ...

Страница 21: ...Revision 4 8 12 15 2018 Figure 2 7 The Intrinsically Safe Barrier ...

Страница 22: ...fically designed for heavy duty applications and is rated at 1 000 000 injections before requiring service The injection volume is controlled by a fixed volume sample loop Chromatography columns are employed to separate the natural gas In two column natural gas analysis systems Column 1 separates all components except C6 trapping C6 for a quick back flush out Column 2 separates the remaining compo...

Страница 23: ...ide and ethane into column 3 while separating the heavier hydrocarbon components propane i butane and n butane and i pentane and n pentane Once ethane has entered column 3 the six port valve is actuated trapping nitrogen methane carbon dioxide and ethane in column 3 The heavier components pass through a jumper marked in the diagram as R1 a short piece of tubing containing no packing material on th...

Страница 24: ...Revision 4 11 12 15 2018 Figure 2 10 4 Minute Analysis Flow Diagram ...

Страница 25: ... 60 oC The humidity should be between 0 and 95 non condensing For maximum accuracy and reliability it is recommended that the analyzer be housed in an environmentally controlled shelter or enclosure For outdoor installations the analyzer should be protected from direct sunlight and rain Enclosures are available from Galvanic Applied Sciences 3 2 2 Space Requirements Weight The size and weight of t...

Страница 26: ...Revision 4 13 12 15 2018 Figure 3 1 Physical Dimensions Class 1 Div 2 ACCUCHROME Chromatograph ...

Страница 27: ... 14 12 15 2018 Figure 3 2 Physical Dimensions Class 1 Div 1 Explosion Proof ACCUCHROME Chromatograph Explosion Hazard Substitution of components may impair suitability for Class 1 Division 1 or Class 1 Division 2 ...

Страница 28: ...Revision 4 15 12 15 2018 Risque d explosion La substitution de composants peut render ce material inacceptable pour les emplacements de Classe I Division 2 ...

Страница 29: ...ended to reduce lag time in the sample lines 3 3 3 Sample Conditioning An optional sampling system is available with the ACCUCHROME Natural Gas Chromatograph to regulate and filter the sample The sample system is required if the sample is not available at a pressure less than 100 psig contains particulates or is subject to liquid dropout Consideration must be taken of normal conditions as well as ...

Страница 30: ... warranty e If no damage is apparent the analyzer system is ready for transport to the installation sample point site 3 5 Installation Steps The ACCUCHROME analyzer was tested and configured at the factory The program parameters are documented in the Configuration Report enclosed with this manual To install the ACCUCHROME Natural Gas Chromatograph a Firmly bolt the analyzer to the plant support st...

Страница 31: ...ulator type assembly for the gas extraction The pressure should be dropped at the sample point from pipeline pressure to 30 50 psig and further reduced at the analyzer to 15 psig 1 4 stainless steel lines are recommended The hydrocarbon dewpoint of the sample should be taken into consideration to ensure that the temperature of the sample gas does not drop below the hydrocarbon dewpoint of the samp...

Страница 32: ...tmosphere or to a low pressure flare header The second vent the Detector Vent is used for the effluent from the chromatograph column s This must be vented to atmosphere f Connect Signal Cables s to the analyzer The analysis results are available on Modbus Serial Modbus TCP IP or by 4 20 mA signals See Section 12 for detailed wiring instructions Installation of the conduit wiring and disconnect dev...

Страница 33: ... circuit shall be marked as the disconnecting device for the equipment h Power up the system 3 6 Interfacing the Chromatograph to the Computer To connect the Chromatograph to the Computer a Connect the cable between the chromatograph and the computer b Access the System tab on the display on the chromatograph using the Next Panel key on the keypad c Access the Network sub panel Figure 3 5 using th...

Страница 34: ... and display is presented in Section 4 2 d Select either DHCP or Manual and press Enter If DHCP is selected the local area network will automatically assign an IP address to the unit If Manual is selected the user must enter the IP address netmask and gateway e Press Apply ...

Страница 35: ...divided into two parts View used for routine operation of the chromatograph Section 4 4 Edit used to establish the configuration The configuration is transmitted to the system Chapter 5 A variety of configurations can be generated and downloaded as required to meet the needs of the facility Chapter 6 presents a discussion of routine operation of the system and Chapter 7 presents a description abou...

Страница 36: ... indicate the elapsed time and the remaining time of the present run The first field on the bottom line of the display will present Run Halt Pending or Halt depending on the present status of the chromatograph The second field on the bottom line of the display indicates alarm status If an alarm is present the field will turn red and read Alarm ...

Страница 37: ...he Keypad Controller Panel Prev Panel Next used to navigate between panels on the display Field Prev Field Next used to navigate between fields on a panel Home displays the Analysis Results panel Figure 4 1 Run Halt Initiates Stops the present separation Del Removes the present setting Exit Exits an editable field without changing the value Enter Used to indicate that the present value is to be us...

