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Kaimal, J.C. and J.A. Businger. 1963. "A continuous wave sonic anemometer-thermometer."

Journal of Applied Meteorology

2: 156–164.

Kaimal, J.C. and J.E. Gaynor. 1991. "Another look at sonic thermometry."

Boundary-Layer

Meteorology

56: 401–410.

Liu, H., G. Peter, and T. Foken. 2001. "New equations for sonic temperature variance and

buoyancy heat flux with an omnidirectional sonic anemometer."

Boundary-Layer

Meteorology

100: 459–468.

Schotanus, P., F.T.M. Nieuwstadt, and H.A.R. de Bruin. 1983. "Temperature measurement with a

sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes."

Boundary-Layer

Meteorology

26: 81–93.

Wallace, J.M. and P.V. Hobbs. 2006.

Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey

. New York:

Academic Press.

CSAT3BH Three-Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer

Содержание CSAT3BH

Страница 2: ...nvironment option 7 4 2 2 2 Sonic carrying case 7 4 2 3 Common accessories 8 4 2 3 1 Power and communications cables 8 4 2 3 2 FW05 thermocouple 11 4 2 3 3 FWC L cable 11 4 2 3 4 Thermocouple cover 12 4 2 3 5 Thermocouple cover backplate 12 4 2 3 6 FW ENC thermocouple carrying case 12 4 2 4 Other accessories 12 4 2 4 1 Power SDM splitter 13 4 2 4 2 CPI RS 485 splitter 14 4 2 4 3 HUB SDM8 15 4 2 4 ...

Страница 3: ...eveling 36 6 7 Installing additional fast response sensors 38 6 7 1 Fine wire thermocouple 38 6 7 2 Other gas analyzers 39 6 8 Wiring 39 6 8 1 Grounding to earth 39 6 8 2 Controller box connections 42 6 8 3 CSAT3H heater controller connections 43 6 9 Communications 44 6 9 1 SDM communications 46 6 10 Multiple CSAT3BH configurations 49 6 10 1 CPI communications 52 6 10 2 RS 485 communications 58 6 ...

Страница 4: ...ter controller output 78 8 Maintenance and troubleshooting 82 8 1 General maintenance 82 8 2 Sonic wicks 83 8 3 Desiccant 85 8 4 Calibration 86 8 4 1 Test for wind offset 86 8 5 Troubleshooting 88 8 5 1 Troubleshooting CSAT3H heater controller box issues 89 8 5 2 Sending an OS to the CSAT3H heater controller box 89 8 5 3 Sending an OS to the CSAT3BH 90 8 6 Returning the CSAT3BH 90 9 References 91 ...

Страница 5: ...B 2 References 97 Table of contents iv ...

Страница 6: ...e horizontal wind speed and direction or turbulent fluctuations of horizontal and vertical wind and sonic temperature Further momentum flux and sensible heat flux can be calculated from the turbulent wind and sonic temperature fluctuations Latent and sensible heat flux and gas fluxes may be determined by computing the covariance between vertical wind measured by the CSAT3BH and scalar quantities m...

Страница 7: ...Device Configuration Utility before attaching the sensor to a computer 3 Initial inspection Upon receipt of the CSAT3BH inspect the packaging and contents for damage File any damage claims with the shipping company Contact Campbell Scientific to facilitate repair or replacement Immediately check package contents against shipping documentation Thoroughly check all packaging material for product tha...

Страница 8: ...with other sensors The CSAT3BH can communicate measurements using SDM Synchronous Device for Measurements USB RS 485 and CPI CAN Peripheral Interface communications For optimal synchronization with other fast response sensors for applications such as eddy covariance Campbell Scientific recommends using SDM or CPI communications with an appropriate Campbell Scientific data logger The CSAT3BH is a h...

Страница 9: ...sion 3 with the rain performance of version 4 l Options to filter high frequencies for applications requiring analysis of non aliased spectra l Two controlled heating zones that automatically provide enough heat to keep the sensor free of ice in areas that matter most o Arms and strut o Transducer fingers l Diagnostics to determine heat activity to allow for Quality Assurance Quality Control of da...

Страница 10: ... prevent damage to the instrument from overheating in the case of a fault The CSAT3H heater controller box is shown in FIGURE 4 1 p 5 Connectors at the bottom of the CSAT3H heater controller box are shown in FIGURE 6 12 p 41 and described in Controller box connections p 42 FIGURE 4 1 CSAT3H heater controller box 4 2 1 2 Temperature relative humidity sensor and shield A temperature and relative hum...

Страница 11: ...he kit includes a captive 3 8 in bolt that screws into the bottom of the CSAT3BH block and a 3 16 in Allen wrench to tighten the adapter on the pipe FIGURE 4 3 CM250 mount 4 2 1 4 USB data cable The USB data cable is a 5 m 16 ft USB cable FIGURE 4 4 p 7 included with the CSAT3BH One end has a standard type A pin connector to connect to a computer and the opposite end has a mini B pin connector whi...

