Arcteq AQ-M257 Instruction Manual Download Page 71

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Event block name

Event names

NOC1

Phase B Trip OFF

NOC1

Phase C Trip ON

NOC1

Phase C Trip OFF

NOC2

Start ON

NOC2

Start OFF

NOC2

Trip ON

NOC2

Trip OFF

NOC2

Block ON

NOC2

Block OFF

NOC2

Phase A Start ON

NOC2

Phase A Start OFF

NOC2

Phase B Start ON

NOC2

Phase B Start OFF

NOC2

Phase C Start ON

NOC2

Phase C Start OFF

NOC2

Phase A Trip ON

NOC2

Phase A Trip OFF

NOC2

Phase B Trip ON

NOC2

Phase B Trip OFF

NOC2

Phase C Trip ON

NOC2

Phase C Trip OFF

NOC3

Start ON

NOC3

Start OFF

NOC3

Trip ON

NOC3

Trip OFF

NOC3

Block ON

NOC3

Block OFF

NOC3

Phase A Start ON

NOC3

Phase A Start OFF

NOC3

Phase B Start ON

NOC3

Phase B Start OFF

NOC3

Phase C Start ON

NOC3

Phase C Start OFF

NOC3

Phase A Trip ON

NOC3

Phase A Trip OFF

NOC3

Phase B Trip ON

NOC3

Phase B Trip OFF

NOC3

Phase C Trip ON

Q-M257

-M257

Instruction manual

Version: 2.07

Summary of Contents for AQ-M257

Page 1: ...AQ M257 Motor protection IED Instruction manual...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...9 5 4 9 Low impedance or high impedance restricted earth fault cable end differential protection I0d 87N 124 5 4 10 Overvoltage protection U 59 133 5 4 11 Undervoltage protection U 27 140 5 4 12 Neutr...

Page 4: ...asurements to communication 435 6 4 Modbus Gateway 437 7 Connections and applic 7 Connections and applica ation examples tion examples 440 440 7 1 Connections of AQ M257 440 7 2 Application example an...

Page 5: ...U 59 486 9 2 1 10 Undervoltage protection U 27 487 9 2 1 11 Neutral overvoltage protection U0 59N 488 9 2 1 12 Sequence voltage protection U1 U2 47 27P 59NP 488 9 2 1 13 Overfrequency and underfrequen...

Page 6: ...11 Contact and r 11 Contact and re ef fer erence inf ence informa ormation tion 507 507 A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 4 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021...

Page 7: ...e warranty obligations of the manufacturer Arcteq Relays Ltd The manufacturer expressly disclaims any and all liability for any damages and or losses caused due to a failure to comply with the instruc...

Page 9: ...ing Added current measurement side selection description to functions with such feature Added General menu description Revision 2 01 Date 6 11 2019 Changes Added description for LED test and button te...

Page 10: ...00 mHz s Changed disturbance recorder maximum digital channel amount from 32 to 95 Added residual current coarse and fine measurement data to disturbance recorder description Event read mode parameter...

Page 11: ...roved alarm function color behavior description and images Added operation time with different measurement values vs setting ratio in instant operation mode to non directional overcurrent function des...

Page 12: ...tion Internal harmonics blocking to I I0 I0dir function descriptions Non standard delay curves added Event lists revised on several functions RTD mA card description improvements Ring lug CT card opti...

Page 13: ...t transformer supervision DG Distributed generation DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DI Digital input DO Digital output DOL Direct on line DR Disturbance recorder DT Definite time FF Fundament...

Page 14: ...S Root mean square RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol RTD Resistance temperature detector RTU Remote terminal unit SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition SG Setting group SOTF Switch on to faul...

Page 15: ...D For other AQ 200 series products please consult their respective device manuals AQ M257 offers a modular motor protection and control solution for asynchronous or synchronous motors requiring differ...

Page 16: ...with programmable legend texts 3 Three 3 object control buttons Choose the controllable object with the Ctrl Ctrl button and control the breaker or other object with the I I and the O O buttons 4 The...

Page 17: ...utton test menu It displays all the physical buttons on the front panel Pressing any of the listed buttons marks them as tested When all buttons are marked as having been tested the device will return...

Page 18: ...evels are divided as follows User Can view any menus and settings but cannot change any settings nor operate breakers or other equipment Operator Can view any menus and settings but cannot change any...

Page 19: ...ercurrent protection X X X NEF 4 I0 I0 I0 I0 50N 51N Non directional earth fault protection X X X DEF 4 I0dir I0dir I0dir I0dir 67N 32N Directional earth fault protection X X X OV 4 U U U U 59 Overvol...

Page 20: ...X X X UPF 1 PF 55 Power factor protection X X RTD 1 Resistance temperature detectors X X X PQS 4 P Q S P Q S P Q S P Q S 32 Power protection X X X UIM 2 Z Z 21U Underimpedance protection X X URX 2 X X...

Page 21: ...our counter X X X MR Measurement recorder X X X VREC Measurement value recorder X X X 5 2 Measurements 5 2 1 Current measurement and scaling in differential applications The current measurement module...

Page 22: ...et correctly The relay calculates the scaling factors based on the set values of the CT primary the CT secondary and the nominal current The relay measures the secondary current the current output fro...

Page 23: ...for sensitive earth fault protection and their rated secondary may be as low as 0 2 A in some cases The following chapter is an example on how to set the scaling of the relay measurements for the sel...

Page 24: ...tial calculation mode setting has to be set to Subtract Protection TrafoModule Idx 87T 87N Settings This way the direction of the measured currents are checked correctly from the relay s perspective T...

Page 25: ...tected transformer are calculated based on the values set in the Transformer characteristics menu Protection TrafoModule TSTAT INFO The ratio between the CT modules 1 and 2 can be set in their respect...

Page 26: ...oarse The residual current CT is connected to the first CTM directly which requires the use of sensitive residual current measurement settings the Residual I02 CT scaling settings are set according to...

Page 27: ...culation mode has to be set to Add Protection TrafoModule Idx 87T 87N Settings The difference with the first application is that here the CTs point towards the protected object instead of pointing thr...

Page 28: ...2 are pointing at each other The nominal currents on both the HV and the LV sides are the same as in Application 1 However the CTs secondary current levels have been changed to 2 A on the HV side and...

Page 29: ...The default setting is for the positive current to flow from connector 5 to connector 6 with the secondary currents starpoint pointing towards the line CT scaling factor P S A relay feedback value th...

Page 30: ...00 000 0 001 The peak to peak current measurement in p u from each of the phase current channels Table 5 2 1 12 Primary phase current measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Primary phase curren...

Page 31: ...e calculated current channel I0 Primary residual current I0x TRMS Res curr I01 TRMS Pri A 0 000 1000000 000 0 001 The TRMS current inc harmonics up to 31st measurement from the primary residual curren...

Page 32: ...0 001 The primary measurement from the calculated zero sequence current Table 5 2 1 21 Secondary sequence current measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Secondary positive sequence current Sec...

Page 33: ...d 31st harmonic A 0 000 1000000 000 0 001 Displays the selected harmonic from the current input ILx or I0x 5 2 2 Voltage measurement and scaling The voltage measurement module VT module or VTM is used...

Page 34: ...VTs is 400 V 60 kV while the secondary voltage ratings are 100 V 210 V Non standard ratings can also be directly connected as the scaling settings are flexible and have large ranges Example of VT sca...

Page 35: ...el in this case a 20 increase equals 4000 V Once the settings have been sent to the device relay calculates the scaling factors and displays them for the user The VT scaling factor P S describes the r...

Page 36: ...line measurement If only two line to line voltages are measured the third one UL31 is calculated based on the UL12 and UL23 vectors When measuring line to line voltages the line to neutral voltages ca...

Page 37: ...ce voltage which has the same ratio 20 000 100 V Figure 5 2 2 15 Relay behavior when nominal voltage injected The image collection below presents the relay s behavior when voltage is injected into the...

Page 38: ...tion device or the VTs and the relay The measured voltage amplitudes are OK but the angles are strange The voltage unbalance protection trips immediately after activation The earth fault protection tr...

Page 39: ...SS VT primary 1 1000000V 0 1V 20000 0V The primary nominal voltage of the connected U0 or SS VT This setting is only valid if the 2LL U3 U4 mode is selected U3 Res SS VT secondary 0 2 400V 0 1V 100 0...

Page 40: ...unit value This setting is only valid if the 2LL U3 U4 mode is selected Measurements The following measurements are available in the measured voltage channels Table 5 2 2 26 Per unit voltage measureme...

Page 41: ...0 0 01 The secondary measurement from the calculated positive sequence voltage Secondary negative sequence voltage Neg seq Volt sec V 0 00 4800 0 0 01 The secondary measurement from the calculated ne...

Page 42: ...nitude UL3 System volt UL3 mag V 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary RMS line to neutral UL3 voltage measured or calculated You can also select the row where the unit for this is kV System voltage magnit...

Page 43: ...sured or calculated System voltage angle U0 System volt U0 ang deg 0 00 360 0 0 01 The primary zero sequence angle U0 measured or calculated System voltage angle U3 System volt U3 ang deg 0 00 360 0 0...

Page 44: ...n to power calculations energy magnitudes are also calculated Power is divided into three magnitudes apparent power S active power P and reactive power Q Energy measurement calculates magnitudes for a...

Page 45: ...irection of reactive power is divided into four quadrants Reactive power may be inductive or capacitive on both forward and reverse directions Reactive power quadrant can be indicated with Tan tangent...

Page 46: ...energy measurement 3ph reactive energy measurement 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enables disables the reactive and apparent energy measurement 3ph energy megas or kilos 0 Mega 1 Kilo 0 Mega Defines...

Page 47: ...counters generally Clear pulse counter 0 1 Clear 0 Resets the DC 1 4 Pulses sent counters back to zero DC 1 4 enable 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enables disables the energy dose counter 1 4 indiv...

Page 48: ...1x106 0 01 The apparent power of Phase Lx in kilo volt amperes Lx Active power P kW 1x106 1x106 0 01 The active power of Phase Lx in kilowatts Lx Reactive power Q kVar 1x106 1x106 0 01 The reactive p...

Page 49: ...5 2 3 42 Single phase energy calculations L1 L3 Name Range Step Description Export Active Energy Lx kWh or MWh 1x109 1x109 0 01 The exported active energy of the phase Import Active Energy kWh or MWh...

Page 50: ...lue Name Value L1 S L1 S 4 08 MVA L2 S L2 S 6 15 MVA L3 S L3 S 9 77 MVA 3P 3PH S H S 20 00 MVA L1 P L1 P 2 89 MW L2 P L2 P 4 72 MW L3 P L3 P 9 71 MW 3P 3PH P H P 17 32 MW L1 Q L1 Q 2 89 Mvar L2 Q L2 Q...

Page 51: ...ing can be set to the frequency tracking mode or to the fixed user defined frequency sampling mode The benefit of frequency tracking is that the measurements are within a pre defined accuracy range ev...

Page 52: ...ibrate the analog channels against eight 8 system frequency points for both magnitude and angle This frequency dependent correction compensates the frequency dependencies in the used non linear measur...

Page 53: ...uality is 0 and cannot be used for frequency tracking If all channels magnitudes are below the threshold there are no trackable channels Frequency measurement in use 0 No track ch 1 Ref1 2 Ref2 3 Ref3...

Page 54: ...asurement SS1 meas frqs 0 000 75 000Hz 0 001Hz Displays frequency used by system set channel 1 and 2 SS2 meas frqs SS1f meas from 0 Not measurable 1 Fast Ref U3 2 Fast Ref U4 Displays which voltage ch...

Page 55: ...play brightness Brightness level 0 turns the display off Display sleep timeout 0 3600s 0s If no buttons are pressed after a set time the display changes the brightness to whatever is set on the Displa...

