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4-2 Getting Acquainted with Your Keyboard

Before you begin using your computer, you should become familiar

with some keyboard functions. Your keyboard is divided into six sec-
tions. Refer to the previous page for the layout. The following gives an

explanation of these keys.

Function Keys

These are located on the left or at the top of the keyboard. Function

keys have specially defined uses preassigned by the software you use.

They are used independently or in combination with other keys.

Figure 4-2: Function Keys

Numeric Keypad

This is located on the right of the keyboard. At the center of the keypad
are nine numeric keys. These keys are used to move the cursor as well
as to enter numbers when either the Caps Lock key or Num Lock key
is pressed. Refer to the figure below:

Figure 4-3: Numeric Keypad

Chapter 4: Keyboard

Summary of Contents for Apex 386/33

Page 1: ...K E E N 3 3 0 4 33MHz 386 SYSTEM User s Manual...

Page 2: ...for a particular purpose The information in this document is subject to change without notice We assume no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document IBM PC IBM PC XT and IBM PC A...

Page 3: ...iver Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Any special accessories...

Page 4: ...uter from being damaged NEVER recon figure the board while the power is ON If you wish to reconfigure the computer at any time ensure that the power is turned OFF before changing any hardware set ting...

Page 5: ...System Unit 7 1 7 Control Panel 8 Reset Button 8 Turbo Button 8 Indicator Lights 8 Keylock 9 System Power Switch 9 1 8 Rear Panel 10 Keyboard Connector 11 Power Cord Connector 12 Display Port 13 Power...

Page 6: ...rocessor of PEM 3301 Mainboard 17 Installing Numeric Coprocessor 18 Shadow RAM 19 ROM Installation 21 2 2 PEM 3300 Motherboard 22 Restrictions 22 Onboard System Memory Size 24 Switch Settings 25 Video...

Page 7: ...Diskettes and Files 10 Deleting Your Diskettes and Files 11 Finding Out What is on Your Disk 12 3 4 Hard Disk Drive Format 13 Preformat 13 Partition 13 Format 14 3 5 Helpful Hints 15 Chapter 4 KEYBOA...

Page 8: ...11 Total System Memory Size 13 Installing Your PEI 306 RAM Card 20 6 3 Moving Your Computer and Peripherals 22 Short Move 22 Long Move 22 6 4 Technical Information 23 The Intel 80386 Microprocessor 2...

Page 9: ...s 16 Figure 1 12 Installing Floppy and Hard Disk Drives 17 Figure 1 13 Copy Protection for 3 5 Floppy Disk 19 Figure 1 14 Copy Protection for 5 25 Floppy Disk 19 Figure 1 15 Keyboard 21 Chapter 2 SETT...

Page 10: ...gure 2 24 1 MB Total Onboard System Memory 34 Figure 2 25 1 MB Total Onboard System Memory 34 Figure 2 26 2MB Total Onboard System Memory 35 Figure 2 27 2MB Total Onboard System Memory 35 Figure 2 28...

Page 11: ...re 6 5 Cables for Disk Drives 5 Figure 6 6 Fastening Brackets on a Hard Disk Drive 6 Figure 6 7 Installing a Hard Disk Drive 7 Figure 6 8 Connecting a Hard Disk Drive 7 Figure 6 9 Connecting a Hard Di...

Page 12: ...Table 2 5 DRAM Configurations 13 Table 2 6 Shadow RAM Control Port 19 Table 2 7 ROM BIOS Jumper 21 Table 2 8 Total 32 Bit Memory 25 Table 2 9 Onboard 32 Bit Memory 26 Table 2 10 SW1 6 Switch Setting 2...

Page 13: ...System Memory Configurations B 15 Table 6 5 PEM 3300 Total System Memory Configurations A 16 Table 6 6 PEM 3300 Total System Memory Configurations B 17 Table 6 7 PEM 3300 Total System Memory Configur...

Page 14: ...ur system Chapter 3 Operating Your System shows you the basics of BIOS program and the MS DOS functions Chapter 4 Keyboard explains the keyboard s features layout and basic functions Chapter 5 Trouble...

Page 15: ...tart section at the beginning of chapter one Quick Start will provide you all the information you need to set up the hardware For the beginner Chapter 1 gives you the basic information you need to use...

Page 16: ......