Страница 38: ...m the previous run can be obtained by selecting the Older button the check mark by Latest will be removed The Newer button is used to present the newest data if the Older button has been used or the checkmark by the Latest box can be checked 4 2 3 Chromatogram Tab The Chromatogram tab Figure 4 3 presents the chromatogram that is presently being collected Figure 4 3 Chromatogram Tab ...

Страница 39: ...Revision 4 26 12 15 2018 4 2 4 Alarms Tab The Alarms tab Figure 4 4 presents a list of alarms that have been observed Figure 4 4 The Alarms Tab ...

Страница 40: ...Revision 4 27 12 15 2018 4 2 5 GC Status Tab The GC Status tab Figure 4 5 indicates the instantaneous status of the system and is read only information Figure 4 5 GC Status Tab ...

Страница 41: ...ned on while a grey background indicates that it is turned off This information cannot be edited by the controller Figure 4 6 I O Status Tab If the Averaged Values check box is selected the values are average over a period defined internal to the analyzer If the Default Names check box is selected the names for the analog inputs and outputs will be the names assigned during manufacturing rather th...

Страница 42: ...ub tab The Info sub tab Figure 4 7 presents information that may be useful when you are requesting assistance from Galvanic Sciences This information cannot be edited Figure 4 7 Info Screen The Revert button sets the values to the previous settings and the Save button is used to enable the changes ...

Страница 43: ...8 4 2 7 2 Network Sub tab The Network sub tab Figure 4 8 is used to establish communication between the chromatograph and the computer A detailed discussion of this topic is presented in Section 3 6 Figure 4 8 The Network Tab ...

Страница 44: ...t the settings the slider is merely an indication of the level and is controlled by these buttons The Analysis Y Range and Analysis X Range fields are used to set the scale for the display of the Chromatogram Section 4 2 3 In addition this tab presents information about various software modules that may be useful when you are requesting assistance from Galvanic Sciences This information cannot be ...

Страница 45: ...ACCUCHROME icon on the desktop Figure 4 10 Figure 4 10 ACCUCHROME Icon The Log In Navigation window Figure 4 11 will be presented superimposed on the main window Figure 4 11 Log in Navigation Dialog Box Create New Connection presents the New Connection Setup dialog box Figure 4 12 which is used the first time the analyzer is connected to the computer Section 3 6 describes how to assign an IP addre...

Страница 46: ...b Press the Add button then press the Save button The information will appear in the table c Move the to the appropriate IP and place a check mark in the default field for that IP d Press Connect Open Existing Connection presents the Existing Connection dialog box Figure 4 13 which is used to connect the computer to the chromatograph using a pre existing IP address Figure 4 13 Exist Connection Dia...

Страница 47: ...ion Automatically connects the computer to the system using the IP indicated by the selected default check mark Figure 4 12 When the connection between the computer and the chromatograph is made the Select Mode dialog box Figure 4 14 will be presented Figure 4 14 Select Mode Dialog Box View mode allows the user to collect data using the chromatograph but does not permit changes to the analytical p...

Страница 48: ...iew mode is presented in Figure 4 15 and consists of a number of different regions Figure 4 15 Main Screen ACCUCHROME a Quick Access Toolbar Section 4 4 1 b Toolbar Section 4 4 2 c System Operating Parameters Section 4 4 3 d Alarms Section 4 4 4 e Min Max Buttons Section 4 4 5 ...

Страница 49: ...yzer and Disconnect from Analyzer This is used to initiate the log on process RUN HALT When the system is running pressing the icon will terminate the operation of the system at the end of the present run During the time between when the Halt Button is pressed and the end of the cycle the analyzer will be in the Halt Pending Mode When the system is not running it will initiate a run 4 4 2 Toolbar ...

Страница 50: ...tem and a variety of operating parameters These fields are updated once per second and cannot be edited by the operator The top line indicates the GUI connection status OFFLINE READ ONLY or UPDATE The second line indicates the status of the chromatograph RUNNING HALT or HALT PENDING A green stripe at the bottom of this region indicates that data is being transferred if the chromatograph is transmi...

Страница 51: ...h Section 4 5 2 Archives presents a listing of stored analytical data Section 4 5 3 Events presents a list of the various activities that occurred during the separation Section 4 5 4 Reports provides access to various reports of information on the chromatograph Section 4 5 5 4 5 1 The Chromatogram Tab The Chromatogram tab Figure 4 18 is a running presentation of the chromatographic data collected ...

