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Math

9.2.3 FFT Operation

FFT is used to compute the fast Fourier transform using analog input channels. FFT takes the digitized time record of

the specified source and transforms it to the frequency domain. When the FFT function is selected, the FFT spectrum

is plotted on the oscilloscope display as magnitude in dBV versus frequency. The readout for the horizontal axis changes

from time to frequency (Hertz) and the vertical readout changes from V to dB.

FFT operation can facilitate the following works

• Measure harmonic components and distortion in the device under test

• Measure the characteristics of the noise in DC power

• Analyze vibration

To display a FFT waveform

1. Press the

Math

key on the front panel to open the MATH function menu.

2. Press the

Operator

softkey and then turn the

Universal Knob

to select

FFT

. The resulting math waveform is

displayed in white and labeled with “M”.

Figure 9.3

FFT Menu

3. Press the

Source

softkey, and then turn the

Universal Knob

to select the source to do FFT operation. Analog

channels can be used as the source.

4. Press the

Config

softkey to enter CONFIG menu.

Figure 9.4

FFT Config Menu

• Press the

Maximum points

softkey, and then turn the

Universal Knob

to select the Maximum points.

• Press the

Window

softkey, and then turn the

Universal Knob

to select an appropriate window.

Spectral leakage can be considerably decreased when a window function is used. The oscilloscope provides five

windows (Rectangle, Blackman, Hanning, Hamming and Flattop) which have different characteristics and are

applicable to measure different waveforms. Select the window function according to different waveforms and their

characteristics. Refer to table

9.2

to make an appropriate option according to the input signal.

Содержание 2194

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Страница 2: ...lso accompanied by a maximum voltage of the circuit to be tested which defines the voltage impulses expected and required insulation clearances These categories are Category I CAT I Measurement instruments whose measurement inputs are not intended to be connected to the mains supply The voltages in the environment are typically derived from a limited energy trans former or a battery Category II CA...

Страница 3: ...or flammable atmosphere Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or vapors fumes or finely divided particulates The instrument is designed to be used in office type indoor environments Do not operate the instrument In the presence of noxious corrosive or flammable fumes gases vapors chemicals or finely divided particulates In relative humidity conditions outside the instrum...

Страница 4: ... when the covers are removed To avoid injuries always disconnect the power cord from the instrument disconnect all other connections for example test leads computer interface cables etc discharge all circuits and verify there are no hazardous voltages present on any conductors by measurements with a properly operating voltage sensing device before touching any internal parts Verify the voltage sen...

Страница 5: ...trument is intended for indoor use and should be operated in a clean dry environment Temperature Operating 0 to 40 Non operation 20 to 60 Note Direct sunlight radiators and other heat sources should be taken into account when assessing the ambient temperature Humidity Operating 85 RH 40 24 hours Non operating 85 RH 65 24 hours Altitude Operating less than 3 Km Non operation less than 15 Km Install...

Страница 6: ...E collection facilities in the disposition of this product and otherwise observe all applicable requirements Safety Symbols Symbol Description indicates a hazardous situation which if not avoided will result in death or serious injury indicates a hazardous situation which if not avoided could result in death or serious injury indicates a hazardous situation which if not avoided will result in mino...

Страница 7: ...heck 19 2 4 Probe Safety 20 3 Vertical Controls 22 3 1 Enable Channel 22 3 2 Channe Menu 22 3 2 1 Channel Coupling 23 3 2 2 Bandwidth Limit 23 3 2 3 Adjust 23 3 2 4 Probe 24 3 2 5 Unit 24 3 2 6 Deskew 25 3 2 7 Invert 25 3 2 8 Offset 25 3 2 9 Trace Visible Hidden 26 4 Horizontal Control 27 4 1 Horizontal Scale 27 4 2 Zoom 27 4 3 Roll Mode 28 4 4 Trigger Delay 28 5 Sample Control 29 5 1 Run Control ...

Страница 8: ...Trigger 71 7 2 3 SPI Serial Decode 72 7 3 UART Trigger and Serial Decode 73 7 3 1 Setup for UART Signals 73 7 3 2 UART Trigger 74 7 3 3 UART Serial Decode 75 7 4 CAN Trigger and Serial Decode 77 7 4 1 Setup for CAN Signals 77 7 4 2 CAN Trigger 77 7 4 1 CAN Serial Decode 79 7 5 LIN Trigger and Serial Decode 80 7 5 1 Setup for LIN Signals 80 7 5 2 LIN Trigger 81 7 5 1 Interpreting LIN Decode 83 8 Re...

Страница 9: ...e Type 111 13 2 Internal Save and Recall 112 13 3 External Save and Recall 113 13 4 Disk Management 115 13 4 1 Create a New File or Folder 115 13 4 2 Delete a File or Folder 116 13 4 3 Rename a File or Folder 116 14 System Settings 117 14 1 View System Status 117 14 2 Self Cal 118 14 3 Quick Cal 118 14 4 Sound 119 14 5 Language 119 14 6 Pass Fail Test 119 14 6 1 Set and Perform a Pass Fail Test 12...

Страница 10: ...te 133 16 1 Time Navigate 133 16 2 History Frame Navigate 133 16 3 Search Event Navigate 133 17 History 134 18 Factory Setup 135 19 Troubleshooting 136 20 Service Information 138 21 LIMITED THREE YEAR WARRANTY 139 ...

Страница 11: ...ling rate of up to 1 GSa s 14 Mpts memory depth Standard USB host USBTMC device and LAN ports 1 3 Contents Inspect the instrument mechanically and electrically upon receiving it Unpack all items from the shipping carton and check for any obvious signs of physical damage that may have occurred during transportation Report any damage to the shipping agent immediately Save the original packing carton...

Страница 12: ...bove Contact the distributor if anything is missing 1 4 Dimensions The 2194 digital storage oscilloscope s dimensions are approximately 312 00 mm 12 28 in x 151 00 mm 5 94 in x 132 60 mm 5 22 in W x H x D Figure 1 2 Front View Dimensions Figure 1 3 Top View Dimensions ...