Page 17: ...get to work as soon as possible the Quick Start section at the beginning of this chapter provides you all the information you need to set up the hardware If you want to upgrade your hardware later re...

Page 18: ...plete compatiblity with software written for IBM PC AT 80286 type computers your computer vastly exceeds them in capability and processing power The PEI 306 RAM Card maintains the highest performance...

Page 19: ...omputer observe the figure below to set up your personal computer You will still want to use this manual later as a reference book Note Save all packing materials in case you need to ship or resell yo...

Page 20: ...apped high speed SRAM cache memory Write Back cache update for 0 watt state memory write operations DTK Phoenix Award or AMI BIOS support Shadow RAM function for BIOS and video for PEM 3301 motherboar...

Page 21: ...0ns Data Bus Bandwidth 32 bits ROM 32KB legal BIOS Expansion slots one 32 bit six 16 bit one 8 bit Disk Drive s Floppy disk drive 3 5 and 5 25 bay Hard disk drive 3 5 halt high and 5 25 bay Power Size...

Page 22: ...is pictured below You may choose peripherals and upgrades for the system as your needs require Even if your system is different from the one pictured it should operate in the same basic manner Figure...

Page 23: ...1 6 System Unit The system unit may house a motherboard disk drives a power supply and optional expansion cards Figure 1 3 System Unit Case Chapter 1 System Overview 7...

Page 24: ...m the RAM test stage by pressing the reset button Note however that any data which have not been saved to disk will be lost Turbo Button The Turbo button allows you to change the running speed of the...

Page 25: ...d is disabled to deny unauthorized users access to the computer Figure 1 5 Keylock and Two Security Lock Keys System Power Switch The system power switch is located on the control panel You should alw...

Page 26: ...Turn off all power switches before connecting or disconnecting cables wires En sure that cables wires are attached to the external device first and connected to the outlet unit later Turn the system u...

Page 27: ...ctor The keyboard supplied with your system can be plugged into sockets in front of the case Plug the keyboard cable into the socket shown below Figure 1 7 Connecting the Keyboard Cable Chapter 7 Syst...

Page 28: ...Power Cord Connector The power supply has two receptacles one supplies power to a monitor the other connects to the main power source Figure 1 8 System Power Cord 12 Chapter 1 System Overview...

Page 29: ...ge of video options to meet your needs You have a wide choice of the following video standards MGA Monochrome Graphics Adapter also referred to as Hercules CGA Color Graphics Adapter EGA Enhanced Grap...

Page 30: ...can run on either 115V or 230V as indicated in Figure 1 10 The voltage setting switch is located above the monitor power outlet Refer to the Table 1 1 for power cord specifications Figure 1 10 Voltag...

Page 31: ...Table 1 7 Power Cord Specifications Chapter 1 System Overview 15...

Page 32: ...to be used by referring to your expansion card manuals or peripheral manuals You may consult your dealer for more about the expansion cards available for your system Typical peripherals are shown in...

Page 33: ...p to six disks drives in the system unit of either with 5 25 or 3 5 sizes More information about how to install disk drives may be found in the chpater 6 Figure 1 12 Installing Floppy and Hard Disk Dr...

Page 34: ...ne standard 3 5 floppy disk can store up to 720KB of data One high density 3 5 floppy disk can store up to 1 44MB of data Table 1 2 Floppy Disk Specifications Note Only high density floppy disks can b...

Page 35: ...y sliding the small tab on a 3 5 disk to cover the hole Refer to the figures below on how to copy protect floppy disks When a disk is copy protected you cannot add new information to it or change any...

Page 36: ...s it is best to use a hard disk A hard disk can raise your efficiency because the hard disk keeps programs and data available at your fingertips Moreover your system gives you a wide range of 3 5 half...

Page 37: ...oard has a set of function keys cursor keys and a numeric keypad The figure below shows a typical keyboard Refer to Chapter 4 for a more detailed description of the keyboard Figure 1 15 Keyboard Chapt...

Page 38: ...mechanical power failure or damage do not attempt to repair the system unit monitor s cables wires Refer all such problems to experienced service personnel Ensure that the back of the system unit is a...

Page 39: ...Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Page 40: ...s topics you are less likely to need to know right away You may also skip this chapter unless you want to add to or alter your system unit hardware yourself It is recommended to have your dealer or te...