Страница 52: ...ows feature Figure 4 20 Trace Color Selected Curve this field indicates the active chromatogram when two or more chromatograms are presented on the display The active chromatogram can be selected by pressing the arrow and clicking on the name Restore This restores a zoomed in part of the chromatogram back to show the whole chromatogram Auto scale Scales the y axis so that the largest peak is 75 of...

Страница 53: ... Update Mode pressing the Action button again will generate dialog to decide if user wants to write the change to the analyzer This is a way of editing the action list from the chromatogram Additional Functions The icon and arrows directly to the right of the Action icon are used to access a variety of functions The selection of the desired function can be performed by pressing the up or down arro...

Страница 54: ...ays the chromatogram and below that each component integration window parameters Figure 4 26 Components integration windows along with chromatogram To look at an individual component and its integration window parameters use the mouse with the left button down to draw a box around the component of interest The chromatogram will be zoomed to show only the selected component ...

Страница 55: ...igure 4 28 Component editing on Chromatogram Tab The component integration parameters can be edited right on the chromatogram by right clicking the mouse on the retention timeline line through the highest part of the component peak Under Components choose Edit component ...

Страница 56: ...Revision 4 43 12 15 2018 Figure 4 29 Component edit window accessed on the chromatogram Tab Figure 4 23 Pause Poll Functions ...

Страница 57: ...k as well as the retention time for each peak e View Chromatogram present a standard Windows dialog box to select a chromatogram file stored on the computer for retrieval and display on the tab f Factory Chromatogram presents a standard Windows Open dialog box to download a factory calibration chromatogram Chart Functions The icon at the extreme right of the ribbon bar is used to access a variety ...

Страница 58: ...Revision 4 45 12 15 2018 Figure 4 24 Chart Commands ...

Страница 59: ...lor palette Figure 4 19 to change the color of the background Figure 4 25 Figure 4 25 Color after First Back Color also shows border f Second Back Color presents a color palette to change the color of the background so that the positive and negative regions have different coloring g Chart Scheme provides a secondary menu to select the color around the chromatogram There are three options light blu...

Страница 60: ... Figure 4 26 Archived Markers Display Selection Dialog Box 4 5 2 Analysis Results Tab The Analysis Results tab Figure 4 27 presents a detailed listing of the most recent 10 runs of a given type Figure 4 27 Analysis Results Tab ...

Страница 61: ...available The Refresh icon is used to update the data The and arrows in the upper right corner are used to scroll the data If the Display Physical Properties check box is selected additional information as shown in Figure 4 28 will be presented Figure 4 28 Display of Physical Properties ...

Страница 62: ...he bottom of the screen is used to present a table that is similar to Figure 4 28 It presents the same data as the archive tab at the start of each hour e g 8 00 AM 7 00 AM 6 00 AM etc as well as parameters such as the hourly minimum maximum and mean The Daily Trend tab on the bottom of the screen is used to present a table that is similar to Figure 4 28 It presents the same data as the archive ta...

Страница 63: ...Revision 4 50 12 15 2018 4 5 4 Events Tab The Events tab Figure 4 30 presents a list of all of the events that have occurred during the analyses Figure 4 30 Events Tab ...

Страница 64: ...5 5 Reports Tab The Reports tab Figure 4 31 is used to generate various reports of analysis and calibration data Figure 4 31 Reports Tab Indicate the desired report format s and press the button corresponding to the desired data ...

Страница 65: ...Revision 4 52 12 15 2018 A sample report is shown in Figure 4 32 Figure 4 32 Sample Report ...

Страница 66: ...Revision 4 53 12 15 2018 4 6 Alarms The alarms tab shows any active alarms Clicking on the alarms tab will open the Alarms tab window ...

Страница 67: ...5 1 is accessed by selecting the Edit option on the Select Mode dialog box Section 5 2 1 entering the password the default password is 2222 and pressing the Configure G C tab Figure 5 1 ACCUCHROME Configuration Mode When Edit mode is selected the display will present the Modbus tab described in Chapter 8 and the Configure I O Board tab which is reserved for service engineers and is password protec...

Страница 68: ... a sequence Section 5 7 Streams Scheduler used to indicate when the various streams should be analyzed Section 5 8 By default the analyzer will run the Streams defined in the Streams Sequencer but the scheduler can be used to interrupt the sequence An example of this would be a scheduled auto calibration Digital Inputs used to provide information about the four digital inputs Section 5 9 Digital O...

Страница 69: ...To make the changes permanent a Permanent Configuration Write must be executed from the master tool bar c A configuration can be stored on the computer and retrieved as needed Configuration files are saved as cfg files in the directory of your choice If a configuration is retrieved it must be transferred to the chromatograph to be used d If a new or edited configuration is written to the analyzer ...

