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4.

Description of the Engine

4.1

Definitions

Fig 4-1

In-line engine and V-engine definitions (1V93C0029 / 1V93C0028)

4.2

Main components and systems

Main dimensions and weights are presented in the chapter Main Data and Outputs.

4.2.1

Engine block

The engine block is made of nodular cast iron and it is cast in one piece.

The block has a stiff and durable design, which makes it suitable for resilient mounting without
intermediate foundations.

The engine has an underslung crankshaft supported by main bearing caps made of nodular
cast iron. The bearing caps are guided sideways by the engine block, both at the top and at
the bottom. Hydraulically tensioned bearing cap screws and horizontal side screws secure
the main bearing caps.

At the driving end there is a combined thrust bearing and radial bearing for the camshaft drive
and flywheel. The bearing housing of the intermediate gear is integrated in the engine block.

The cooling water is distributed around the cylinder liners with water distribution rings at the
lower end of the cylinder collar. There is no wet space in the engine block around the cylinder
liner, which eliminates the risk of water leakage into the crankcase.

4.2.2

Crankshaft

Low bearing loads, robust design and a crank gear capable of high cylinder pressures were
set out to be the main design criteria for the crankshaft. The moderate bore to stroke ratio is
a key element to achieve high rigidity.

The crankshaft line is built up from three-pieces: crankshaft, gear and end piece. The crankshaft
itself is forged in one piece. Each crankthrow is individually fully balanced for safe bearing
function. Clean steel technology minimizes the amount of slag forming elements and guarantees
superior material properties.

Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide - a19 - 1 December 2017

4-1

4. Description of the Engine

Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide

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Содержание 12V46F

Страница 1: ...PRODUCT GUIDE Wärtsilä 46F ...

Страница 2: ...AL MATTERS SUITED ONLY FOR SPECIALISTS IN THE AREA AND THE DESIGN OF THE SUBJECT PRODUCTS IS SUBJECT TO REGULAR IMPROVEMENTS MODIFICATIONS AND CHANGES CONSEQUENTLY THE PUBLISHER AND COPYRIGHT OWNER OF THIS PUBLICATION CAN NOT ACCEPT ANY RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR ANY EVENTUAL ERRORS OR OMISSIONS IN THIS BOOKLET OR FOR DISCREPANCIES ARISING FROM THE FEATURES OF ANY ACTUAL ITEM IN THE RESPECTIV...

Страница 3: ...ce This 3 2017 issue replaces all previous issues of the Wärtsilä 46F Product Guides Updates Published Issue Technical data updated 07 11 2017 3 2017 Technical data updated 27 06 2017 2 2017 Technical data updated 10 02 2017 1 2017 Flow diagrams updated other minor updates 27 06 2016 1 2016 Several updates throughout the product guide 27 08 2013 1 2013 Wärtsilä Marine Solutions Italy November 2017...

Страница 4: ... 4 5 4 3 Cross section of the engine 4 7 4 4 Overhaul intervals and expected life times 4 7 4 5 Engine storage 5 1 5 Piping Design Treatment and Installation 5 1 5 1 Pipe dimensions 5 2 5 2 Trace heating 5 2 5 3 Operating and design pressure 5 3 5 4 Pipe class 5 4 5 5 Insulation 5 4 5 6 Local gauges 5 4 5 7 Cleaning procedures 5 5 5 8 Flexible pipe connections 5 6 5 9 Clamping of pipes 6 1 6 Fuel ...

Страница 5: ...thods to reduce exhaust emissions 14 1 14 Automation System 14 1 14 1 UNIC C2 14 6 14 2 Functions 14 8 14 3 Alarm and monitoring signals 14 8 14 4 Electrical consumers 14 10 14 5 System requirements and guidelines for diesel electric propulsion 15 1 15 Foundation 15 1 15 1 Steel structure design 15 1 15 2 Engine mounting 16 1 16 Vibration and Noise 16 1 16 1 External forces and couples 16 3 16 2 T...

Страница 6: ...nd Weights 19 1 19 1 Lifting the in line engine 19 3 19 2 Lifting the V engine 19 4 19 3 Engine components 20 1 20 Product Guide Attachments 21 1 21 ANNEX 21 1 21 1 Unit conversion tables 21 2 21 2 Collection of drawing symbols used in drawings vi Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide Table of contents ...

Страница 7: ...ed 11 6 m s Mean piston speed 1 1 Maximum continuous output Table 1 1 Maximum continuos output IMO Tier 2 Cylinder configuration bhp kW 9790 7200 W 6L46F 11420 8400 W 7L46F 13050 9600 W 8L46F 14680 10800 W 9L46F 19580 14400 W 12V46F 22840 16800 W 14V46F 26110 19200 W 16V46F The mean effective pressure Pe can be calculated using the following formula where mean effective pressure bar Pe output per ...

Страница 8: ...50 2002 E The ISO standard reference conditions are 100 kPa total barometric pressure 25 C air temperature 30 relative humidity 25 C charge air coolant temperature Correction factors for the fuel oil consumption in other ambient conditions are given in standard ISO 15550 2002 E 1 3 Operation in inclined position Max inclination angles at which the engine will operate satisfactorily 15 Permanent at...

Страница 9: ...6 HE5 HE4 Engine 97 385 1535 1480 1940 2905 790 2710 650 6L46F 113 340 1760 1480 1940 3130 1100 2700 650 7L46F 124 340 1760 1480 1940 3130 1100 2700 650 8L46F 140 340 1760 1480 1940 3130 1100 2700 650 9L46F Turbocharger at flywheel end All dimensions in mm The weights are dry weights of rigidly mounted engines without flywheel Table 1 2 Additional weights ton 9L46F 8L46F 7L46F 6L46F Item 1 2 1 2 1...

Страница 10: ... 1820 2290 4040 4026 790 2975 2980 800 12V46F 216 892 3150 1820 2290 4678 1100 3134 800 14V46F 233 892 3150 1820 2290 4678 1100 3134 800 16V46F Turbocharger in flywheel end All dimensions in mm The weights are dry weights of rigidly mounted engines without flywheel Table 1 3 Additional weights ton 16V46F 14V46F 12V46F Item 1 2 1 2 1 2 Flywheel 3 3 3 Flexible mounting without limiters 1 4 Wärtsilä ...

Страница 11: ...ived from fuel rack position and actual engine speed not speed demand The propulsion control must also include automatic limitation of the load increase rate Maximum loading rates can be found later in this chapter The propeller efficiency is highest at design pitch It is common practice to dimension the propeller so that the specified ship speed is attained with design pitch nominal engine speed ...

Страница 12: ...ual and audible alarms in the control room and on the bridge The load should always be applied gradually in normal operation Class rules regarding load acceptance capability of diesel generators should not be interpreted as guidelines on how to apply load in normal operation The class rules define what the engine must be capable of if an unexpected event causes a sudden load step 2 2 1 Mechanical ...

Страница 13: ...n 1 of the steady state speed at the new load level is max 5 seconds When electrical power is restored after a black out consumers are reconnected in groups which may cause significant load steps The engine must be allowed to recover for at least 10 seconds before applying the following load step if the load is applied in maximum steps 2 2 2 2 Start up time A diesel generator typically reaches nom...

Страница 14: ...g 5ºC Idling 5ºC High load 10ºC The two stage charge air cooler is useful for heating of the charge air during prolonged low load operation in cold conditions Sustained operation between 0 and 40 load can however require special provisions in cold conditions to prevent too low HT water temperature If necessary the preheating arrangement can be designed to heat the running engine capacity to be che...

Страница 15: ...e table below correction in g kWh Table 3 1 Constant speed engines Engine load Engine driven pumps Application 50 75 85 100 2 4 1 5 1 3 1 1 Lube oil Inline 0 7 0 4 0 4 0 3 LT Water 0 7 0 4 0 4 0 3 HT Water 1 6 1 2 1 0 1 0 Lube oil V engine 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 LT Water 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 HT Water Table 3 2 Variable speed engines Engine load Engine driven pumps Application 50 75 85 100 1 9 1 4 1 3 1 2 Lube...

Страница 16: ...488 1488 kW Charge air HT circuit 762 762 kW Charge air LT circuit 756 756 kW Lubricating oil LT circuit 210 210 kW Radiation Fuel system Note 4 880 930 880 930 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT 101 at 100 load HFO 900 950 900 950 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT 101 at 85 load HFO 4 9 5 4 4 9 5 4 m3 h Flow to engine approx HFO 16 24 16 24 cSt HFO viscosity before engine 140 140 C Max H...

Страница 17: ...ure after charge air cooler nom 115 115 m3 h Capacity of engine driven pump nom 150 150 kPa Pressure drop over engine total 100 100 kPa Pressure drop in external system max 70 150 70 150 kPa Pressure from expansion tank 1 0 1 0 m3 Water volume in engine Low temperature cooling water system 250 static 250 static kPa Pressure at engine after pump nom PT 451 530 530 kPa Pressure at engine after pump ...