Страница 12: ...lican carrying case is available for the CSAT3BH It is watertight and highly durable This case is recommended for transporting and storing the CSAT3BH It includes a set of foam inserts that hold the CSAT3BH in a protected position while providing space for additional components If the sonic carrying case option is not selected the CSAT3BH will be shipped in a large cardboard box The same set of fo...

Страница 13: ...that can establish a communication channel between the controller and main data logger or computer is also required Campbell Scientific uses a system for naming cables that provides details of a cable and some information about its use l The L in a cable model name is an option that denotes a user specified length of cable in feet l The PT is a cable option that specifies one end of the cable to h...

Страница 14: ...through another means such as CPI RS 485 or USB the CSAT3BCBL1 Power SDM cable may still be used to provide power to the CSAT3BH in which case the SDM wires should be left unwired to any ports on the data logger FIGURE 4 5 Options for CSAT3BCBL1 Power SDM cable Power cable CSAT3BCBL2 To use CPI RS 485 or USB communications to collect data from a CSAT3BH the CSAT3BCBL2 L PT or CSAT3BCBL2 L MC shoul...

Страница 15: ...ter controller box To transfer this information from the controller box to the main data logger for storage a CSAT3HCBL1 L cable should be ordered One end of the cable is a 3 pin IP67 military connector that connects to the CSAT3H heater controller box the other end is a pigtail with brown white and black wires that connects to the main data logger Allowed lengths of this cable are between 1 and 3...

Страница 16: ...cated close to the 24 VDC power supply 4 2 3 2 FW05 thermocouple The FW05 is a Type E thermocouple with a 0 0127 mm 0 0005 in diameter FIGURE 4 8 p 11 The thermocouple measures atmospheric temperature fluctuations and may be used with the CSAT3BH to directly calculate sensible heat flux Larger size fine wire thermocouples such as the FW1 and FW3 which are more robust but have slower response times...

Страница 17: ...In previous models the back side of the TC cover is covered by the sensor block 4 2 3 6 FW ENC thermocouple carrying case The FW ENC is a small case FIGURE 4 9 p 12 that is used for storing up to four fine wire thermocouples Due to the fragile nature of the FW05 thermocouple it should always be stored in an FW ENC when not in use Ordering at least a set of four FW05 thermocouples for every CSAT3BH...

Страница 18: ...ensor networks For more detailed information on network topologies and limits on cable lengths for CPI networks see the white paper titled Designing Physical Network Layouts for the CPI Bus available at www campbellsci com 4 2 4 1 Power SDM splitter The Power SDM splitter shown in FIGURE 4 10 p 13 has three 6 pin M16 connectors This splitter allows for connection at the Power SDM port on the back ...

Страница 19: ...not interchangeable FIGURE 4 11 CSAT3BH CPI RS 485 splitter showing pin configuration Transient voltage drop is commonly caused by the large series inductance introduced by long power cables multiple CSAT3BHs connected by splitters or a combination Because the measurements are synchronized multiple CSAT3BHs connected to the same power cable each draws a pulse of current at the same moment This has...

Страница 20: ...rve this problem If the DC case checks out but the flag is still observed then the system would probably benefit from the addition of a power compensation plug FIGURE 4 12 p 15 4 2 4 3 HUB SDM8 The HUB SDM8 shown in FIGURE 4 13 p 16 allows up to six SDM devices typically one data logger and multiple SDM sensors to be connected in parallel In the case of the CSAT3BH up to five CSAT3BHs or CSAT3BH d...

Страница 21: ...ipped and tinned 4 2 4 5 HUB CPI The 8 channel RJ45 HUB CPI allows up to eight CPI devices to be connected in parallel Up to seven CSAT3BHs or CSAT3BH daisy chains using CSAT3BCBL3 cables may be connected in parallel to the HUB CPI The remaining port may be used with a CAT5e or CAT6 Ethernet cable see CAT6 Ethernet cable p 17 to connect the HUB CPI to the CPI port on a data logger such as the CR6 ...

Страница 22: ...es wind speed and the speed of sound along the three non orthogonal sonic axes The wind speeds are then transformed into the orthogonal wind components ux uy and uz and are referenced to the anemometer head The reported sonic temperature Ts is the average between the temperatures computed for the three non orthogonal sonic axes The vector component of the wind that is normal to each sonic axis suc...

Страница 23: ...collection the output is prompted by the CSAT3BH itself The default operating mode of the CSAT3BH is to make measurements when triggered by a data logger SDM or CPI which does not apply any low pass high cut filtering See Communications p 44 for a list of all default settings and see Operating modes p 65 for more information on modes 5 1 Measurements Operating temperature Standard 40 to 50 C Wind ...

Страница 24: ...z bandwidth filter 155 ms with 25 Hz bandwidth filter Filter bandwidths 5 10 or 25 Hz Internal monitor measurements Update rate 2 Hz Inclinometer accuracy 1 Relative humidity accuracy 7 over 0 to 10 range 3 over 10 to 90 range 7 over 90 to 100 range Board temperature accuracy 2 C Temperature relative humidity probe accuracy 0 3 C 3 Chassis thermistor accuracy 1 C 5 2 Communications SDM Used for da...