Страница 13: ...output or input terminals of CH 2 depending on the set functionality 8 Function Keys Frequently used function such as Home Trig Menu ESC and On Off keys 9 CH 1 Terminals Serves as output or input of CH 1 depending on the set functionality 10 Softkeys Used to invoke any functions displayed above them 11 Power Switch Power the unit ON or OFF 12 Horizontal Control 13 Auto Set the trigger mode to auto...

Страница 14: ... via the lock hole The lock is not included 3 LAN Connect an ethernet cable to remotely control the unit over the network 4 USB Interface Connect a USB type B to type A to remotely control the unit 5 Pass Fail or Trigger Out Output a signal that reflects the current waveform capture rate of the oscilloscope at each trigger or a pass fail test pulse 6 AC Power Input Fuse Box Houses the fuse as well...

Страница 15: ...scription 1 Trigger Status Displays the trigger status 2 USB Host Port Indicator Indicates that a USB is connected to the instrument 3 LAN Port Indicator Indicates the status of the LAN connection 4 Menu Bar Displays the available options in the selected menu Table 1 3 Display Overview ...

Страница 16: ...ect the cable firmly The included AC power cord is safety certified for this instrument operating in rated range To change a cable or add an extension cable be sure that it can meet the required power ratings for this instrument Any misuse with wrong or unsafe cables will void the warranty SHOCK HAZARD The power cord provides a chassis ground through a third conductor Verify that your power outlet...

Страница 17: ...d service technician will void the warranty of the instrument 2 3 Preliminary Check Complete the following steps to verify that the oscilloscope is ready for use 2 3 1 Verify AC Input Voltage Verify proper AC voltages are available to power the instrument The AC voltage range must meet the acceptable specification stated in section Input Power Requirements 2 3 2 Connect Power Connect the AC power ...

Страница 18: ...To perform the self calibration refer to the Self Calibration section for further instructions 2 3 5 Check Model and Firmware Version The model and firmware version can be verified from within the menu system To view the model and firmware version Press the Utility button and use the softkeys to select the System Status option The following information will be displayed Startup Times Software Vers...

Страница 19: ...t the switch to 1X on the probe and connect the probe to channel 1 To do this align the slot in the probe connector with the key on the CH1 BNC push to connect and twist to the right to lock the probe in place Connect the probe tip and reference lead to the Probe Comp connectors 3 Press the AUTO button to show the square wave with 1 kHz frequency and 3V peak to peak Figure 2 3 3 Vpp Square Wave 4 ...

Страница 20: ...rminal to the ground before you take any measurements Shock Hazard To avoid electric shock when using the probe keep fingers behind the guard on the probe body To avoid electric shock while using the probe do not touch metallic portions of the probe head while it is connected to a voltage source Connect the probe to the oscilloscope and connect the ground terminal to ground before you take any mea...

Страница 21: ...obe Compensation Before taking any measurements using a probe verify the compensation of the probe and adjust it to match the channel inputs To match your probe to the input channel 1 Set the channel s probe attenuation to 10X Press the CH key corresponding to the channel the probe is connected to Use the softkeys to navigate to page 1 Use the softkeys to select Probe Use the Intensity Adjust knob...

Страница 22: ... disable a channel Press the correponding channel key Once the key has been highlighted by the LED press the channel key again Pressing the channel key of the currently selected channel once will disable the channel Channels 1 and 2 Enabled All Channels Enabled Figure 3 1 Enabled Channels 3 2 Channe Menu Figure 3 2 shows the channel 2 menu that is displayed after pressing the CH 2 key Channel Menu...

Страница 23: ...the channel 20 M The high frequency components exceeding 20 MHz are attenuated 3 2 3 Adjust Adjust the vertical scale sensitivity of the selected channel The vertical scale is adjusted using the Vertical Variable Knob Press the CH button of the channel to be configured Use the softkeys to select Adjust The scale will alternate between Fine and Coarse If the amplitude of the input waveform is a lit...

Страница 24: ...on factors Setting Description 0 1X 01 1 0 2X 02 1 0 5X 05 1 1X 1 1 2X 2 1 5X 5 1 10X 10 1 10000X 10000 1 Table 3 1 Attenuation Factor To customize the probe attenuation factor Press the Probe softkey select Custom and then press the Custom softkey Use the Universal Knob to set the desired probe attenuation ratio The range is 1E 6 1E6 3 2 5 Unit Selects the amplitude display unit for the selected ...

Страница 25: ...eypad 3 2 7 Invert Invert the voltage values of the displayed waveform Inverting a channel affects how the channel is displayed all the results of any math function selected and measurement functions To invert the waveform Press the CH button of the channel to be configured Use the softkeys to navigate to page 2 2 Use the softkeys to toggle Invert On and Off 3 2 8 Offset Offset the vertical positi...

Страница 26: ... to offset the waveform s vertical position without having to enter the chan nel s menu Pushing the Vertical Position Knob will zero vertical position 3 2 9 Trace Visible Hidden Sets whether waveform of the selected channel is visible or hidden To toggle between visible and hidden 1 Press the CH button of the channel to be configured 2 Use the softkeys to navigate to page 2 2 3 Use the softkeys to...

Страница 27: ...hen stopped adjusting the horizontal scale knob lets you zoom into acquired data 4 2 Zoom Zoom is a horizontally expanded version of the normal display You can use Zoom to locate and horizontally expand part of the normal window for a more detailed higher resolution analysis of signals Press the Horizontal Scale Knob to enable the zoom function and press the button again to turn disable the functi...

Страница 28: ... is available To enter Roll mode press the Roll button To stop the display press the Run Stop button To clear the display and restart an acquisition in Roll mode press the Run Stop button again To exit Roll mode press the Roll button Note Use Roll mode on low frequency waveforms to yield a display much like a strip chart recorder 4 4 Trigger Delay Turn the Horizontal Position Knob on the front pan...

Страница 29: ...yed and the oscilloscope is stopped the Run Stop button is illuminated in red Press the Single key again to clear the current waveform and acquire a new one Note The Single run control lets you view a single shot events without subsequent waveform data overwriting the display Use Single when you want maximum memory depth for pan and zoom 5 2 Sampling Theory The Nyquist sampling theorem states that...