Страница 18: ...ing water heat 10 tolerance for radiation heat 30 Fouling factors and a margin to be taken into account when dimensioning heat ex changers Note 3 According to ISO 15550 lower calorific value 42700 kJ kg with engine driven pumps two cooling water one lubricating oil pumps Tolerance 5 The fuel consumption at 85 load is guaranteed and the values at other loads are given for in dication only Note 4 At...

Страница 19: ...t 1736 1736 kW Charge air HT circuit 889 889 kW Charge air LT circuit 882 882 kW Lubricating oil LT circuit 245 245 kW Radiation Fuel system Note 4 880 930 880 930 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT 101 at 100 load HFO 900 950 900 950 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT101 at 85 load HFO 5 7 6 3 5 7 6 3 m3 h Flow to engine approx HFO 16 24 16 24 cSt HFO viscosity before engine 140 140 C Max...

Страница 20: ...ure after charge air cooler nom 150 150 m3 h Capacity of engine driven pump nom 150 150 kPa Pressure drop over engine total 100 100 kPa Pressure drop in external system max 70 150 70 150 kPa Pressure from expansion tank 1 3 1 3 m3 Water volume in engine Low temperature cooling water system 250 static 250 static kPa Pressure at engine after pump nom PT 451 530 530 kPa Pressure at engine after pump ...

Страница 21: ...ing water heat 10 tolerance for radiation heat 30 Fouling factors and a margin to be taken into account when dimensioning heat ex changers Note 3 According to ISO 15550 lower calorific value 42700 kJ kg with engine driven pumps two cooling water one lubricating oil pumps Tolerance 5 The fuel consumption at 85 load is guaranteed and the values at other loads are given for in dication only Note 4 At...

Страница 22: ...HT circuit 1984 1984 kW Charge air HT circuit 1016 1016 kW Charge air LT circuit 1008 1008 kW Lubricating oil LT circuit 280 280 kW Radiation Fuel system Note 4 880 930 880 930 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT 101 at 100 load HFO 900 950 900 950 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT101 at 85 load HFO 6 5 7 2 6 5 7 2 m3 h Flow to engine approx HFO 16 24 16 24 cSt HFO viscosity before engine ...

Страница 23: ... C Temperature after charge air cooler nom 150 150 m3 h Capacity of engine driven pump nom 150 150 kPa Pressure drop over engine total 100 100 kPa Pressure drop in external system max 70 150 70 150 kPa Pressure from expansion tank 1 4 1 4 m3 Water volume in engine Low temperature cooling water system 250 static 250 static kPa Pressure at engine after pump nom PT 451 530 530 kPa Pressure at engine ...

Страница 24: ...e for cooling water heat 10 tolerance for radiation heat 30 Fouling factors and a margin to be taken into account when dimensioning heat ex changers Note 3 According to ISO 15550 lower calorific value 42700 kJ kg with engine driven pumps two cooling water one lubricating oil pumps Tolerance 5 The fuel consumption at 85 load is guaranteed and the values at other loads are given for in dication only...

Страница 25: ...r HT circuit 2232 2232 kW Charge air HT circuit 1143 1143 kW Charge air LT circuit 1134 1134 kW Lubricating oil LT circuit 315 315 kW Radiation Fuel system Note 4 880 930 880 930 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT 101 at 100 load HFO 900 950 900 950 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT101 at 85 load HFO 7 3 8 1 7 3 8 1 m3 h Flow to engine approx HFO 16 24 16 24 cSt HFO viscosity before engin...

Страница 26: ... C Temperature after charge air cooler nom 180 180 m3 h Capacity of engine driven pump nom 150 150 kPa Pressure drop over engine total 100 100 kPa Pressure drop in external system max 70 150 70 150 kPa Pressure from expansion tank 1 5 1 5 m3 Water volume in engine Low temperature cooling water system 250 static 250 static kPa Pressure at engine after pump nom PT 451 530 530 kPa Pressure at engine ...

Страница 27: ...ce for cooling water heat 10 tolerance for radiation heat 30 Fouling factors and a margin to be taken into account when dimensioning heat ex changers Note 3 According to ISO 15550 lower calorific value 42700 kJ kg with engine driven pumps two cooling water one lubricating oil pumps Tolerance 5 The fuel consumption at 85 load is guaranteed and the values at other loads are given for in dication onl...

Страница 28: ... HT circuit 2976 2976 kW Charge air HT circuit 1524 1524 kW Charge air LT circuit 1464 1464 kW Lubricating oil LT circuit 420 420 kW Radiation Fuel system Note 4 880 930 880 930 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT 101 at 100 load HFO 900 950 900 950 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT101 at 85 load HFO 9 8 10 8 9 8 10 8 m3 h Flow to engine approx HFO 16 24 16 24 cSt HFO viscosity before engi...

Страница 29: ... C Temperature after charge air cooler nom 210 210 m3 h Capacity of engine driven pump nom 150 150 kPa Pressure drop over engine total 100 100 kPa Pressure drop in external system max 70 150 70 150 kPa Pressure from expansion tank 2 0 2 0 m3 Water volume in engine Low temperature cooling water system 250 static 250 static kPa Pressure at engine after pump nom PT 451 530 530 kPa Pressure at engine ...

Страница 30: ...nce for cooling water heat 10 tolerance for radiation heat 30 Fouling factors and a margin to be taken into account when dimensioning heat ex changers Note 3 According to ISO 15550 lower calorific value 42700 kJ kg with engine driven pumps two cooling water one lubricating oil pumps Tolerance 5 The fuel consumption at 85 load is guaranteed and the values at other loads are given for in dication on...

Страница 31: ...T circuit 3472 3472 kW Charge air HT circuit 1778 1778 kW Charge air LT circuit 1708 1708 kW Lubricating oil LT circuit 490 490 kW Radiation Fuel system Note 4 880 930 880 930 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT 101 at 100 load HFO 900 950 900 950 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT101 at 85 load HFO 11 4 12 6 11 4 12 6 m3 h Flow to engine approx HFO 16 24 16 24 cSt HFO viscosity before engi...

Страница 32: ... C Temperature after charge air cooler nom 240 240 m3 h Capacity of engine driven pump nom 150 150 kPa Pressure drop over engine total 100 100 kPa Pressure drop in external system max 70 150 70 150 kPa Pressure from expansion tank 2 3 2 3 m3 Water volume in engine Low temperature cooling water system 250 static 250 static kPa Pressure at engine after pump nom PT 451 530 530 kPa Pressure at engine ...

Страница 33: ...nce for cooling water heat 10 tolerance for radiation heat 30 Fouling factors and a margin to be taken into account when dimensioning heat ex changers Note 3 According to ISO 15550 lower calorific value 42700 kJ kg with engine driven pumps two cooling water one lubricating oil pumps Tolerance 5 The fuel consumption at 85 load is guaranteed and the values at other loads are given for in dication on...

Страница 34: ...T circuit 3968 3968 kW Charge air HT circuit 2032 2032 kW Charge air LT circuit 1952 1952 kW Lubricating oil LT circuit 560 560 kW Radiation Fuel system Note 4 880 930 880 930 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT 101 at 100 load HFO 900 950 900 950 kPa Pressure before injection pumps PT101 at 85 load HFO 13 0 14 4 13 0 14 4 m3 h Flow to engine approx HFO 16 24 16 24 cSt HFO viscosity before engi...

Страница 35: ... C Temperature after charge air cooler nom 280 280 m3 h Capacity of engine driven pump nom 150 150 kPa Pressure drop over engine total 100 100 kPa Pressure drop in external system max 70 150 70 150 kPa Pressure from expansion tank 2 6 2 6 m3 Water volume in engine Low temperature cooling water system 250 static 250 static kPa Pressure at engine after pump nom PT 451 530 530 kPa Pressure at engine ...

Страница 36: ...nce for cooling water heat 10 tolerance for radiation heat 30 Fouling factors and a margin to be taken into account when dimensioning heat ex changers Note 3 According to ISO 15550 lower calorific value 42700 kJ kg with engine driven pumps two cooling water one lubricating oil pumps Tolerance 5 The fuel consumption at 85 load is guaranteed and the values at other loads are given for in dication on...

Страница 37: ... drive and flywheel The bearing housing of the intermediate gear is integrated in the engine block The cooling water is distributed around the cylinder liners with water distribution rings at the lower end of the cylinder collar There is no wet space in the engine block around the cylinder liner which eliminates the risk of water leakage into the crankcase 4 2 2 Crankshaft Low bearing loads robust...

Страница 38: ...itions for the piston and piston rings The liner material is a special grey cast iron alloy developed for excellent wear resistance and high strength Accurate temperature control is achieved with precisely positioned longitudinal cooling water bores An anti polishing ring removes deposits from piston top land which eliminates increased lubricating oil consumption due to bore polishing and liner we...