Страница 25: ...gth 305 m 1000 ft max 115 2 kbps 610 m 2000 ft max 9 6 kbps Bus clocks per sample 500 ASCII formatted USB Used for anemometer configuration or computer based data acquisition Connection speed USB 2 0 full speed 12 Mbps Cable length 5 m max 1 For additional details refer to Campbell Scientific whitepaper Designing Physical Network Layouts for the CPI Bus 5 3 Power requirements Anemometer voltage re...

Страница 26: ...m horizontal Transducer diameter 0 64 cm 0 25 in Transducer mounting diameter 0 84 cm 0 33 in Support arm diameter 1 59 cm 0 63 in Cardboard box with foam 73 7 x 45 7 x 25 4 cm 29 x 18 x 10 in Carrying case with foam 79 5 x 51 8 x 31 cm 31 3 x 20 4 x 12 2 in Weight Head 1 9 kg 4 2 lb Including cardboard box option 5 7 kg 12 6 lb Including carrying case option 13 8 kg 30 5 lb Shipping both cardboar...

Страница 27: ... cm 10 5 in length 15 7 cm 6 2 in height 21 8 cm 8 6 in width Weight 1 9 kg 4 2 lb Shipping box Weight with controller 3 3 kg 7 3 lb Dimensions 41 x 41 x 20 cm 16 x 16 x 8 in FIGURE 5 1 Dimensions of CSAT3BH CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 22 ...

Страница 28: ...ength therefore considerations should be made when mounting the controller box within the proximity of the CSAT3BH sensor Similarly the CSAT3H heater controller box must be within 30 ft of the 22 to 32 VDC power supply as the power cable is 30 ft long The CSAT3BCBL1 L that enables communication between the controller box and the data logger can be up to 300 ft long allowing the data logger to be u...

Страница 29: ...cable included with the CSAT3BH to the port labelled USB on the back of the CSAT3B block Connect the other end of the cable to a USB port on a computer 3 Launch Device Configuration Utility from LoggerNet or download from www campbellsci com devconfig 4 From the left side of the main screen select the CSAT3B note that there is no CSAT3BH selection since the CSAT3BH functions like a CSAT3B when com...

Страница 30: ...Communication Settings Measurement Settings and Instrument ID Table 6 1 p 26 describes each of the settings or status values in these subscreens For each setting or status value the factory default setting is noted by the footnote Ensure that the appropriate settings are enabled for the communications protocol that will be used CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 25 ...

Страница 31: ... light on the CSAT3BH will also flash red if in Mode 0 when no measurement triggers are being received from a data logger for example if a data logger is not connected to the CSAT3BH Internal Temperature Temperature inside CSAT3BH block Internal Relative Humidity Relative humidity inside CSAT3BH block Change desiccant if greater than 50 see Desiccant p 85 Inclinometer Pitch Pitch angle of CSAT3BH ...

Страница 32: ...rt will be disabled enabled for CPI or enabled for RS 485 CPI Baud Rate Auto1 1000 kbps 500 kbps 250 kbps 125 kbps 50 kbps Baud rate for CPI communications in most circumstances this setting should remain set to Auto RS 485 Baud Rate 1200 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 57600 1152001 230400 Baud rate for RS 485 communications Unprompted Output Port Disabled1 USB Port RS 485 Port Identifies the port to ...

Страница 33: ...3 Self triggered Filtered Unprompted output to computer Identifies the source of the measurement trigger whether a low pass filter will be applied and the output mode see Operating modes p 65 for more details Filter Bandwidth 5 Hz 10 Hz 25 Hz The cut off frequency of the low pass filter Only applicable if in Operating Mode 1 or 3 Sonic Transducer Shadow Correction Disabled Enabled Applies an optio...

Страница 34: ...tings may be restored by clicking the Factory Defaults button at the bottom of the screen in the Device Configuration Utility NOTE The SDM communications port is always enabled 6 3 2 Set up the data logger and CSAT3H heater controller The data logger and CSAT3H heater controller box are configured in the setup screen of LoggerNet NOTE A CR6 or CR1000X data logger is recommended with the CSAT3BH Fo...

Страница 35: ...of the CR300 inside the CSAT3H heater controller is set to 2 so the address must be changed from 1 to 2 in the Hardware tab 6 Close the Add window 7 Make sure the PakBus addresses and ComPorts are correct This allows for communication to and between the data logger and the heater controller box NOTE The PakBus addresses of the CSAT3H heater controller box CR300 and the main data logger must be dif...

Страница 36: ...rizontal pipe with an outer diameter of 3 33 cm 1 31 in such as the Campbell Scientific CM202 CM204 or CM206 crossarm referred to generically as a CM20X crossarm The following steps describe a general mounting procedure The CSAT3H heater controller box must be mounted within 15 ft of the CSAT3BH The temp RH sensor used by the CSAT3H heater controller box has a 17 ft cable and should be mounted at ...