Страница 30: ... input signal sine waves are attenuated by 3 dB 30 amplitude error The sampling theory requires the sample rate to be 𝑓𝑆 2 𝑓𝐵𝑊 However the theory assumes there are no frequency components above 𝑓𝑀𝐴𝑋 𝑓𝐵𝑊 in this case and it requires a system with an ideal brick wall frequency response Figure 5 3 Brick Wall Frequency Response Digital signals have frequency components about the fundamental frequency ...

Страница 31: ...a single trigger sample It reflects the storage ability of the sample memory To set the Memory Depth 1 Press the Acquire key 2 Use the softkeys to select Mem Depth Page 1 2 3 Turn the Universal Knob to navigate the available option 4 Push the Universal Knob to set the selected option The actual memory depth is displayed in the information area at the upper right corner of the screen Single Channel...

Страница 32: ...e digital oscilloscope usually uses the interpolation method to display a waveform Interpolation method is a processing method to connect all the sampling points and using some points to calculate the whole appearance of the waveform For real time sampling interpolation method is used even if the oscilloscope in a single captures only a small number of sampling points The oscilloscope can use inte...

Страница 33: ...lation method is recommended Figure 5 6 Interpolation Method Sinx x 5 8 Acquisition Mode The acquisition mode is used to control how to generate waveform points from sample points The oscilloscope provides the following acquisition mode Normal Peak Detect Average and Eres To set the Acquisition Mode Press the Acquire key to enter the Acquire Function menu Press the Acquisition softkey to view the ...

Страница 34: ...loscope acquires the maximum and minimum values of the signal within the sample interval to get the envelope of the signal or the narrow pulse of the signal that might be lost Peak Detect can prevent aliasing but the signal is more susceptible to noise In Peak Detect mode the oscilloscope can display all the pulses with pulse width at least as wide as the sample period Normal Acquisition Peak Dete...

Страница 35: ...aveforms Eres mode is generally used when the sample rate of the digital converter is higher than the storage rate of the acquisition memory Eres mode can be used on both single shot and repetitive signals It does not slow down the waveform update but it does limit the oscilloscope s real time bandwidth because it acts like a low pass filter Note Average and Eres mode use different averaging metho...

Страница 36: ...an be measured via the Lissajous method The figure below shows the measurement schematic diagram of the phase deviation Figure 5 10 Phase Deviation According to 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐴 𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 𝐷 where is the phase deviation angle between the two channels and the definitions of A B C and D are as shown in figure 5 10 the phase deviation angle is obtained using 𝜃 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 𝐷 If the principal axis of the...

Страница 37: ...o YT mode To enable sequence mode 1 Press the Acquire 2 Press the Sequence softkey to enter the Sequence function menu 3 Press the Max Segments softkey Turn the Universal Knob to select the desired value Pressing the Universal Knob will open to numeric keypad to facilitate the input of the desired value To replay the acquired sequence 1 Press the History key 2 Press the List softkey to enable the ...

Страница 38: ...ting Figure 6 1 Acquisition Memory A trigger setup tells the oscilloscope when to acquire and display data Trigger setting are based on the features of the input signal therefore knowledge of the signal under test is required to quickly capture the desired waveform 6 1 Trigger Source The 2194 trigger source includes four analog channels and AC line To set the trigger source 1 Press the Setup key t...

Страница 39: ...ta put into the buffer is first pushed out First Input First Out FIFO When a trigger is found the pre trigger buffer contains the events that occurred just before the trigger Then the oscilloscope fills the post trigger buffer and displays the acquisition memory To select the trigger mode press the key corresponding to the desired mode Auto If the specified trigger conditions are not found the tri...

Страница 40: ...orner of the screen will be displayed as FStop 6 3 Trigger Level Trigger level and slope define the trigger point Figure 6 3 Trigger Point Turn the Trigger Level Knob to adjust the trigger level for the selected analog channel Pushing the Trigger Level Knob sets the trigger level to 0 when AC Coupling is selected The position of the trigger level for the analog channel is indicated by the trigger ...

Страница 41: ...ger Coupling DC Allows both AC and DC components of the waveform into the trigger path AC Blocks all the DC components and attenuate signals lower than 8 Hz Use AC coupling to get a stable edge trigger when your waveform has a large DC offset LF Reject Block the DC components and reject the low frequency components lower than 2 MHz Low frequency reject removes any unwanted low frequency components...

Страница 42: ...doff The correct holdoff setting is typically slightly less than one repetition of the waveform Set the holdoff to this time to generate a unique trigger point for a repetitive waveform Note Only edge trigger and serial trigger have holdoff option The holdoff is adjustable from 100 ns to 1 5 s To find the repetition of the waveform 1 Press the Stop key to stop data acquisition 2 Turn the Horizonta...

Страница 43: ...oise Reject If the signal being probed is noisy set up the oscilloscope to reduce the noise in the trigger path and on the displayed waveform First stabilize the displayed waveform by removing the noise from the trigger path Second reduce the noise on the displayed waveform Obtain a stable display Remove the noise from the rtigger path setting Trigger coupling to LF Reject HF Reject or enabling No...

Страница 44: ...Trigger menu 2 Press the Type softkey to display the available trigger types 3 Turn the Universal Knob or press the Type softkey to navigate the available options 4 Press the Slope softkey Turn the Universal Knob to set the desired trigger edge rising falling or alter 5 Turn the Trigger Level Knob to adjust the trigger level Figure 6 9 Edge Trigger Holdoff coupling and noise reject can be set in e...

Страница 45: ...rigger Level Knob to adjust the position The lower trigger level cannot be higher than the upper trigger level Note In the trigger state message box L1 means the upper trigger lever while L2 means the lower trigger level 7 Press the Limit Range softkey 8 Turn the Universal Knob to select the desired slope condition and push the knob to confirm less than a time value Trigger when the positive or ne...

Страница 46: ...lect the desired condition less than a time value Trigger when the positive or negative pulse time of the input signal is lower than the specified time value For example for a positive pulse if you set t pulse real width 100ns the waveform will trigger Figure 6 12 Less than a Time Value greater than a time value Trigger when the positive or negative pulse time of the input signal is greater than t...

Страница 47: ...ive or negative pulse time of the input signal is greater than the specified upper limit of time and lower than the specified lower limit of time value Figure 6 15 Pulse Trigger Example Coupling and noise reject can be set in pulse trigger see the sections Trigger Coupling and Noise Rejection for details ...