Страница 39: ...d control 4 2 12 Lubricating oil system The engine is equipped with a dry oil sump In the standard configuration the engine is also equipped with an engine driven lubricating oil pump located in free end and a lubricating oil module located in the opposite end to the turbocharger The lubricating oil module consists of an oil cooler with temperature control valves and an automatic filter A centrifu...

Страница 40: ...mation system Wärtsilä Unified Controls UNIC The system version UNIC C2 has a hardwired interface for control functions and a bus communication interface for alarm and monitoring An engine safety module and a local control panel mounted on the engine The engine safety module handles fundamental safety for example overspeed and low lubricating oil pressure shutdown The safety module also performs f...

Страница 41: ...4 3 Cross section of the engine Fig 4 2 Cross section of the in line engine Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 4 5 4 Description of the Engine Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 42: ...Fig 4 3 Cross section of the V engine 4 6 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 4 Description of the Engine ...

Страница 43: ...ton skirt crown dismantling one 24 000 Piston skirt crown dismantling all 12 000 12 000 Piston rings 60 000 12 000 Cylinder liner 12 000 Anti polishing ring 60 000 12 000 Gudgeon pin inspection 36 000 12 000 Gudgeon pin bearing inspection 36 000 Big end bearing 12 000 Big end bearing inspection of one 36 000 Big end bearing replacement of all 36 000 Main bearing 18 000 Main bearing inspection of o...

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Страница 45: ...be continuously rising Flanged connections shall be used cutting ring joints for precision tubes Maintenance access and dismounting space of valves coolers and other devices shall be taken into consideration Flange connections and other joints shall be located so that dismounting of the equipment can be made with reasonable effort 5 1 Pipe dimensions When selecting the pipe dimensions take into ac...

Страница 46: ...ngine should be max 0 1 MPa 1 bar when the bottle pressure is 3 MPa 30 bar It is essential that the instrument air pressure feeding to some critical control instrumentation is not allowed to fall below the nominal pressure stated in chapter Compressed air system due to pressure drop in the pipeline 5 2 Trace heating The following pipes shall be equipped with trace heating steam thermal oil or elec...

Страница 47: ...int and consequently the discharge pressure may rise to 0 5 MPa 5 bar with closed or throttled valves The minimum design pressure is 0 5 MPa 5 bar The nearest pressure class to be selected is PN6 Piping test pressure is normally 1 5 x the design pressure 0 75 MPa 7 5 bar Standard pressure classes are PN4 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN25 PN40 etc 5 4 Pipe class Classification societies categorize piping systems ...

Страница 48: ...e all piping must be cleaned according to the methods listed below Table 5 3 Pipe cleaning Methods System A B C D F Fuel oil A B C D F Lubricating oil A B C Starting air A B C Cooling water A B C Exhaust gas A B C Charge air A Washing with alkaline solution in hot water at 80 C for degreasing only if pipes have been greased B Removal of rust and scale with steel brush not required for seamless pre...

Страница 49: ...of flexible pipe connections between resiliently mounted engines and ship s piping Flexible pipe connections must not be twisted Installation length of flexible pipe connections must be correct Minimum bending radius must respected Piping must be concentrically aligned When specified the flow direction must be observed Mating flanges shall be clean from rust burrs and anticorrosion coatings Bolts ...

Страница 50: ...m the first support First three supports closest to the engine or generating set should be fixed supports Where necessary sliding supports can be used after these three fixed supports to allow thermal expansion of the pipe Supports should never be welded directly to the pipe Either pipe clamps or flange supports should be used for flexible connection Examples of flange support structures are shown...

Страница 51: ... supports of flexible pipe connections 4V60L0796 Fig 5 3 Pipe clamp for fixed support 4V61H0842 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 5 7 5 Piping Design Treatment and Installation Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

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Страница 53: ...h to meet the min injection viscosity limit of the engine DMA A high quality distillate generally designated as MGO Marine Gas Oil DMZ A high quality distillate generally designated as MGO Marine Gas Oil An alternative fuel grade for engines requiring a higher fuel viscosity than specified for DMA grade fuel DMB A general purpose fuel which may contain trace amounts of residual fuel and is intende...

Страница 54: ...is not clear and bright the total sediment by hot filtration and water tests shall be required 3 If the sample is not clear and bright the test cannot be undertaken and hence the oxidation stability limit shall not apply 4 It shall be ensured that the pour point is suitable for the equipment on board especially if the ship operates in cold climates 5 If the sample is dyed and not transparent then ...

Страница 55: ...0 m m Carbon residue micro method max ASTM D3279 14 0 8 0 m m Asphaltenes max d ISO 3016 30 30 C Pour point upper max e ISO 3733 or ASTM D6304 C d 0 50 0 50 V V Water max d ISO 3733 or ASTM D6304 C d 0 30 0 30 V V Water before engine max d ISO 6245 or LP1001 d i 0 150 0 050 m m Ash max IP 501 IP 470 or ISO 14597 450 100 mg kg Vanadium max g IP 501 or IP 470 100 50 mg kg Sodium max g IP 501 or IP 4...

Страница 56: ... combined with high sulphur and vanadium contents Sodium also strongly contributes to fouling of the exhaust gas turbine blading at high loads The aggressiveness of the fuel depends on its proportions of sodium and vanadium but also on the total amount of ash Hot corrosion and deposit formation are however also influenced by other ash constituents It is therefore difficult to set strict limits bas...

Страница 57: ...ng rack position GT178 Fuel oil leakage clean primary LS103A Engine speed primary ST196P Fuel oil leakage clean secondary LS106A Engine speed secondary ST196S Fuel oil leakage dirty fuel driving end LS108A Turning gear engaged GS792 Fuel rack control CV161 Electric motor for turning gear M755 Fuel rack position GT165 2 Stop lever in stop position GS171 Standard Pressure class Size Pipe connections...

Страница 58: ... outlet TE102A B Engine speed for torsional vibration ST191 Fuel oil leakage clean primary LS103A B Engine speed primary ST196P Fuel oil leakage clean secondary LS106A B Engine speed secondary ST196S Fuel oil leakage dirty fuel LS108A B Turning gear engaged GS792 Fuel rack control CV161 Electric motor for turning gear M755 Fuel rack position GT165 2 Stop lever in stop position GS171 Size Pipe conn...

Страница 59: ...ld comprise at least one settling tank and two separators Correct dimensioning of HFO separators is of greatest importance and therefore the recommendations of the separator manufacturer must be closely followed Poorly centrifuged fuel is harmful to the engine and a high content of water may also damage the fuel feed system The fuel pipe connections on the engine are smaller than the required pipe...

Страница 60: ...0 C B or 80 cSt at 80 C C must be pre heated to 115 130 C D E before the fuel injection pumps to 98 C F at the separator and to minimum 40 C G in the bunker tanks The fuel oil may not be pumpable below 36 C H To obtain temperatures for intermediate viscosities draw a line from the known viscosity temperature point in parallel to the nearest viscosity temperature line in the diagram Example 2 Known...

Страница 61: ... the day tanks Due to risk of wax formation fuels with a viscosity lower than 50 cSt at 50 C must be kept at a temperature higher than the viscosity would require Continuous separation is nowadays common practice which means that the HFO day tank temperature normally remains above 90 C The temperature in the MDF day tank should be in the range 20 40 C The level of the tank must ensure a positive s...

Страница 62: ...ceeding 991 kg m3 at 15 C In this case the main and stand by separators should be run in parallel When separators with gravity disc are used then each stand by separator should be operated in series with another separator so that the first separator acts as a purifier and the second as clarifier This arrangement can be used for fuels with a density of max 991 kg m3 at 15 C The separators must be o...

Страница 63: ...actual fuel quality and recommended throughput of the separator The pump should be protected by a suction strainer mesh size about 0 5 mm An approved system for control of the fuel feed rate to the separator is required MDF HFO Design data 0 5 MPa 5 bar 0 5 MPa 5 bar Design pressure 50 C 100 C Design temperature 100 cSt 1000 cSt Viscosity for dimensioning electric motor Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 64: ...The heaters to be provided with safety valves and drain pipes to a leakage tank so that the possible leakage can be detected 6 3 3 5 Separator 1S01 1S02 Based on a separation time of 23 or 23 5 h day the service throughput Q l h of the separator can be estimated with the formula where max continuous rating of the diesel engine s kW P specific fuel consumption 15 safety margin g kWh b density of th...

Страница 65: ...mple of fuel oil system MDF single engine installation DAAE022042b To be remotely operated if located 5 m from engine Pipe connections System components Fuel inlet 101 Cooler MDF 1E04 Fuel outlet 102 Automatic filter MDF 1F04 Leak fuel drain clean fuel 103 Fine filter MDF 1F05 Leak fuel drain dirty fuel 104 Suction strainer MDF 1F07 Flow meter MDF 1I03 Fuel feed pump unit MDF 1N08 Wärtsilä 46F Pro...