Page 56: ...tion of the unit UTC time The UTC time value which the device s clock uses 5 4 Protection functions 5 4 1 General properties of a protection function The following flowchart describes the basic struct...

Page 57: ...un in a completely digital environment with a protection CPU microprocessor which also processes the analog signals transformed into the digital form A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 A...

Page 58: ...tage value before the function takes action The function constantly calculates the ratio between the pick up parameter set by the user and the measured magnitude Xm The reset ratio of 97 is built into...

Page 59: ...tion causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissi...

Page 60: ...or the time counter The selection is made between dependent IDMT and independent DT characteristics Definite min operating time delay 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s 0 040s When the Delay type parameter is set...

Page 61: ...y the Param option allows the tuning of the constants A B and C which then allows the setting of characteristics following the same formula as the IEEE curves mentioned here This setting is active and...

Page 62: ...es The setting parameters and their ranges are documented in the chapters of the respective function blocks Table 5 4 1 48 Inverse operating time formulas for nonstandard characteristics RI type RD ty...

Page 63: ...of the timer Op Time calculation reset after release time 0 No 1 Yes 1 Yes Operating timer resetting characteristics selection When active the operating time counter is reset after a set release time...

Page 64: ...ck up release delay counter is reset at signal drop off Figure 5 4 1 27 Delayed pick up release delay counter value is held during the release time A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 62...

Page 65: ...ion Normal Start Trip Blocked etc in the Info page of the function NO NOTE TE When Stage forcing is enabled protection functions will also change state through user input Injected currents voltages al...

Page 66: ...ion function is the three pole operation The inputs for the function are the following operating mode selections setting parameters digital inputs and logic signals measured and pre processed current...

Page 67: ...peak measurement of phase L3 C current 5ms The selection of the used AI channel is made with a setting parameter In all possible input channel variations the pre fault condition is presented with a 2...

Page 68: ...s Live Edit mode is active Table 5 4 2 53 Information displayed by the function Name Range Step Description I LN behaviour 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off Displays the mode of NOC block Thi...

Page 69: ...rocess the situation further If the START function has been activated before the blocking signal it resets and the release time characteristics are processed similarly to when the pick up signal is re...

Page 70: ...fers four 4 independent stages the events are segregated for each stage operation The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 4 2 55 Event...

Page 71: ...A Trip ON NOC2 Phase A Trip OFF NOC2 Phase B Trip ON NOC2 Phase B Trip OFF NOC2 Phase C Trip ON NOC2 Phase C Trip OFF NOC3 Start ON NOC3 Start OFF NOC3 Trip ON NOC3 Trip OFF NOC3 Block ON NOC3 Block...

Page 72: ...rrent Start Trip current Start 200ms current 0 ms 1800s Setting group 1 8 active 5 4 3 Non directional earth fault protection I0 50N 51N The non directional earth fault function is used for instant an...

Page 73: ...selections setting parameters digital inputs and logic signals measured and pre processed current magnitudes The function s outputs are START TRIP and BLOCKED signals which can be used for direct I O...

Page 74: ...f the used AI channel is made with a setting parameter In all possible input channel variations the pre fault condition is presented with a 20 ms averaged history value from 20 ms from a START or TRIP...

Page 75: ...n 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off Displays the mode of NEF block This parameter is visible only when Allow setting of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu I0 condition 0 Normal 1 Start...

Page 76: ...up current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enable stage forcing is ac...

Page 77: ...800s Setting group 1 8 active 5 4 4 Directional overcurrent protection Idir 67 The directional overcurrent function is used for instant and time delayed overcurrent and short circuits A device with bo...

Page 78: ...tion are the following operating mode selections setting parameters digital inputs and logic signals measured and pre processed current magnitudes The function s outputs are START TRIP and BLOCKED sig...

Page 79: ...rement of phase L3 C current 5ms IL1TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L1 A current 5ms IL2TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L2 B current 5ms IL3TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L3 C current 5ms IL1PP Peak to...

Page 80: ...ea is 88 176 The reference angle is based on the calculated positive sequence voltage U1 angle If the U1voltage is not available and only line to line voltages are measured the reference angle is base...

Page 81: ...sible to perform a trip when the amplitude of IL1 IL2 or IL3 increases above the pick up limit If the 3LL mode is used without the U0 measurement in a single phase fault situation the voltage referenc...

Page 82: ...of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu Operating angle now 360 00 360 00deg 0 01deg The positive sequence current angle in relation to the positive sequence voltage Expected operating time...

Page 83: ...ormation of the startup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enabl...

Page 84: ...ng OFF DOC2 Measuring live angle ON DOC2 Measuring live angle OFF DOC2 Using voltmem ON DOC2 Using voltmem OFF DOC3 Start ON DOC3 Start OFF DOC3 Trip ON DOC3 Trip OFF DOC3 Block ON DOC3 Block OFF DOC3...

Page 85: ...ed neutral current and voltage magnitudes which the function constantly measures The available residual current magnitudes are RMS values TRMS values including harmonics up to 31st or peak to peak val...

Page 86: ...e following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the directional earth fault function Figure 5 4 5 36 Simplified function block diagram of the I0dir function Measured input The funct...

Page 87: ...define the general behavior of the function These settings are static i e it is not possible to change them by editing the setting group Table 5 4 5 72 General settings of the function Name Range Defa...

Page 88: ...ed 32N Var 2 Petersen coil GND 32N Watt 3 Grounded 67N 4 I0Cos I0Sin broad range with MCD 32N Var Watt 1 Unearthed Multi criteria detection Activation of detecting healthy or unhealthy feeder by analy...

Page 89: ...nd into a faulty feeder Healthy feeders do not trip since capacitive current is floating to the opposite direction and selective tripping can be ensured The amplitude of the fault current depends on t...

Page 90: ...etersen coil earthed Compensated network 32N There are many benefits to a Petersen coil earthed network The amount of automatic reclosing is highly decreased and the maintenance of the breakers is the...

Page 91: ...ully compensated The network is overcompensated when the K factor is greater than 1 0 and undercompensated when the K factor is smaller than 1 0 The inductance connected to the star point of an incomi...

Page 92: ...de of a single phase fault current is similar to the amplitude of a short circuit current Directly earthed or small impedance network schemes are normal in transmission distribution and industry The p...

Page 93: ...ts two modes are used depending on the network status unearthed or compensated When changing between these two statuses the setting group must be changed and especially with distributed compensation t...

Page 94: ...against I0 CT errors in compensated long healthy lines Figure 5 4 5 41 Effect of angle divider when in use and when disabled To receive a more accurate indication as to whether the fault was in a comp...

Page 95: ...ccurs When IDMT mode is used the expected operating time depends on the measured current value If the measured current changes during a fault the expected operating time changes accordingly Time remai...

Page 96: ...ion and its section Operating time characteristics for trip and reset Events and registers The directional overcurrent function abbreviated DEF in event block names generates events and registers from...

Page 97: ...Start ON DEF3 I0Cosfi Start OFF DEF3 I0Sinfi Start ON DEF3 I0Sinfi Start OFF DEF3 I0Cosfi Trip ON DEF3 I0Cosfi Trip OFF DEF3 I0Sinfi Trip ON DEF3 I0Sinfi Trip OFF DEF4 Start ON DEF4 Start OFF DEF4 Tri...

Page 98: ...tudes which the function constantly measures In the broken conductor mode I2 I1 the minimum allowed loading current is also monitored in the phase current magnitudes There are two possible operating m...

Page 99: ...ents a simplified function block diagram of the current unbalance function Figure 5 4 6 42 Simplified function block diagram of the I2 function Measured input The function block uses analog current me...

Page 100: ...detecting unbalance Pick up The setting parameters I2set and I2 I1set control the the pick up of the I2 function They define the maximum allowed measured negative sequence current or the negative pos...

Page 101: ...a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enable stage forcing is activated General Device The variables the user can set are binary signals from the system The blocking signal needs to...

Page 102: ...In the release delay option the operating time counter calculates the operating time during the release When using this option the function does not trip if the input signal is not re activated while...

Page 103: ...egisters its operation into the last twelve 12 time stamped registers The register of the function records the ON event process data for START TRIP or BLOCKED The table below presents the structure of...

Page 104: ...ituation lasts longer the TRIP signal can be used on other actions as time delayed The IDMT operation supports both IEC and ANSI standard time delays as well as custom parameters The operational logic...

Page 105: ...harmonic component or to the harmonic component percentage content compared to the RMS values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 4 7 84 Mea...

Page 106: ...ent components Fundamental 2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic 4th harmonic 5th harmonic 6th harmonic 7th harmonic 9th harmonic 11th harmonic 13th harmonic 15th harmonic 17th harmonic 19th harmonic 5 ms I01FFT...

Page 107: ...T or TRIP event General settings The function can be set to monitor the ratio between the measured harmonic and either the measured fundamental component or the per unit value of the harmonic current...

Page 108: ...e pick up of the Ih function This defines the maximum allowed measured current before action from the function The function constantly calculates the ratio between the Ihset per unitor Ih IL and the m...

Page 109: ...nal is received from the blocking matrix in the function s dedicated input If the blocking signal is not activated when the pick up element activates a START signal is generated and the function proce...

Page 110: ...vent block name Event names HOC1 Start ON HOC1 Start OFF HOC1 Trip ON HOC1 Trip OFF HOC1 Block ON HOC1 Block OFF HOC2 Start ON HOC2 Start OFF HOC2 Trip ON HOC2 Trip OFF HOC2 Block ON HOC2 Block OFF HO...

Page 111: ...ut relay control signal The blocking signal and the setting group selection control the operating characteristics of the function during normal operation i e the user or user defined logic can change...

Page 112: ...S measurement of phase L3 C current 5ms I01RMS RMS measurement of residual input I01 5ms I02RMS RMS measurement of residual input I02 5ms I0Calc Calculated residual current from the phase current inpu...

Page 113: ...rement side 1 Side 1 2 Side 2 1 Side 1 Defines which current measurement module is used by the function Pick up The setting parameters Iset and I0set control the pick up and the activation of the curr...

Page 114: ...nt The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active There is no delay bet...

Page 115: ...assed in order for the blocking to activate in time Operating time characteristics The operating timers behavior during a function can be set depending on the application The same pick up signal start...

Page 116: ...vailable The TRIP signal is normally wired to the breaker s trip coil from the device s trip output The retrip is wired from its own device output contact in parallel with the circuit breaker s redund...

Page 117: ...s not monitored in this configuration Therefore if the current is not reduced below the setting limit a RETRIP signal is sent to the redundant trip coil If the current is not reduced within the set ti...

Page 118: ...If the current is not reduced below the setting limit or the primary stage tripping signal is not reset a RETRIP signal is sent to the redundant trip coil If the retripping fails and the current is no...

Page 119: ...ns is met i e the current is above the limit or the signal is active for the duration of the set RETRIP time delay a RETRIP signal is sent to the redundant trip coil If either of the conditions is act...

Page 120: ...st common application is when the device s trip output controls the circuit breaker trip coil while one dedicated CBFP contact controls the CBFP function Below are a few operational cases regarding th...

Page 121: ...ating time The tripping of the primary protection stage is not monitored in this configuration Therefore if the current is not reduced below the setting limit a CBFP signal is sent to the incomer brea...

Page 122: ...operating time The tripping of the primary protection stage is constantly monitored in this configuration If the current is not reduced below the setting limit or the primary stage tripping signal is...

Page 123: ...g limit and the primary stage tripping signal is reset If either of these conditions is met i e the current is above the limit or the signal is active for the duration of the set CBFP time delay a CBF...

Page 124: ...e configuration as a dedicated CBFP unit Figure 5 4 8 54 Wiring diagram when the device is configured as a dedicated CBFP unit A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 122 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM...

Page 125: ...ital input signal Both current and output relay monitoring can be used The counter for the CBFP signal begins when the digital input is activated If the counter is active until the CBFP counter is use...