Страница 48: ...nob to select the trigger source Note The trigger level is automatically set to sync pulse Turning the Trigger Level Knob does not change the trigger level 5 Press the Standard softkey to select the desired video standard 6 1 Standard Type Sync Pulse NTSC Interlaced BI level PAL Interlaced BI level HDTV 720P 50 Progressive Tri level HDTV 720P 60 Progressive Tri level HDTV 1080P 50 Progressive Tri ...

Страница 49: ... 750 HDTV 1080P 50 HDTV 1080P 60 1 to 1125 HDTV 1080iP 50 HDTV 1080i 60 1 to 562 1 to 563 Table 6 4 Line Numbers Per Field Triggering on a Specific Line of Video Video triggering requires greater than 1 2 division of sync amplitude with any analog channel as the trigger source The example below is set to trigger on field 2 line 124 using the NTSC video standard 1 Press the Setup key to enter the T...

Страница 50: ...ource 4 Press the Standard softkey then use the Universal Knob to select Custom as the trigger source 5 Press the Setting softkey to enter the custom setting function menu 6 Press the Interlace softkey then use the Universal Knob to set the desired value 7 Press the Of Field softkey then use the Universal Knob to set the desired value 8 Press the Sync softkey to enter the TRIG ON menu 9 Press the ...

Страница 51: ...ed to set the window center and the Delta value is adjusted to set the window range The lower and the upper trigger levels always move together Figure 6 16 Window Trigger If the lower and the upper trigger levels are both within the waveform amplitude range the oscilloscope will trigger on both rising and falling edge If the upper trigger level is within the waveform amplitude range while the lowe...

Страница 52: ...select CH1 or CH2 as the trigger source 4 Press the Window Type softkey to select Absolute 5 Press the Lower Upper softkey to select Lower or Upper trigger level then turn the Trigger Level Knob to adjust the position Figure 6 17 Absolute Window Trigger Note The Lower trigger level cannot be higher than the upper trigger level In the trigger state message box L1 means the upper trigger level while...

Страница 53: ...ect Relative 5 Press the Center Delta softkey to select Center or Delta trigger level mode then use the Universal Knob to adjust the position Note In the trigger state message box C means Center the center value of the lower and upper trigger levels D means Delta the difference between the lower or upper trigger level and the trigger level center Figure 6 18 Relative Window Trigger Note Coupling a...

Страница 54: ...ess than a time value Triggers when the positive or negative pulse time of the input signal is lower than the specified time value greater than a time value Triggers when the positive or negative pulse time of the input signal is greater than the specified time value within a range of time value Triggers when the positive or negative pulse time of the input signal is greater than the specified low...

Страница 55: ...Trigger 55 Figure 6 20 Interval Trigger Example Note Coupling and noise reject can be set in interval trigger see the sections Trigger Coupling and Noise Rejection for details ...

Страница 56: ... to enter the Trigger menu 2 Press the Type softkey then use the Universal Knob to select Dropout 3 Press the Source softkey then use the Universal Knob to select CH1 or CH2 as the trigger source 4 Press the Slope softkey to select rising or falling edge 5 Press the OverTime Type softkey to select Edge 6 Press the Time softkey then use the Universal Knob to set the desired value Note Coupling and ...

Страница 57: ...gger menu 2 Press the Type softkey then use the Universal Knob to select Dropout 3 Press the Source softkey then use the Universal Knob to select CH1 or CH2 as the trigger source 4 Press the Slope softkey to select rising or falling edge 5 Press the OverTime Type softkey to select State 6 Press the Time softkey then use the Universal Knob to set the desired value Note Coupling and noise reject can...

Страница 58: ...key then use the Universal Knob to select Runt 3 Press the Source softkey then use the Universal Knob to select CH1 or CH2 as the trigger source 4 Press the Polarity softkey to select Positive or Negative pulse to trigger 5 Press the Slope softkey to select rising or falling edge 6 Press the OverTime Type softkey to select State 7 Press the Limit Range softkey then use the Universal Knob to select...

Страница 59: ...Trigger 59 Figure 6 24 Runt Trigger Example Note Coupling and noise reject can be set in interval trigger see the sections Trigger Coupling and Noise Rejection for details ...

Страница 60: ...s the Setup key to enter the Trigger menu 2 Press the Type softkey then use the Universal Knob to select Pattern 3 Press the Source softkey then use the Universal Knob to select CH1 or CH2 as the trigger source 4 Press the Don t care softkey to assign Don t care High or Low to the channel Low Sets the pattern to low on the selected channel A low is a voltage level that is less than the channel s t...

Страница 61: ...er menu 6 Press the Logic softkey and then turn the Universal Knob to select the desired logic combination AND OR NAND or NOR 7 Press the Time softkey then use the Universal Knob to select the desired time value 8 Press the Holdoff Close softkey to enable disable the Holdoff function Use the Universal Knob to set the desired value Figure 6 26 Pattern Trigger Example Note Holdoff can be set in patt...

Страница 62: ...ignal Touch SCL to select the channel that is connected to the I2C clock signal Touch first Threshold softkey then use the Universal Knob to set the I2C clock signal s threshold voltage level The threshold voltage level is for decoding and it will be regarded as the trigger voltage level when the trigger type is set to serial 6 Set SDA I2C s data signal Touch SDA to select the channel that is conn...

Страница 63: ... triggered when SDA data is high during any SCL s ACK bit EEPROM The trigger searches for EEPROM control byte the value is 1010xxx on the SDA bus where there is a Read bit and an ACK bit behind EEPROM Use the Limit Range to set the qualifier Use the Data1 to set the data s value Note If EEPROM s data is greater than Data1 the oscilloscope will be triggered at the edge of ACK bit behind Data byte I...

Страница 64: ...e Data1 s or Data2 s value is set to the same value of the signal s data Both Data1 s and Data2 s value are set and the signal has two consecutive data values the first is value is Data1 and the second data value is Data2 Note If the data s value is 0xXX any data value will be matched Figure 7 4 10 Address Data Data Length When SDA data s length is equal to the value of Byte Length and address s l...