Страница 37: ...he CSAT3BH to the leveling mount by inserting the bolt on the mount into the threaded hole on the bottom of the CSAT3BH block as shown in FIGURE 6 3 p 33 The orientation of the CSAT3BH should be level and pointing in the direction of the prevailing wind 5 Lightly tighten the bolt so that final leveling can be performed once all instrumentation is fully mounted to the structure CAUTION Do not carry...

Страница 38: ...tions 1 Position the CSAT3H heater controller box such that it is within 15 ft of the sensor 2 Mount the CSAT3H heater controller box to a tripod mast or other vertical structure using the U bolts flat washers split washers and nuts as shown in FIGURE 6 4 p 33 FIGURE 6 4 Mounting the CSAT3H to tripod mast CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 33 ...

Страница 39: ...nto the prevailing wind to minimize interference from support structures such as the tower or tripod Typically the anemometer should be mounted level to the ground as described in Leveling p 36 6 5 1 Sonic azimuth The example programs report the wind direction in both the sonic coordinate system a right handed coordinate system FIGURE 6 6 p 35 and in the compass coordinate system a left handed coo...

Страница 40: ...rrect azimuth and send this updated program to the data logger NOTE Remember to account for the magnetic declination at the site see CSAT3BH orientation p 92 for details If using an app on a cellular phone magnetic declination is most likely already taken into consideration FIGURE 6 6 Right hand coordinate system horizontal wind vector angle is 0 degrees CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anem...

Страница 41: ... application requires a measurement that shows if and when the inclination of the CSAT3BH changes over time for example a sagging crossarm or tower tilt an integrated inclinometer in the CSAT3BH can give pitch and roll measurements Pitch is the angle between the gravitationally horizontal plane and the CSAT3BH x axis A positive pitch angle corresponds to a clockwise rotation about the y axis when ...

Страница 42: ...T3BH wind measurements The outputs of the CSAT3BH integrated inclinometer can be viewed by connecting the USB data cable to the CSAT3BH and a computer running Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility It can also be output using the CRBasic instruction CSAT3BMonitor See CSAT3BMonitor p 75 for more information about setting this instruction FIGURE 6 8 CSAT3BH shown with coordinate system wit...

Страница 43: ... connector from the FWC L to the side of the anemometer with the short screw 2 56 x 0 437 in that was provided with the white thermocouple cover Insert the pin connector of the FW05 into the socket connector of the FWC L Finally attach the thermocouple cover to the anemometer block using the thumb screw so the FW05 and FWC L connectors are both covered See FIGURE 6 9 p 38 for positioning and FIGUR...

Страница 44: ...nd gas concentration fluctuations while also retaining adequate spatial separation This will avoid excessive wind distortion In general mount the analyzer or its intake downwind of the sonic sampling volume 6 8 Wiring 6 8 1 Grounding to earth The CSAT3BH data logger enclosure and CSAT3H heater controller box must be earth grounded to the same grounding rod They should be grounded from their ground...

Страница 45: ...supplied heavy gauge wire from the copper grounding lug on the back of the CSAT3BH block and the CSAT3H controller box see FIGURE 6 11 p 41 and FIGURE 6 12 p 41 2 Earth chassis ground the other ends of the wires to the CSAT3BH mounting structure or to a grounding rod Proper grounding lends stability and protection to a data acquisition system It is the easiest and least expensive insurance against...

Страница 46: ...her either in a daisy chain series or star topology each CSAT3BH must be separately grounded to either the mounting structure or a grounding rod FIGURE 6 12 Grounding lug and connectors on bottom of CSAT3H heater controller box CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 41 ...

Страница 47: ...P67 Red black The appropriate port and cable type to be used are determined by the chosen communication method Table 6 5 p 45 shows some of the criteria to use when determining the best communication method for a given application Once a suitable method is determined the appropriate combination of cables connectors and lengths should be used See Power and communications cables p 8 for information ...

Страница 48: ...nections Data logger to CSAT3H heater controller communications Using a CR6 or CR1000X as the data acquisition device requires communication to be established between the data logger and the CSAT3H heater controller RS 485 communication allows both of these devices to communicate to the other The CSAT3HCBL1 L connects the RS 485 TX RX port on the CSAT3H heater controller to the data logger RS 485 ...

Страница 49: ...ater controller box Temp RH connector Then connect the cable labeled Chassis Temp from the CSAT3BH anemometer to the connector on the CSAT3H heater controller box labeled Chassis Temp Finally connect the other cable coming out of the sonic anemometer labeled Heaters to the connector on the controller box labeled Heaters 6 9 Communications If the CSAT3BH is going to be operated using SDM or CPI com...

Страница 50: ...CR1000X data logger See Table 6 5 p 45 to examine the suitability of communications type based on various parameters for other combinations There are many possible configurations of multiple CSAT3BHs and other sensors on a single measurement station or system Accordingly power requirements and sensor cable lengths should be taken into account to appropriately power all sensors and avoid excess att...