Page 126: ...urement for transformers This function can also be used as the cable end differential function The operating principle is low impedance differential protection with bias characteristics the user can s...

Page 127: ...gram of the I0d function Measured input The function block uses analog current measurement values It uses the RMS magnitude of the current measurement inputs Both calculated residual currents and meas...

Page 128: ...le the line is energized the currently present calculated residual current is compensated to 0 This compensation only has an effect in the CED mode Operating characteristics The current dependent pick...

Page 129: ...acteristics The pick up settings can be selected via setting groups The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the TRIP signal generation of the function The TRIP signal is allowe...

Page 130: ...rogram cycle The blocking signal is received from the blocking matrix in the function s dedicated input If the blocking signal is not activated when the pick up element activates a TRIP signal is gene...

Page 131: ...h natural unbalance in the phase current measurement When calculating residual current from the phase currents the natural unbalance can be around 10 while the used CTs are still within the promised 5...

Page 132: ...t the main differential protection from being tripped by faults occurring outside the protection area in some cases the function has to be disabled or its sensitivity limited to catch earth faults ins...

Page 133: ...and thus inside of the protection area the function catches the fault with high sensitivity Since the measured residual current now flows in the opposite direction than in the outside fault situation...

Page 134: ...s generates events and registers from the status changes in TRIP activated and BLOCKED signals The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The events tr...

Page 135: ...protection is based on line to line RMS measurement or to line to neutral RMS measurement as the user selects If the protection is based on line to line voltage overvoltage protection is not affected...

Page 136: ...measurement values The monitored magnitudes are equal to RMS values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 4 10 105 Measurement input of the U...

Page 137: ...h a 20 ms averaged history value from 20 ms from START or TRIP event Figure 5 4 10 66 Selectable measurement magnitudes with 3LN U4 VT connection Figure 5 4 10 67 Selectable measurement magnitudes wit...

Page 138: ...Off 0 On Set mode of OV block This parameter is visible only when Allow setting of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu Pick up The Uset setting parameter controls the pick up of the U functi...

Page 139: ...counts down time towards a trip this displays how much time is left before tripping occurs UA B meas Uset at the moment 0 00 1250 00Um Uset 0 01Um Uset The ratio between UA or UAB voltage and the pic...

Page 140: ...ick up voltage Uset and the measured voltage Um dependent time characteristics The IDMT function follows this formula Where t operating time k time dial setting Um measured voltage Us pick up setting...

Page 141: ...ounter is continuing until a set release time has passed even if the pick up element is reset The user can reset characteristics through the application The default setting is a 60 ms delay the time c...

Page 142: ...line voltage magnitudes Undervoltage protection is based on line to line voltages or to line to neutral voltages as the user selects If the protection is based on line to line voltage undervoltage pro...

Page 143: ...r for the START TRIP and BLOCKED events The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the undervoltage function Figure 5 4 11 69 Simplified function block diagram of the U funct...

Page 144: ...s The selection of the AI channel in use is made with a setting parameter In all possible input channel variations the pre fault condition is presented with a 20 ms averaged history value from 20 ms f...

Page 145: ...block This parameter is visible only when Allow setting of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu Pick up The Uset setting parameter controls the pick up of the U function This defines the mini...

Page 146: ...11 118 Information displayed by the function Name Range Step Description U LN behaviour 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off Displays the mode of UV block This parameter is visible only when Al...

Page 147: ...nt and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup voltage values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software swit...

Page 148: ...ower Table 5 4 11 120 Setting parameters for reset time characteristics Name Range Step Default Description Release time delay 0 000 150 000s 0 005s 0 06s Resetting time The time allowed between pick...

Page 149: ...the events are segregated for each stage operation The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 4 11 121 Event messages Event block name Ev...

Page 150: ...group 1 8 active 5 4 12 Neutral overvoltage protection U0 59N The neutral overvoltage function is used for non directional instant and time delayed earth fault protection Each device with a voltage pr...

Page 151: ...mon source The function can operate on instant or time delayed mode In the time delayed mode the operation can be selected for definite time DT or for inverse definite minimum time IDMT the IDMT opera...

Page 152: ...og voltage measurement values The function block uses RMS values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 4 12 123 Measurement inputs of the U0 f...

Page 153: ...0 Un 0 01 Un 20 00 Un The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active Re...

Page 154: ...f the function causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup voltage values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in th...

Page 155: ...000 150 000s 0 005s 0 06s Resetting time Time allowed between pick ups if the pick up has not led to a trip operation During this time the START signal is held on for the timers if the delayed pick up...

Page 156: ...art ON NOV1 Start OFF NOV1 Trip ON NOV1 Trip OFF NOV1 Block ON NOV1 Block OFF NOV2 Start ON NOV2 Start OFF NOV2 Trip ON NOV2 Trip OFF NOV2 Block ON NOV2 Block OFF NOV3 Start ON NOV3 Start OFF NOV3 Tri...

Page 157: ...arth voltage magnitudes or line to line and neutral voltage magnitudes to calculate the positive or negative sequence voltage The user can select the voltage used Sequence voltage is based on the syst...

Page 158: ...age calculation Below is the formula for symmetric component calculation and therefore to negative sequence voltage calculation In what follows are three examples of negative sequence calculation nega...

Page 159: ...function are the following operating mode selections setting parameters digital inputs and logic signals measured and pre processed voltage magnitudes The function s outputs are START TRIP and BLOCKED...

Page 160: ...tage U3 V 5ms In RMS values the pre fault condition is presented with 20 ms averaged history value from 20 ms of START or TRIP event General settings The following general settings define the general...

Page 161: ...er the function picks up when the monitored voltage is under or over the set pick up value Over Under Over Uset Pick up setting 5 00 150 00 Un 0 01 Un 105 Un Ublk Undervoltage blocking visible when th...

Page 162: ...signal is received from the blocking matrix in the function s dedicated input If the blocking signal is not activated when the pick up element activates a START signal is generated and the function p...

Page 163: ...t without added delay When the parameter is set to 0 005 1800 s the stage operates as independent delayed Time dial setting k 0 01 60 00s 0 01s 0 05s The setting is active and visible when IDMT is the...

Page 164: ...he sequence voltage function abbreviated VUB in event block names generates events and registers from the status changes in START TRIP and BLOCKED The user can select which event messages are stored i...

Page 165: ...big a load or a malfunction in the power controller can cause the frequency to decrease Underfrequency causes damage to turbine wings through vibration as well as heating due to increased iron losses...

Page 166: ...time stamp resolution is 1 ms The function also provides a resettable cumulative counter for the START TRIP and BLOCKED events The following figures present simplified function block diagrams of the...

Page 167: ...1 No 2 Yes 0 No Enables or disables the stage Pick up and time delay The fset fset etc setting parameters control the pick up of each stage of the f function They define the maximum or minimum allowed...

Page 168: ...e is active Table 5 4 14 141 Information displayed by the function Name Range Step Description f LN behaviour 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off Displays the mode of FRQV block This parameter...

Page 169: ...of 5 ms before the set operating delay has passed in order for the blocking to activate in time Events and registers The frequency function abbreviated FRQV in event block names generates events and r...

Page 170: ...of the function s register content Table 5 4 14 143 Register content Date and time Event f Pre trig Hz f Fault Hz Used SG dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss Event name Start Trip 20ms frequency Fault frequency...

Page 171: ...ove when the frequency decreases under the f limit tripping is allowed although the change of frequency is not yet fast enough for the function to trip Later the frequency makes a fast dip and as a re...

Page 172: ...f dt function Measured input The rate of change of frequency protection function compares the measured df dt ratio to the pick up setting given in Hz s The source of the measured frequency depends on...

Page 173: ...g mode df dt function can trip only from increasing frequency In Falling mode df dt function can trip only from decreasing frequency Both allows df dt to trip from both 0 Rising 1 Falling 2 Both 0 Ris...

Page 174: ...function s dedicated input If the blocking signal is not activated when the pick up element activates a START signal is generated and the function proceeds to the time characteristics calculation If...

Page 175: ...dt 4 Trip ON DFT1 df dt 4 Trip OFF DFT1 df dt 5 Start ON DFT1 df dt 5 Start OFF DFT1 df dt 5 Trip ON DFT1 df dt 5 Trip OFF DFT1 df dt 6 Start ON DFT1 df dt 6 Start OFF DFT1 df dt 6 Trip ON DFT1 df dt...

Page 176: ...ster content Date and time Event df dt Pre trig Hz s f Pre trig Hz df dt Fault Hz s f Fault Hz Used SG dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss Event name Start Trip 20ms df dt Start Trip 20ms frequency Fault df dt Fa...

Page 177: ...uts and logic signals measured and pre processed power magnitudes The function s outputs are START TRIP and BLOCKED signals which can be used for direct I O controlling and user logic programming The...

Page 178: ...Total three phase reactive power 5ms 3PH apparent power Total three phase apparent power 5ms General settings The following general settings define the general behavior of the function These settings...

Page 179: ...e pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active Read only parameters The r...

Page 180: ...en the pick up signal is reset The blocking of the function causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup voltage values and its fault type to be issued...

Page 181: ...s Event name Start Trip 20ms power Start Trip 20ms power Start 200ms power 0 ms 1800s Setting group 1 8 active 5 4 17 Motor status monitoring The motor status monitoring function is designed to be the...

Page 182: ...ts the function generates if so chosen The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the motor status monitoring function Figure 5 4 17 92 Simplified function block diagram of t...

Page 183: ...ad Normal signal If the current then starts rising and exceeds the Motor nominal current setting but does not exceed the Maximum overload current setting the Ov Overloading erloading signal is activat...

Page 184: ...om activating and the motor from starting especially when the low set overcurrent stage has an operating time that is shorter than the start up time of the protected motor The figure above presents ho...

Page 185: ...a high overcurrent is detected during the start up process The user can choose to combine the high overcurrent detection with the NOC1_START signal with an AND gate and use the LOGIC_OUT2 signal for...

Page 186: ...ed 0 1 40 0xIn 0 1xIn Motor status monitoring Machine thermal overload protection Tm 49M Motor start monitoring Ist 48 Undercurrent I 37 Load jam protection Im 51M The motor s nominal current scaled t...

Page 187: ...Im 51M The motor s minimum locked rotor current This setting defines the current limit for when this current is exceeded while the automatic curve selection and the control only short time constant s...

Page 188: ...this setting value the motor should run even when overloaded Max overload current A 0 1 5000A 0 1A Motor status monitoring Machine thermal overload protection Tm 49M Motor start monitoring Ist 48 Loa...

Page 189: ...uses a hot stall curve when this setting value is exceeded This setting also applies to starts when the hot cold selection is in use Please note that using this setting requires that the Machine therm...

Page 190: ...e when the measured current exceeds the Start detect current from the Motor stopped situation the signal deactivates when the current decreases below the Max overloading current Motor running 0 Not ac...

Page 191: ...ent names MST1 Motor Stopped OFF MST1 Motor Starting ON MST1 Motor Starting OFF MST1 Motor Running ON MST1 Motor Running OFF MST1 Motor Stalled ON MST1 Motor Stalled OFF MST1 Load not symm ON MST1 Loa...

Page 192: ...motor must be communicated to the Ist function The user can set both the allowed starting time and the speed switch input The speed switch may be required by some high mass applications when the star...

Page 193: ...e status may affect the motor s starting time If the start up situation is supposed to always be the same a sufficient setting for the function s starting monitor would be the expected starting time w...

Page 194: ...t may cause a situation where the starting is well in action but the user allowed time is spent due to the lower current and lower torque caused by the network s low voltage In this case the function...

Page 195: ...ch applications a speed switch is required to know whether the start up is actually happening or whether the load is jammed and the motor is standing still with its rotor locked If the motor start up...

Page 196: ...e situation if the motor stalls after it has started There are the signals Mechanical jam and Motor stalled available In the motor protection module and both can be used to direct the tripping of the...