Страница 66: ...al pressure 50 C Design temperature 90 cSt Viscosity for dimensioning of electric motor 6 3 4 2 Flow meter MDF 1I03 If the return fuel from the engine is conducted to a return fuel tank instead of the day tank one consumption meter is sufficient for monitoring of the fuel consumption provided that the meter is installed in the feed line from the day tank before the return fuel tank A fuel oil cool...

Страница 67: ...ure Larger than feed circulation pump capacity Design flow 1 6 MPa 16 bar Design pressure 25 μm absolute mesh size Fineness Maximum permitted pressure drops at 14 cSt 20 kPa 0 2 bar clean filter 80 kPa 0 8 bar alarm 6 3 4 5 Pressure control valve MDF 1V02 The pressure control valve is installed when the installation includes a feeder booster unit for HFO and there is a return line from the engine ...

Страница 68: ...ssure drop water min 15 Margin heat rate fouling 50 150 C Design temperature MDF HFO installa tion 6 3 4 7 Return fuel tank 1T13 The return fuel tank shall be equipped with a vent valve needed for the vent pipe to the MDF day tank The volume of the return fuel tank should be at least 100 l 6 3 4 8 Black out start Diesel generators serving as the main source of electrical power must be able to resu...

Страница 69: ... 1T03 Cooler 1E03 Leak fuel drain clean fuel 103 Leak fuel tank clean fuel 1T04 Cooler MDF 1E04 Leak fuel drain dirty fuel 104 Day tank MDF 1T06 Safety filter HFO 1F03 Leak fuel tank dirty fuel 1T07 Suction filter 1F06 De aeration tank 1T08 Automatic filter 1F08 Change over valve 1V01 Flow meter 1I01 Pressure control valve 1V03 Viscosity meter 1I02 Venting valve 1V07 Feeder booster unit 1N01 Quick...

Страница 70: ...clean fuel 1T04 Cooler MDF 1E04 Leak fuel drain dirty fuel 104 Day tank MDF 1T06 Safety filter HFO 1F03 Leak fuel tank dirty fuel 1T07 Suction filter 1F06 De aeration tank 1T08 Automatic filter 1F08 Change over valve 1V01 Flow meter 1I01 Pressure control valve 1V03 Viscosity meter 1I02 Overflow valve HFO MDF 1V05 Feeder booster unit 1N01 Venting valve 1V07 Pump and filter unit HFO MDF 1N03 Quick c...

Страница 71: ...04 Leak fuel drain dirty fuel 104 Day tank MDF 1T06 Safety filter HFO 1F03 Leak fuel tank dirty fuel 1T07 Suction filter 1F06 De aeration tank 1T08 Suction strainer MDF 1F07 Change over valve 1V01 Automatic filter 1F08 Pressure control valve MDF 1V02 Flow meter 1I01 Pressure control valve 1V03 Viscosity meter 1I02 Overflow valve HFO MDF 1V05 Feeder booster unit 1N01 Venting valve 1V07 Pump and fil...

Страница 72: ...s Wärtsilä 46F engines only maximum two engines should be connected to the same fuel feed circuit unless individual circulating pumps before each engine are installed Main engines and auxiliary engines should preferably have separate fuel feed units Individual circulating pumps or other special arrangements are often required to have main engines and auxiliary engines in the same fuel feed circuit...

Страница 73: ... provided with trace heating Fig 6 9 Feeder booster unit example DAAE006659 Fuel feed pump booster unit 1P04 The feed pump maintains the pressure in the fuel feed system It is recommended to use a screw pump as feed pump The capacity of the feed pump must be sufficient to prevent pressure drop during flushing of the automatic filter A suction strainer with a fineness of 0 5 mm should be installed ...

Страница 74: ...ust be installed before the heater between the feed pump and the de aeration tank and it should be equipped with a heating jacket Overheating temperature exceeding 100 C is however to be prevented and it must be possible to switch off the heating for operation on MDF Design data According to fuel specification Fuel viscosity 100 C Design temperature If fuel viscosity is higher than 25 cSt 100 C Pr...

Страница 75: ...apacity 3 x the total consumption of the connected engines without circulation pumps 1P12 15 more than total capacity of all circulation pumps with circulation pumps 1P12 1 6 MPa 16 bar Design pressure 1 0 MPa 10 bar Max total pressure safety valve 150 C Design temperature 500 cSt Viscosity for dimensioning of electric motor Heater booster unit 1E02 The heater must be able to maintain a fuel visco...

Страница 76: ...th a common circulation pump for several engines the fuel flow will be divided according to the pressure distribution in the system which also tends to change over time and the control valve on the engine has a very flat pressure versus flow curve In installations where MDF is fed directly from the MDF tank 1T06 to the circulation pump a suction strainer 1F07 with a fineness of 0 5 mm shall be ins...

Страница 77: ...whole operating range Design data Equal to circulation pump 1P06 Capacity 1 6 MPa 16 bar Design pressure 150 C Design temperature 0 2 0 7 MPa 2 7 bar Set point Δp 6 3 6 Flushing The external piping system must be thoroughly flushed before the engines are connected and fuel is circulated through the engines The piping system must have provisions for installation of a temporary flushing filter The f...

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Страница 79: ...t for acceptable oil change intervals BN 30 lubricating oils should be used together with HFO only in special cases for example in SCR Selective Catalyctic Reduction installations if better total economy can be achieved despite shorter oil change intervals Lower BN may have a positive influence on the lifetime of the SCR catalyst It is not harmful to the engine to use a higher BN than recommended ...

Страница 80: ...erature engine inlet TE201 Oil mist detector alarm QS700 Lube oil temperature engine inlet TI201 Main bearing temperature 700 70n TE700 Lube oil pressure before pump PI203 Big end bearing temperature 7016 70x6 TE7016 Lube oil stand by pump start PS210 Lube oil temperature cooler inlet TE231 n main bearing number x cylinder number Lube oil pressure cooler inlet PI231 Standard Pressure class Size Pi...

Страница 81: ...0 Lube oil temperature engine inlet TI201 Oil mist in crankcase QS700 Lube oil pressure before pump PI203 Main bearing temperature 700 70n TE700 Lube oil stand by pump start PS210 Big end bearing temperature 7016 70x6 TE7016 Lube oil temperature cooler inlet TE231 Lube oil pressure cooler inlet PI231 n main bearing number x cylinder number Lube oil filter pressure difference PDT243 Standard Pressu...

Страница 82: ...ystem oil tank is located very low it can be necessary to install an electrically driven pump instead of the engine driven pump The built on lubricating oil module consists of an oil cooler with temperature control valves and an automatic filter The backflushing oil from the automatic filter has a separate connection Engines can be delivered without built on lubricating oil module on request The b...

Страница 83: ...2 Suction filter 2F03 Sludge tank 2T06 Separator pump 2P03 Suction strainer 2F04 Stand by pump 2P04 Suction strainer 2F06 Pipe connections Lubricating oil from stand by pump 208 Lubricating oil outlet 202 Flushing oil from external filter 223 Lubricating oil to engine driven pump 203 Crankcase ventilation 701 Lubricating oil from priming pump 206 Two outlets in each end are available Wärtsilä 46F ...

Страница 84: ...ure control valve 2V01 Stand by pump 2P04 Suction strainer prelube oil pump 2F04 Pressure control valve 2V03 Separator 2S01 Safety filter 2F05 Pipe connections Lubricating oil outlet 202 Lubricating oil from electric driven pump 208 Control oil to pressure control valve 224 Crankcase ventilation 701 Two outlets in each end are available 7 3 1 Separation system 7 3 1 1 Separator unit 2N01 Each engi...

Страница 85: ...eat supply from the engine Recommended oil temperature after the heater is 95 C It shall be considered that while the engine is stopped in stand by mode without LT water circulation the separator unit may be heating up the total amount of lubricating oil in the oil tank to a value higher than the nominal one required at engine inlet after lube oil cooler see Technical Data chapter Higher oil tempe...

Страница 86: ...uction pipe of the pump The suction pipe of the pump should have a trumpet shaped or conical inlet to minimise the pressure loss For the same reason the suction pipe shall be as short and straight as possible and have a sufficient diameter A pressure gauge shall be installed close to the inlet of the lubricating oil pump The suction pipe shall further be equipped with a non return valve of flap ty...

Страница 87: ...to have a lubricating oil gravity tank to ensure some lubrication during the time it takes for the engine to stop rotating in a blackout situation The required height of the tank is about 7 meters above the crankshaft A minimum pressure of 50 kPa 0 5 bar must be measured at the inlet to the engine Tank volume m3 Engine type 1 0 6L46F 2 0 7L46F 8L46F 9L46F 12V46F Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 De...

Страница 88: ... power oil temperature 40 C The actual power requirement is determined by the type of pump and the flow resistance in the external system 16V46F 14V46F 12V46F 9L46F 8L46F 7L46F 6L46F 78 78 65 60 50 50 45 Pump kW 87 87 75 75 55 55 55 Electric motor kW 7 3 6 Pre lubricating oil pump 2P02 The pre lubricating oil pump is a separately installed scew or gear pump which is to be equipped with a safety va...