Страница 70: ...tograph and enter values required for calculations Some typical values for all components are found in the table in Section 14 The format of the ribbon is dependent on the Method that is employed If the GPA method is used see Section 5 3 1 1 if the ISO method is used see Section 5 3 1 2 Figure 5 2 The Ribbon ISO Method 5 3 1 1 The Ribbon ISO Method Add Component used to add a line to various table...

Страница 71: ...at bottom of page The options are 0 15 and 20oC Combustion Reference Pressure This field is used to indicate the reference pressure for combustion used to calculate the heating values at bottom of page Metering Reference Pressure This field is used to indicate the reference pressure for metering used to calculate the heating values at bottom of page The options are 0 15 and 20oC Combustion Meterin...

Страница 72: ... below the Use Unnormalized Concentration field The Use Unnormalized Concentration should be checked if it desired that the reported concentration correspond to the actual percentage of each gas is reported i e not normalized to 100 Method This field is used to indicate if the GPA or ISO standard method is employed The fields to the right on the ribbon are as shown in Figure 5 2 If ISO standards a...

Страница 73: ...tention time It is suggested that this data be taken as the average of the retention time from at least three chromatographic runs Retention Time Window the amount of time in seconds that a peak is allowed to deviate from the indicated retention time for a given component and still be identified as that component If for example methane has a retention time of 25 95 seconds and a deviation of 5 sec...

Страница 74: ...ined by integrating the signal from the signal minimum prior to the peak to the signal minimum following the peak ACCUCHROME allows the user to define the window before and after the peak The expected retention time of the peak is defined by the Skimming Peak Start and Skimming Peak End parameters These parameters represent the time in seconds from the start of the analysis cycle where the peak fo...

Страница 75: ...imming Peak Leading Edge Stop times are defined relative to the retention time so that the peak integration start time will move with the peak if the retention time of the peak shifts The Skimming Peak Trailing Edge Start and Skimming Peak Trailing Edge Stop parameters are 1 3 and 5 5 seconds This means that the end of the peak integration will occur between 70 405 seconds plus 1 3 seconds 71 705 ...

Страница 76: ...nd the current calibration Difference in Response Factor This is the per cent change in the response factor from the previous calibration to the current calibration 5 4 3 Fitting Parameters This feature is not yet implemented 5 4 4 Physical Properties of the Calibration Gas The Physical Properties of the Calibration Gas fields Figure 5 6 shows the calculated physical properties of the calibration ...

Страница 77: ...e 5 7 is used to program a variety of activities during the separation such as opening closing a valve setting the gain setting a zero and indicating the end of an analysis Figure 5 7 Action List with Tools Add Action presents the Add Action dialog box Figure 5 8 ...

Страница 78: ...e Valve Number and Action Time for the action can be selected The Valve number field is used to select the appropriate valve The SSO entry on the valve number list is used to purge the valve prior to placing the sample in the injector If the Set Gain action is selected the Add Action dialog box shown in Figure 5 9 is presented Figure 5 9 Set Gain Action Dialog Box ...

Страница 79: ...ine in the Action Table indicated by the Edit Action opens the action indicated by the and permits editing This is identical to the Add Action icon the user can edit the time Write to Analyzer transmits the configuration to the analyzer 5 6 Streams Setup The Streams Setup screen Figure 5 10 is used to set a variety of parameters that define the individual streams that are connected to the system A...

Страница 80: ...Revision 4 67 12 15 2018 Figure 5 10 Streams Setup ...

Страница 81: ...te early in an analysis The stream that is switched to is defined either manually in the Analysis Control window or automatically in the Scheduling section of Sample Handling Purge Time used to indicate the amount of time the analyzer should purge the sample loop prior to initializing a run definition Reject Run from Archive If checked the data from this stream will not be included in the hourly o...

Страница 82: ...Revision 4 69 12 15 2018 Figure 5 11 Low Dry Alarm Limits Table leads to a menu where you can add or delete icons for the above items and place the icon s and definition s directly below the table ...

Страница 83: ...e Figure 5 12 Stream Sequencer Screen To enter a run in a sequence click on the drop down menu and select the desired run type The available runs are those that have been generated on the Streams Setup screen leads to a menu where you can add or delete buttons for the above item and place the icon s and definition s directly below the table ...

Страница 84: ...the start time for a stream a Press the adjacent to the date to present a calendar of the month indicated in the date line and click on the desired day b Click on the desired hour and minute in the time field If you want to start a run at a time not indicated in the time field set an approximate time via the numerical buttons and adjust the time via the or button If desired repetitive runs for a g...

Страница 85: ...ted then the stream that is defined in the Run field will be executed when the input is activated If Alarm is selected then the digital input is attached to a switching device such as a pressure switch and will generate an a alarm if the digital input is activated Once the parameters are set the Write to Analyzer button should be pressed to send the information to the chromatograph Figure 5 14 Dig...