Page 197: ...f LCR block This parameter is visible only when Allow setting of individual LN mode is enabled in General menu ISt LN behaviour 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off Displays the mode of LCR bloc...

Page 198: ...ring Ist 48 14 Mechanical jam protection Im 51M The motor s locked rotor current with the nominal voltage This setting is used for automatic curve selection and calculation Also the nominal starting c...

Page 199: ...ent This setting defines the current limit for when this current is exceeded while the automatic curve selection and the control only short time constant stall are in use Max locked rotor current 0 1...

Page 200: ...the motor s thermal limit for hot and cold situations When this setting value is not exceed while a locked rotor situation occurs the function uses a cold stall curve adjusted with the actually used t...

Page 201: ...setting which determines how long the function waits for the speed switch to give a signal since the starting of the motor If the speed switch is not activated during this set time the starting of th...

Page 202: ...used from max safe stall time Percentage used from user set max time Thermal capacity used Phase L1 current x In Phase L2 current x In Phase L3 current x In Used setting group 5 4 19 Frequent start p...

Page 203: ...Figure 5 4 19 103 Simplified function block diagram of the N function The operating principle of the frequent start protection function is to calculate an equivalent start stress in each start the ca...

Page 204: ...ntil the motor can be started again The cumulative start up counter is updated constantly in each program cycle and the device shows the inhibit and alarm time as well as the number of used and availa...

Page 205: ...on rate for hot starts Now if the motor were stopped in this situation the starts reduction would be counted according to cold motor status as the thermal load would reduce the count below the hot lim...

Page 206: ...8 Load jam protection Im 50M Setting the motor s thermal limit in a hot or a cold situation When this setting value is not exceed while a locked rotor situation occurs the function uses a cold stall c...

Page 207: ...or status monitoring Frequent start protection N 48 The number of hours when the parameters of the number of allowed starts hot and cold apply Min time betw starts 0 1 600 0s 0 1s 20 0s Motor status m...

Page 208: ...nt function s output may be also used in an automation system to indicate that the device has finished its work load and is ready for a next task In order to operate this function requires motor runni...

Page 209: ...veraged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 4 20 170 Measurement inputs of the I function Signal Description Time base IL1RMS RMS measurement of phase L1 A c...

Page 210: ...ult Protection functions Description Motor In Scaled 0 1 40 0 x In 0 1 x In Motor status monitoring Machine thermal overload protection Tm 49M Motor starting monitoring Ist 48 Undercurrent I 37 Load j...

Page 211: ...and its Live Edit mode is active Table 5 4 20 174 Information displayed by the function Name Range Description I LN behaviour 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off Displays the mode of NUC block...

Page 212: ...t current Prefault current Trip time remaining Used SG dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss Event name L1 G L1 L2 L3 Start Trip 20ms current Start Trip current Start 200ms current 0 ms 1800s Setting group 1 8 acti...

Page 213: ...is 1 ms The function also provides a cumulative counter for the START TRIP and BLOCKED events The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the load jam protection function Fig...

Page 214: ...llowed measured current before action from the function The function constantly calculates the ratio between the Iset and the measured magnitude Im for each of the three phases The reset ratio of 97 i...

Page 215: ...lation Also the nominal starting capacity calculation is based on this value Nominal starting current A 0 1 5 000 0A 0 1A Motor status monitoring Machine thermal overload protection Tm 49M Motor start...

Page 216: ...r situation starting or stalled If the measured current exceeds this setting limit it is considered to be overcurrent fault and corresponding measures can be applied to disconnect the feeder and motor...

Page 217: ...stall time cold 0 1 600 0s 0 1s 20 0s Motor status monitoring Frequent start protection N 48 Machine thermal overload protection Ist 48 Load jam protection Im 51M The safe stall time when the motor is...

Page 218: ...alue If the measured current changes during a fault the expected operating time changes accordingly Time remaining to trip 1800 000 1800 000s 0 005s When the function has detected a fault and counts d...

Page 219: ...unction registers its operation into the last twelve 12 time stamped registers The register of the function records the ON event process data for START TRIP or BLOCKED The table below presents the str...

Page 220: ...sists of the following input magnitude selection input magnitude processing saturation check threshold comparator block signal check time delay characteristics output processing The inputs for the fun...

Page 221: ...9 Simplified function block diagram of the PF function Measured input The function block uses power factor values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registerin...

Page 222: ...he START signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active Read only parameters The relay s Info page displays useful real time information on the s...

Page 223: ...The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enable stage forcing is activated General Device The variables the user can...

Page 224: ...single or multiple time constansts such as inductor chokes certain types of transformers and any other static units which do not have active cooling apart from cables and overhead lines The function c...

Page 225: ...imes t1 and t2 Figure 5 4 23 111 Short time constant thermal image calculation Where t 1 Thermal image status in a previous calculation cycle the memory of the function IEM see below IN Current for th...

Page 226: ...principle of the thermal replica is based on the nominal temperature rise which is achieved when the protected object is loaded with a nominal load in a nominal ambient temperature When the object is...

Page 227: ...ambient temperature coefficient which is constantly calculated and changing when using RTD sensor for the measurement When the ambient temperature of the protected object is stable it can be set manua...

Page 228: ...ure correction factor is 1 0 Figure 5 4 23 113 Ambient temperature coefficient calculation linear approximation three points This ambient temperature coefficient relates to a nominal reference tempera...

Page 229: ...is decreased or increased instantly to minimum or maximum In practice this means that the thermal replica needs to have more settable time constants than one common constant for heating and cooling a...

Page 230: ...below 0 C The heat conduction from the cable into the surrounding ground is the same regardless whether the cable is heating or cooling The composition of the soil defines how well the ground conduct...

Page 231: ...ng overheated are required for the overall motor protection as it can cause insulator damage in the stator and melt the rotor bars Both of these faults result in the malfunction of the motor When cons...

Page 232: ...agnetic field rotation and the rotor s magnetic field rotation decreases The rotor speeding up leads to the rotor current decreasing simultaneously decreasing the rotor heating This also makes the coo...

Page 233: ...y the stator windings conduct the heat generated in the rotor during starting and into the motor s body This heat transfer rotor to stator stator to body also depends on the masses of motor s componen...

Page 234: ...d motor is stopped The stopped motor cooling follows the same equation than heating with one exception when the surrounding air is not moving as the fan has stopped and the air temperature is increasi...

Page 235: ...mes the thermal image needs to be adjusted and fine tuned for the application so that it matches the motor s actual temperature perfectly This is why the thermal replica needs to offer enough setting...

Page 236: ...Figure 5 4 23 118 Measured motor temperature in heating cooling test A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 234 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021...

Page 237: ...r With dynamically controlled cooling time constants the match is very accurate If this motor were used for cyclic loads with repeating cooling times the single time constant model would stretch into...

Page 238: ...80 seconds and in hot situation approximately 67 seconds When the thermal limit curves are available the operation of the thermal replica can be set very accurately for both overloading and stall con...

Page 239: ...Figure 5 4 23 121 Comparing single time constant thermal replica tripping curves to given motor thermal characteristics A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021 237...

Page 240: ...withstand When dual time constants and dynamic time constants are in use the relay automatically selects the correct tripping curves for the thermal replica according to the settings producing therefo...

Page 241: ...al tripping curves with single time constant pre load 0 cold Figure 5 4 23 124 Thermal tripping curves with single time constant pre load 90 hot A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq...

Page 242: ...dynamic time constants and correction factor pre load 0 cold Figure 5 4 23 126 Thermal tripping curves with dual dynamic time constants and correction factor pre load 90 hot A AQ Q M257 M257 Instructi...

Page 243: ...4 23 127 Thermal cooling curves single cooling time constant Figure 5 4 23 128 Thermal cooling curves dynamic dual time constant A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM0...

Page 244: ...triple time constant motor is running without load in the first part with dedicated time constant Figure 5 4 23 130 NPS biased thermal trip curves with kNPS value of 1 A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction ma...

Page 245: ...4 23 131 NPS biased thermal trip curves with kNPS value of 3 Figure 5 4 23 132 NPS biased thermal trip curves with kNPS value of 7 A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM...

Page 246: ...ing thermal replica comparator block signal check output processing The inputs for the function are the following setting parameters measured and pre processed current magnitudes The function s output...

Page 247: ...mperature measurement for the ambient correction 5ms Setting parameters Table 5 4 23 193 General settings not selectable under setting groups Name Range Default Description TM LN mode 1 On 2 Blocked 3...

Page 248: ...start locked rotor monitoring Ist 48 14 non directional undercurrent protection I 37 mechanical jam protection Im 51M The motor s nominal current in amperes Nominal starting current 0 1 40 0xIn 0 1xI...

Page 249: ...the automatic curve selection and the control only short time constant stall are in use Max locked rotor current 0 1 40 0xIn 0 1xIn 7 5xIn motor status monitoring machine thermal overload protection...

Page 250: ...s no load current This setting defines the Stopped condition when the current is below this setting value Also when the current is below this value the undercurrent protection stage is locked No load...

Page 251: ...is setting value is used for the cold thermal stall curve selection in automatic control This parameter is also used in the motor start up and the number of starts calculations Safe stall time hot 0 1...

Page 252: ...cally this time constant is about 2 5 3 5 times the heating time constant Short heat T const cold 0 500 0min 1 0min 10 0min The setting for short heating time constant for cold motor status This time...

Page 253: ...n 0 1min 30 0min The estimated setting for how long the short cooling time constant is used when the motor is stopped The cooling is typically faster right after the motor has stopped This setting val...

Page 254: ...points for the user settable ambient temperature coefficient curve This setting is visible if Ambient lin or curve is set to Set curve Amb temp k1 k10 0 01 5 00 1 00 0 01 The coefficient value for th...

Page 255: ...tivates a BLOCKED signal is generated and the function does not process the situation further If the START function has been activated before the blocking signal it resets and processes the release ti...

Page 256: ...e been set wrong and actually used setting is 1 0 Visible only when there is a setting fault TM Setting alarm 0 Nominal current calc ok 1 Nominal current set fault Override to 1 0 Indicates if nominal...

Page 257: ...number of times the function has activated the Alarm 2 output Restart inhibits The number of times the function has activated the Restart inhibit output Trips The number of times the function has tri...

Page 258: ...l degrees Trip delay rem Remaining time to trip in seconds Used SG Setting group 1 8 active 5 4 24 Underimpedance protection Z 21U Underimpedance protection is an alternative for voltage restrained ov...

Page 259: ...mode DT The operational logic consists of the following input magnitude selection input magnitude processing threshold comparator block signal check time delay characteristics output processing The i...

Page 260: ...mpedance loops phase to phase impedance loops or the positive sequence impedance A 20ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Please note that impendance calc...

Page 261: ...TART signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active Read only parameters The relay s Info page displays useful real time information on the state...

Page 262: ...et are binary signals from the system The blocking signal needs to reach the device minimum of 5 ms before the set operating delay has passed in order for the blocking to activate in time Events and r...

Page 263: ...unction are the following operating mode selections setting parameters digital inputs and logic signals measured and pre processed power magnitudes The function s outputs are START TRIP and BLOCKED si...

Page 264: ...rt condition before releasing the start condition When voltage decreases under Voltage limit U the function will wait until duration set to Time delay for U activation has passed If the measured curre...

Page 265: ...when a fault occurs Time remaining to trip 1800 000 1800 000s 0 005s When the function has detected a fault and counts down time towards a trip this displays how much time is left before tripping occu...

Page 266: ...or BLOCKED The table below presents the structure of the function s register content Table 5 4 25 214 Register content Date and time Event Phase current Phase voltage Used SG dd mm yyyyhh mm ss mss Ev...

Page 267: ...alculated from phase voltages The monitored magnitudes are equal to RMS values Table 5 4 26 215 Measurement inputs of the Z function Signal Description Time base IL1RMS RMS measurement of phase L1 A c...