Страница 89: ...high viscosity With cold oil the pressure at the pump will reach the relief pressure of the safety valve Design data see Technical data Capacity 350 kPa 3 5 bar Max pressure safety valve 100 C Design temperature 500 cSt Viscosity for dimensioning of the electric motor Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 7 11 7 Lubricating Oil System Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 90: ...y pumps The control valve integrated in the engine driven lubricating oil pump does not control the pressure from the stand by pump Design data 1 0 MPa 10 bar Design pressure Difference between pump capacity and oil flow through engine Capacity 100 C Design temperature 400 kPa 4 bar at engine inlet Set point 7 3 8 Lubricating oil cooler 2E01 The external lubricating oil cooler can be of plate or t...

Страница 91: ...e bypass line instead of through the cooler When using a temperature control valve with wax elements the set point of the valve must be such that 63 C at the engine inlet is not exceeded This means that the set point should be e g 57 C in which case the valve starts to open at 54 C and at 63 C it is fully open If selecting a temperature control valve with wax elements that has a set point of 63 C ...

Страница 92: ...mesh size insert filter Max permitted pressure drops at 50 cSt 30 kPa 0 3 bar clean filter 80 kPa 0 8 bar alarm 7 3 11 Safety filter 2F05 A separate safety filter 2F05 must be installed before the engine unless it is integrated in the automatic filter The safety filter 2F05 should be a duplex filter with steelnet filter elements Design data 50 cSt SAE 40 VI 95 appox 63 C Oil viscosity see Technica...

Страница 93: ...allation planning instructions IPI The fineness of the flushing filter and further instructions are found from installation planning instructions IPI 7 5 1 Piping and equipment built on the engine Flushing of the piping and equipment built on the engine is not required and flushing oil shall not be pumped through the engine oil system which is flushed and clean from the factory It is however accep...

Страница 94: ...g This requires however that the separator unit is in operation to heat the oil Engine oil used for flushing can be reused as engine oil provided that no debris or other contamination is present in the oil at the end of flushing 7 5 3 3 Flushing with low viscosity flushing oil If no separator heating is available during the flushing procedure it is possible to use a low viscosity flushing oil inst...

Страница 95: ... direct injection of air into the cylinders through the starting air valves in the cylinder heads The main starting valve is built on the engine and can be operated both manually and electrically All engines have built on non return valves and flame arrestors The engine can not be started when the turning gear is engaged The starting air system is equipped with a slow turning valve which rotates t...

Страница 96: ...l CV519 Stop shutdown solenoid valve 1 CV153 1 Exhaust wastegate valve position GT519 Stop shutdown solenoid valve 2 CV153 2 Charge air by pass valve control CV643 Starting air pressure engine inlet PT301 Charge air by pass valve position open GS643O Control air pressure PT311 Charge air by pass valve position closed GS643C Instrument air pressure PT312 Oil mist detector failure NS700 Starting sol...

Страница 97: ...te control CV519 Stop shutdown solenoid valve 1 CV153 1 Exhaust wastegate valve position GT519 Stop shutdown solenoid valve 2 CV153 2 Charge air by pass valve control CV643 Starting air pressure engine inlet PT301 Charge air by pass valve open GS643O Control air pressure PT311 Charge air by pass valve closed GS643C Instrument air pressure PT312 Oil mist detector failure NS700 Starting solenoid val...

Страница 98: ...t points Instrument air to safety and control devices must be treated in an air dryer Fig 8 3 Example of external compressed air system DAAE022045a System components Starting air vessel 3T01 Air filter starting air inlet 3F02 E P converter 8I04 Starting air compressor unit 3N02 Air dryer unit 3N06 Pipe connections Starting air inlet 301 Control air inlet 302 Control air to speed governor if PGA ba...

Страница 99: ...itions of the installation an oil and water separator may be needed in the pipe between the air vessel and the engine 8 3 3 Starting air vessel 3T01 The starting air vessels should be dimensioned for a nominal pressure of 3 MPa The number and the capacity of the air vessels for propulsion engines depend on the requirements of the classification societies and the type of installation It is recommen...

Страница 100: ...ume stated in technical data If the ship has a class notation for unattended machinery spaces then the starts are to be demonstrated The required total starting air vessel volume can be calculated using the formula where total starting air vessel volume m3 VR normal barometric pressure NTP condition 0 1 MPa pE air consumption per start Nm3 See Technical data VE required number of starts according ...

Страница 101: ...ded to install a filter before the starting air inlet on the engine to prevent particles to enter the starting air equipment An Y type strainer can be used with a stainless steel screen and mesh size 400 µm The pressure drop should not exceed 20 kPa 0 2 bar for the engine specific starting air consumption under a time span of 4 seconds Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 8 7 8 Compresse...

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Страница 103: ...hrough the engines It is important that water of acceptable quality and approved corrosion inhibitors are used directly when the system is filled after completed installation 9 1 1 Corrosion inhibitors The use of an approved cooling water additive is mandatory An updated list of approved products is supplied for every installation and it can also be found in the Instruction manual of the engine to...

Страница 104: ... temperature LT CAC inlet TE471 HT water temperature jacket outlet TE402 1 LT water temperature LT CAC outlet TE472 HT water temperature jacket outlet TEZ402 LT water temperature LO cooler outlet TE482 HT water stand by start PS410 LT water thermostat control CV493 HT water thermostat control CV432 LT water thermostat position GT493 HT water thermostat position GT432 Standard Pressure class Size P...

Страница 105: ... 424 ISO 7005 1 PN16 DN150 LT water inlet 451 ISO 7005 1 PN16 DN150 LT water outlet 452 DIN 2353 OD15 LT water air vent from air cooler 454 ISO 7005 1 PN16 DN150 LT water from stand by pump 457 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 9 3 9 Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 106: ...k TE402 1 LT water temperature LO cooler outlet TE482 HT water temperature jacket outlet A bank TEZ402 LT water thermostat control CV493 HT water temperature jacket outlet B bank TE403 LT water thermostat position GT493 HT water stand by pump start PS410 HT water temperature HT CAC outlet TE432 Standard Pressure class Size Pipe connections V engines ISO 7005 1 PN16 DN200 HT water inlet 401 ISO 700...

Страница 107: ...ter outlet 452 DIN 2353 OD15 LT water air vent from air cooler 454A B ISO 7005 1 PN16 DN200 LT water from stand by pump 457 DIN 2353 OD15 LT water air vent 483A B ISO 7005 1 PN16 DN200 Cooling water to gearbox oil cooler 491 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 9 5 9 Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 108: ...nt of the LT circuit The LT water partially bypasses the charge air cooler depending on the operating condition to maintain a constant air temperature after the cooler 9 2 1 Engine driven circulating pumps The LT and HT cooling water pumps are usually engine driven In some installations it can however be desirable to have separate LT pumps and therefore engines are also available without built on ...

Страница 109: ...r unit 4N02 Temperature control valve heat recovery 4V02 Stand by pump HT 4P03 Temperature control valve central cooler 4V08 Circulation pump preheater 4P04 Stand by pump LT 4P05 Pipe connections HT water air vent from exhaust valve seat 424 HT water inlet 401 LT water inlet 451 HT water outlet 402 LT water outlet 452 HT water from stand by pump 408 LT water air vent from air cooler 454 HT water d...

Страница 110: ...re control valve heat recovery 4V02 Circulation pump preheater 4P04 Temperature control valve central cooler 4V08 Circulation pump 4P06 Pipe connections HT water air vent from exhaust valve seat 424 HT water inlet 401 LT water inlet 451 HT water outlet 402 LT water outlet 452 HT water from preheater to HT circuit 406 LT water air vent from air cooler 454 HT water drain 411 HT water air vent from a...

Страница 111: ...rol valve heat recovery 4V02 Evaporator unit 4N02 Temperature control valve central cooler 4V08 Circulation pump preheater 4P04 Circulation pump 4P06 Pipe connections HT water air vent from exhaust valve seat 424 HT water inlet 401 LT water inlet 451 HT water outlet 402 LT water outlet 452 HT water from preheater to HT circuit 406 LT water air vent from air cooler 454 HT water drain 411 HT water a...

Страница 112: ...Temperature control valve heat recovery 4V02 Circulating pump 4P06 Temperature control valve central cooler 4V08 Transfer pump 4P09 Pipe connections HT water air vent from exhaust valve seat 424 HT water inlet 401 LT water inlet 451 HT water outlet 402 LT water outlet 452 HT water air vent 404 LT water air vent from air cooler 454 Water to preheater to HT circuit 406 LT water air vent 483 HT water...

Страница 113: ...lve heat recovery 4V02 Circulating pump 4P06 Temperature control valve central cooler 4V08 Transfer pump 4P09 Pipe connections HT water air vent from exhaust valve seat 424 HT water inlet 401 LT water inlet 451 HT water outlet 402 LT water outlet 452 HT water air vent 404 LT water air vent from air cooler 454 Water to preheater to HT circuit 406 LT water air vent 483 HT water drain 411 Cooling wat...

