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9-4 TROUBLE SHOOTING

The DPM-900/950 series provides several error indications.

The error indication, status at that time, and remedies are described in the following table. If any error

indication appears on the monitor, check the following table for remedies.

Error

Displayed Timing

Status

Remedy

After doing bridge
check
or
After the setting the
internal gain
(ACTL LOAD mode)

1) The sensor is not connected.

1) Connect the sensor.

2) The bridge box is not

connected or the strain gage
(s) is not connected to the
bridge box.

2) Connect the bridge box or strain

gage.

3) Cable is broken.

3) Repair or replace the cable.

4) Input strain exceeds ±10000

µm/m.

4) Make input strain within ±10000

µm/m.

After doing bridge
check

Not applicable sensor is
connected.

Connect the applicable sensor.

After turning ON the
power, when the
input from the
external OSC is not
coming (slave only)

OSC frequency or voltage is
faulty.

Replace the normal master.

After setting the
internal gain
(normal mode)

Less than minimum internal
gain (×200) is set.

Decrease the setting value of the

CAL switch or increase the setting

value of the VOLTAGE OUT
switch and set the internal gain
again.

After setting the
internal gain
(normal mode)

Higher than maximum internal
gain (×20000) is set.

Increase the setting value of the

CAL switch or decrease the setting

value of the VOLTAGE OUT
switch and set the internal gain
again.

After setting the
internal gain
(TEDS mode)

1) TEDS-installed sensor is not

connected.

1) Connect the TEDS-installed

sensor.

2) TEDS information cannot be

read. (Cable is broken or the
sensor is faulty.)

2) Repair the cable or replace the

sensor.

After setting the
internal gain
(TEDS mode)

The applied voltage is outside
the range of the sensor's
recommended excitation
voltage.

From the rear setting switch, set the
bridge voltage to the appropriate
value and reboot.
Or replace the sensor that the
sensor’s recommended excitation
voltage matches the current bridge
voltage.

After setting the
internal gain
(TEDS mode)

Less than Minimum internal
gain (×200) is set.

Increase the setting value of the

VOLTAGE OUT switch and set the

internal gain again.

After setting the
internal gain
(TEDS mode)

1) Higher than maximum internal

gain (×20000) is set.

2) Setting value of VOLTAGE

OUT switch exceeds 10.00 V

1) Decrease the setting value of the

VOLTAGE OUT switch and set

the internal gain again.

2) Setting value of VOLTAGE OUT

switch set 10.00V or less.

After setting the
internal gain
(ACTL LOAD mode)

1) Less than minimum internal

gain (×200) is set.

2) Input strain is too large.
3) Input strain is minus.

1) Increase the setting value of the

VOLTAGE OUT switch and set

the internal gain again.

2) Reduce the input strain.
3) Set the input strain to plus.

After setting the
internal gain
(ACTL LOAD mode)

Higher than maximum internal
gain (×20000) is set.

Decrease the setting value of the

VOLTAGE OUT switch and set the

internal gain again.

Contact KYOWA or our representatives even if the error indication appears after conducting the remedies.

Содержание DPM-900 Series

Страница 1: ...ribed in this Instruction Manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of the companies The contents of the Instruction Manual are subjected to change without prior notice For the latest content please refer to our website Thank you for purchasing KYOWA s product DPM 900 950 series Dynamic Strain Amplifier Read this Instruction Manual carefully in order to make full use of the high performance c...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ... 12 4 1 CONNECTION OF INPUT 12 4 2 CONNECTION OF OUTPUT 13 4 3 TURNING ON AND OFF THE POWER 14 4 3 1 Turning ON the Power 14 4 3 2 Turning OFF the Power 14 4 4 SELECTING MODE 15 4 5 BASIC BALANCING 15 4 6 SETTING MEASURING PARAMETERS 15 4 6 1 Setting an Basic Internal Gain 15 4 6 2 Setting Low pass Filter 16 4 6 3 Setting High pass Filter 16 4 6 4 Zero Point Fine Adjustment 17 4 6 5 Sensitivity Fi...