Page 41: ...y provides high performance with a cost approaching that of DRAM The motherboard contains an Intel 80386 processor a 80387 math coprocessor socket BIOS chips and expansion slots The figure on the next...

Page 42: ...Figure 2 1 PEM 3301 Motherboard Layout Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 3...

Page 43: ...er that when inserting chips RAM modules you must make sure the notched or dotted end of the chip RAM module is lined up with the notched end of the socket Gently push the chip RAM module into the soc...

Page 44: ...he ON position is labeled the OFF position is not SW1 should be set appropriately based on the following description Figure 2 4 The Six Switch DIP SW1 Table 2 1 Total 32 Bit Memory Note Total 32 bit m...

Page 45: ...memory extension card the switch setting for total 32 bit memory must be for an amount larger than or equal to total installed memory including onboard 32 bit memory and 32 bit memory on the PEI 306 F...

Page 46: ...otal onboard 32 bit memory plus that on the PEI 306 32 bit extension memory card For example if the switch setting for total 32 bit memory is 6MB you ll need 6MB on the PEI 306 card and onboard togeth...

Page 47: ...ttachments and jumper option adjustments on the mainboard have to be made See the illustration below for the location of each of the jumpers and connec tors Most of the jumpers are preset at the facto...

Page 48: ...no effect on the function of the board while it keeps the cap handy The illustration below shows the side and top views of a three pin jumper in which pins two and three are shorted Top View Figure 2...

Page 49: ...short 1Mbit x 9 SIMM DRAM 2 3 short 256Kbit x 9 SIMM DRAM W3 Bank 1 DRAM Type Selection 1 2 short 1Mbit x 9 SIMM DRAM 2 3 short 256Kbit x 9 SIMM DRAM W4 W5 Cache Size Selection 1 2 short 64KB cache m...

Page 50: ...ore information The following table lists the jumper settings required for each cache memory configuration listed above Table 2 4 Cache Memory Configuration Table 2 5 shows the jumper and switch setti...

Page 51: ...Figure 2 7 Cache Configurations 12 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Page 52: ......

Page 53: ...Figure 2 8 1MB Total Onboard Memory Figure 2 9 2MB Total Onboard Memory 14 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Page 54: ...Figure 2 10 4MB Total Onboard Memory Figure 2 11 5MB Total Onboard Memory Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 15...

Page 55: ...Figure 2 12 8MB Total Onboard memory 16 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Page 56: ...rd The PEM 3301 mainboard supports the Intel 80386 33 processor The processor chip should be inserted into the processor socket U12 with the notch as shown below Figure 2 13 Location of Processor Chap...

Page 57: ...r chip should be inserted into the coprocessor socket U11 with the notch on the package oriented in the same direction as the corresponding notch on the socket Jumper W1 should be SHORTED if an Intel...

Page 58: ...cated for video BIOS shadow RAM BIOS and video addresses are allocated for shadow RAM Both sections are 64KB in size Refer to the table below for more informa tion Figure 2 15 System and Video BIOS No...

Page 59: ...u may run the SHADOW EXE file and modify shadow RAM as you desire Note 1 Because 128K of DRAM is reserved for shadow RAM the switch setting for the starting address on the PEI 306 should be xMB 256KB...

Page 60: ...r to the illustration below for the location of the DIP sockets and ROM selection jumper W7 on the mainboard Figure 2 16 ROM Installation of PEM 3301 Mainboard ROM access time is 15Ons Table 2 7 ROM B...

Page 61: ...hing that of DRAM The motherboard contains a Intel 80386 processor a 80387 math coprocessor socket BIOS chips and expansion slots The figure on the next page will familiarize you with the layout of th...

Page 62: ...Figure 2 17 PEM 3300 Motherboard Layout Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 23...

Page 63: ...at when inserting chips RAM modules you must make sure the notched or dotted end of the chip RAM module is lined up with the notched end of the socket Gently push the chip RAM module into the socket a...

Page 64: ...ion is labeled the OFF position is not SW1 should be set appropriately based on the following description Side View Top View Figure 2 20 The Six Switch DIP SW1 Table 2 8 Total 32 Bit Memory Note Total...

Page 65: ...total 32 bit memory must be for an amount larger than or equal to total installed memory in cluding onboard 32 bit memory and 32 bit memory on the PEI 306 For example if the total memory installed is...