Страница 86: ...l Outputs screen Figure 5 15 is used to assign the various available alarms to specific digital outputs Once the parameters are set the Write to Analyzer button should be pressed to send the information to the chromatograph Figure 5 15 Digital Outputs Screen ...

Страница 87: ...16 is used to define the role of the four analog inputs The alarm limits should be set and the appropriate check boxes selected Once the parameters are set the Write to Analyzer button should be pressed to send the information to the chromatograph Figure 5 16 Analog Input Screen ...

Страница 88: ...en Figure 5 17 is used to set parameters for the transmission of data to an external device The parameter to be transmitted is selected via the Parameter drop down menu the range should be selected and press the Write to Analyzer button Figure 5 17 Analog Outputs Screen ...

Страница 89: ...e Halt on Start Up check box is selected the system will be in Halt mode when it boots up If the box is not checked the analyzer will run when it boots up The Unnormalized Total Out of Spec entry on the Alarm field is used to set the limit for which an alarm should be raised As an example if the entered value is 2 and the enable check box is checked an alarm will be issued if the un normalized tot...

Страница 90: ...6 2 b Edit Mode used to set a broad range of parameters that define the data processing of the data define the system configuration e g set alarms and establish a schedule of analyses Section 6 3 6 2 View Mode Analytical data is collected via the View mode In this mode Reference streams Calibration streams and Sample streams are analyzed on a periodic basis as selected in Edit mode data can also b...

Страница 91: ...ncludes the options right click in the chromatogram and press the Chart button that is presented 6 2 2 Viewing Data A table containing the most recent data can be viewed via the Analysis Results tab Figure 6 2 The stream for which data is displayed is selected by the left column on the screen The Refresh icon on top of the table is used to present the most recent data ...

Страница 92: ... the Archives tab Figure 6 3 Figure 6 3 Archive Tab If desired archival data can be sorted by clicking on the Stream column header To unsort the data click on the Reload Downloaded Archives button The data can be exported to an Excel spreadsheet by clicking on the Export to File button ...

Страница 93: ... calibrate the system establish a data collection schedule and setup Modbus parameters Typically the system operating parameters are established during manufacturing and or during installation It is not necessary to edit most of them unless a major change in the overall system configuration is made In this section we will describe only those activities that are likely to be performed As an example...

Страница 94: ...me for the peak maximum for the compound s of interest It is recommended that the average retention time from at least three runs be used to determine the retention time b Enter the names of each gas if necessary the retention time and the concentration of the various components of the gas in the component table Figure 6 5 Figure 6 5 Component Table c Inspect the various peaks in the chromatogram ...

Страница 95: ...s f Edit the Calibration Gas Physical Properties at the bottom of the window Do not adjust the Savitzky Golay fields g Press the Write to Analyzer button 6 3 2 Editing an Action Actions are used to open close valves set the end of analysis or to set a valve purge A detailed discussion of editing the Action Table is presented in Section 5 5 6 3 3 Editing Alarms Alarms can be set to report levels of...

Страница 96: ... useful in indicating the presence of e potential problems such as worn chromatograph valves or contaminated columns The calibration gas should be a mixture of all of the gasses the chromatograph is to measure in proportions similar to those in the actual sample The composition of a typical calibration blend is shown in Table 7 1 for a C6 measurement of natural gas The calibration gas should be ob...

Страница 97: ...he user to determine if the chromatograph is operating in an acceptable manner or a fault is present As an example if the is significant plugging of a valve or a column it is probable that one or more compounds will not elute at the proper time and the reported concentrations of various components of the sample will be significantly different that that expected for the gas If a reference stream is...

Страница 98: ...n blue and press the Delete Sequence button c Transmit the changes to the analyzer by pressing the Write to Analyzer icon at the top of the window When the information has been transmitted made the analyzer will complete the run it is performing and then switch the appropriate solenoid to flow calibration gas to the analyzer d The analyzer will then inject the calibration gas and begin to analyze ...

Страница 99: ...ion Allowed Deviation ASTM 1945 0 0 01 0 01 0 01 1 0 04 1 5 0 07 5 10 0 08 10 100 0 10 b Review the un normalized total reported by the system for the Reference Gas Typically the un normalized total for the calibration gas should be within 98 to 102 If the un normalized total is not within tolerance it is possible that the peaks are not being integrated properly due to a shift in the retention tim...

Страница 100: ...any retention time drift that may affect the way the peak is integrated d Compare the actual retention time of the peak to theoretical retention time The actual retention time can be determined by setting the mouse pointer at the top of the peak on the chromatogram e Check the integration marks for each peak on the chromatogram which indicate where the integration for each peak starts and ends The...