Страница 4: ... 7 2 INITIAL BALANCING IS IMPOSSIBLE 36 7 3 NO OUTPUT IS AVAILABLE 37 7 4 INSTABILITY OF THE ZERO POINT 38 7 5 LARGE NOISE 38 8 SPECIFICATIONS 39 8 1 SPECIFICATIONS 39 8 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND OPERATION PRINCIPLE 41 8 2 1 Block Diagram 41 8 2 2 Operation Principle 41 8 3 DIMENSIONAL DRAWING 42 9 APPENDIXES 43 9 1 BRIDGE CHECK FUNCTION AND RESULT INDICATION 43 9 2 LOW PASS FILTER CHARACTERISTIC 44 9 2...

Страница 5: ...9 5 2 E Terminal of DPM 951 952 52 9 6 INTERNAL GAIN AND INPUT STRAIN 53 10 GLOSSARY 54 ...

Страница 6: ...s may result PRIOR TO USE For safe use of the DPM 900 950 series do not forget to read the Safety Precautions prior to use Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co Ltd assumes no liability for any damages resulting from user s failure to comply with the safety precautions For safety operation of the DPM 900 950 series the following symbol mark is used Indicates PROTECTIVE GROUND TERMINAL Be sure to connect...

Страница 7: ... or disconnect the GND terminal Confirmation of Protective Ground To prevent an electric shock hazard if any abnormal matters are found in the protective ground function fuse holder etc do not operate the DPM 900 950 series In addition be sure to check safe protective ground function before operating the DPM 900 950 series External Connection To prevent an electric shock hazard ensure the safe pro...

Страница 8: ...Take care when operating the DPM 900 950 series at a location with excessive vibration If excessive vibration is applied to the DPM 900 950 series performance of the DPM 900 950 series may become deteriorated Adopt vibration proof measures such as shock absorber etc Do not use the DPM 900 950 series under poor power condition When using the AC power cable use the DPM 900 950 series within the spec...

Страница 9: ... in SI the International System units is given in parentheses after each conventional expression of a unit Informational Notes Certain notations are used as necessary to attract your attention to information that requires special care when handling the DPM 900 950 series and to information provided for reference purpose Examples of Notations Essential precautions required when handling the DPM 900...

Страница 10: ... monitored without connecting the output to the voltmeter High output The rated output is 10 V twice of the conventional amplifier High stability The zero point stability of the amplifier is good it can measure with high accuracy TEDS 1 function When using strain gage transducer with built in TEDS circuit the internal gain can be easily set without referring the Test Data Sheet by pressing the TED...

Страница 11: ...fies minute signals sensed by a strain gage and provides an output of several volts after amplification in general cases This allows connection of the DPM 900 950 series directly to a recorder or a voltmeter To measure a strain converted in electric signals a calibration signal is used The DPM 900 950 series uses a calibration signal that has been certified through a standardizing equipment KYOWA ...

Страница 12: ... P F switch Press and hold H P F switch to changes valid or invalid of the H P F When the H P F is valid the H P F lamp item 19 lights up 6 BAL switch Press the BAL switch twice for balancing Press and hold the BAL switch for disconnection check of the bridge 7 SET switch Set the VOLTAGE OUT and CAL switches Press the SET switch twice to set the internal gain of the DPM 900 950 series 8 CAL ON swi...

Страница 13: ... lamp When outputting 0 5 Vrms excitation voltage the BV 0 5 V lamp lights up and when outputting 2 Vrms excitation voltage the BV 0 5 V lamp lights out 18 V lamp Lights up when displaying voltage on the monitor Lights out only in the TEDS mode 19 H P F lamp Lights up when the H P F switch is set to valid When invalid the H P F lights out 20 VOLTAGE OUT lamp Lights up after setting the internal ga...

Страница 14: ...hronous operation of multiple DPM 900 950 series units through parallel connection of and 5 GND terminal For grounding It is connected internally to the common electric potential of the circuitry 6 Setting Switch Used for selecting the oscillator AUTO MANU INT EXT and excitation voltage 0 5 Vrms 2 Vrms In addition the Setting Switch is used for setting measuring mode DPM 911 951 only of the Rotary...

Страница 15: ... 950 series has a monitor voltmeter etc is not necessary Connect the output instrument to the DPM 900 950 series using the output cable and accessory For the connection with the output instrument read 4 2 CONNECTION OF OUTPUT and 5 2 OUTPUT 3 2 CONNECTION OF POWER 3 2 1 AC Power Use the accessory power cable and connect the DPM 900 950 series to an AC power outlet as described right Before connect...

