D-Link DXS-3326GSR - xStack Switch - Stackable, Руководство пользователя

Страница: 145 / 286

DXS-3326GSR Gigabit Layer 3 Switch
RIP measures distance by an integer count of the number of hops from one network to another. A router is one hop from a
directly connected network, two hops from a network that can be reached through a router, etc. The more routers between a
source and a destination, the greater the RIP distance (or hop count).
There are a few rules to the routing table update process that help to improve performance and stability. A router will not
replace a route with a newly learned one if the new route has the same hop count (sometimes referred to as ‘cost’). So
learned routes are retained until a new route with a lower hop count is learned.
When learned routes are entered into the routing table, a timer is started. This timer is restarted every time this route is
advertised. If the route is not advertised for a period of time (usually 180 seconds), the route is removed from the routing
table.
RIP does not have an explicit method to detect routing loops. Many RIP implementations include an authorization
mechanism (a password) to prevent a router from learning erroneous routes from unauthorized routers.
To maximize stability, the hop count RIP uses to measure distance must have a low maximum value. Infinity (that is, the
network is unreachable) is defined as 16 hops. In other words, if a network is more than 16 routers from the source, the
local router will consider the network unreachable.
RIP can also be slow to converge (to remove inconsistent, unreachable or looped routes from the routing table) because
RIP messages propagate relatively slowly through a network.
Slow convergence can be solved by using split horizon update, where a router does not propagate information about a route
back to the interface on which it was received. This reduces the probability of forming transient routing loops.
Hold down can be used to force a router to ignore new route updates for a period of time (usually 60 seconds) after a new
route update has been received. This allows all routers on the network to receive the message.
A router can ‘poison reverse’ a route by adding an infinite (16) hop count to a route’s advertisement. This is usually used in
conjunction with triggered updates, which force a router to send an immediate broadcast when an update of an unreachable
network is received.
RIP Version 1 Message Format
There are two types of RIP messages: routing information messages and information requests. Both types use the same
format.
The Command field specifies an operation according the following table:
Command Meaning
1 Request for partial or full routing information
2 Response containing network-distance pairs from
sender’s routing table
3 Turn on trace mode (obsolete)
4 Turn off trace mode (obsolete)
5 Reserved for Sun Microsystem’s internal use
9 Update Request
10 Update Response
11 Update Acknowledgement
RIP Command Codes
The field Version contains the protocol version number (1 in this case), and is used by the receiver to verify which version
of RIP the packet was sent.
132