Страница 101: ...CV1 OFF time should be increased until the n Pentane peak no longer increases and the C6 peak does not decrease Ethane Propane Split At this point in the run Nitrogen Methane Carbon Dioxide and Ethane pass through Column 2 and into Column 3 Chromatograph Valve 2 CV2 is turned OFF so that Column 3 becomes isolated with Nitrogen Methane Carbon Dioxide and Ethane trapped inside Column 2 continues to ...

Страница 102: ...a Modbus configuration the Service department at Galvanic Applied Sciences Inc will assist in configuring the unit as desired When the Modbus selected the main Modbus page Figure 8 1 is opened There are three pages to the tab which are accessed by pressing on the desired format by clicking on the name on the right side of the screen Modbus Lists Section 8 2 presents the available points and items ...

Страница 103: ...ntegers and Floating Point Coils are Boolean data points that is to say they have a value of either 0 or 1 To that end data points entered into the Coils node would usually be data points that are simple status indicators indicating the status of a given alarm input or output If the value of the data point is 0 the status of the logged alarm relay etc would be off and if the value is 1 the status ...

Страница 104: ...Revision 4 91 12 15 2018 Figure 8 2 Enron Mode Short Integers ...

Страница 105: ...stream was changed from 0 to 1 the analyzer would then initiate that stream Data points in the Input Status node are read only so this node would contain data points such as alarm input and output status that cannot be changed remotely Input Registers are data points that are read only outputs of analyzer data such as calculated concentration Please note that Modicon 16 only outputs data as 16 bit...

Страница 106: ...t Registers contain sub nodes They are Register Short Register Long and Register Float Thus the input and output registers can output data in 16 bit 32 bit or 32 bit with floating point in the Modicon with Floating Point Modbus list 8 3 Communication Ports The Communication Ports page Figure 8 4 is used to indicate the external ports through which Modbus data is exported Figure 8 4 Communication P...

Страница 107: ...he Termination On check box should be selected if a termination resistor is required for the RS485 serial port The right side of the page is used to configure the port s that are used to transmit data The format of all ports except Ethernet Configuration is the same Figure 8 5 The communication parameters should be entered Figure 8 5 Setting Port Configuration If the Ethernet Configuration is sele...

Страница 108: ... in this section additional technical assistance may be obtained from Galvanic Applied Sciences Inc 7000 Fisher Road SE Calgary Alberta T2H 0W3 CANADA Phone 403 252 8470 Fax 403 255 6287 E mail info galvanic com 9 2 Weekly Check out Procedure It is recommended that a weekly check out procedure is performed to verify that the analyzer is operating according to specifications The Weekly Check up Rep...

Страница 109: ... steel When cleaning the exterior of the unit take care that the cleaning material does not enter the interior of the unit Do not to submerse the unit in water clean it with a hose or with excessive amounts of water Do not attempt to clean any of the electronic equipment within the unit 9 4 Replacing the Helium Cylinder The helium cylinder should be replaced before it runs out A large helium cylin...

Страница 110: ...not as critical as the helium pressure but should be maintained at a constant pressure between 10 and 100 psig Calibration gas pressure should be maintained at the same pressure as the sample gas so that the flow during calibration will match the flow during normal operation It is important to maintain the calibration gas at a relatively constant temperature The temperature should be above 59o F 1...

Страница 111: ...tuation gas It is imperative that the sample is clean and dry The chromatograph valve must be cleaned or replaced if it is found to leak A leak in the injection valve will typically be characterized by any of the following symptoms Elevated baseline Poor analyzer repeatability Poor back flush peak shape Shifted retention time of the back flush peak The presence of a second peak immediately followi...

Страница 112: ...eplace a valve 9 6 2 Replacing the Column s The system has either one or two columns as described in Section 2 It may be necessary to replace the column s if they become contaminated with particulate matter or flooded with liquids note if the columns are changed it is likely the action list component table will require adjustment as each set of columns is slightly different To replace a column a T...

Страница 113: ... contact Galvanic Applied Sciences Inc 7000 Fisher Road SE Calgary Alberta T2H 0W3 CANADA Phone 403 252 8470 Toll free 1 866 252 8470 E mail support galvanic com A list of common ACCUCHROME replacement parts are shown in Tables 9 1 Table 9 1 ACCUCHROME Class 1 Div 2 Parts List Part Description BA1910 HELIUM PRESSURE REGULATOR 0 100 PSI BA1924 2 INCH PRESSURE GAUGE 0 100 PSI SA2961 KEYPAD BA0071 FL...

Страница 114: ...Revision 4 101 12 15 2018 SS 2F LE MICRON INLINE FILTER HOUSING SS 2F K4 7 7 MICRON INLINE FILTER ELEMENT ...