Страница 16: ...e accessory 3p 2p conversion plug CM 52 be sure to ground its earth terminal green NOTE Note that Setting Switch 1 is not necessarily to set to OFF when operating multiple DPM 900 950 series units at a time Read 5 11 OSC SYNCHRONOUS MEMO Although the Setting Switch 4 is usually turned OFF set the Setting Switch 4 to ON only when using the Rotary Transformer Torque Transducer or Inductance Type Dis...

Страница 17: ...t 1 When using the bridge box for connection Read 6 1 BRIDGE BOX 2 When connecting the strain gage to the plug in advance A connection method is shown in the right The plug is NDIS connector PRC03 12A10 7M10 TAJIMI For connection of a strain gage a bridge box of full bridge method 5 can be conveniently used When disconnecting pull the plug toward you Bridge Box Strain Gage When connecting the cabl...

Страница 18: ...age but are independent of each other Therefore 2 external instruments can be connected at a time The both output terminals accept a BNC plug Use the accessory output cable to connect an external instrument The output impedance 6 is rated at about 2 ohm on either terminal BNC Connector Connect a recorder or voltmeter ...

Страница 19: ...ail if the power is turned OFF immediately after the renewal To prevent it after conducting the zero adjustment sensitivity fine adjustment changing LPF setting or HPF setting wait 3 seconds or more and turn OFF the power In addition if you turned OFF the power without setting the internal gain after changing mode to the TEDS or ACTL LOAD mode turning ON the power again changes the TEDS mode or AC...

Страница 20: ...g parameters of the DPM 900 950 series 4 6 1 Setting an Basic Internal Gain The DPM 900 950 series performs balancing completely electronically Make sure that input signals are connected and then press the BAL switch twice Balancing will then be carried out irrespective of the setting conditions of other parameters It is necessary to set an internal gain sensitivity 10 properly to assure the corre...

Страница 21: ...necting or changing the sensor be sure to bridge check the DPM 900 950 series before setting the internal gain Set the VOLTAGE OUT switch from 1 00 to 10 00 When the setting value is less than 1 00 it may not satisfy for specification of sensitivity adjuster accuracy The rated capacity and rated output of the strain gage transducer are found in its Test Data Sheet When using the TEDS installed str...

Страница 22: ...l gain moves to a higher direction Internal gain moves to a lower direction In addition hold down the or of the V ADJ switch to faster the changing speed The sensitivity fine adjustment range is 1 to 1 2 5 2 Sensitivity fine adjustment by the SET switch With pressing the SET switch press the or of the V ADJ switch to change the internal gain Internal gain moves to a higher direction Internal gain ...

Страница 23: ...operation after 5 seconds Note that the internal electrical parts and semiconductors cannot acquire the thermal stability immediately after switching the power ON Unless the OCS circuit especially reaches the thermal stability a change in the sensitivity or a drift of the zero point can be changed Carry out preheating 7 for about 30 to 60 minutes for stable measurement Avoid using instruments or s...

Страница 24: ... another as follows To begin with check the wiring whose name is on the monitor to remove the cause After that press and hold the BAL switch again and the error indication will then disappear if there is no more error If another or other wirings are in error the name of the next wiring will be shown by or one each at a time Check the sensor and the indication wiring to the sensor then remove the c...

Страница 25: ...t For details read 4 6 4 Zero Point Fine Adjustment After pressing the BAL switch if a large value should appear it is the indication of some error Repeat balancing a few times Should it happen after that discover the cause by referring to 7 2 INITIAL BALANCING IS IMPOSSIBLE Balancing can also be carried out by using the external control signal For details read 5 13 REMOTE CONTROL 5 6 MOVING ZERO ...

Страница 26: ...series to the normal mode When the TEDS or ACTL LOAD switch is lighting up press and hold the either switch to light out 2 Connect the strain gage and conduct bridge check 3 Estimate the amount of the strain to be measured 4 Set the CAL switch to the estimated amount strain 5 Set the VOLTAGE OUT switch to the desire voltage value 6 Press the SET switch twice 7 Press the BAL switch twice The DPM 90...