Страница 114: ... cooling water is properly de aerated Pipes with galvanized inner surfaces are not allowed in the fresh water cooling system Some cooling water additives react with zinc forming harmful sludge Zinc also becomes nobler than iron at elevated temperatures which causes severe corrosion of engine components 9 3 1 Electrically driven HT and LT circulation pumps 4P03 4P05 4P14 4P15 Electrically driven pu...

Страница 115: ...esults in a smaller flow through the central cooler compared to a system where the HT and LT circuits are connected in parallel to the cooler 9 3 5 Coolers for other equipment and MDF coolers The engine driven LT circulating pump can supply cooling water to one or two small coolers installed in parallel to the engine charge air and lubricating oil cooler for example a MDF cooler or a generator coo...

Страница 116: ... flow through the heat recovery can be increased The heat available from HT cooling water is affected by ambient conditions It should also be taken into account that the recoverable heat is reduced by circulation to the expansion tank radiation from piping and leakages in temperature control valves 9 3 8 Air venting Air may be entrained in the system after an overhaul or a leak may continuously ad...

Страница 117: ... are to be installed at all high points in the piping system where air or gas can accumulate The vent pipes must be continuously rising Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 9 15 9 Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 118: ...nsion tank should be equipped with an inspection hatch a level gauge a low level alarm and necessary means for dosing of cooling water additives The vent pipes should enter the tank below the water level The vent pipes must be drawn separately to the tank see air venting and the pipes should be provided with labels at the expansion tank The balance pipe down from the expansion tank must be dimensi...

Страница 119: ...rongly recommended also for engines that operate exclusively on marine diesel fuel The energy required for preheating of the HT cooling water can be supplied by a separate source or by a running engine often a combination of both In all cases a separate circulating pump must be used It is common to use the heat from running auxiliary engines for preheating of main engines In installations with sev...

Страница 120: ...ng Number of cylinders ncyl P 10 kW cyl The formula above should not be used for 9 3 12 2 Circulation pump for preheater 4P04 Design data 1 6 m3 h per cylinder Capacity 80 100 kPa 0 8 1 0 bar Delivery pressure 9 3 12 3 Preheating unit 4N01 A complete preheating unit can be supplied The unit comprises Electric or steam heaters Circulating pump Control cabinet for heaters and pump Set of thermometer...

Страница 121: ...1455 665 81 260 91 900 1000 1445 715 108 260 109 1100 1000 1645 715 135 315 143 1100 1100 1640 765 147 315 142 1100 1100 1640 765 169 375 190 1100 1200 1710 940 203 375 190 1100 1200 1710 940 214 400 230 1100 1250 1715 990 247 400 229 1100 1250 1715 990 270 All dimensions are in mm Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 9 19 9 Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 122: ...60 1190 200 KVDS 200 205 1260 1190 240 KVDS 240 205 1260 1430 270 KVDS 270 9 3 13 Throttles Throttles orifices are to be installed in all by pass lines to ensure balanced operating conditions for temperature control valves Throttles must also be installed wherever it is necessary to balance the waterflow between alternate flow paths 9 20 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F ...

Страница 123: ...ever there is a temperature change i e before and after heat exchangers etc in external system Local pressure gauges should be installed on the suction and discharge side of each pump Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 9 21 9 Cooling Water System Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

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Страница 125: ...s It is recommended to consider an outside air temperature of no less than 35 C and a temperature rise of 11 C for the ventilation air The amount of air required for ventilation is then calculated using the formula where qv air flow m s Φ total heat emission to be evacuated kW ρ air density 1 13 kg m c specific heat capacity of the ventilation air 1 01 kJ kgK ΔT temperature rise in the engine room...

Страница 126: ...avoided especially in areas of frequent maintenance activities For very cold conditions a pre heater in the system should be considered Suitable media could be thermal oil or water glycol to avoid the risk for freezing If steam is specified as heating medium for the ship the pre heater should be in a secondary circuit Fig 10 1 Engine room ventilation turbocharger with air filter DAAE092651 10 2 Wä...

Страница 127: ...ate with an air density corresponding to 30 C or more when translating the mass flow into volume flow The expression below can be used to calculate the volume flow where combustion air volume flow m s qc combustion air mass flow kg s m air density 1 15 kg m ρ The fans should preferably have two speed electric motors or variable speed for enhanced flexibility In addition to manual control the fan s...

Страница 128: ...combination must be able to maintain the minimum required combustion air temperature The air supply from the combustion air fan is to be directed away from the engine when the intake air is cold so that the air is allowed to heat up in the engine room 10 2 1 Condensation in charge air coolers Air humidity may condense in the charge air cooler especially in tropical conditions The engine equipped w...

Страница 129: ...CAC pressure difference local instrument PDI623 Turbocharger speed SE518 Liner temperature 1 cylinder A0x TE70x1A Exhaust gas temperature wastegate outlet TE519 Liner temperature 2 cylinder A0x TE70x2A Exhaust gas temperature cylinder A0x TE50x1A x cylinder number Air temperature TC inlet TE600 Charge air pressure engine inlet PT601 Size Pipe connections 6L46F DN600 7 9L46F DN800 Exhaust gas outle...

Страница 130: ...wastegate outlet TE519 CAC pressure difference A bank PDI623 Exhaust gas temperature TC B inlet TE521 Charge air temperature CAC inlet B bank TE631 Exhaust gas pressure TC B outlet PT527 CAC pressure difference B bank PDI633 Exhaust gas temperature TC B outlet TE527 x cylinder number Turbocharger B speed SE528 Exhaust gas temperature cylinder 0xA TE50x1A Size Pipe connections DN600 Exhaust gas out...

Страница 131: ...el end 0 45 90 0 45 90 TPL 71C 6L46F 0 45 90 0 45 90 TPL 76C 7L46F 0 45 90 0 45 90 TPL 76C 8L46F 0 45 90 0 45 90 TPL 76C 9L46F 0 45 90 0 45 90 TPL 71C 12V46F 0 45 90 0 45 90 TPL 76C 14V46F 0 45 90 0 45 90 TPL 76C 16V46F Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 11 3 11 Exhaust Gas System Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 132: ...N900 DN600 TPL 71C 6L46F DN1000 DN800 TPL 76C 7L46F DN1000 DN800 TPL 76C 8L46F DN1100 DN800 TPL 76C 9L46F DN1300 2 x DN600 TPL 71C 12V46F DN1400 2 x DN800 TPL 76C 14V46F DN1500 2 x DN800 TPL 76C 16V46F 11 4 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 11 Exhaust Gas System ...

Страница 133: ... and straight as possible Pipe bends and expansions should be smooth to minimise the backpressure The diameter of the exhaust pipe should be increased directly after the bellows on the turbocharger Pipe bends should be made with the largest possible bending radius the bending radius should not be smaller than 1 5 x D The recommended flow velocity in the pipe is maximum 35 40 m s at full output If ...

Страница 134: ...e rubber mounts of conical type or high damping stainless steel wire pads Adequate thermal insulation must be provided to protect rubber mounts from high temperatures When using resilient mounting the alignment of the exhaust bellows must be checked on a regular basis and corrected when necessary After the first fixing point resilient mounts are recommended The mounting supports should be position...

Страница 135: ...Exhaust gas boiler If exhaust gas boilers are installed each engine should have a separate exhaust gas boiler Alternatively a common boiler with separate gas sections for each engine is acceptable For dimensioning the boiler the exhaust gas quantities and temperatures given in chapter Technical data may be used Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 11 7 11 Exhaust Gas System Wärtsilä 46F ...

Страница 136: ...number of correction factors The spectrum of the required attenuation in the exhaust system is achieved when the free field sound power A is transferred into sound pressure B at a certain point and compared with the allowable sound pressure level C Fig 11 6 Exhaust noise source power corrections The conventional silencer is able to reduce the sound level in a certain area of the frequency spectrum...

Страница 137: ...made according to the engine characteristics to the sound level requirements and to other equipment installed in the exhaust gas system like SCR exhaust gas boiler or scrubbers The CSS system is built up of three different CSS elements resistive reactive and composite elements The combination amount and length of the elements are always installation specific The diameter of the CSS element is 1 4 ...

Страница 138: ...ting brackets and insulation The silencer can be mounted either horizontally or vertically The noise attenuation of the standard silencer is either 25 or 35 dB A This attenuation is valid up to a flow velocity of max 40 m s Fig 11 8 Exhaust gas silencer Table 11 1 Typical dimensions of exhaust gas silencers Attenuation 35 dB A Attenuation 25 dB A ØD mm C mm B mm A mm NS Weight kg L mm Weight kg L ...

Страница 139: ...utomatically A flow meter and a pressure control valve are supplied for adjustment of the water flow The water supply line must be dimensioned so that the required pressure can be maintained at the specified flow If it is necessary to install the valve unit at a distance from the engine stainless steel pipes must be used between the valve unit and the engine The valve unit should not be mounted mo...