Page 268: ...function Time delay for U activation 0 000 1800 000 s 0 005 s 5 000 s When the voltage drops under the Voltage limit U setting the function will wait for the duration of this parameter setting to acti...

Page 269: ...time characteristics calculation If the blocking signal is active when the pick up element activates a BLOCKED signal is generated and the function does not process the situation further If the START...

Page 270: ...deceleration causes stress on the generator and prime mover which can cause winding movement shaft fracture or worse The pole slip protection function uses a total of eight 8 separate setting groups w...

Page 271: ...surement of voltage UL3 V 5ms UL1RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL12 V 5ms UL2RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL23 V 5ms UL3RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL31 V 5ms Pos Seq Impedance Positive sequence...

Page 272: ...ctance R detection circle offset from origo pri 50 000 00 50 000 00 Ohm 0 01 Ohm 0 00 Ohm Moves the midpoint of circle in the R axis resistance Detection circle r pri 0 01 50 000 00 Ohm 0 01 Ohm 50 00...

Page 273: ...te of the protection function It is accessed either through the relay s HMI display or through the setting tool software when it is connected to the relay and its Live Edit mode is active Table 5 4 27...

Page 274: ...in order for the blocking to activate in time Events and registers The pole slip protection function abbreviated OOS in event block names generates events and registers from the status changes in STAR...

Page 275: ...l capacity to be used pick up current in p u tmax achieved in x 5 kSF Loading factor service factor maximum allowed load current in p u value dependent on the protected object or cable line installati...

Page 276: ...conditions considering the prevailing conditions in the thermal replica are compensated with the ambient temperature coefficient which is constantly calculated and changing when using RTD sensor for...

Page 277: ...set in C or F the temperature in which the manufacturer s temperature presumptions apply the temperature correction factor is 1 0 Figure 5 4 28 142 Ambient temperature coefficient calculation a three...

Page 278: ...e two 2 output signal The time stamp resolution is 1 ms The function also provides a resettable cumulative counter for the TRIP ALARM 1 ALARM 2 INHIBIT and BLOCKED events The following figure presents...

Page 279: ...150 0 0 1 60 0 The thermal image status in the restart of the function or the device The value is given in percentages of the used thermal capacity of the protected object It is also possible to reset...

Page 280: ...he user settable ambient temperature coefficient curve This setting is visible if Ambient lin or curve is set to Set curve Amb temp k1 k10 0 01 5 00 1 00 0 01 The coefficient value for the temperature...

Page 281: ...enerated and the function does not process the situation further If the START function has been activated before the blocking signal it resets and processes the release time characteristics similarly...

Page 282: ...emperature settings have been set wrong and actually used setting is 1 0 Visible only when there is a setting fault TT Setting alarm 0 Nominal current calc ok 1 Nominal current set fault Override to 1...

Page 283: ...he number of times the function has activated the Alarm 2 output Restart inhibits The number of times the function has activated the Restart inhibit output Trips The number of times the function has t...

Page 284: ...29 Generator transformer differential protection Idb Idi I0dHV I0dLV 87T 87N 87G The generator transformer differential function is used for protecting the following power transformers two winding tra...

Page 285: ...t for the different types of transformers Overlooking these points when designing transformers increase the risk of costly problems with the transformer Transformer Risk level Protection Pole mounted...

Page 286: ...nt differential overcurrent and earth fault protection redundant backup overcurrent and earth fault protection tap changer protection a dedicated pressure guard Buchholz gas relay overloading protecti...

Page 287: ...lt currents such as when the fault location is close to the neutral side inside the star winding These are the main arguments for using differential protection they are sensitive their operation in in...

Page 288: ...minal voltage is 1kV and its amperage is 1 155 kA The transformer s short circuit impedance is 4 95 it is based on the transformer s final test and presents how much short circuit current the transfor...

Page 289: ...tion settings The vector group of the transformer is also important since the differential function is interested in the angle difference of the measured current vectors In this example the transforme...

Page 290: ...Figure 5 4 29 148 Yd1 transformer s internal connection in theory A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 288 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021...

Page 291: ...nd with enough difference causes a pick up and a trip However as modern differential relays do this transformation by calculating the corrected vector internally this is also just nice to know informa...

Page 292: ...Figure 5 4 29 150 Subtract formula Figure 5 4 29 151 Add formula Figure 5 4 29 152 CTs starpoints requiring the Add mode A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 290 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021...

Page 293: ...to adjust the differential stage towards the measured currents Bias calculation can be sensitive or coarse see the following formulas Figure 5 4 29 154 Average mode sensitive biasing Figure 5 4 29 155...

Page 294: ...settings Characteristics parts One needs to understand what the various parts of the characteristics mean in order to set the characteristics for the transformer application D Diff iffbia bias TP1 s...

Page 295: ...rces for normal operation 1 Primary side CT measurement accuracy CTEpri In this example the primary side CTs are Class 10P which means the measurement error is 10 2 Secondary side CT measurement accur...

Page 296: ...nservative estimate of 3 as the TME value 6 Safety margin SME Conservative settings typically use a safety margin up to 5 7 Tap changer on load side TCE This example transformer has a tap changer with...

Page 297: ...ty Imeas unc from the various magnitudes inside the transformer In this example the transformer has a tap changer that affects the internal currents however its effects cannot be estimated reliably an...

Page 298: ...f differential relay this point can be set by the user If the user wants a high sensitivity TP1 can be set to 1 In since the calculated base sensitivity already factors in the tap changer effect and a...

Page 299: ...in the following calculation Next we calculate the the currents that flow in the HV and LV sides when the loading of the transformer is e g 1 5 times its rated power Therefore the LV side currents are...

Page 300: ...ntial current in the measurements even though the transformer itself does not have a fault Please note that if there is a heavy end fault causing the biasing current to increase this setting should no...

Page 301: ...ximum of the current flowing in the CTs when a bolted and symmetrical three phase fault occurs in the LV side of the transformer Based on the previous calculations we can see that the HV side maximum...

Page 302: ...sistivity in temperatures other than 20 C For example the resistivity of copper at 75 C is calculated like this With this value we can calculate the resistances per meter of the most commonly used cop...

Page 303: ...ions of the wire used in the winding Some CT manufacturers include the SCTRN value in their product documentation However as the value is only a small portion of the CT burden as a whole the wirings c...

Page 304: ...ible in normal operations while keeping the settings sensitive enough for inrush currents especially in energiszing cases Thus the setting suggestion for this Idi Pick up stage is 6 0 In 10 In for sen...

Page 305: ...Figure 5 4 29 159 Example configuration for the transformer differential function A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021 303...

Page 306: ...You can also see the variations in Turnpoint 1 settings in Figures A and C it is set at 1 0 In whereas in Figures B and D it is set at 0 01 In Zero sequence compensation for external earth faults Our...

Page 307: ...nvolved in the fault The differential earthing requires the earthing to be known if not compensated any low impedance earth fault outside the differential zone causes a differential current and possib...

Page 308: ...eliminates the zero sequence effect with the following formulas No Not te e When you enable the zero sequence compensation by selecting the N or n in the transformer vector group the sensitivity to si...

Page 309: ...tions between the average and the maximum bias current calculation as well as the option between the add and the subtract current calculation The use of these stages depends on the CTs installation di...

Page 310: ...t when the voltage is in zero crossing the steady state value of the flux is in its negative or positive maximum value In energizing situations there is no flux available at the instant the winding is...

Page 311: ...s mentioned earlier the calculated FFT value is about 50 of the peak value the third graph depicts the 2nd harmonic absolute values in amperes the fourth graph depicts the fundamental 50 Hz FFT calcul...

Page 312: ...ughly as follows In our previous example the transformer s nominal current on the HV primary side was 115 5 A with it we can count the following The graph below shows how the differential currents loo...

Page 313: ...or magnetizing is reduced as well The blocking remains active until the setting is reached after which the blocking is released for each phase separately With our example transformer the harmonic bloc...

Page 314: ...former overexcited very quickly This may be caused by two things a fault in the LV side can throw off the loading and cause a temporary overvoltage or the frequency in the network decreases for some r...

Page 315: ...sformer s primary side and the differential relay sees it as pure differential current From the third graph we can see that the differential pick up setting is reached when the voltage is approximatel...

Page 316: ...t and releases when the overvoltage is too heavy and the differential current is most probably over the tripping limit However one should note that the behavior of this blocking is very unpredictable...

Page 317: ...function s pre calculation Name Range Step Default Function Description Idx LN mode 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off 1 On Set mode of DIF block This parameter is visible only when Allow sett...

Page 318: ...zag transformer status monitoring transformer differential The selection of the HV side connection Can be selected between star or zigzag and delta This selection is visible only if the option Manual...

Page 319: ...ormer status monitoring transformer differential The selection of the starpoint measurement channel for the restricted earth fault protection on the HV side This setting is only visible if the option...

Page 320: ...ics This setting is only visible if the Enable I0d REF HV side setting is enabled HV I0d Slope 1 0 01 250 00 0 01 10 00 Slope 1 of the HV side restricted earth fault differential characteristics This...

Page 321: ...40 Output signals of the transformer differential function Name Description Idb Bias Trip The TRIP output signal from the biased differential stage Idi Nobias Trip The TRIP output signal from the non...

Page 322: ...5th harmonic OFF DIF1 L2 5th harmonic ON DIF1 L2 5th harmonic OFF DIF1 L3 5th harmonic ON DIF1 L3 5th harmonic OFF DIF1 HV I0d Block ON DIF1 HV I0d Block OFF DIF1 HV I0d Trip ON DIF1 HV I0d Trip OFF...

Page 323: ...characteristics current LV side REF maximum differential current with bias Used SG Setting group in use Ftype Detected fault type faulty phases 5 4 30 Resistance temperature detectors RTD Resistance t...

Page 324: ...the wanted channels are selected at Communication Protocols ModbusIO Then the user selects the measurement module from the three 3 available modules A B and C as well as the poll address Additionally...

Page 325: ...onitored module and channel as well as the monitoring and alarm setting units C or F The alarms can be enabled given a setting value in degrees and be set to trigger either above or below the setting...

Page 326: ...C Dec F 0 Deg C 1 Deg F 0 Deg C Selects the measurement temperature scale Celsius or Fahrenheit S1 S16 Measurement Displays the measurement value in the selected temperature scale S1 S16 Sensor 0 Ok...

Page 327: ...unction offers sixteen 16 independent stages the events are segregated for each stage operation The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values The fun...

Page 328: ...Alarm2 OFF RTD1 S11 Alarm1 ON RTD1 S11 Alarm1 OFF RTD1 S11 Alarm2 ON RTD1 S11 Alarm2 OFF RTD1 S12 Alarm1 ON RTD1 S12 Alarm1 OFF RTD1 S12 Alarm2 ON RTD1 S12 Alarm2 OFF RTD1 S13 Alarm1 ON RTD1 S13 Alarm...

Page 329: ...Meas Invalid RTD2 S7 Meas Ok RTD2 S7 Meas Invalid RTD2 S8 Meas Ok RTD2 S8 Meas Invalid RTD2 S9 Meas Ok RTD2 S9 Meas Invalid RTD2 S10 Meas Ok RTD2 S10 Meas Invalid RTD2 S11 Meas Ok RTD2 S11 Meas Inval...

Page 330: ...lay can be avoided by using arc protection The arc protection card has a high speed output to trip signals faster as well as to extend the speed of arc protection Figure 5 4 31 172 IED equipped with a...

Page 331: ...pping the zone are met light OR light and current but the tripping is blocked by an input I I0 Arc S1 Sensor fault I I0 Arc S2 Sensor fault I I0 Arc S3 Sensor fault I I0 Arc S4 Sensor fault The detect...

Page 332: ...e which sensor channels are sensing which zones in this case sensor channels S1 and S2 are protecting Zone 1 Enable Light 1 of Zone 1 as well as Light 2 of Zone 2 The sensor channel S3 deals with Zone...