Page 66: ...tting for total on board 32 bit memory plus that on the PEI 306 32 bit exten sion memory card For example if the switch setting for total 32 bit memory is 6MB you ll need 6MB in some combination on th...

Page 67: ...attachments and jumper option adjustments on the mainboard have to be made See the illustration below for the location of each of the jumpers and connec tors Most of the jumpers are preset at the fact...

Page 68: ...his has no effect on the function of the board while it keeps the cap handy The illustration below shows the side and top views of a three pin jumper in which pins two and three are shorted Figure 2 2...

Page 69: ...nector W1 W6 Bank Selection 1 2 short bank 0 2 3 short bank 1 W7 DRAM Type of Bank 0 1 2 short 1Mbit x 9 SIP DRAM or 1Mbit x 1 DIP DRAM 2 3 short 256Kbitx9 SIP DRAM or 256Kbitx4 DIP RAM W8 DRAM Type o...

Page 70: ...table lists the jumper settings required for each cache memory configuration listed above Jumpers W9 W10 Cache Memory Configuration 64KB 256KB Table 2 11 Cache Memory Configuration Table 2 12 shows th...

Page 71: ...Figure 2 23 Cache Configurations 64KB cache 256KB cache 32 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Page 72: ...Table 2 12 DRAM Configurations Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 33...

Page 73: ...Figure 2 24 1MB Total Onboard Memory Configuration A Figure 2 25 1MB Total Onboard Memory Configuration B 34 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Page 74: ...Figure 2 26 2MB Total Onboard Memory Configuration A Figure 2 27 2MB Total Onboard Memory Configuration B Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 35...

Page 75: ...Bank 0 266Kbit x 9 RAM module x 4 pieces Figure 2 28 2MB Total Onboard memory Configuration C 36 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Page 76: ...Bank 0 1Mbit x 36 pieces Figure 2 29 4MB Total Onboard memory Configuration A Figure 2 30 4MB Total Onboard memory Configuration B Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 37...

Page 77: ...Figure 2 31 5MB Total Onboard memory Bank 0 1Mbit x 36 pieces Bank 1 1Mbit x 9 RAM module x 4 pieces Figure 2 32 8MB Total Onboard memory 38 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Page 78: ...300 mainboard supports the Intel 80386 33 processor The processor chip should be inserted into the processor socket U161 with the notches aligned as shown below Figure 2 33 Location of Processor Chapt...

Page 79: ...chip should be inserted into the coprocessor socket U160 with the notch on the package oriented in the same direction as the corresponding notch on the socket The jumper W1 should be SHORTED if an Int...

Page 80: ...e unit This is easily ac complished with the following tools a small flat blade screwdriver and a small Phillips screwdriver Be sure that the power to the system is switched OFF before you open the ca...

Page 81: ...this case you should connect cables on the power supply to 2 six pin connectors You may also need to attach the four pin connectors for disk drives Be sure the four black wires of the power supply ca...

Page 82: ...Table 2 13 Power Supply Pinouts Once you have completed connecting the cables the RAM Card is installed and ready to go If you have nothing else left to do close the case according to the instructions...

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Page 85: ...er uses is Microsoft Corporation s MS DOS the world s most widely used operating sys tem for PC XT ATs Next there is the application software that you use for work and play Finding application softwar...

Page 86: ...e prompts displayed on the monitor Starting DOS with the Computer on If you don t have a DOS disk in your disk drive when you start your computer you will see the following message on the screen follo...

Page 87: ...p program is simple to use It is extremely important that you respond correctly to prompts about your computer System Setup Program You will need to run the setup program in the following situations y...

Page 88: ...ears the following message will be shown on the screen SETUP utility will be starting When the RAM test is completed the SETUP program will take over Once you have entered the SETUP program you will s...

Page 89: ...you will see in using the program If you choose item 1 from The screen on the previous page to configure your system the following will appear You should correctly respond to prompts about your compu...

Page 90: ...m 9 you will be asked to confirm that the configuration data are correct Figure 3 3 Before Restarting If at a later date you alter the configuration of your system you will need to go through the prog...

Page 91: ...ss Ctrl Alt 5 on the key pad Pressing Esc will exit this utility Note that these two utilities can be used in the 80 column text display mode only Refer to the figure below for the Calculator Figure 3...