Страница 140: ...e bar Turbocharger Engine KK4DA X 240 24 4 0 5 0 8 0 TPL71 C 6L46F KK4DA X 370 37 4 0 5 0 8 0 TPL76 C 7L46F KK4DA X 370 37 4 0 5 0 8 0 TPL76 C 8L46F KK4DA X 370 37 4 0 5 0 8 0 TPL76 C 9L46F KK4DA X 480 48 4 0 5 0 8 0 2 TPL71 C 12V46F KK4DA X 740 74 4 0 5 0 8 0 2 TPL76 C 16V46F 12 2 Wärtsilä control unit for four engines UNIC C2 C3 380 mm Width 380 mm Height 210 mm Depth 35 kg appr Weight 50ºC Max ...

Страница 141: ...nitrogen usually inert react with oxygen to form Nitric oxide NO and Nitrogen dioxide NO2 which are usually grouped together as NOx emissions Their amount is strictly related to the combustion temperature NO can also be formed through oxidation of the nitrogen in fuel and through chemical reactions with fuel radicals NO in the exhaust gas flow is in a high temperature and high oxygen concentration...

Страница 142: ...haust emission controls to the marine industry To avoid the growth of uncoordinated regulations the IMO International Maritime Organization has developed the Annex VI of MARPOL 73 78 which represents the first set of regulations on the marine exhaust emissions The IMO Tier 3 NOx emission standard will enter into force from year 2016 It will by then apply for new marine diesel engines that Are 130 ...

Страница 143: ...equired Diesel engine exhaust emissions can be reduced either with primary or secondary methods The primary methods limit the formation of specific emissions during the combustion process The secondary methods reduce emission components after formation as they pass through the exhaust gas system Refer to the Wärtsilä Environmental Product Guide for information about exhaust gas emission control sy...

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Страница 145: ...rtance The CAN bus and the power supply to each module are both physically doubled on the engine for full redundancy Control signals to from external systems are hardwired to the terminals in the main cabinet on the engine Process data for alarm and monitoring are communicated over a Modbus TCP connection to external systems Alternatively modbus RTU serial line RS 485 is also available Fig 14 1 Ar...

Страница 146: ...class is IP54 14 1 1 Local control panel and local display unit Operational functions available at the LCP Local start Local stop Local emergency speed setting selectors mechanical propulsion Normal emergency mode Decrease Increase speed Local emergency stop Local shutdown reset Local mode selector switch with the following positions Local Engine start and stop can be done only at the local contro...

Страница 147: ...Led indication of status and detected faults Digital status outputs Shutdown latching and reset Shutdown pre warning Shutdown override configuration depending on application Analogue output for engine speed Adjustable speed switches 14 1 3 Power unit A power unit is delivered with each engine The power unit supplies DC power to the automation system on the engine and provides isolation from other ...

Страница 148: ... of cables Cable types typical From To Cable 2 x 2 5 mm2 power supply 2 x 2 5 mm2 power supply Engine Power Unit A 2 x 2 5 mm2 power supply Power unit Communication interface unit B 1 x 2 x 0 75 mm2 1 x 2 x 0 75 mm2 1 x 2 x 0 75 mm2 24 x 0 75 mm2 24 x 0 75 mm2 Engine Propulsion Control System Engine Power Management System Main Switch board C 2 x 0 75 mm2 Power unit Integrated Automation System D ...

Страница 149: ...ng on installation Dimension of the power supply cables depends on the cable length Power supply requirements are specified in section Power unit Fig 14 4 Signal overview Main engine Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 14 5 14 Automation System Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 150: ...starting air system is equipped with a slow turning valve which rotates the engine slowly without fuel injection for a few turns before start Slow turning is not performed if the engine has been running max 30 minutes earlier or if slow turning is automatically performed every 30 minutes Stand by diesel generators should have automatic slow turning Startblockings and slow turning are handled by th...

Страница 151: ... an emergency stop Before restart the reason for the shutdown must be thoroughly investigated and rectified 14 2 3 Speed control 14 2 3 1 Main engines mechanical propulsion The electronic speed control is integrated in the engine automation system The remote speed setting from the propulsion control is an analogue 4 20 mA signal It is also possible to select an operating mode in which the speed re...

Страница 152: ...ted projects 14 4 Electrical consumers 14 4 1 Motor starters and operation of electrically driven pumps Separators preheaters compressors and fuel feed units are normally supplied as pre assembled units with the necessary motor starters included The engine turning device and various electrically driven pumps require separate motor starters Motor starters for electrically driven pumps are to be dim...

Страница 153: ... if installed 4P03 The engine control system starts the pump automatically via a motor starter if the cooling water pressure drops below a preset level when the engine is running There is a dedicated sensor on the engine for this purpose 14 4 1 5 Stand by pump LT cooling water if installed 4P05 The engine control system starts the pump automatically via a motor starter if the cooling water pressur...

Страница 154: ...the network The diesel generator can absorb max 5 reverse power 6 The power management system performs loading and unloading of generators in a speed droop system and it usually also corrects the system frequency to compensate for the droop offset by adjusting the speed setting of the individual speed control units The speed reference is adjusted by sending an increase decrease pulse of a certain ...

Страница 155: ... are to be Ø46 H7 n6 fitted bolts The rest of the holding down bolts are clearance bolts A distance sleeve should be used together with the fitted bolts The distance sleeve must be mounted between the seating top plate and the lower nut in order to provide a sufficient guiding length for the fitted bolt in the seating top plate The guiding length in the seating top plate should be at least equal t...

Страница 156: ...ed so that the wedge type steel chocks can easily be fitted into their positions The wedge type chocks also have an inclination of 1 100 to match the inclination of the seating If the top plate of the engine girder is fully horizontal a chock is welded to each point of support The chocks should be welded around the periphery as well as through holes drilled for this purpose at regular intervals to...

Страница 157: ...igidly mounted in line engine on resin chocks DAAE012078a Fig 15 2 Seating and fastening rigidly mounted V engine on resin chocks DAAE074226A Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 15 3 15 Foundation Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 158: ...Fig 15 3 Seating and fastening rigidly mounted in line engine on resin chocks DAAE012078a 15 4 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 15 Foundation ...

Страница 159: ...Fig 15 4 Seating and fastening rigidly mounted V engine on resin chocks DAAE074226A Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 15 5 15 Foundation Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 160: ...adjustments and drilling of the holes for the fastening screws The steel spring elements are compressed to the calculated height under load and locked in position on delivery Compression screws and distance pieces between the two steel plates are used for this purpose Rubber elements are used in the transverse and longitudinal buffers Steel chocks must be used under the horizontal buffers The spee...

Страница 161: ...y the connection to the turbocharger must be arranged so that the above mentioned displacements can be absorbed without large forces on the turbocharger Proper fixing of pipes next to flexible pipe connections is not less important for resiliently mounted engines See the chapter Piping design treatment and installation for more detailed information Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 15...

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Страница 163: ... couples These are listed in the tables below The ship designer should avoid natural frequencies of decks bulkheads and superstructures close to the excitation frequencies The double bottom should be stiff enough to avoid resonances especially with the rolling frequencies Fig 16 1 Coordinate system Table 16 1 External forces FZ kN FY kN Frequency Hz Speed rpm Engine 12 3 40 600 8L46F forces are ze...

Страница 164: ... Engine 12 4 40 1 104 2 20 63 63 10 600 7L46F 11 40 163 20 30 30 10 600 9L46F 13 5 40 86 155 20 103 103 10 600 14V46F 13 5 40 86 155 20 10 600 14V46F2 1 zero or insignificant value marked as 2 balancing device adopted 16 2 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 16 Vibration and Noise ...

Страница 165: ...0 600 12V46F 2 90 90 60 20 30 600 14V46F 6 120 63 80 65 40 600 16V46F 16 3 Mass moments of inertia These typical inertia values include the flexible coupling part connected to the flywheel and the torsional vibration damper if needed Table 16 4 Polar mass moments of inertia Inertia kgm2 Engine type 3620 6L46F 2920 7L46F 4160 8L46F 4110 9L46F 4660 12V46F 5350 14V46F 6100 16V46F Wärtsilä 46F Product...

Страница 166: ...16 4 Structure borne noise Fig 16 2 Typical structure borne noise levels 16 4 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 16 Vibration and Noise ...

Страница 167: ...the engine 90 of all measured noise levels are below the values in the graphs The values presented in the graphs below are typical values cylinder specific graphs are included in the Installation Planning Instructions IPI delivered for all contracted projects Fig 16 3 Typical sound power levels of engine noise W L46F Fig 16 4 Typical sound power levels of engine noise W V46F Wärtsilä 46F Product G...

Страница 168: ...esented in the graphs below are typical values cylinder specific graphs are included in the Installation Planning Instructions IPI delivered for all contracted projects Fig 16 5 Typical sound power levels of exhaust noise W L46F Fig 16 6 Typical sound power levels of exhaust noise W V46F 16 6 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 16 Vibration and Noise ...