Page 333: ...be enabled as there are sensors connected to both Zone 2 and 3 starts Sensors connected to the channel S3 are in Zone 2 Then enable Light 3 of Zone 2 The sensor connected to the channel S2 is in Zone...

Page 334: ...nsors Defines the number of sensors connected to the channel channels 1 2 3 4 Channel 2 sensors Channel 3 sensors Channel 4 sensors Channel 1 sensor status 0 Sensors OK 1 Configuration fault state Dis...

Page 335: ...channel 1 trips the zone 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Zone1 2 3 4 Pres 2 Enabled Pressure detected in sensor channel 2 trips the zone 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Zone1 2 3 4 Pres 3 Enabled Pres...

Page 336: ...up element activates a TRIP signal is generated If the blocking signal is active when the pick up element activates a BLOCKED signal is generated and the function does not process the situation furth...

Page 337: ...1 Phase current Blocked OFF ARC1 Phase current Start ON ARC1 Phase current Start OFF ARC1 Residual current Blocked ON ARC1 Residual current Blocked OFF ARC1 Residual current Start ON ARC1 Residual cur...

Page 338: ...electrical network fault appears to be inside the protected area The determination is made by comparing the angle between the operating quantity zone tripping area and the actual measured quantity Th...

Page 339: ...close to zero The angle used by this function is the one captured the moment before the fault occurred and voltage memory was activated When voltage memory is activated the output Voltage memory on s...

Page 340: ...surement of phase L3 C current 5ms U1RMS RMS measurement of voltage U1 V 5ms U2RMS RMS measurement of voltage U2 V 5ms U3RMS RMS measurement of voltage U3 V 5ms U4RMS RMS measurement of voltage U4 V 5...

Page 341: ...based on a set fixed frequency such as 50 Hz or 60 Hz When the frequency drops massively during a fault while angle memory is in use it is also possible that the frequency of the system starts to flu...

Page 342: ...s Common signals extra inputs Common signals function has all START and TRIP signals of protection functions internally connected to Common START and TRIP output signals But it is also possible to ass...

Page 343: ...mon Start OFF GNSIG Common Trip ON GNSIG Common Trip OFF 5 5 2 Setting group selection All relay types support up to eight 8 separate setting groups The Setting group selection function block controls...

Page 344: ...ol function include the active setting group selection the forced setting group selection the enabling or disabling of the forced change the selection of the number of active setting groups in the app...

Page 345: ...static signal control is applied no requests with a lower priority than SG1 and SG2 will be processed Setting group 4 0 Not active 1 Active 0 Not active The selection of Setting group 4 SG4 Has the fo...

Page 346: ...ting group control one wire connection from Petersen coil status Depending on the application s requirements the setting group control can be applied either with a one wire connection or with a two wi...

Page 347: ...Figure 5 5 2 181 Setting group control two wire connection from Petersen coil status A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021 345...

Page 348: ...With a two wire connection the state of the Petersen coil can be monitored more securely The additional logic ensures that a single wire loss will not affect the correct setting group selection The ap...

Page 349: ...s the inverted signal NOT as well as the use of logics in setting group control One could also have SG2 be the primary SG while the ON signal would be controlled by the higher priority SG1 this way th...

Page 350: ...SGS SG8 Request ON SGS SG8 Request OFF SGS Remote Change SG Request ON SGS Remote Change SG Request OFF SGS Local Change SG Request ON SGS Local Change SG Request OFF SGS Force Change SG ON SGS Force...

Page 351: ...control can be done by local control or by remote control Local manual control can be done by relays front panel HMI or by external push buttons connected to relays digital inputs Manual remote contro...

Page 352: ...ide the open and close commands while device is in Remote status The remote controls cannot override the open and close commands while device is in Local status OBJ LN mode 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Tes...

Page 353: ...be able to close circuit breaker Synchrocheck status can be either an internal signal generated by synchrocheck function or digital input activation with an external synchrocheck device Use Object rea...

Page 354: ...s pulled out If IEC 61850 is enabled GOOSE signals can be used for status indication Object Ready Objectx Ready status In A link to a physical digital input Indicates that status of the monitored obje...

Page 355: ...perator 2 Configurator 3 Super user Defines what level of access is required for MIMIC control The default is the Configurator level Objectx LOCAL Close control input Digital input or other logical si...

Page 356: ...nerates events and registers from the status changes in monitored signals as well as control command fails and operations The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer O...

Page 357: ...J10 Close Command Off OBJ1 OBJ10 Open Blocked On OBJ1 OBJ10 Open Blocked Off OBJ1 OBJ10 Close Blocked On OBJ1 OBJ10 Close Blocked Off OBJ1 OBJ10 Object Ready OBJ1 OBJ10 Object Not Ready OBJ1 OBJ10 Syn...

Page 358: ...toring of one monitored object usually requires two 2 digital inputs Alternatively object status monitoring can be performed with a single digital input the input s active state and its zero state swi...

Page 359: ...ored indicator If IEC 61850 is enabled GOOSE signals can be used for status indication Events The indicator object monitoring function abbreviated CIN in event block names generates events from the st...

Page 360: ...ny industries the simplest option to connect and configure uses less wiring and connections than other signals thus greatly reducing initial setup costs good for travelling long distances as current d...

Page 361: ...Other 0 Currents Defines the measurement category that is used for mA output control Magnitude of mA output channel dependent on the measurement category selection dependent on the measurement catego...

Page 362: ...is a control function that controls its binary output signal This output signal can be controlled locally from the relay s mimic displayed as a box in the mimic or remotely from the RTU The main purp...

Page 363: ...ight be inaccurate because the signal coming from the source is inaccurate One common example of this is tap changer location indication signal not changing linearly from step to step If the output di...

Page 364: ...001 0 Defines the maximum input of the curve If input is above the set limit ASC1 4 input out of range is activated Curve1 4 output 1 000 000 00 1 000 000 00 0 00001 Displays the output of the curve T...

Page 365: ...0 000 01 0 Scales the measured milliampere signal at Point 2 Add curvepoint 3 20 0 Not used 1 Used 0 Not used Allows the user to create their own curve with up to twenty 20 curve points instead of us...

Page 366: ...control commands Logical inputs can be controlled with a virtual switch built in the mimic and from a SCADA system IEC 61850 Modbus IEC 101 etc Logical inputs are volatile signals their status will al...

Page 367: ...fault Description User editable description LIx 1 31 characters Logical input x Description of the logical input This description is used in several menu types for easier identification 5 6 Monitoring...

Page 368: ...de processing threshold comparator block signal check time delay characteristics output processing The following conditions have to met simultaneously for the function alarm to activate None of the th...

Page 369: ...The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the current transformer supervision function Figure 5 6 1 191 Simplified function block diagram of the CTS function Measured input...

Page 370: ...eral behavior of the function These settings are static i e it is not possible to change them by editing the setting group Table 5 6 1 281 General settings of the function Name Range Default Descripti...

Page 371: ...n the minimum and maximum values of the phase current This condition has to be met for the function to activate I2 I1 ratio 0 01 100 00 0 01 49 00 Determines the pick up ratio threshold for the negati...

Page 372: ...the blocking signal is active when the pick up element activates a BLOCKED signal is generated and the function does not process the situation further If the START function has been activated before t...

Page 373: ...cuit fault in phase L1 wiring When a fault is detected and all conditions are met the CTS timer starts counting If the situation continues until the set time has passed the function issues an alarm A...

Page 374: ...e has passed the function issues an alarm This means that the function supervises both the primary and the secondary circuit Figure 5 6 1 195 No wiring fault but heavy unbalance If any of the phases e...

Page 375: ...are adjusted according to the application s normal behavior the operation of the function can be set to be very sensitive for broken circuit and conductor faults Figure 5 6 1 197 Normal situation res...

Page 376: ...ll be issued in case if the situation continues until the set alarming time is met Figure 5 6 1 199 Broken primary phase current wiring In this example all other condition are met except the residual...

Page 377: ...signals The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The function offers two 2 independent stages The events triggered by the function are recorded with...

Page 378: ...function can be changed via setting group selection The operational logic consists of the following input magnitude processing threshold comparator block signal check time delay characteristics output...

Page 379: ...surement of voltage UL12 V 5ms UL23RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL23 V 5ms UL31RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL31 V 5ms UL1RMS RMS measurement of voltage UL1 V 5ms UL2RMS RMS measurement of voltage...

Page 380: ...e phases Table 5 6 2 288 Pick up settings Name Range Step Default Description Voltage low pickup 0 05 0 50 Un 0 01 Un 0 05 Un If one the measured voltages is below low pickup value and two of the meas...

Page 381: ...EQ Rev 3 Bus Live VTS Ok SEQ Undef 4 Bus Live VTS problem Displays the status of bus voltages Expected operating time 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s Displays the expected operating time when a fault occurs Ti...

Page 382: ...gered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 6 2 290 Event messages Event block name Event names VTS1 Bus VT fail Start ON VTS1 Bus VT fail Start OFF VTS1...

Page 383: ...eparate alarm levels which are activated when the value of interrupting life operations is below the setting limit The Trip contact setting defines the output that triggers the current monitoring at t...

Page 384: ...tatic i e it is not possible to change them by switching the setting group Table 5 6 3 293 General settings Name Range Default Description CBW LN mode 1 On 2 Blocked 3 Test 4 Test Blocked 5 Off 1 On S...

Page 385: ...setting Table 5 6 3 295 Pick up settings Name Range Step Default Description Alarm 1 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enable and disable the Alarm 1 stage Alarm 1 Set 0 200 000 1 1 000 Defines the pick...

Page 386: ...ations Enable Alarm 2 1 Enabled Alarm 2 Set 100 operations With these settings Alarm 1 is issued when the cumulative interruption counter for any of the three phases dips below the set 1000 remaining...

Page 387: ...r phase L1 L2 Operations left Operations left for phase L2 L3 Operations left Operations left for phase L3 Events and registers The circuit breaker wear function abbreviated CBW in event block names g...

Page 388: ...also available for the mimic and the measurement views in the HMI carousel The user can also set the alarming limits for each measured channel if the application so requires The monitoring of the mea...

Page 389: ...t of the whole harmonic specter of 32 components from each measured current channel From these measurements the function calculates either the amplitude ratio or the power ratio A 20 ms averaged value...

Page 390: ...larm 0 Enabled 1 Disabled 0 Enabled Enables and disables the THD alarm function from phase currents Enable I01 THD alarm 0 Enabled 1 Disabled 0 Enabled Enables and disables the THD alarm function from...

Page 391: ...splay event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a soft...

Page 392: ...ed registers The register of the function records the ON event process data for START ALARM and BLOCKED The table below presents the structure of the function s register content Table 5 6 4 305 Regist...

Page 393: ...the function are the START and ALARM ACT signals for the phase voltages THDV as well as BLOCKED signals The function uses a total of eight 8 separate setting groups which can be selected from one comm...

Page 394: ...e 5ms UL2FFT FFT measurement of phase L2 B voltage 5ms UL3FFT FFT measurement of phase L3 C voltage 5ms The selection of the calculation method is made with a setting parameter common for all measurem...

Page 395: ...lays useful real time information on the state of the protection function It is accessed either through the relay s HMI display or through the setting tool software when it is connected to the relay a...

Page 396: ...ements as well as common BLOCKED signals The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp...

Page 397: ...ent I02 fine IL1 Phase current IL1 CT card 2 IL2 Phase current IL2 CT card 2 IL3 Phase current IL3 CT card 2 I01 c Residual current I01 coarse CT card 2 I01 f Residual current I01 fine CT card 2 I02 c...

Page 398: ...ing channels Measurements Signal Description Signal Description Currents Pri Pha curr ILx Primary phase current ILx IL1 IL2 IL3 Pha curr ILx TRMS Pri Primary phase current TRMS IL1 IL2 IL3 Pha angle I...