Страница 51: ...RE 6 13 p 47 by screwing the M16 connector into the port until tight No other cables are required for SDM communications as the CSAT3BCBL1 contains both power and SDM wiring If only one CSAT3BH is being measured the opposite end of the cable will have wire pigtails to connect directly to the ports on a data logger Refer to Communications p 44 for this wiring Table 6 6 p 48 and Table 6 7 p 48 show ...

Страница 52: ...FIGURE 6 13 Power SDM connections FIGURE 6 14 Wiring to power and SDM ports on CR6 data logger CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 47 ...

Страница 53: ...d Ground Black Ground Brown SDM C1 White SDM C2 Yellow SDM C3 Blue Ground Clear 1 Use LoggerNet or PC400 to send a data logger program to the data logger See Data logger programming using SDM or CPI p 73 for more information on data logger instructions and programming 2 Verify that measurements are being made by ensuring the green Status light FIGURE 6 15 p 49 on the CSAT3BH block is blinking indi...

Страница 54: ...ique SDM address Connect a CSAT3BCBL1 to the Power SDM port of the CSAT3BH The opposite end will have an M16 connector that is compatible with one of the split M16 connectors on the Power SDM splitters Next screw the side of the splitter with only one M16 connector to the Power SDM port of the second CSAT3BH Connect another CSAT3BCBL1 to the splitter and down to the next CSAT3BH Continue the daisy...

Страница 55: ...ach CSAT3BH and connect the other wires on the pigtail end of the cables to a HUB SDM8 bus see HUB SDM8 p 15 Connect the wires so that all wires of a common color or signal are on the same rail Then use a CABLE5CBL with pigtail wires to connect the HUB SDM to the SDM and 12 V ports of a data logger See FIGURE 6 17 p 52 CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 50 ...

Страница 56: ...FIGURE 6 16 SDM daisy chain CSAT3BH sensor arms and grounding cables not shown CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 51 ...

Страница 57: ...wn 6 10 1 CPI communications If data collection from the anemometer is to be done by a data logger using CPI communications then connect a CSAT3BCBL2 to the Power SDM port by screwing the M16 connector into the port until tight CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 52 ...

Страница 58: ...AT3BH is being measured the opposite end of the power cable should have pigtail wires that may be wired to the 12 V and G terminals on a data logger or to a separate 12 to 32 VDC nominal power supply The CPI cable should have the RJ45 connector plugged into the CPI port of the data logger Finally connect the CSAT3HCBL1 L RS 485 cable from the CSAT3H heater controller box to the designated C termin...

Страница 59: ... CPI RS 485 splitter Screw the sides of the splitters with only one M16 connector to the Power SDM and CPI RS 485 ports of the second CSAT3B Connect another set of cables from these splitters down to the next CSAT3B Continue the daisy chain until the last CSAT3B where a final CSAT3BCBL2 should have pigtail wire ends to connect to the 12 V and G terminals of a data logger or to a separate 12 to 32 ...

Страница 60: ... supply Connect a CSAT3BCBL3 to each CPI RS 485 port of each CSAT3B and connect the opposite end which should have RJ45 connectors to a HUB CPI Then use a CAT5e or CAT6 Ethernet cable to connect the HUB CPI to the CPI port of a data logger The CSAT3HCBL1 L cables from each CSAT3H heater controller box can either all go into the same ports or all wires can re route to a terminal connector with one ...

Страница 61: ...FIGURE 6 20 CPI daisy chain CSAT3BH sensor arms and grounding cables not shown CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 56 ...

Страница 62: ...FIGURE 6 21 CPI star topology CSAT3BH sensor arms and grounding cables not shown CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 57 ...

Страница 63: ...te will be grayed out until the operating mode has been set to Mode 2 or Mode 3 To complete installation connect a CSAT3BCBL2 to the Power SDM port by screwing the M16 connector into the port until tight NOTE A CSAT3BCBL1 may also be used for power but the SDM wires will not be used The CSAT3BCSBL1 also has lighter gauge power wires which increases voltage loss over long cable lengths so it should...

Страница 64: ... computer l Mode 3 Self triggered Filtered Unprompted output to computer if Mode 3 select filter bandwidth Unprompted Output Port USB Port Unprompted Output Rate 10 20 50 or 100 Hz NOTE In Device Configuration Utility the settings for Unprompted Output Port and Unprompted Output Rate will be grayed out until the operating mode has been set to Mode 2 or Mode 3 To complete installation connect a CSA...

Страница 65: ...s on the CSAT3BH block should always be covered securely by the caps to avoid water damage to the electronics If a fine wire thermocouple such as a model FW05 with FWC L is being used the wiring designations in Table 6 8 p 60 should be followed to connect the thermocouple to a differential voltage terminal on a data logger Table 6 8 FW05 FWC L fine wire thermocouple Description Color Signal high P...

Страница 66: ...nal between a pair of transducers is directly related to the wind vector component that is parallel to the sonic axis The CSAT3BH is able to calculate the wind vector components along each sonic axis using the time difference between an outgoing and return sonic signal along with the distance between sonic transducers Trigonometric relationships are used to calculate the wind speed in an orthogona...