Страница 65: ...sal Knob If 7 Addr Data or 10 Addr Data is selected Touch Addr and turn the Universal Knob to select the 7 bit or 10 bit device address Touch Data1 or Data2 and set the value Touch R W bit and select write frame or read frame to trigger the oscilloscope Note If the device s address is 7 bit the value of address is in range of 0x00 to 0x7F If device s address is 10 bit the value of address is in ra...

Страница 66: ...7 8 Press the to return to the previous menu 9 Touch Scroll and turn the Universal Knob to view all frames Interpreting I2C Decode The frames of decoding result The address value is displayed at the beginning of a frame The write address is displayed in green and the read address is displayed in yellow W R bit is represented by W and R following the address value The data value is displayed in whi...

Страница 67: ...o the SPI clock signal Touch Threshold to set the SPI clock signal s threshold voltage level by Universal Knob The threshold voltage level is for decoding and it will be regard as the trigger voltage level when set the trigger type to serial Touch Edge Select to set the oscilloscope will samples at clock signal s rising edge or falling edge Touch to return previous menu Figure 7 9 CLK Menu 6 Set M...

Страница 68: ... of CS signal is available CS High voltage level of CS signal is available CLK Timeout If the time between two edges of the clock signal is less than or equal to the value of timeout the signal between the two edges is treated as a frame The range of clock timeout is 100 ns 5 ms This setting is suitable for case where the CS signal is not connected or the number of oscilloscope channels is insuffi...

Страница 69: ...er and Decode 69 Figure 7 12 Example When the CS type is set to Clock Timeout the clock idle time between frames is T3 the clock period is T1 then set the timeout to a value between T1 and T3 Figure 7 13 Example 2 ...

Страница 70: ...and Decode 70 If the data width is set to be greater than 8 bits such as 16 bits the clock idle time between 8 bit data packets T2 and then set the timeout time to a value between T1 2 T2 and T3 Figure 7 14 Example 3 ...

Страница 71: ...Slave Out MOSI Master Out Slave In Table 7 2 SPI Trigger Type 6 Touch Data Length softkey and turn the Universal Knob to set the length of a data The range of data length is 4 to 96 bits 7 Set the value of the trigger data Set the value of a bit a Touch Bit Roll to select a bit in data b Touch Bit Value to set the value of the selected bit Set the value of all bits a Touch All Same to set the valu...

Страница 72: ...ding format of the decoder s result 7 Touch Scroll and turn the Universal Knob to view all frames Interpreting SPI Decode The frames of decoding result The data values are displayed in frames and are shown in white Support 4 96 bit data display MISO the decoding result of Master In Slave Out line MOSI the decoding result of Master Out Slave In line Indicates there is not enough space on the displa...

Страница 73: ...gnal b Touch second Threshold key to set the TX signal s threshold voltage level by Universal Knob The threshold voltage level is for decoding and it will be regard as the trigger voltage level when set the trigger type to serial 7 Touch to return previous menu 8 Touch Configure to enter BUS CONFIG menu Figure 7 18 Bus Config Menu 9 Touch Baud to set baud rate The baud rate can be set as predefine...

Страница 74: ...r RX or TX 6 Touch Condition and set up the desired trigger condition Start the oscilloscope will be triggered at the position of start bit Stop the oscilloscope will be triggered at the position of stop bits Data the oscilloscope will be triggered when found a byte which is equal to greater or less than the specified data a Touch Compare Type and choose an equality qualifier or b Touch Value to s...

Страница 75: ...d Decode2 2 Touch Display and select On to display the result of decoding 3 Touch List to enter the LIST function menu 4 Touch Display key and choose the same options as the first step 5 Touch Lines and set the number of lines by Universal Knob The range of the lines is 1 to 7 6 Touch Format softkey to change the character encoding format of the decoding s result 7 Turn the Universal Knob to view ...

Страница 76: ...splay to show the complete content of a frame and some content is hidden Figure 7 22 UART Decode Bus Display The lists of decoding result Time the horizontal displacement between current frame and trigger position RX the receiving channel TX the transmitting channel RX Err Parity error or unknown error in the data received TX Err Parity error or unknown error in the data transmitted Figure 7 23 UA...

Страница 77: ...el when set the trigger type to serial 5 Touch Configure to enter the BUS CONFIG menu 6 Touch Baud to set baud rate by rotating the Universal Knob The baud rate can be set as predefined value from 5kb s to 1Mb s or custom value from 5kb s to 1Mb s If the desired baud rate is not listed press Baud and select the custom option press the Custom and turn the Universal Knob to set the desired baud rate...

Страница 78: ...uch ID and set the ID s value by turning the Universal Knob Tips In order to make is convenient for the operator to set the parameters ID b is split into several bytes For example if the ID s length is 11 bits it will be split into two bytes a byte includes 8 bits If 1st byte is selected only the 8 least significant bits can be changed If you select the ID DATA condition a Touch ID bits to select ...

Страница 79: ...iew all frames Interpreting CAN Decode The frame of decoding result Arbitration field is displayed in frame Control field is displayed in frame Data field is displayed in frame CRC field is displayed in frame Indicates there is not enough space on the display to show complete content of a frame and some content is hidden Figure 7 26 CAN Decode Bus Display The list of decoding result Time the horiz...

Страница 80: ...AL menu as shown in figure 7 22 Figure 7 28 CAN Signal Menu 5 Touch Source to select the channel that is connected to the LIN signal 6 Touch Threshold and set the LIN signal s threshold voltage level by Universal Knob The threshold voltage level is for decoding and it will be regard as the trigger voltage level when set the trigger type to serial 7 Touch to return previous menu 8 Touch Configure t...

Страница 81: ...ata2 s value and the signal has a data is the same as that value If you have set both Data1 s and Data2 s value the signal should has two consecutive data the first data s value is Data1 second data value is Data2 Note If the data s value is 0xXX any data value will be matched Data Error the oscilloscope will be triggered when errors such as ID check error checksum error sync byte field error are ...

Страница 82: ...Serial Trigger and Decode 82 Figure 7 29 LIN Trigger ...