Page 399: ...system voltage U0 in percentages Ux Angle Ux angle U1 U2 U3 U4 System volt U0 ang Angle of the system voltage U0 Pos Neg Zero Seq volt Angle Positive Negative Zero sequence voltage angle Ux Angle diff...

Page 400: ...Display when not measurable is 0 Hz Frequency at the moment If the frequency is not measurable this will show 0 Hz Neutral susceptance B Pri Primary neutral susceptance f meas qlty Quality of tracked...

Page 401: ...ually or automatically by using the dedicated triggers Every signal listed in Digital recording channels can be selected to trigger the recorder The device has a maximum limit of 100 for the number of...

Page 402: ...checking the boxes enable the selected triggers Table 5 6 6 319 Recorder settings Name Range Step Default Description Recording length 0 100 1800 000s 0 01s 1s Sets the length of a recording Recording...

Page 403: ...than zero At least one trigger input has to be selected in the Recorder Trigger setting to fulfill this term Estimating the maximum length of total recording time Once the disturbance recorder s sett...

Page 404: ...o be made according to the following specifications the recording length is 6 0 s the sample rate is 64 s c therefore with a 50 Hz system frequency a sample is taken every 312 5 s the analog channels...

Page 405: ...ecorder menu AQviewer software instructions can be found in AQtivate 200 Instruction manual arcteq fi downloads Events The disturbance recorder function abbreviated DR in event block names generates e...

Page 406: ...ments are recorded in the setting tool or in the relay If the recording is done in the setting tool both the setting tool software and its Live Edit mode have to be activated The user can change the r...

Page 407: ...RMS Pri I Pos Seq Curr angle L2 Exp Imp Act E balance kWh Pri Pos Seq Curr I Neg Seq Curr angle L2 Exp React Cap E Mvarh Pri Neg Seq Curr I Zero Seq Curr angle L2 Exp React Cap E kvarh Pri Zero Seq Cu...

Page 408: ...S p u Exp Active Energy MWh Res Curr I01 TRMS U3Volt p u Exp Active Energy kWh Res Curr I02 TRMS U4Volt p u Imp Active Energy MWh Pha L1 ampl THD Pos Seq Volt p u Imp Active Energy kWh Pha L2 ampl THD...

Page 409: ...ero Seq Curr System Volt UL1 ang S4 Measurement Res Curr I 01 TRMS Pri System Volt UL2 ang S5 Measurement Res Curr I 02 TRMS Pri System Volt UL3 ang S6 Measurement Sec Pha Curr I L1 System Volt U0 ang...

Page 410: ...ap E bal Mvarh Motor status P P Curr I L1 L1 Exp Imp React Cap E bal kvarh Active setting group P P Curr I L2 L1 Exp React Ind E Mvarh L1 Exp React Ind E kvarh 5 6 8 Measurement value recorder The mea...

Page 411: ...urrent components Fundamental 2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic 4th harmonic 5th harmonic 7th harmonic 9th harmonic 11th harmonic 13th harmonic 15th harmonic 17th harmonic 19th harmonic current I1 I2 I0Z The...

Page 412: ...onductances susceptances and admittances YL1angle YL2angle YL3angle Y0angle The admittance angles Others Others Descrip Description tion System f The tracking frequency in use at that moment Ref f1 Th...

Page 413: ...22 I0Dir Trip 23 I0Dir Trip 24 I0Dir Trip 25 f Trip 26 f Trip 27 f Trip 28 f Trip 29 f Trip 30 f Trip 31 f Trip 32 f Trip 33 P Trip 34 P Trip 35 Prev Trip 36 T Trip 37 I2 Trip 38 I2 Trip 39 I2 Trip 40...

Page 414: ...nt name VREC1 Recorder triggered ON VREC1 Recorder triggered OFF 5 6 9 Running hour counter The running hour counter abbreviated RHC in event block names is capable of counting the running time of a m...

Page 415: ...s they also need to be enabled individually with the PSx Enabled parameter When enabled an active stage shows its current state condition the expected operating time and the time remaining to trip und...

Page 416: ...used in the comparison 4 Mag1 OR Mag2 Either of the chosen signals has to fulfill the pick up condition Both signals have their own pick up setting 5 Mag1 AND Mag2 Both of the chosen signals have to...

Page 417: ...monic value in p u ILx 11th h ILx 11nd harmonic value in p u ILx 13th h ILx 13nd harmonic value in p u ILx 15th h ILx 15nd harmonic value in p u ILx 17th h ILx 17nd harmonic value in p u ILx 19th h IL...

Page 418: ...0Ang UL0 angle degrees U0CalcMag Calculated residual voltage U1 pos seq V Mag Positive sequence voltage U2 neg seq V Mag Negative sequence voltage U0CalcAng Calculated residual voltage angle degrees U...

Page 419: ...ZSeqPri Positive Impedance Z primary ZSeqSec Positive Impedance Z secondary ZSeqAngle Positive Impedance Z angle Table 5 7 333 Conductances susceptances and admittances L1 L2 L3 Name Description GLxPr...

Page 420: ...h fault neutral voltage is 11 547 V primary which is then multiplied with the above calculated scaling factor inversing the final result to 100 This way a pre processed signal is easier to set althoug...

Page 421: ...easured magnitudes The user can set the reset hysteresis in the function by default 3 It is always relative to the Pick up setting Mag value Table 5 7 337 Pick up settings Name Range Step Default Desc...

Page 422: ...up level the user needs to take into account the modes in use as well as the desired action The pick up limit can be set either as positive or as negative Each pick up level has a separate hysteresis...

Page 423: ...S3 Start OFF PGS1 PS3 Trip ON PGS1 PS3 Trip OFF PGS1 PS3 Block ON PGS1 PS3 Block OFF PGS1 PS4 Start ON PGS1 PS4 Start OFF PGS1 PS4 Trip ON PGS1 PS4 Trip OFF PGS1 PS4 Block ON PGS1 PS4 Block OFF PGS1 P...

Page 424: ...S10 Trip OFF PGS1 PS10 Block ON PGS1 PS10 Block OFF The function registers its operation into the last twelve 12 time stamped registers The register of the function records the ON event process data f...

Page 425: ...one of the relay can be set by connecting to the relay and the selecting the time zone at Commands Set time zone in AQtivate setting tool 6 1 2 PTP PTP Precision Time Protocol is a higher accuracy syn...

Page 426: ...ed Message sent Diagnostic message counter Message receive Diagnostic message counter PTP timesource Diagnostic number describing the current time source 6 1 3 Modbus TCP and Modbus RTU The device sup...

Page 427: ...their meaning can be found from Event list Tools Events ang Logs Event list in setting tool The event code in HR17 is 0 if no new events can be found in the device event buffer Every time HR17 is rea...

Page 428: ...d reporting Control Direct operate with normal security Select before operate with normal security Direct with enhanced security and Select before operate with enhanced sequrity control sequences Dist...

Page 429: ...0 1 1000 0 kVar 0 1 kVar 2 kVar Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Apparent power deadband 0 1 1000 0 kVA 0 1 kVA 2 kVA Determines the data reporting deadband setting...

Page 430: ...nabled The publisher will publish frames with simulation bit active if enabled For GOOSE simulation testing purposes GOOSE control block 2 simulation bit The table below presents general settings for...

Page 431: ...tor matrix block settings etc Table 6 1 6 353 GOOSE input user description Name Range Default Description User editable description GI x 1 31 characters GOOSE IN x Description of the GOOSE input This...

Page 432: ...functionalities of the higher levels For detailed information please refer to the DNP3 Device Profile document www arcteq fi downloads AQ 200 series Resources Settings The following table describes t...

Page 433: ...nds Table 6 1 8 357 Analog change deadband settings Name Range Step Default Description General deadband 0 1 10 0 0 1 2 Determines the general data reporting deadband settings Active energy deadband 0...

Page 434: ...ment www arcteq fi downloads AQ 200 series Resources AQ 200 IEC101 IEC104 interoperability IEC 101 settings Table 6 1 9 358 IEC 101 settings Name Range Step Default Description Common address of ASDU...

Page 435: ...s Active energy deadband 0 1 1000 0kWh 0 1kWh 2kWh Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Reactive energy deadband 0 1 1000 0kVar 0 1kVar 2kVar Determines the data report...

Page 436: ...or 38 400 bps As a slave the device sends data on demand or by sequenced polling The available data can be measurements circuit breaker states function starts function trips etc The full SPA signal m...

Page 437: ...rrents and residual currents IL1 TRMS IL2 TRMS IL3 TRMS I01 TRMS I02 TRMS TRMS current measurement values of phase currents and residual currents IL1 IL2 IL3 I01 I02 2nd h 3rd h 4th h 5th h 7th h 9th...

Page 438: ...es Others System f Used tracking frequency at the moment Ref f1 Reference frequency 1 Ref f2 Reference frequency 2 M thermal T Motor thermal temperature F thermal T Feeder thermal temperature T therma...

Page 439: ...85 serial communication port Up to 32 sub units can be connected to an AQ 200 master unit These messages can then be used for controlling logic in the master device display the status in user created...

Page 440: ...tivate 200 Instruction manual arcteq fi downloads All imported signals can be given a description The description will be displayed in most of menus with the signal logic editor matrix block settings...

Page 441: ...MGWB3 Bit 65 Bit 96 ON OFF MGWB4 Bit 97 Bit 128 ON OFF MGWD1 Double Bit 1 Double bit 16 ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON MGWD2 Double Bit 17 Double bit 32 ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON A AQ Q M257 M257 Instr...

Page 442: ...7 Connections and application examples 7 1 Connections of AQ M257 Figure 7 1 213 AQ M257 variant without add on modules A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 440 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021...

Page 443: ...Figure 7 1 214 AQ M257 variant with digital input and output modules A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021 441...

Page 444: ...protection IED The example is of motor differential protection Since three line to neutral voltages are connected this application uses the voltage measurement mode 3LN see the image below Additionall...

Page 445: ...input and one non latched trip output The figure below presents an application scheme for trip circuit supervision with one digital input and a non latched trip output With this connection the curren...

Page 446: ...be added to the digital input An activation delay that is slightly longer than the circuit breaker s operations time should be enough When circuit breaker failure protection CBFP is used adding its op...

Page 447: ...IED s output relay contact opens in under 50 ms or after a set release delay that takes place after the breaker is opened This means that the open coil is energized for a while after the breaker has...

Page 448: ...losed again The following logic scheme or similar blocks the supervision alarm when the circuit breaker is open The alarm is issued whenever the breaker is closed and whenever the inverted digital inp...

Page 449: ...Figure 7 3 221 Example block scheme A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021 447...

Page 450: ...U a number of inputs and outputs and the power supply as well as two separate current measurement modules and one separate voltage measurement module The images below present the modules of both the n...

Page 451: ...from Arcteq Relays Ltd or its representative who can then provide the module with its corresponding unlocking code to allow the device to operate correctly once the hardware configuration has been up...

Page 452: ...t found the device issues an alarm 6 Scan Scans Slot E and finds the four channels of the VT module fixed for AQ 257 If the VTM is not found the device issues an alarm 7 Scan Scans Slot F and moves to...

Page 453: ...nt has only explained the installation of I O add on cards to the option module slots This is because all other module types are treated in a same way For example when an additional communication port...

Page 454: ...rd communication ports and the relay s basic digital I O The current consumption of the digital inputs is 2 mA when activated while the range of the operating voltage is 24 V 110 V 220 V depending on...

Page 455: ...on Scanning cycle All digital inputs are scanned in a 5 ms cycle meaning that the state of an input is updated every 0 5 milliseconds When an input is used internally in the device either in group cha...

Page 456: ...provide 0 5 inaccuracy when the range is 0 005 4 In The measurement ranges are as follows Phase currents 25 mA 250 A RMS Coarse residual current 5 mA 150 A RMS Fine residual current 1 mA 75 A RMS The...