Page 92: ...If you are using a floppy disk drive insert the DOS system disk in drive A and switch on your computer You will see a message similar to the following Current date is Fri 01 01 1990 Enter new date MM...

Page 93: ...ted you will see the following prompt Format another diskette Y N Press N if you do have nothing else to be formatted Formattlng a low density disk To format a lowdensity disk type the following at th...

Page 94: ...espond to the prompts on your screen Backing up a diskette on a single floppy disk drive system At the A prompt type the following A diskcopy Press Enter and respond to the prompts on your screen Afte...

Page 95: ...ther data Erasing a diskette To erase a whole directory of files type the following at the drive prompt A del Enter All the files in the open directory are now erased Deleting a file To delete a singl...

Page 96: ...mand DIR A After you hit the enter key all the file information will be displayed on the screen If you use the DIR command without a drive letter MS DOS lists the directory of the disk which was most...

Page 97: ...partitioning process Insert your DOS diskette in drive A and type a to get the A prompt Then type A FDISK J The FDISK command displays a series of menus to help you partition your hard disk for MS DOS...

Page 98: ...new partition as follows A FORMAT D If you want to use partition 1 drive C to start DOS you have to specify the S option when formatting the disk You can use this system disk to boot your system late...

Page 99: ...colon when specifying the name of a drive Spell the filename correctly Use the appropriate extension such as doc or exe Refer to the DOS Reference for additional information if a command still doesn t...

Page 100: ...Chapter 4 Keyboard...

Page 101: ...our keyboard and its functions n how to adjust your keyboard angle A computer keyboard sends messages from you to the computer It has QWERTY keys Function keys Cursor control keys A numeric keypad Spe...

Page 102: ...most popular are the PC keyboard the PC AT keyboard and the enhanced keyboard Figure 4 1 below illustrates the basic layout of a typical enhanced keyboard Function Keys Keyboard Special Keys Indicator...

Page 103: ...left or at the top of the keyboard Function keys have specially defined uses preassigned by the software you use They are used independently or in combination with other keys Figure 4 2 Function Keys...

Page 104: ...y is activated Activating Num Lock makes 5 operative Activating Num Lock makes 6 operative Otherwise the cursor key is activated Activating Num Lock makes 1 operative Otherwise end moves the cursor to...

Page 105: ...functions are explained as follows Figure 4 4 Indicator Lights Caps Lock When this light is on characters are in uppercase mode Num Lock When this light is off the cursor control function of the nume...

Page 106: ...ata on the screen With Scroll Lock activated you can move text vertically in line units Pressing this key halts the current operation pressing it again allows the operation to continue Moves the curso...

Page 107: ...n Performs a tab function similar to that of a typewriter Changes lowercase letters to capitals Moves cursor back one space and erases characters Pressing this key activates uppercase letters pressing...

Page 108: ...ese keys move the cursor in the indicated direction Figure 4 7 Cursor Keys Key Combinations The keys shown below have special functions when pressed simul taneously Table 4 4 Special Functions 8 Chapt...

Page 109: ...ard Tilt Adjustment Under the rear of the keyboard are two small legs that can be pulled out or pushed in to change the keyboard angle to suit you Figure 4 8 Adjustment of Keyboard Angles Chapter 4 Ke...

Page 110: ...Troubleshooting...

Page 111: ...But if some problems do occur more likely than not you will be able to solve them by referring to this chapter No matter whether you are a new or experienced user you should become familiar with the...

Page 112: ...blem is with software you should probably talk to your software dealer If the problem is with the hardware try to narrow down the source of the problem Is it your disks or disk drives Keyboard Printer...

Page 113: ...ort because some software can only run in the MGA display mode Is the power fuse burned out If you have gone through the above checklist and your system still does not function properly check the foll...

Page 114: ...e are three levels of system error messages that you might see displayed on your computer These are related to the software you use Following are the ones most commonly en countered Software error mes...

Page 115: ...herefore required Error messages generated by MS DOS BASIC or other high level applications These messages relate to problems due to incorrect use or malfunc tion of a high level application under whi...

Page 116: ...e procedure If the problem persists contact your software dealer System does not boot This can be caused by defective hardware or a faulty system disk Turn off your computer and try again if unsuccess...