Страница 115: ...ing and the amount of down time can be minimized by the following guidelines In almost all cases there is one and only one proximate cause for a problem A fundamental knowledge of the role of each component of the system is very useful for diagnosing the problem If any aspect of the sampling has changed run a before and after test to make sure that the change is well understood Do not consider any...

Страница 116: ...r If the baseline continues to drift upwards after 24 hours check the next troubleshooting tip There is a leak Check all fittings inside and outside the oven Tighten up any loose fittings If the problem persists disassemble the valve as shown in Section 15 and clean or replace the valve Baseline is unstable There is a leak Check all fittings Ensure that helium pressure is stable at 60 psig Tempera...

Страница 117: ...of peaks Wrong Nitrogen Methane readings Poor Nitrogen Methane separation Check the chromatogram to see if the nitrogen methane peak separation and integration parameters are correct Check all fittings inside and outside the oven Two peaks observed in chromatogram immediately following a valve switch event The valve is leaking because it is dirty Disassemble the valve see Section 15 and clean the ...

Страница 118: ... on No power Check power termination connectors Check display power from motherboard connector P15 motherboard red black going to P10 display red black Communication Error is displayed on the personal computer Communication setup is incorrect Select the Connect To Analyzer icon in the ACCUCHROME software Select the correct Log in Navigation icon and follow the on screen prompts Erratic flow meter ...

Страница 119: ...ts between a mobile phase and a stationary phase A mobile phase carrier gas is an inert gas such as helium argon or nitrogen which transports the sample through a column which contains the stationary phase The stationary phase will adsorb and desorb the various components of the sample at different rates depending on the nature of each compound Some compounds will have a greater affinity for the s...

Страница 120: ...mple gas into the carrier Carrier Regulator maintains a constant pressure of the carrier gas to ensure a constant carrier flow rate Column a glass or metal tube that contains the stationary phase The sample gas passes through and the components of the gas are separated within the column Detector senses the changes in a property being measured as the individual components elute from the column It i...

Страница 121: ...loss and thus filament temperature is constant This consistent filament temperature produces a constant filament resistance The currents in the electronic bridge can be balanced to produce a zero signal level as a reference When a specific component enters the TCD with the carrier the heat dissipated from the filaments on the measured side changes The amount of change is dependent on the thermal c...

Страница 122: ...11 4 shows the different characteristics and definitions of a typical chromatogram assuming two components called A and B Figure 11 4 Chromatogram Description tM dead time time for non retained species to move through the column VM dead volume volume of mobile phase in the column tR retention time the time it takes a component band to completely travel through the column Each component will have a...

Страница 123: ...log Outputs Self Powered Mode P3 P4 P5 P6 12 4 Isolated RS 485 Port Connections P7 12 5 Isolated RS 232 Port Connections P8 12 6 Analog Inputs RTD Connections P9 12 7 Analog Inputs Pressure Transducer Connections P9 12 8 Analog Inputs 4 20 mA Connections P9 12 9 Analog Inputs 4 20 mV TXR Connections P9 12 10 Oven RTD and TCD Connections P10 P100 12 11 Arcnet AC485 Twisted Pair Connections P11 12 1...

Страница 124: ...Revision 4 111 12 15 2018 Figure 12 1 PLGC Power Connections Figure 12 2 Relays Wiring Diagram ...

Страница 125: ...Revision 4 112 12 15 2018 Figure 12 3 Analog Outputs Loop Powered Mode Figure 12 4 Analog Outputs Self Powered Mode ...

Страница 126: ...Revision 4 113 12 15 2018 Figure 12 5 Isolated RS 485 Port Connection Figure 12 6 Isolated RS 232 Connections ...

Страница 127: ...Revision 4 114 12 15 2018 Figure 12 7 Analog Inputs RTD Connections Figure 12 8 Analog Inputs Pressure Transducer Connections ...

Страница 128: ...Revision 4 115 12 15 2018 Figure 12 9 Analog Inputs 4 20 mA Connections Figure 12 10 Analog Inputs 4 20 mV TXR Connections ...

Страница 129: ...Revision 4 116 12 15 2018 Figure 12 11 Oven RTD and TCD Connections Figure 12 12 Arcnet AC485 Twisted Pair Connection ...

Страница 130: ...Revision 4 117 12 15 2018 Figure 12 13 Oven Heater Connection Figure 12 14 GC Valves Connections ...

Страница 131: ...Revision 4 118 12 15 2018 Figure 12 15 Solenoids 5 to 10 Connections Figure 12 16 Solenoids 1 to 4 Connections ...

Страница 132: ...Revision 4 119 12 15 2018 Figure 12 17 Digital Inputs Connections Figure 12 18 Cabinet Heater Connection ...