Страница 169: ...gines are connected to the same reduction gear To permit maintenance of a stopped engine either clutches or tooth couplings are required in twin screw vessels if the vessel can operate with only one propeller 17 3 Shaft locking device Twin screw vessels are to be equipped with shaft locking devices to prevent propeller windmilling if the vessel can operate with only one propeller Locking devices s...

Страница 170: ... is possible only with rigidly mounted engines The permissible coupling weight can be increased if the engine is configured without built on pumps 17 2 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 17 Power Transmission ...

Страница 171: ...f the propeller at full zero pitch in water Torsional stiffness or dimensions of the shaft Material of the shaft including tensile strength and modulus of rigidity Drawing number of the diagram or drawing Main generator or shaft generator A mass elastic diagram or an generator shaft drawing showing Generator output speed and sense of rotation Mass moment of inertia of all rotating parts or a total...

Страница 172: ...he cases listed below Installations with a stern tube with a high friction torque Installations with a heavy ice classed shaft line Installations with several engines connected to the same shaft line If the shaft line and a heavy generator are to be turned at the same time Table 17 1 Turning gear torque Additional torque available kNm Torque needed to turn the engine kNm Max torque at crankshaft k...

Страница 173: ...es for maintenance and operation 18 1 1 In line engines Fig 18 1 Engine room arrangement in line engines DAAE044913B Table 18 1 Min crankshaft distance A mm TC type Engine type Recommended Min 3400 3200 TPL 71C 6L46F 3700 3500 TPL 76C 7L 8L 9L46F Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 18 1 18 Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 174: ...haft distances dimensions in mm C 1 B 1 A TC type Engine type 11200 11000 5600 TPL 71C 12V46F 12700 11300 5900 TPL 76C 14V46F 13700 11300 5900 TPL 76C 16V46F 1 Indicative dimension 18 2 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 18 Engine Room Layout ...

Страница 175: ...0 6L46F 1850 3700 2250 1050 7L 8L 9L46F 1 Minimum free space Intermediate shaft diameter to be determined case by case Dismantling of big end bearing requires 1500 mm on one side and 2300 mm on the other side Direction may be freely chosen Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 18 3 18 Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 176: ...1900 5600 3200 12V46F 1900 5900 3200 14V46F 1900 5900 3200 16V46F 1 Depending on the type of reduction gear 2 Minimum free space Intermediate shaft diameter to be determined case by case 18 4 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 18 Engine Room Layout ...

Страница 177: ...50 3700 2450 7L 8L 9L46F 1 Minimum free space Propeller shaft diameter to be determined case by case Dismantling of big end bearing requires 1500 mm on one side and 2300 mm on the other side Direction may be freely chosen Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 18 5 18 Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 178: ... 1900 5600 2350 12V46F 4700 1900 5900 2350 14V46F 4700 1900 5900 2350 16V46F 1 Depending on the type of reduction gear 2 Minimum free space Intermediate shaft diameter to be determined case by case 18 6 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 18 Engine Room Layout ...

Страница 179: ...ommended elevations The width of the platforms should be at minimum 800 mm to allow adequate working space The surface of maintenance platforms should be of non slippery material grating or chequer plate Recommended height of the maintenance platforms are shown in figures 18 1 and 18 2 NOTE Working Platforms should be designed and positioned to prevent personnel slipping tripping or falling on or ...

Страница 180: ...Minimum width needed for CAC overhauling D3 2430 2040 Minimum width needed for turning of overhauled CAC D4 1470 1470 Width needed for removing main bearing side screw E 1450 1450 Width needed for dismantling connecting rod big end bearing F 1100 1100 Width of lifting tool for hydraulic cylinder main bearing nuts G 1125 1125 Distance needed to dismantle lube oil pump H 1300 1300 Distance needed to...

Страница 181: ...1915 1915 Width needed for dismantling lube oil module insert M3 365 365 Recommended lifting point for the lube oil module insert M4 1500 1500 Space necessary for opening the side cover N If a component is transported over TC dimension K to be added to min height values Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 18 9 18 Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 182: ...idth needed for turning of overhauled CAC D4 1800 Width needed for removing main bearing side screw E 1550 Width needed for dismantling connecting rod big end bearing F 1600 Distance needed to dismantle lube oil pump H 1600 Distance needed to dismantle water pumps J 555 Dimension between cylinder head cap and TC flange K 2165 Minimum maintenance space for TC dismantling and assembly Values include...

Страница 183: ...50 Space necessary for opening the side cover N If a component is transported over TC dimension K to be added to min height values Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 18 11 18 Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

Страница 184: ...erhauled CAC from A B bank D4 1800 1800 Width needed for removing main bearing side screw E 1550 1550 Width needed for dismantling connecting rod big end bearing F 1600 1600 Distance needed to dismantle lube oil pump H 1600 1600 Distance needed to dismantle water pumps J 1026 562 Dimension between cylinder head cap and TC flange K 2520 2170 Minimum maintenance space for TC dismantling and assembly...

Страница 185: ... 2450 2450 Space necessary for opening the side cover N If a component is transported over TC dimension K to be added to min height values Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 18 13 18 Engine Room Layout Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

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Страница 187: ...97 97 5050 5050 1520 1520 8330 1 8350 2 6L46F 122 7 122 7 6 4 6 4 3 3 3 3 113 113 5350 5350 1720 1720 9380 1 9430 2 7L46F 133 7 133 7 6 4 6 4 3 3 3 3 124 124 5350 5350 1720 1720 10200 1 10250 2 8L46F 152 9 152 9 9 6 9 6 3 3 3 3 140 140 5350 5350 1720 1720 11020 1 11070 2 9L46F Turbocharger at free end Turbocharger at flywheel end 1 2 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 19 1 19 Transport...

Страница 188: ...30 1 8330 2 6L46F 126 0 126 0 3 3 3 3 6 4 6 4 3 3 3 3 113 113 5530 5530 1720 1720 9380 1 9150 2 7L46F 137 1 137 1 3 4 3 4 6 4 6 4 3 3 3 3 124 124 5530 5530 1720 1720 10200 1 9970 2 8L46F 156 4 156 4 3 5 3 5 9 6 9 6 3 3 3 3 140 140 5520 5530 1720 1720 11020 1 10790 2 9L46F Turbocharger at free end Turbocharger at flywheel end 1 2 19 2 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Prod...

Страница 189: ...60 6289 14200 9100 2300 4650 4225 2066 W14V46F Weights ton Engine type Total weigth Ropes Lifting device Total En gine 2 5 Tarpaulin Trans port cradle Lifting tools Flywheel Flexible mounting Engine 201 1 2 0 1 5 197 6 0 2 9 6 2 5 1 1 9 2 175 0 W12V46F 242 1 2 0 1 5 238 6 0 2 9 6 2 5 1 1 10 2 216 0 W14V46F Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 19 3 19 Transport Dimensions and Weights Wärt...

Страница 190: ...L 76C 6L and 12V46F are equipped with TPL 71C 7L 8L 9L 14V and 16V46F are equipped with TPL 76C Dimensions in mm Weight in kg Fig 19 5 Charge air cooler inserts DAAR013169 Weight E D C Engine type 770 650 660 1950 6L46F 960 970 860 1950 7 9L46F 1350 810 1115 1407 12V46F 1430 820 1115 1607 14V46F 1430 820 1115 1607 16V46F Dimensions in mm Weight in kg 19 4 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December ...

Страница 191: ...gear wheel 11 932 5 Cylinder liner 3 111 Small intermediate gear 12 1170 Cylinder head 4 214 Large intermediate gear 13 10 Inlet valve 5 252 Camshaft gear wheel 14 10 6 Exhaust valve 6 2 5 Piston ring set 15 142 Injection pump 7 0 5 Piston ring 25 Injection valve 8 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 19 5 19 Transport Dimensions and Weights Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

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Страница 193: ... format Drawings are available in PDF and DXF format and in near future also as 3D models Consult your sales contact at Wärtsilä to get more information about the product guides on the Business Online Portal The attachments are not available in the printed version of the product guide Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 20 1 20 Product Guide Attachments Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide ...

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Страница 195: ...nertia and torque conversion factors Power conversion Multiply by To Convert from Multiply by To Convert from 23 730 lbft2 kgm2 1 360 hp metric kW 737 562 lbf ft kNm 1 341 US hp kW Flow conversion factors Fuel consumption conversion factors Multiply by To Convert from Multiply by To Convert from 4 403 US gallon min m3 h liquid 0 736 g hph g kWh 0 586 ft3 min m3 h gas 0 00162 lb hph g kWh Density c...

Страница 196: ...21 2 Collection of drawing symbols used in drawings Fig 21 1 List of symbols DAAE000806D 21 2 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide a19 1 December 2017 Wärtsilä 46F Product Guide 21 ANNEX ...

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Страница 200: ...ecycle power solutions for the marine and energy markets By emphasising technological innovation and total efficiency Wärtsilä maximises the environmental and economic performance of the vessels and power plants of its customers www wartsila com ...

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