Page 117: ...on or power loss RTC Checksum Error Indicates that the system memory refresh function does not work Refresh Indicator Error Indicates that the system memory refresh does not work Base 64K Memory Error...

Page 118: ...or System Memory Mismatch Run Setup Indicates a mismatch of memory size in the real time clock as well as onboard You need to run the setup program Display Card Mismatch Run Setup Indicates a mismatch...

Page 119: ......

Page 120: ...formation on moving your computer This manual is not a technical reference manual This chapter provides some technical information about your system but if you need more check out a technical library...

Page 121: ...he instructions below to do so Be certain to refer to the manuals for both the disk drive and the controller card for any additional specific information regarding them that may be of importance Flopp...

Page 122: ...the Floppy Disk Drives Next connect the floppy hard disk controller cable and one of the four cables from the power supply The power cable is simple to connect simply plug it in to the correct adapter...

Page 123: ...Figure 6 3 Connecting a Floppy Disk Drive Figure 6 4 Connecting a Floppy Disk Drive to an FDC Card 4 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Page 124: ...d to the card Pin 1 is clearly marked on the card See the figure below Figure 6 5 Cables for Disk Drives Follow the same procedure for any additional drives you want to install Removal To remove a dri...

Page 125: ...ard Disk The installation of a hard disk drive is similar to that for a floppy disk drive First fasten the bracket on the drive Figure 6 6 Fasten the Brackets on a Hard Disk Drive 6 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Page 126: ...l Next place the disk drive inside the bay and fasten the brackets to the chassis Refer to the figure below Figure 6 7 Installing a Hard Disk Drive Chapter 6 Appendix 7...

Page 127: ...Figure 6 6 Connecting a Hard Disk Drive Figure 6 9 Connecting a Hard Disk to a HDC Card 8 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Page 128: ...t is impossible to make a mistake The two hard disk controller cables are of different sizes the red wires on the cables should be connected so that they are toward the central portion of the case Rem...

Page 129: ...B SIMM modules which allow for up to 12MB of memory for maximum expandability With so many memory configurations setup becomes a major con sideration The PEI 306 386 RAM Card has been designed with ma...

Page 130: ...s are aligned at an angle of 25 degrees Refer to the figure below Notch RAM Module RAM Module S o c k e t Figure 6 11 SIMM Type RAM Module Remember that when inserting the RAM module you must make sur...

Page 131: ...ou to set the DRAM type of banks 0 2 for either 411000 RAM or 41256 RAM Jumper W1 selects bank 0 W2 selects bank 1 and W3 selects bank 2 Refer to the table below for more information Table 6 1 Jumpers...

Page 132: ...6KB or 1MB SIMM Type RAM Modules Static Column Page Mode Table 6 2 DRAM Chip Speed Total System Memory Size The PEI 306 RAM Board provides you up to 16MB of total system memory Total system memory mea...

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Page 139: ...nsured that the power to the system is switched OFF refer to Figure 2 35 for your computer to open it up You will see expansion slot CON5 on your mainboard as below Figure 6 12 32 Bit Expansion Slot f...

Page 140: ...es Avoid touching the connector contacts or any components with your hands as this could damage the card Insert the card into an empty expansion slot as shown in the illustration below Figure 6 13 Ins...

Page 141: ...nto flop py disks Enter the DOS system program and invoke the PARK com mand This command will lock up your hard disk to protect it from damage while the computer is being moved Turn off all power swit...

Page 142: ...a fast 8086 with a 32 bit extension if necessary The Protected Virtual Address mode is the natural environment of the 80386 Software can perform a task switch into tasks designated as virtual 8086 mo...

Page 143: ...alled the cache index field contains enough bits to specify a block location within the cache The second field called the tag field contains enough bits to distinguish one block from other blocks that...

Page 144: ...Figure 6 14 Direct Mapped Cache Organization Chapter 6 Appendix 25...

Page 145: ...he cache RAM replacing the current sub block The logic also changes the tag stored at locations FFF8h to FFh The processor then reads the second byte of the new four byte sub block Cache Updating Writ...

Page 146: ...he maintained by another device will contain stale data A system that prevents the stale cache data problem is said to maintain cache coherency The PEM 3301 uses the method of hardware transparency to...