Страница 27: ...d 3134 20 626 8 m m only Keep 10 00 of the VOLTAGE OUT switch set the CAL switch to 0627 and set the internal gain for more accurate measurement 5 7 2 Setting Internal Gain with TEDS When the measuring target is the TEDS installed strain gage transducer the DPM 900 950 series can load the TEDS information and set the internal gain easily TEDS information that is used in the DPM 900 950 series is t...

Страница 28: ...quency is doubled in the cutoff region in excess of a cutoff frequency The low pass filter plays the following roles 1 Removes the unnecessary high frequency components from a strain signal 2 Determines the overall characteristic of a measuring system including a strain gage or a strain gage transducer 3 Unities the characteristics of data paths for simultaneous multi point measuring For the setti...

Страница 29: ...operation other than POWER switch become invalid However the setting values of the CAL and VOLTAGE OUT switches are changeable To activate the key lock function set the KEY LOCK switch to the left position Output adding method of the calibration signal is described in the following First set the target calibration signal to the CAL switch Press the CAL ON switch Press of the CAL ON switch for addi...

Страница 30: ...ing Switch 1 to ON MANU For using the internal OSC set Setting Switch 2 to OFF INT For using the external OSC set Setting Switch 2 to ON EXT To achieve OSC synchronization proceed as follows In the following procedure explanation the DPM 900 950 series is referred DPM 1 Turn OFF all DPM 2 Connect all OSC terminals in parallel Connect a terminal to another terminal and connect a terminal to another...

Страница 31: ...e setting switches Then turn ON the units once again When the master is changed the bridge power of the slave side may vary In such case set the internal gain again When the excitation voltage is changed the output accuracy will be approximately the same as before changing by readjusting the internal gain When the internal OSC circuit broken appears on the monitor to indicate the error When settin...

Страница 32: ... Remote input Valid with an external key lock signal L 11 GND Grounding terminal Connects with the case and COM terminals internally 12 N C 13 N C 14 0 V Power supply Connects with the minus terminal of a DC power supply 1 15 OUTPUT A2 Output Connects with OUTPUT A connector internally 16 COM Common electric potential Common electric potential of the remote signal bridge status OUTPUT A Also can b...

Страница 33: ...rol use the signal in the right When an external control signal is H it is made to be on the level of approximately 5 V by the internal circuit Avoid generating chattering when rising or falling the control signal NOTE 5V Remote Control Signal Input COM Pin No 5 10 kohm HC14 Ensure 50 ms minimum for T1 T2 and T3 valid time lengths Approximately 5V Repetition time T4 should be in a range of 150 to ...

Страница 34: ...ED CONNECTOR Shown at the right are the recommended circuits for remote control If a circuit other than shown is used contact KYOWA or our representatives An AC power supply is also connected to the centralized connector Therefore be sure to remove the power plug from the AC outlet NOTE 5V Remote Control Signal Input COM Switch HC14 R 10 kohm C 1000p Direct Contact Input Contact Input via Buffer T...

Страница 35: ...on voltage of 0 5 V guarantees four times larger strain measuring range When using a strain gage with gage length shorter than 1 mm An excitation voltage 15 is switched to 2 Vrms or 0 5 Vrms It is set to 2 Vrms prior to shipment To select an excitation voltage use Setting Switch 3 provided on the rear panel Set Setting Switch 3 to OFF at 2 Vrms and ON at 0 5 Vrms Be sure to turn OFF the DPM 900 95...

Страница 36: ...e Setting Switch 4 and immediately after turning ON the power check that the monitor display changes as follows All LED light up Version of the built in software Scroll horizontally Output voltage The appears in the TPN DLT Measuring Mode only Do not conduct the bridge check function with the Rotary Transformer Torque Transducer connected If the Setting Switch 4 of the DPM 912 913 952 is turned ON...

Страница 37: ...ety of strain gage bridges 6 1 1 Functions of Bridge Box The bridge box comes with three internal fixed resistors which enable the strain gage bridge configurations as follows For connections other full bridge method the internal fixed resistors are used as dummy gages 1 Quarter bridge system 3 using the 2 wire or 3 wire 2 Half bridge system 4 3 Full bridge system 6 1 2 Models of Bridge Box The fo...