Страница 67: ...d of sound the perpendicular component does An online calculator can account for the effects of the perpendicular component of wind using the measured components of wind and simple trigonometry or manually by using the methods described by Schotanus Nieuwstadt and de Bruin 1983 and Liu Peter and Foken 2001 see References p 91 The CSAT3BH corrects for the effects of crosswind on the speed of sound ...

Страница 68: ...n the CSAT3BH OS versions 1 11 and newer This shadow correction known as the Kaimal correction Kaimal 1979 Horst Semmer and Maclean 2015 is applied according to Where Ui the magnitude of the wind vector parallel to the sonic path without shadowing errors i a placeholder index for a b or c representing the three sonic paths θi the angle between the three dimensional wind vector and the wind vector ...

Страница 69: ...n 60 seconds the average number of diagnostic flags coming from the CSAT3BH is greater than 25 percent the controller will go into the second mode In the second mode the heater voltage will increase every 15 minutes until the blockage is clear Once the blockage is clear indicated by the average number of diagnostic flags dropping below 25 percent the controller will go back into the first mode and...

Страница 70: ...riggered Filtered Unprompted output to computer The mode is selected using the Device Configuration Utility under the Measurement Settings tab see Settings p 24 for details on viewing and selecting settings Table 7 1 p 66 gives a summary of the CSAT3BH operating modes The following sections give more information on the measurement trigger data filters and data output as a guide to selecting the ap...

Страница 71: ...is wide open since each trigger will initiate a single new measurement single measurement regime The data logger can trigger measurements at rates from 1 to 100 Hz If the trigger is given by the internal CSAT3BH timer as in Modes 1 through 3 the measurements will be self triggered at a rate of 100 Hz This results in an oversampled measurement regime where the 100 Hz samples may be optionally proce...

Страница 72: ...on a computer Table 7 4 p 73 also shows the closest integer sample delays for various output rates If the primary interest of a study is fluxes rather than spectral analysis there is no need to select a filter With unfiltered data the anemometer high frequency response is limited only by the geometry of the anemometer head This minimizes the possibility of underestimating high frequency signal var...

Страница 73: ...gering and prompting the CSAT3BH with a data logger is the best way to achieve optimum synchronicity with other fast response sensors Because the measurement was triggered according to the data logger clock the timing is known exactly If the data logger makes measurements of other fast response sensors via analog measurement SDM or CPI then the measurements from the CSAT3BH and other sensors can b...

Страница 74: ...ind speed in meters per second m s 1 3 uz z axis wind speed in meters per second m s 1 4 Ts Sonic temperature in degrees Celsius C 5 Diagnostic word 6 Record counter 7 Signature The record counter is a decimal value that is incremented each record until reaching a maximum value of 255 at which point it starts back over at zero The counter may be used to ensure each record is not a duplicate of the...

Страница 75: ...output array should be entered in as the swath The returned value is the computed signature signature signature algorithm Standard signature is initialized with a seed of 0xaaaa Returns signature unsigned short signature unsigned char buf int swath unsigned short seed unsigned char msb lsb unsigned char b int i msb seed 8 lsb seed for i 0 i swath i b lsb 1 msb buf if lsb 0x80 b msb lsb lsb b retur...

Страница 76: ...ilters are applied and the data is collected by the data logger If unaliased spectra are desired for characterization of the system and site Mode 1 is recommended in which the measurements are self triggered a filter is applied with a bandwidth that is half the data logger scan rate and the data is down sampled by the data logger If flux measurements and spectral characterizations are of interest ...

Страница 77: ...r it is often done offline using computer software Table 7 4 p 73 shows the measurement lags that should be applied to analog measurements or measurements with no delay in order to align them with CSAT3BH data The lags shown for Modes 1 and 3 indicate the number of output scans that the analog measurements should be delayed For example in Mode 1 where data is being filtered and then output is prom...

Страница 78: ...ng SDM or CPI The CSAT3B CRBasic instructions control and retrieve data from the CSAT3BH These instructions are available on the CR6 CR1000X CR800 850 and CR3000 data loggers The following sections give specifics about CRBasic instructions 7 5 1 CSAT3B The CSAT3B instruction is the primary instruction used to retrieve anemometer data from the CSAT3BH This will set the operating mode of the anemome...

Страница 79: ... CSAT3BH are done via the SDM or CPI bus A 0 indicates SDM and a 1 indicates CPI This parameter must be a constant If this is set to 0 the CSAT3BMode parameter must also be set to 0 since the SDM protocol does not support Mode 1 operation or the use of bandwidth filters CSAT3BAddress This parameter identifies the unique address of the CSAT3BH on the communication bus For SDM this number may be in ...

Страница 80: ...on of the anemometer This retrieves the internal temperature and relative humidity of the electronics enclosure and also the inclination of the anemometer The instruction requires three parameters Destination Bus and Address The CSAT3BMonitor instruction should appear in a slow sequence of the CRBasic program operating in pipeline mode Destination This variable will store the values returned by th...