Page 457: ...e measurement range is 0 5 480 0 V per channel The angle measurement inaccuracy is less than 0 5 degrees within the nominal range The frequency measurement range of the voltage inputs is 6 1800 Hz wit...

Page 458: ...elease delays The settings described in the table below can be found at Control Device I O Digital input settings in the relay settings Table 8 5 370 Digital input settings of DI8 module Name Range St...

Page 459: ...8 5 229 Digital input state when energizing and de energizing the digital input channels Digital input descriptions Option card inputs can be given a description The user defined description are displ...

Page 460: ...ll digital outputs are scanned in 5 ms program cycles and their contacts are mechanical in type The rated voltage of the NO NC outputs is 250 VAC DC For the naming convention of the digital inputs pro...

Page 461: ...p to three 3 light sensors serially connected to it The user can choose how many of the channels are in use The high speed outputs HSO1 and HSO2 operate only with a DC power supply The battery s posit...

Page 462: ...HSO control 8 8 RTD input module optional Figure 8 8 232 RTD input module connectors The RTD input module is an add on module with eight 8 RTD input channels Each input supports 2 wire 3 wire and 4 wi...

Page 463: ...2 module connectors Connector Name Description COM E Serial fiber GG PP GP PG Serial based communications Wavelength 660 nm Compatible with 50 125 m 62 5 125 m 100 140 m and 200 m Plastic Clad Silica...

Page 464: ...munications COM F Pin 8 RS 232 RX Serial based communications COM F Pin 9 COM F Pin 10 3 3 V output spare Spare power source for external equipment 45 mA COM F Pin 11 COM F Pin 12 The option card incl...

Page 465: ...tors 10BASE T and 100BASE TX Both cards support both HSR and PRP protocols 8 11 Double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional Figure 8 11 236 Double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication modu...

Page 466: ...dundancy options please refer to the option card LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module The images below present two example configurations the first displays a ring configuration note how the thir...

Page 467: ...le RJ45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional Figure 8 12 239 Double RJ 45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module Connector Description Two pin connector IRIG B input A AQ Q M257 M257...

Page 468: ...igurations For other redundancy options please refer to the option card LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module Figure 8 12 240 Example of a multidrop configuration 8 13 Milliampere mA I O module op...

Page 469: ...n the factory or it can be upgraded in the field after the device s original installation when required The user sets the mA I O with the mA outputs control function This can be done at Control Device...

Page 470: ...Figure 8 14 243 Device installation A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 468 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021...

Page 471: ...Figure 8 14 244 Panel cut out and spacing of the IED A AQ Q M257 M257 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00021 469...

Page 472: ...quency measurement range From 6 75Hz fundamental up to the 31st harmonic current Current measurement range 25 mA 250 A RMS Current measurement inaccuracy 0 005 4 000 IN 0 5 or 15 mA 4 20 IN 0 5 20 50...

Page 473: ...each 5 Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoenix Contact FRONT 4 H 6 35 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 4 mm2 NO NOTE TE Current measurement accuracy has been verified with 50 60 H...

Page 474: ...wer and energy measurement accuracy Power measurement P Q S Frequency range 6 75 Hz Inaccuracy 0 3 1 2 IN or 3 VA secondary 1 0 1 2 IN or 3 VA secondary Energy measurement Frequency range 6 75 Hz Ener...

Page 475: ...rminal block Phoenix Contact MSTB 2 5 5 ST 5 08 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 2 5 mm2 Other Minimum recommended fuse rating MCB C2 9 1 2 2 CPU communication ports Table 9 1 2 2 381 Fron...

Page 476: ...Table 9 1 2 3 384 CPU model isolated digital inputs with thresholds defined by order code Rated values Rated auxiliary voltage 265 V AC DC Nominal voltage Order code defined 24 110 220 V AC DC Pick up...

Page 477: ...386 Digital outputs Change Over Rated values Rated auxiliary voltage 265 V AC DC Continuous carry 5 A Make and carry 0 5 s Make and carry 3 s 30 A 15 A Breaking capacity DC L R 40 ms at 48 VDC at 110...

Page 478: ...king capacity DC L R 40 ms at 48 VDC at 110 VDC at 220 VDC 1 A 0 4 A 0 2 A Control rate 5 ms Settings Polarity Software settable Normally On Normally Off Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoen...

Page 479: ...es Voltage withstand 265 VDC Nominal voltage Pick up threshold Release threshold 24 VDC 16 VDC 15 VDC Scanning rate 5 ms Polarity Normally Off Current drain 3 mA Terminal block connection Terminal blo...

Page 480: ...ata for the RTD input module Channels 1 8 2 3 4 wire RTD Pt100 or Pt1000 9 1 3 6 RS 232 serial fiber communication module Table 9 1 3 6 394 Technical data for the RS 232 serial fiber communication mod...

Page 481: ...isplay Table 9 1 4 397 Technical data for the HMI TFT display Dimensions and resolution Number of dots resolution 800 x 480 Size 154 08 85 92 mm 6 06 3 38 in Display Type of display TFT Color RGB colo...

Page 482: ...ime 0 010 10 000 s step 0 005 s 1 0 or 50 ms Instant reset time and start up reset 50 ms No Not te e The release delay does not apply to phase specific tripping 9 2 1 2 Non directional earth fault pro...

Page 483: ...me accuracy does not apply when the measured secondary current in I02 is 1 20 mA The pick up is tuned to be more sensitive and the operation times vary because of this 9 2 1 3 Directional overcurrent...

Page 484: ...onds in case the voltage drops below 1 0 V 9 2 1 4 Directional earth fault protection I0dir 67N 32N Table 9 2 1 4 401 Technical data for the directional earth fault function Measurement inputs Current...

Page 485: ...t U0 I0 angle 97 of the pick up current and voltage setting 2 0 Reset time setting Inaccuracy Reset time 0 000 150 000 s step 0 005 s 1 0 or 45 ms Instant reset time and start up reset 50 ms 9 2 1 5 N...

Page 486: ...nt inputs Phase current inputs IL1 A IL2 B IL3 C Residual current channel I01 Coarse Residual current channel I02 Fine Pick up Harmonic selection 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 9th 11th 13th 15th 17th or 19t...

Page 487: ...7 Circuit breaker failure protection CBFP 50BF 52BF Table 9 2 1 7 404 Technical data for the circuit breaker failure protection function Measurement inputs Current inputs Phase current inputs IL1 A I...

Page 488: ...racy Starting 3 of the set pick up value 0 5 IN setting 5 mA 0 5 IN setting Operation time Instant operation time 1 05 x ISET 30 ms Reset Reset ratio No hysteresis Reset time 40 ms 9 2 1 9 Overvoltage...

Page 489: ...00 120 00 UN setting step 0 01 UN Inaccuracy Voltage 1 5 USET or 30 mV Low voltage block Pick up setting 0 00 80 00 UN setting step 0 01 UN Inaccuracy Voltage 1 5 USET or 30 mV Operation time Definit...

Page 490: ...ting 1 00 50 00 U0N setting step 0 01 IN Inaccuracy Voltage U0 Voltage U0Calc 1 5 U0SET or 30 mV 150 mV Operation time Definite time function operating time setting 0 00 1800 00 s setting step 0 005 s...

Page 491: ...ms 20 ms Instant operation time Start time and instant operation time trip UM USET ratio 0 95 1 05 65 ms Reset Reset ratio 97 or 103 of the pick up voltage setting Reset time setting Inaccuracy Reset...

Page 492: ...60 Hz The tracked frequency mode When tracked mode is used the system s nominal frequency can be anything between 7 75 Hz 9 2 1 14 Rate of change of frequency protection df dt 81R Table 9 2 1 14 411 T...

Page 493: ...ot condition Long heat T const hot Short heat T const hot Hot condition theta limit Cold Hot spot 0 0 500 0 min setting step 0 1 min 0 0 500 0 min setting step 0 1 min 0 00 100 00 setting step 0 01 Re...

Page 494: ...T ratio 1 05 40 ms Reset Reset ratio 97 or 103 PSET Instant reset time and start up reset 40 ms No Not te e The voltage measurement starts from 0 5 V and the current measurement from 25 mA In case eit...

Page 495: ...eset Reset ratio 97 of the pick up current setting Reset time setting Inaccuracy Reset time 0 010 150 000 s step 0 005 s 1 0 or 35 ms Instant reset time and start up reset 55 ms 9 2 1 18 Frequent star...

Page 496: ...e 0 010 150 000 s step 0 005 s 1 0 or 35 ms Instant reset time and start up reset 50 ms 9 2 1 20 Mechanical jam protection Im 51M Table 9 2 1 20 417 Technical data for the mechanical jam function Meas...

Page 497: ...instant operation time trip ZM ZSET ratio 0 95 45 ms Reset Reset ratio 103 ZSET Reset time setting Inaccuracy Reset time 0 010 150 000 s step 0 005 s 1 0 or 25 ms Instant reset time and start up rese...

Page 498: ...time function operating time setting 0 00 1800 00 s setting step 0 005 s Inaccuracy Definite time at least 0 01 below the setting 1 0 or 30 ms Instant operation time Start time and instant operation t...

Page 499: ...ng active Instant operation time 3 00 ISET 30 ms Harmonic blocking active Reset Reset ratio differential current 97 of the differential current setting typically Reset time 45 ms 9 2 1 25 Arc fault pr...

Page 500: ...IL1 A IL2 B IL3 C Pick up Pick up voltage setting Pick up current setting optional 2 00 50 00 UN setting step 0 01 x UN 0 01 50 00 IN setting step 0 01 IN Inaccuracy Voltage Current 1 5 USET or 30 mV...

Page 501: ...en command output Operation time Breaker traverse time setting 0 02 500 00 s setting step 0 02 s Max close open command pulse length 0 02 500 00 s setting step 0 02 s Control termination time out sett...

Page 502: ...relays 9 2 3 2 Voltage transformer supervision 60 Table 9 2 3 2 427 Technical data for the voltage transformer supervision function Measurement inputs Voltage inputs UL1 UL2 UL3 UL12 UL23 UL31 Voltag...

Page 503: ...0 2 of the measured current rest 0 5 0 5 of operations deducted 9 2 3 4 Total harmonic distortion Table 9 2 3 4 429 Technical data for the total harmonic distortion function Input signals Current inp...

Page 504: ...hnical data for the event logger function General information Event history capacity 15 000 events Event timestamp resolution 0 001 seconds 9 3 Tests and environmental Electrical environment compatibi...

Page 505: ...nd bump test EN 60255 1 EN 60255 27 IEC 60255 21 2 20 g 1 000 bumps dir Table 9 3 435 Environmental tests Damp heat cyclic EN 60255 1 IEC 60068 2 30 Operational 25 55 C 93 97 RH 12 12h Dry heat EN 602...

Page 506: ...aging net Dimensions Height 208 mm Width 257 mm rack Depth 165 mm no cards or connectors Weight 1 5 kg With packaging gross Dimensions Height 250 mm Width 343 mm Depth 256 mm Weight 2 0 kg A AQ Q M257...

Page 507: ...p Description tion No Not te e Manufact Manufactur urer er ADAM 4015 CE External 6 channel 2 or 3 wires RTD Input module pre configured Requires an external power module Advanced Co Ltd A AQ Q M257 M2...

Page 508: ...point sensor unit 25 000 lux threshold Max cable length 200 m Arcteq Ltd AQ 01C Light point sensor unit 50 000 lux threshold Max cable length 200 m Arcteq Ltd AQ 02A Pressure and light point sensor un...

Page 509: ...d postal address Kvartsikatu 2 A 1 65300 Vaasa Finland Contacts Phone 358 10 3221 370 Website arcteq fi Technical support support arcteq fi 358 10 3221 388 EET 9 00 17 00 E mail sales sales arcteq fi...

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Arcteq AQ-M257, Instruction Manual

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