Page 147: ...Figure 6 15 Cache Architecture 28 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Page 148: ...p on page 41 One way of overcoming the 640KB barrier is by using expanded memory This requires the use of additional bank switched physical memory memory organized in banks which can individually be s...

Page 149: ...System Memory Map The AT compatible system memory map is as follows Figure 6 16 System Memory Map 30 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Page 150: ...d 1 190MHz clock Interrupt Controller 8259 IRQ0 Channel 1 Refresh Request Generator Gate 1 CLK IN 1 Always enabled 1 190 CLK OUT 1 MHz clock Refresh Request Cycle Channel 2 Gate 2 CLK IN 2 CLK OUT 2 S...

Page 151: ...Interrupt Controllers Table 6 9 Interrupt Controllers 32 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Page 152: ...CH7 Spare Table 6 10 DMA Channels The channels of DMA Controller 1 support data transfers between 8 bit I O adapters and 8 bit or 16 bit system memory and the channels of DMA Controller 2 are used for...

Page 153: ...one 62 pin and one 36 pin con nector slots two 8 bit adapter one 62 pin connector slots and one 32 bit memory board 80 pin connector slot The following illustration shows the pin assignments of the I...

Page 154: ...A19 I O Address bits 0 though 19 are used to address memory and I O devices within the system These 20 address lines in addition to LA17 through LA23 allow access of up to 16Mb of memory SA0 through S...

Page 155: ...ogic at power up time or during a low line voltage outage This signal is active high SD0 Through SD15 I O These signals provide bus bits 0 though 15 for the microprocessor memory and l O devices DO is...

Page 156: ...ention The interrupt requests are prioritized with IRQ9 through IRQ12 and IRQ14 through IRQ15 having the highest priority IRQ9 is the highest and IRQ3 through IRQ7 having the lowest priority lRQ7 is t...

Page 157: ...is derived from MEMW and the decode of the low 1 Mb of memory When a microprocessor on the l O channel wishes to drive MEMW it must have the address lines valid on the bus for one system clock period...

Page 158: ...ontrol of the system A processor or DMA controller on the I O channel may issue a DRQ to a DMA channel in cascade mode and receive a DACK Upon receiving the DACK an I O microprocessor may pull MASTER...

Page 159: ...bit device without wait cycles OWS is derived from an address decode gated with a Read or Write command In order to run a memory cycle to an 8 bit device with a minimum of two wait states OWS should b...

Page 160: ...DF 3F0 3F7 3F8 3FF Device DMA Controller 1 8237 Master Interrupt Controller 8259 Timer 8254 Keyboard Controller 8042 Real time clock NMI mask DMA Page Register 74LS612 Interrupt Controller2 8259 DMA C...

Page 161: ...the serial format along with the parity bit Reports the response of the keyboard to the system Reports errors to the system through the status register The keyboard controller has two 8 bit ports One...

Page 162: ...in 36 Bit 5 Undefined Pin 37 Bit 6 Keyboard clock output Pin 38 Bit 7 Keyboard data output 32 Bit Memory Expansion Bus The 32 bit memory expansion bus optimizes the memory subsystem to take advantage...

Page 163: ...Figure 6 19 Pin Assignments of the 32 bit Memory Expansion Bus 44 Chapter 6 Appendix...

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Page 165: ...ere will be an address conflict ASCII This is an acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII code includes both control and graphic characters and is used for exchanging i...

Page 166: ...channel is 32 bit this means the data travels at least twice as fast as data on a 16 bit data bus A group of data units forming a single unit of data There are eight bits in a single byte clock proces...

Page 167: ...the file and the dates they were created and up dated It is always good practice to organize related files in a single directory diskette This refers to removable data storage disks sometimes also cal...

Page 168: ...s a filename and an extension In DOS filenames are from one to eight characters long An extension starts with a period has three characters and follows immediately after the filename fixed or hard dis...

Page 169: ...ue given to a memory loca tion microprocessor This is an integrated circuit that receives coded instruc tions for execution It is also referred to as a CPU modem A modem connects your computer with ot...

Page 170: ...drive letter peripheral Output devices which are driven by the computer port A communication channel between a computer and its peripheral components printed circuit board An electronic circuit board...

Page 171: ...igned to be as foolproof as an ordinary television set a careful read ing of this section will help you to ensure the long life and troublefree operation of your computer software Computer programs su...

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