Страница 81: ...c word as a base 10 integer Viewed in this manner each of the 32 bits has a different magnitude as a decimal number The resultant decimal number will be the sum of the decimal magnitudes of each of the bits that are set Table 7 6 p 76 summarizes the CSAT3BH diagnostic word flags Table 7 6 Diagnostic word flags Bit Hex value Decimal value Flag name Description Troubleshooting 0 0x0001 1 Low Amplitu...

Страница 82: ...al desiccant canister see Desiccant p 85 8 0x0100 256 Memory Error There is a signature mismatch from the calibration file or another section of memory Resend an OS and or cal file to the CSAT3BH contact Campbell Scientific for details 1 9 V is slightly below the 9 5 V minimum specification described in Specifications to account for the expected short duration transients 7 5 4 SDMTrigger The SDMTr...

Страница 83: ...ta logger the RS 485 link to the controller box may be used to send the program operating system see Sending an OS to the CSAT3H heater controller box p 89 NOTE Do not modify the program running on the control box without first speaking with Campbell Scientific Contact Campbell Scientific for help if attempting to update the program or operating system of the controller board Sending a new program...

Страница 84: ...rage sonic temperature during the interval diag_sonic_output_intv Diagnostic word output by the sonic during the interval press_Avg hPa Average ambient pressure during the interval com_intv s Communication interval between the main data logger and CSAT3H heater controller for example slow scan interval in main data logger measurements T_trnsd_uppr_Avg C Average temperature measured by the thermist...

Страница 85: ... and bottom arms T_trnsd_arm_Max C Maximum temperature among all transducer and arm thermistors set_T_pt_trnsds_Avg C Temperature to which transducers are set to heat NAN if no heating is needed set_T_pt_arms_Avg C Temperature to which arms are set to heat NAN if no heating is needed T_amb_ctrl C Average ambient temperature measured by the temp RH probe connected to the CSAT3H heater controller T_...

Страница 86: ...ucers trnsd_heater_fail_secs s Time during the interval that the transducer heaters failed to heat arm_heater_on_secs s Time during the interval that the arms were heated arm_heater_ctrl_secs s Time during the interval that the CSAT3H heater controller was given the green light by the main data logger to provide heat to the arms arm_heater_fail_secs s Time during the interval that the arm heaters ...

Страница 87: ...CSAT3H heater controller volt_batt_CR300_Min V Minimum battery voltage supplied to the CSAT3H heater controller 8 Maintenance and troubleshooting 8 1 General maintenance With no moving parts maintenance of the CSAT3BH is minimal and limited to the following l Replacing the desiccant canister l Monitoring diagnostics and measurement offsets to determine when factory recalibration is needed l Monito...

Страница 88: ...water droplets evaporate or are manually removed Droplets can be removed by dabbing a cotton swab or tissue on the face of the transducer If site conditions are such that the wicks are unnecessary gently remove the wicks from the transducers taking care not to damage or peel the matching layer rubber tips from the brass housing of the transducers Remove the wicks during the winter as the wicks wil...

Страница 89: ...lace it is not necessary to use an adhesive Replacement top wicks and bottom wicks can be purchased from Campbell Scientific A complete set of wicks for one sonic anemometer consists of three top wicks and three bottom wicks FIGURE 8 1 Proper location of the sonic top wick left and bottom wick right FIGURE 8 2 Spare Sonic Wicks Kit contents CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 84 ...

Страница 90: ...nnecting a CSAT3BH to a computer using the USB cable and then launching the Device Configuration Utility Under the Settings Editor tab of the utility there is secondary tab for Real Time Data where the internal humidity measurement will be displayed along with various other measurements If monitoring shows the internal humidity of the CSAT3BH rising above 50 including during nighttime cooling cycl...

Страница 91: ...rasonic paths A wind offset greater than the specifications found in Specifications p 17 is another indication that a recalibration is due To check for wind offset refer to Test for wind offset p 86 8 4 1 Test for wind offset Testing wind offset on a CSAT3BH requires creating an environment where wind is absent Because it is difficult to do this in the field wind offset data from the CSAT3BH shoul...

Страница 92: ...3 Connect the CSAT3BH power and communications cable to the data logger referring to Communications p 44 Connect to the data logger with LoggerNet or PC400 4 Use the real time monitoring graph display to create two graphs a On the first graph add the ux and uy wind components and set the y limits from 0 08 to 0 08 as shown in FIGURE 8 4 p 87 b On the second graph add the uz wind component and set ...

Страница 93: ...t is important to ship the unit with the foam inserts see Sonic carrying case p 7 provided from the factory 8 5 Troubleshooting Most problems that occur with the CSAT3BH will generate a flag in the diagnostic word that are set high see Diagnostic word p 76 and Table 7 6 p 76 It is normal to see occasional sonic flags being set due to precipitation insects spider webs birds etc that pass through on...