Страница 83: ... space on the display to show complete content of a frame and some content is hidden Figure 7 30 LIN Decode Bus Display The list of decoding result Time the horizontal displacement between current frame and trigger position ID the value of frame s Protected Identifier Field Data Length the length of Data Field ID Parity the two check bits of Protected Identifier Field Data the value of Data Field ...

Страница 84: ...ob to select the position to save the REF waveform The source includes analog channel and math waveforms 4 Press the Save softkey to save the channel or math waveform to the appointed location The vertical scale information and the vertical offset of the waveform will be saved at the same time It will pop out the message Store Data Success when the waveform has been saved successfully Note The REF...

Страница 85: ... The initial values display at the middle of the screen is the setup that when the reference waveform been saved The initial values displayed in the middle of the screen is the setup of the reference saved waveform Figure 8 1 Reference Waveform 8 4 Clear Ref Waveform The oscilloscope does not have the Clear option under the REF WAVE function menu To clear the appointed reference waveform you can s...

Страница 86: ...n is cut off waveforms do not display on the screen completely the resulting math will also be cut off 9 1 Units for Math Waveforms Use the channel function menu to set the unit of each channel to V or A The oscilloscope math operation includes units as below Math Operation Unit Addition or subtraction V A multiplication 𝑉 2 𝐴2 𝑜𝑟𝑊 division None 𝑉 𝐴 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 1 𝐴 FFT dBVrms Vrms dBm dBArms Arms diffe...

Страница 87: ...racted point by point and the result is displayed 1 Press the Math key on the front panel to enter the MATH function menu 2 Press the Source A and Source B softkey respectively and then turn the Universal Knob to select the source to do math operation Addition or Subtraction can be applied between analog channels 3 Press the Operation softkey and then turn the universal to select or to make additi...

Страница 88: ...the MATH function menu 2 Press the Source A and Source B softkey respectively and then turn the Universal Knob to select the source to do math operation Addition or Subtraction can be applied between analog channels 3 Press the Operation softkey and then turn the universal to select or to make addition or subtraction operation The resulting math waveform is displayed in white and labeled with M Fi...

Страница 89: ...softkey and then turn the Universal Knob to select FFT The resulting math waveform is displayed in white and labeled with M Figure 9 3 FFT Menu 3 Press the Source softkey and then turn the Universal Knob to select the source to do FFT operation Analog channels can be used as the source 4 Press the Config softkey to enter CONFIG menu Figure 9 4 FFT Config Menu Press the Maximum points softkey and t...

Страница 90: ... upper half screen while the frequency domain waveform is located within the lower half of the display In Split mode if Zoom is enabled the zoom waveform and the frequency domain waveform are displayed on the lower half screen together Full Screen Time domain waveform and frequency domain waveform are displayed together Exclusive Only the frequency domain waveform is displayed Press the Mode softk...

Страница 91: ... and turn the Universal Knob to set the difference between the peak value and the minimum Amplitude on both sides Only when the difference is greater than the peak value of peak offset can the peak value be determined Markers Customize the marker locations on the FFT waveform based on search configuration Figure 9 9 FFT Markers Menu Press Markers Control softkey to enter MARKER Menu Figure 9 10 Ma...

Страница 92: ...deviation of the FFT waveform components To re duce the DC components set the Channel Coupling to AC To reduce the random noise and aliasing frequency components of repetitive or single pulse set the Acquisition of the oscilloscope to Average Measure FFT Waveform To make cursor measurements press the Cursors key and then press the Mode softkey to select On to turn the cursors Use the X1 and X2 cur...

Страница 93: ...erence and it ranges from 0 02div to 0 40div div indicates the number of the pixel points that each division has The oscilloscope has 50 pixel points per division Take 0 2div as an example 0 2 50 10 It means to calculate the ten point s discrete time derivative of the selected source and the Δ t is the ten point s point to point time difference Figure 9 12 Difference Function Operation You can use...

Страница 94: ...rbitrary constant i data point index The integrate operator provides an Offset softkey that lets you enter a DC offset correction factor for the input signal Small DC offset in the integrate function input or even small oscilloscope calibration errors can cause the integrate function output to ramp up or down This DC offset correction lets you level the integrate waveform Figure 9 13 Integral with...

Страница 95: ...Math 95 Figure 9 14 Square Root ...

Страница 96: ...equency X1 cursor is the left default position vertical dotted line it can be moved to any place of the screen X2 cursor is the right default position vertical dotted line it can be moved to any place of the screen Use the Universal Knob to set the X1 and X2 cursor values The values are displayed in the cursors box along with the difference between X1 and X2 T and 1 T See figure 10 1 When cursor t...

Страница 97: ...vertical place of the screen Y2 cursor is the down default position horizontal dotted line it can be moved to any vertical place of the screen Use the Universal Knob to set the Y1 and Y2 cursor values and the values are displayed in the cursors box along with the difference between Y1 and Y2 Y See figure 10 2 When set cursor type to Y2 Y1 use Universal Knob will move the Y1 and Y2 cursors together...

Страница 98: ... the display Delay Offset when the horizontal vertical is changed the value of X Y cursors remain fixed 5 To make cursor measurements To measure the horizontal time use the Universal Knob to move the X1 and X2 cursors to desired place If necessary set the cursor type to X2 X1 move X1 and X2 cursors together To measure vertical voltage or current use the Universal Knob to move the Y1 and Y2 cursors...

Страница 99: ...ts Figure 11 1 Voltage Measurements 1 Peak Peak Difference between maximum and minimum data values 2 Maximum Highest value in input waveform 3 Minimum Lowest value in input waveform 4 Amplitude Difference between top and base in a bimodal signal or between max and min in a unimodal signal 5 Top Value of most probable higher state in a bimodal waveform 6 Base Value of most probable lower state in a...

Страница 100: ...𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑋 100 14 Preshoot Preshoot is distortion that precedes a major edge transition expressed as a percentage of Amplitude The X cursors show which edge is being measured edge closest to the trigger reference point Figure 11 3 Preshoot 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑋 100 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑋 100 15 Level ...

Страница 101: ...rst transition at the 50 crossing 9 T LTime from trigger of each transition at a specific level and slope include Current Max Min Mean and Std dev 11 1 3 Delay Measurements Delay measurements measure the time different between arbitrary two channels including 10 types of delay measurements 1 Phase Calculate the phase difference between two edges 2 FRFR Time between the first rising edges of the tw...