Страница 133: ... Pentane iso Pentane and C6 Compressibility Factor The ratio of the actual volume of a given mass of gas to the volume calculated from the ideal gas law under given temperature and pressure Dry BTU The heating value of a standard cubic foot of gas saturated without water vapour Elution The process of moving the separated sample components through the stationary phase Normalization The process of m...

Страница 134: ...mpositions 13 2 Calibration Formulas and Analyzer Calculations A factory calibration is used to establish the response factors for each component and to determine the retention time for each compound The results of this calibration are available in the Configuration Report Since the thermal conductivity of the various components is different a calibration gas containing all of the components expec...

Страница 135: ...3 6 Dry BTU The energy content of the gas in BTU cubic foot is calculated by equation 13 2 Dry BTU ft3 ΣP n 1 Concn BTU ft3 n 100 13 3 Where Dry BTU ft3 Dry BTU content per cubic foot of sample gas Concn Normalized concentration of component BTU ft3 n BTU value of component n P Number of components in the analysis Corrected Dry BTU Corrected Dry BTU ft3 Dry BTU ft3 Z 13 4 Saturated BTU Sat BTU ft3...

Страница 136: ...mponent n SGn Specific Gravity value of component n P Number of components in the analysis Saturated Specific Gravity Sat SG Dry SG 1 xw xw 0 62202 13 8 Where Sat SG Saturated specific gravity of the sample gas Dry SG Dry Specific Gravity of the sample gas xw molar fraction of water Wobbe Index The Wobbe Index and Saturated Wobbe Index is calculated using equations 13 9 and 13 10 Dry Wobbe Index D...

Страница 137: ...9 2 49120 0 0572 n Pentane 4008 7 2 49120 0 0603 C6 5276 5 3 3132 0 09305 Hydrogen Sulphide 637 11 1 1769 0 0242 The BTU value of the C6 peak should reflect the composition of the sample Several standard compositions are shown 2 9755 3 4598 3 9441 4755 9 5502 5 6248 9 C6 C7 C8 BTU S G Summation Factor 1 00000 0 00000 0 00000 4756 0 2 9755 0 0792 0 47466 0 35340 0 17194 5276 5 3 3132 0 09305 0 5000...

Страница 138: ...08 70 2 4912 Octane 6248 80 3 9441 Nonane 6996 20 4 4284 Decane 7742 90 4 9127 Ethylene 1600 40 0 9686 Propylene 2333 70 1 4529 Propane 2516 20 1 5225 AGA 2145 00 14 73 psia 60 F Component Dry BTU Constant S G Argon 0 00 1 3825 Carbon Dioxide 0 00 1 5231 Ethane 1773 79 1 0406 Hydrogen Sulphide 638 60 1 1794 Helium 0 00 0 1385 Heptane 5515 33 3 4678 Hexane 4767 00 2 9824 Hydrogen 324 95 0 0698 Carb...

Страница 139: ...Revision 4 126 12 15 2018 Section 15 Valco 6 and 10 Port Valve Technical Information 15 1 Valve Operation Instructions ...

Страница 140: ...Revision 4 127 12 15 2018 ...

Страница 141: ...Revision 4 128 12 15 2018 15 2 Valve Maintenance Instructions ...

Страница 142: ...Revision 4 129 12 15 2018 ...

Страница 143: ...TILITIES Power 24 VDC 100 watts startup 50 watts running consumption 90 240 VAC 50 60 Hz 100 watts startup 50 watts running Sample flow 100 cc min 1 barg 0 21 SCFH 15 psig Air requirements NA Gas requirements Helium or Hydrogen Carrier Gas 5 5 6 9 barg 20 cc min 80 100 psig 0 042 scfh COMMUNICATIONS Communication Modbus RS232 Modbus RS485 Modbus TCP IP Digital Inputs 2 dry contact 2 wet contact 12...

Страница 144: ...ent Table 59 Compressibility Factor 121 Configuring the GC 53 Connect to Default Connection 34 Connect to Front Panel 34 Contract Start Hour 75 Controller Board 5 Create New Connection 32 D Default Names 28 Definitions 119 Digital Inputs 71 Display 6 22 E Edit Chromatogram Dialog Box 39 Editing a Configuration 55 Electrical Requirements 16 Electronics Enclosure 5 Environmental Requirements 12 Etha...

Страница 145: ...bbon GPA Method 56 Ribbon Bar 39 Run Type 67 S Safety Guidelines 17 Safety Symbols 16 Sample Conditioning 16 Sample Flow Rate 16 Sample Volume 16 Sampling Considerations 16 Sampling Point Location 16 Savitsky Golay Window 61 Select Mode Dialog Box 34 Set Gain 64 Show Border 46 Skimming Parameters 60 Space Requirements 12 Spare Parts 100 Specific Gravity 122 Specifications 129 SSO 64 Stream Sequenc...

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