Страница 38: ...the bridge box soldering is recommended to reduce contact resistance Use shortest possible leadwires for connecting the strain gage and the bridge box Leadwires shorter than 1 m are ideal Use a shielded cable for dynamic strain measurement It is advantageous to reduce noise For other details refer to the bridge box s Instruction Manual NOTE Gage Method Bridge Circuit Wiring to the bridge box Quart...

Страница 39: ...5 Cable length 50 m N 100 Cable length 100 m 6 4 NOISE FILTER F Efficiently reduces external high frequency noise They are directly connected to the INPUT connector and OUTPUT A and B connectors respectively 6 5 EXCLUSIVE CARRYING CASE The following 4 models are provided respectively accommodating different numbers of units to facilitate multichannel measurements YC 3A For 3 channels YC 4A For 4 c...

Страница 40: ...ic strain amplifier units of the same model in the exclusive carrying case If dynamic strain amplifiers having different OSC frequencies are housed in the carrying case they will not operate normally Set Setting Switch 1 to ON MANU and Setting Switch 2 to OFF INT on the rear panel on one unit only and Setting Switch 1 to OFF AUTO on all other units It is also possible to house DC type signal condi...

Страница 41: ...e them if necessary 7 2 INITIAL BALANCING IS IMPOSSIBLE or appears on the monitor when executing bridge check The cause can be the abnormal strain gage bridge connected to the INPUT connector Check the strain gage bridge The sides of the bridges have been broken short circuited or the insulation resistance has decreased The leadwires from the strain gage bridge have been broken The input from the ...

Страница 42: ...orrectly connected to the connector or broken Execute the bridge check The monitor indication varies but no output is available The output cable may not correctly connected to the connector or broken Repair or replace the output cable Contact KYOWA or our representatives if the trouble still remains after carrying out the proper remedy When using a bridge box Check the resistance between the termi...

Страница 43: ...ollows Place a causative instrument apart from the DPM 900 950 series To connect the strain gage to the amplifier use a 2 conductor flat cable at least If possible use a 2 conductor shielded cable which is the ideal In this case connect the shielding wire to the ground terminal E of the bridge box Interference due to a measuring object s electric potential This interference occurs when a measuring...

Страница 44: ...ital switch Within 0 5 0 5 m m Within 0 5 1 0 m m Sensitivity Adjuster The amplifier sensitivity is set in combined with the CAL and VOLTAGE OUT switches 4 digit digital switch CAL Switch Range VOLTAGE OUT Switch Range 1 m m steps up to 100 to 9999 m m 0 01 V steps up to 1 00 to 10 00 V Condition When 500 m m is input outputs 10 00 V 20000 to 5000 m m is input outputs 1 00 V 200 Setting Example Wh...

Страница 45: ...digit digital display only Check Function Bridge Check Key lock Function Setting methods other than POWER switch become invalid However the setting values of the CAL and VOLTAGE OUT switches can be changed Remote Function Capable of controlling the following functions Balance adjustment BAL Addition of the calibration signal CAL Key lock Synchronization Method Automatically determines internal INT...

Страница 46: ...r then output via the DC amplifier The carrier filter and the low pass filter have similar functions but they play quite different roles The former is indispensable in that it works to remove carrier signals while the latter works to cutoff some of signals and is not necessarily needed all time The features of the system can be summarized as follows Advantageous Features Signals are amplified in t...

Страница 47: ...eabouts High response is therefore unavoidable Easily affected by resistance induced by wirings From the above the DPM 900 950 series is optimum for such strain measurements as follows 1 General strain measurements using strain gages 2 Measurements that requires high stability 3 Measurements of small strain outputs The yardstick will be about approximately 500 m m 8 3 DIMENSIONAL DRAWING 2 φ3 262 ...

Страница 48: ...ation exactly But if 2 wires are broken wire breaking locations of only one wire are shown as described in the following table In case 3 or 4 wires are broken appears all the time In addition if a side of the bridge is broken an error indication does not necessarily agree with its location If appears it indicated that the bridge check circuit is faulty In this case contact KYOWA or our representat...

Страница 49: ...ase first obtain the ration of F Fc and then read it from the diagram below In addition frequency response characteristic when cutoff frequency of the DPM 911 912 913 or DPM 951 952 is set to FLAT is shown in the section 9 2 2 and 9 2 3 9 2 1 Low pass Filter Characteristic 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 0 001 0 01 0 1 1 10 遅れ位相 deg 振幅 dB 周波数 F Fc F Fc F Sign...