Страница 102: ...rsal Knob to select the desired channel Only analog channels that are displayed are available for measurements 3 To select and display measurement parameters Press the Type softkey and then turn the Universal Knob to select the desired measurement parameter 4 Press the Universal Knob to add the measurement parameter the parameters and value will be shown above the menu and the statistics status wi...

Страница 103: ...Measure 103 Figure 11 6 New Measurement Note If the parameter does not match the measure condition it will display as ...

Страница 104: ...s of the current measurement source and display the results on the screen Figure 11 7 All Parameters To display all parameters 1 Press the Measure key on the front panel to enter the MEASURE function menu 2 Press the All Measure softkey to select On 3 Press the Source softkey to select the measure source ...

Страница 105: ...asure Gate On to open the gate measurement 2 Press the Gate A softkey to move the position of gate A by the Universal Knob 3 Press the Gate B softkey to move the position of gate B by the Universal Knob 4 Press the Gate A B to move the positions of the gate A and B simultaneously by the Universal Knob Figure 11 8 Gate Measurement 11 5 Clear Measurement Press the Clear softkey to clear all the meas...

Страница 106: ...softkey to select Vectors or Dots display type Vectors the sample points are connected by lines and displayed Normally this mode can provide the most vivid waveform to view the steep edge of the waveform such as square waveform Dots display the sample points directly You can directly view each sample point and use the cursor to measure the X and Y values of the sample point Figure 12 1 Vector Disp...

Страница 107: ...s the warmer the color is the smaller the waveform appears the colder the color is The picture below shows the change of color from cold to warm Press the Display key on the front panel and then press the Color softkey and set the option to On to turn on the color temperature function You can compare the waveform s color with the picture below to just the probability that the waveform appears Figu...

Страница 108: ...persistence time Select different persistence time the results of previous acquisitions are erased after a certain amount of time 1 second 5 seconds 10 seconds 30 seconds Infinite Select Infinite Results of previous acquisitions are never erased Use infinite persistence to measure noise and jitter to see the worst case extremes of varying waveforms to look for timing violations or to capture event...

Страница 109: ...ress the Display Persist button on the front panel to enter the DISPLAY function menu 2 Press the Next Page softkey to go to the second page of the Display function menu 3 Press the Intensity softkey and then turn the Universal Knob to select the desired value The default value is 50 and the range is from 0 to 100 Increasing the intensity lets you see the maximum amount of noise and infrequently o...

Страница 110: ...r Measure or any other menu operation if want to change the transparence of the message box do the following steps 1 Press the Display button on the front panel to enter the DISPLAY function menu 2 Press the Next Page softkey to go to the second page of the Display function menu 3 Press the Transparence softkey and then turn the Universal Knob to select the desired value The default value is 80 an...

Страница 111: ...the file name and saving directory under the same directory using the same file name The recall of image is not supported 5 PNG The oscilloscope saves the screen image in external memory in png format You can specify the file name and saving directory under the same directory using the same file name The recall of image is not supported 6 Binary The oscilloscope saves the waveform data in external...

Страница 112: ...as many as 20 setup files from No 1No 20 7 Press the Press To Save softkey to save the current setup to the appointed location After a few seconds it will pop up the message Saved to internal file NO 1 Load the specified type of file in internal memory To recall the setup after having finished the steps above please do the following steps 1 Press the Recall softkey enter the RECALLING function men...

Страница 113: ...lash device 1 Press the Save Recall key on the front panel to enter the SAVE RECALL function menu 2 Press the Save softkey to enter the SAVE menu 3 Press the Type softkey to select Setup and then press the knob to confirm 4 Press the Press To Save softkey to enter the SAVE RECALL file system Figure 13 1 SAVE RECALL File System 5 Use the Universal Knob to select the desired location File can be sto...

Страница 114: ...elected press the New softkey to turn on the interface as shown in the figure below Refer to the descriptions in To Create a new file or fold to create a new file name Figure 13 3 File Name 7 Press the Press To Save softkey to save the current setup to the external USB storage device ...

Страница 115: ...disk make sure that the USB storage device is connected correctly 13 4 1 Create a New File or Folder This operation is only valid in external storage The oscilloscope supports English input method The file name or folder name can contain letters numbers underscores and spaces Example Create a file or folder named CSV 1 Press the Save Recall key on the front to enter the SAVE RECALL function menu 2...

Страница 116: ... the Delete softkey Then the file or folder will be deleted 13 4 3 Rename a File or Folder This operation is only valid with external storage U disk storage and only files of the corresponding type format can be renamed 1 Press the Save Recall key on the front to enter the SAVE RECALL function menu 2 Press the Save softkey and then turn the Universal Knob to select one of the type if select Setups...

Страница 117: ...s of the oscilloscope The system status includes the information below Startup Times record the boot strap times of the oscilloscope Software Version list the current software version of the oscilloscope Uboot OS Version list the current Uboot and OS version of the oscilloscope FPGA Version list the current fpga version of the oscilloscope Hardware Version list the current hardware version of the ...

Страница 118: ...hen press the Do Self Cal softkey and the oscilloscope will pop out the message shown in figure Figure 14 2 Self Cal 3 Press the Single key on the front panel to perform the self calibration program During the calibration most of the keys are disabled 4 When the self calibration program is finished it will pop out the message press Run Stop key to exit Press the Run Stop button on the front panel ...

Страница 119: ...the knob to select the language The languages that currently available are Simplified Chinese Traditional Chinese English French German Spanish Russian Italian and Portuguese 14 6 Pass Fail Test One way to verify a waveform s compliance to a particular set of parameters is to use pass fail testing A pass fail defines a region of the oscilloscope s display in which the waveform must remain in order...

Страница 120: ...umber of the channel waveform that matches the mask T the frame number of the channel waveform that have been acquired It is the total of Pass and Fail 11 Press the Next Page softkey to go to the second page of the PASS FAIL function menu 12 Press the Stop On Fail softkey to select On or Off to turn on or off the function On when failed waveforms are detected the oscilloscope will stop the test an...

