Bruker SMART X2S, Руководство пользователя, Страница: 12 / 98

About this User Manual SMART X2S User Manual
1 - 6 DOC-M86-EXS127 V4
1.4.4 X-ray Safety
WARNING
!
DANGER
!
X-ray equipment produces potentially harmful
radiation and can be dangerous to anyone in the
equipment’’s vicinity unless safety precautions
are completely understood and implemented. All
persons designated to operate or perform
maintenance on this instrument must be fully
trained on the nature of radiation, X-ray
generating equipment, and radiation safety. All
users of the X-ray equipment are required to
accurately monitor their exposure to X-rays by
proper use of X-ray dosimeters.
For safety issues related to operation and maintenance of your particular X-ray generator,
diffractometer, and shield enclosure, please refer to the manufacturer’’s operation manuals or to your
Radiation Safety Officer. The user is responsible for compliance with local safety regulations.
General Physical Principles of X-rays
Production of X-rays
X-rays are photons that are emitted when electrons strike a metal target and interact with the electrons
orbiting the nuclei of the metal atoms. The electromagnetic waves in the
Ȝ range 0.1-2 Å are emitted in
all directions.
In X-ray tubes, electrons are emitted by a heated cathode, accelerated, and strike an anode material.
The cathode consists of a tungsten filament. For the generation of X-rays, high voltages of 20-60 kV
are required. Much of the energy supplied to the tube is transferred to heat, while less than 1% of it is
converted into X-rays. The anode consists of a metal (for example, Cu, Mo or Cr) that produces a
characteristic wavelength. A water cooling system prevents it from overheating. X-ray tubes usually
have a thin beryllium window by which the X-rays escape to the outside. The tube is partly clad with a
heavy absorbing material (such as lead) to prevent the X-rays emitted in other directions from
penetrating to the outside.
Figure 1.2 —— Schematic diagram of an X-ray tube