Страница 50: ...0 100 1000 10000 遅れ位相 deg 振幅 dB 周波数 Hz Amplitude Phase Frequency Hz 911 912 913 Amplitude dB Delayed Phase deg 951 952 9 2 2 Response Frequency Characteristic 1 DPM 911 912 913 Low pass Filter when the cutoff frequency is set to FLAT 9 2 3 Response Frequency Characteristic 2 DPM 951 952 Low pass Filter when the cutoff frequency is set to FLAT Frequency Hz Amplitude dB Amplitude Phase Delayed Phase...

Страница 51: ... the direction opposite to c Therefore it is construction Suppose that the height of m is h m mm the amount of m can be obtained using the equation below Stress m provided that it is of the monoaxial stress system is calculated using the equation below 3 Time from the start point of the strain waveform to the maximum strain To calculate T1 i e time from the start point to the maximum strain use th...

Страница 52: ...lysis on respective measuring points it is necessary to compare the results of individual analysis on the time axis This analyzing technique should vary widely according to different measuring purposes There cannot be one uniform technique In many cases however it is possible to estimate the relations between measuring points so consider these relations together with the measuring results on measu...

Страница 53: ...17 1 When using 2 strain gages in the arrangement shown in the right multiply 0 by where Poisson s ratio 2 When using 4 strain gages in the arrangement shown in the right multiply 0 by where Poisson s ratio 9 3 3 When using strain gage having gage factor other than 2 00 Correct the measurement value using the following equation where Ks Gage factor ...

Страница 54: ...y against a rated load is stated in the Test Data Sheet of a strain gage transducer The following examples show how to obtain the reading of a physical quantity given to a strain gage transducer through adjusting the stated rated output as well as the dynamic strain amplifiers calibration factor and output Example Using the combination of pressure transducer with capacity of 490 kPa 5 kgf cm2 and ...

Страница 55: ...ount of error inducible to the kind of an extension cable and the ambient temperature Correction factor when using the extension cable with the DPM 911 951 Extension Cable Bridge Resistance 5 m 25 m 50 m 75 m 100 m 200 m 120 ohm 1 003 1 015 1 030 1 046 1 060 1 120 350 ohm 1 002 1 005 1 009 1 013 1 017 1 032 Correction factor when using the extension cable with the DPM 912 952 Extension Cable Bridg...

Страница 56: ... the internal gain TEDS mode 1 TEDS installed sensor is not connected 1 Connect the TEDS installed sensor 2 TEDS information cannot be read Cable is broken or the sensor is faulty 2 Repair the cable or replace the sensor After setting the internal gain TEDS mode The applied voltage is outside the range of the sensor s recommended excitation voltage From the rear setting switch set the bridge volta...

Страница 57: ...sure to ground the grounding terminal 2 When an output instrument is not grounded connect the grounding terminal of the DPM 950 series The output instrument is also grounded If the E terminal is grounded with the shielded cable isolating state between the input and output terminals becomes not insulating state The same thing happened when the E terminal and GND terminal are short circuited When me...

Страница 58: ...000 500000 2000 2000 1 00 20000 50000 20000 2000 10 00 2000 5000 The higher the setting value of the VOLTAGE OUT switch the greater the sensitivity adjustment accuracy So it is recommended to set the range from 1 00 to 10 00 If the value of the VOLTAGE out switch is less than 1 00 it may not satisfy the specifications for sensitivity adjuster accuracy In addition setting that expanded for input st...

Страница 59: ...eheating Time A time an instrument required to satisfy its all performance specifications after it is turned ON 8 Unbalance Components Volts that are generated due to the resistive and capacitive deviations of a strain gage bridge 9 Balancing Range A range within which a strain gage bridge s resistive and capacitive deviations can be corrected The resistive balancing range is expressed by a percen...

Страница 60: ...atstone bridge s output voltage grows An excitation voltage should therefore be decided according to the kind of a measuring object and that of a strain gage 16 Active Gage A gage which is bonded to the strain generating area of a measuring object 17 Dummy Gage This type of gage acts merely as a resistor i e a constituent element of a gage bridge ...

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