Страница 94: ...y for recalibration and or repair an RMA will be required see Returning the CSAT3BH p 90 8 5 1 Troubleshooting CSAT3H heater controller box issues The CSAT3H heater controller box passes heater information to the CR6 and is stored within the HeaterControlData Table 7 7 p 79 These data can be used to troubleshoot how well the heaters are functioning Two diagnostics are triggered if there are potent...

Страница 95: ...gs p 24 3 After connecting to the CSAT3BH click the Send OS tab at the top of the Device Configuration Utility main screen Click the Start button at the bottom of the page select the obj file that you downloaded from the Campbell website and click Open The OS will then be sent followed by a confirmation message that it was loaded properly FIGURE 8 6 The Send OS screen in the Device Configuration U...

Страница 96: ...for Flow Distortion by Transducer Shadowing Boundary Layer Meteorology 155 371 395 https doi org 10 1007 s10546 015 0010 3 Kaimal J C 1979 Sonic anemometer measurement of atmospheric turbulence Proceeding of the Dynamic Flow Conference of DISA Electronic A S Skovlunde 551 565 Kaimal J C and J J Finnigan 1994 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows Oxford Oxford University Press Liu H G Peter and T Foken ...

Страница 97: ...ation calculator p 93 A general map showing magnetic declination for the contiguous United States in 2015 is shown in FIGURE A 1 p 92 Declination angles east of true north are reported as positive values and are subtracted from 360 0 degrees to get true north as shown in FIGURE A 2 p 93 Declination angles west of true north are reported as negative values and are subtracted from 0 360 degrees to g...

Страница 98: ...etic declination calculator The magnetic declination web calculator published by the NOAA Geophysical Data Center is available at the following URL https www ngdc noaa gov geomag web declination Enter the latitude longitude date and the format you wish to view the data Once entered click Calculate to determine the declination FIGURE A 4 p 94 CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 93 ...

Страница 99: ...SA is 11 47 E Therefore true north is 360 11 47 348 53 So when looking at a compass at this location true north is located at 348 53 not 360 Declination results are typically accurate to 30 minutes of arc but environmental factors can cause magnetic field disturbances CSAT3BH Three Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 94 ...

Страница 100: ... the transducer axis tb time of flight back in the opposite direction ua wind speed along the transducer axis d distance between the transducers c speed of sound The wind speed ua along any axis can be found by inverting the preceding relationships then subtracting Eq 2 p 95 from Eq 1 p 95 and solving for ua Eq 3 The wind speed is measured on all three non orthogonal axis to give ua ub and uc wher...

Страница 101: ...ional off line corrections are required as suggested by Liu Peter and Foken 2001 Eq 5 The speed of sound in moist air is a function of temperature and humidity and is given by Eq 6 where g ratio of specific heat of moist air at constant pressure to that at constant volume P pressure r air density Rd gas constant for dry air Tv virtual temperature T air temperature q specific humidity defined as th...

Страница 102: ...ual temperature gd ratio of specific heat of dry air at constant pressure to that at constant volume Fleagle and Businger 1980 Kaimal and Gaynor 1991 Kaimal and Businger 1963 Schotanus Nieuwstadt and de Bruin 1983 With Eq 9 p 97 the effect of humidity on the speed of sound is included in the sonic virtual temperature The sonic virtual temperature in degrees Celsius is given by Eq 10 p 97 where gd ...

Страница 103: ... for sonic temperature variance and buoyancy heat flux with an omnidirectional sonic anemometer Boundary Layer Meteorology 100 459 468 Schotanus P F T M Nieuwstadt and H A R de Bruin 1983 Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes Boundary Layer Meteorology 26 81 93 Wallace J M and P V Hobbs 2006 Atmospheric Science An Introductory Survey New Yo...

Страница 104: ...Other manufacturer s products that are resold by Campbell Scientific are warranted only to the limits extended by the original manufacturer Refer to www campbellsci com terms warranty for more information CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS AND EXCLUDES ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE Campbell Scientific hereby disclaims to the fullest extent allow...

Страница 105: ...tion or Repair Reference number contact your CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC regional office Please write the issued number clearly on the outside of the shipping container and ship as directed For all returns the customer must provide a Statement of Product Cleanliness and Decontamination or Declaration of Hazardous Material and Decontamination form and comply with the requirements specified in it The form i...

Страница 106: ...prohibit climbing by other persons Take reasonable precautions to secure tripod and tower sites from trespassers l Use only manufacturer recommended parts materials and tools Utility and Electrical l You can be killed or sustain serious bodily injury if the tripod tower or attachments you are installing constructing using or maintaining or a tool stake or anchor come in contact with overhead or un...

Страница 107: ...info campbellsci fr www campbellsci fr Germany Location Phone Email Website Bremen Germany 49 0 421 460974 0 info campbellsci de www campbellsci de India Location Phone Email Website New Delhi DL India 91 11 46500481 482 info campbellsci in www campbellsci in South Africa Location Phone Email Website Stellenbosch South Africa 27 21 8809960 sales campbellsci co za www campbellsci co za Spain Locati...

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