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material from its plates faster) if it is deeply discharged regularly, if it is left in a discharged state
for extended periods of time, or if it is repeatedly overcharged.
7.4 Inverter Sizing
Power output is an important consideration when purchasing an inverter. Power is defined as the rate that a
device produces (or uses) electrical energy. This rate is measured in watts of kilowatts (one kilowatt equals 1,000
watts), or sometimes in volt-amps. Volt-amps are obtained by multiplying volts times amps produced or used by a
device.
The VA (volt-ampere) rating is always equal to, or greater than the power rating of the device. The difference
between the power rating and the VA rating is called the "power factor" (PF), for example: Power Rating = VA x
PF. The inverter will protect itself based on the output current, and therefore must be sized to handle the VA
rating of the load.
To properly determine an inverter size (in watts) for your application, decide which AC loads you plan to operate.
Inverter size is the sum of the wattages of the AC loads that you wish to run at the same time, plus a safety factor
of 10 to 20 percent.
Inverter Power Ratings
Continuous Power is defined as the AC power in watts (or voltamps) an inverter can produce on a continuous
basis. The ambient temperature can affect the continuous rating of the inverter, and is normally specified, e.g., 25
C.
Surge Power is the short term duration of AC power that the inverter can produce. It is often specified as the
watts (or volt-amps) that can operate a resistive load for two or three seconds. Sometimes this specified in AC
amps because the inverter may allow is output voltage to drop (which would reduce is wattage). Like continuous
power, the surge rating is affected by ambient temperature.
The surge power that the inverter can produce is dependent on the inverter surge rating, the battery size, and
state of charge.
7.5 DC Power Consumption
An inverter takes in DC power, and produces AC power to operate attached loads. In general, we can
see a direct relationship between DC input power and AC output power. This allows us to establish the
following rule:
For every 10 watts of AC output power, an inverter requires one amp of DC input power on a 12
volt input inverter.
Example:
An inverter powering a 1,000 watt AC load requires 100 amps DC at 12 volts.
1000 watts/10 = 100 amps
Using our rule, we can determine the requirements for an electrical system needed to power our
inverter (typically, an alternator and battery combination, or a photovoltaic panel and battery
combination).
7.6 Overall System Design Considerations
To get the best performance from your inverter, it must be installed properly and have an ample DC supply. We
will not be able to cover all the possible situations encountered when installing a power inverter, but we will cover