Страница 121: ...d value 8 Press the Location softkey to select Internal 9 Press the Save softkey to save the mask to internal memory 10 A few second later it will pop out the message Save to file Pass Fail_mask_data msk Note The internal memory can only saver one test mask save a new test mask will cover the old one Recall Test Mask from Internal Memory 1 Press the Utility key on the front panel to enter the UTIL...

Страница 122: ...ocation softkey to select External 9 Press the Save softkey to enter the file SAVE RECALL system 10 Save the test mask file refer to the Save to file XXX msk chapter Recall Test Mask from External Memory To save the test mask f external memory 1 Press the Utility key on the front panel to enter the UTILITY function menu 2 Press the Next Page softkey to go to the second page of the UTILITY function...

Страница 123: ... enter the I O SET function menu 4 Press the Net Interface LAN softkey to select LAN 5 Press the IP Set softkey to enter the IP setting interface see figure 14 4 6 Press the DHCP softkey to turn on or turn off the DHCP Figure 14 4 IP Set On the DHCP server in the current network will assign the network parameters such as the IP address for the oscilloscope Off you can set the IP address subnet mas...

Страница 124: ...o open the file manager 7 Turn the Universal Knob to select the update file which should be with an ADS postfix and then press the Press to Update softkey to start update the firmware The process needs about 7 minutes And during the update do not remove power to the oscilloscope otherwise the oscilloscope may be permanently damaged and may not restart again 8 After finish the update the screen wil...

Страница 125: ...the second page of the UTILITY function menu 3 Press the Next Page softkey to go to the third page of the UTILITY function 4 Press the Do Self Test softkey to enter the SELFTEST function menu 5 Press the Screen Test softkey to enter the screen test interface as shown in figure 14 5 Figure 14 5 Screen Test 6 Press the Single key on the front panel continually as it says in the picture above The scr...

Страница 126: ...s the Do Self Test softkey to enter the SELFTEST function menu 5 Press the Keyboard Test softkey to enter the keyboard test interface as the picture shown below Figure 14 6 Keyboard Test 6 To perform the knobs and the buttons test Knobs test The default value is 0 Turn left to increase the value while turn right to decrease push the knob to set the value to 0 Test every knob randomly Keys test The...

Страница 127: ... SELFTEST function menu 5 Press the LED Test softkey to enter the keyboard test interface as the picture shown below Figure 14 7 LED Test 6 According to the prompting information displaying on the screen press the Single key continually to light the button lights one by one The first time to press the Single key the Run Stop key displays red and the second press the Run Stop key displays green The...

Страница 128: ...t Page softkey to go to the second page of the UTILITY function menu 3 Press the Next Page softkey to go to the third page of the UTILITY function menu 4 Press the Screen Saver softkey and then turn the Universal Knob to select the desired screen saver time The screen saver time can be set to 1min 5min 10min 30min and 1hour Also you can select Off to turn off the screen saver function Figure 14 8 ...

Страница 129: ... is changed the oscilloscope will have the vertical offset level indicator move with the actual voltage level 3 Press the Horizontal softkey to select Fixed Delay or Fixed Position Fixed Position when the timebase is changed the oscilloscope will keep the horizontal offset indicator stationary Fixed Delay when the timebase is changed the oscilloscope will have the horizontal offset indicator move ...

Страница 130: ...al Runt Figure 15 1 Search Menu 3 Press the Setting softkey to enter the SETTING function menu The setting menu is different according to every search type The details show as the following table Search Mode Setting Menu Description Edge Slope includes Rising Falling Either Slope Slope includes Rising Falling Limit Range includes four types and Users can select the desired type and then input the ...

Страница 131: ... the search setup Copy to Trig copy the setup for the selected search type to the same trigger type Cancel Copy undo a copy 5 Press Thresholds softkey to enter THRESHOLDS function menu then to set channel search thresholds 15 2 Results When the acquisition is started EVENT NUM 7 means total events number Figure 15 2 Search in Run ...

Страница 132: ...Search 132 When the acquisition is stop EVENT NUM 4 7 means current event number total events number the current event is the closest event to the middle of the screen Figure 15 3 Search in Run ...

Страница 133: ...avigate key on the front panel to enter the NAVIGATE function menu 2 Press the Type in the Navigate Menu then select History Frame 3 Press the Frame Num softkey then there are two ways to navigate history frames a Turn the Universal Knob to select the desired number or press the Universal Knob then enter the number by the pop keyboard b Press the navigation keys on the front panel to play backward...

Страница 134: ...n 2 Press the List softkey to turn on or off the list display The list records the timestamp of every frame It is accurate to microseconds Figure 17 1 History 3 Press the Frame softkey then turn the Universal Knob to select the frame to display The format of the Frame is A B A is the frames number that displaying on the screen and B is the maximal frame number you can set The maximal frame number ...

Страница 135: ...Save menu select To Default Key set the type to Factory Setup Then press the Default button on the front to set the oscilloscope to the leave factory setup Another way is press Save Recall function key then press Recall menu select Factory Default to recall ...

Страница 136: ...e is correctly connected to the BNC namely channel connector 3 Check whether the probe is correctly connected to the item to be tested 4 Check whether there are signals generated from the item to be tested you can connect the probe compensation signal to the problematic channel to determine which has problem the channel or the item to be tested 5 Resample the signal The tested voltage amplitude is...

Страница 137: ...lines between the sample points may cause ladder like display Set Type to Dots to solve the problem Fail to connect PC through USB Check the IO Setting in Utility to make sure whether the setting in USB Device matches the device currently connected If needed restart the oscilloscope The USB storage device cannot be recognized 1 Check whether the USB storage device can work normally 2 Make sure whe...

Страница 138: ... probes connectors and accessories that you are using with the device Customers not on an open account must include payment in the form of a money order or credit card For the most current repair charges please refer to the service and support section on our website Return all merchandise to B K Precision Corp with prepaid shipping The flat rate repair charge for Non Warranty Service does not incl...

Страница 139: ...via our website www bk precision com Exclusions This warranty does not apply in the event of misuse or abuse of the product or as a result of unauthorized alterations or repairs The warranty is void if the serial number is altered defaced or removed B K Precision Corp shall not be liable for any consequential damages including without limitation damages resulting from loss of use Some states do no...

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