control must take place in the application layer. Conversely, UDP is
faster than connection-oriented protocols.
Unique Local Addresses (ULA) are IPv6 addresses that are not
routed. They can be used in private networks (e. g. a LAN). ULAs
begin with the prefix fd.
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), also
known as 3G, is a mobile communications standard with a specified
max. data transmission rate of 384 kbit/s and 21 Mbit/s in associ-
ation with HSPA+.
With Unicast, data packets are transmitted from a sender to a single
recipient.
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is used to control devices (audio
devices, routers, printers, etc.) from any manufacturer via an IP-
based network.
The gateway forwards the data from its own network.
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) identifies a file's storage loca-
tion. Example: http://www.example.org/index.htp (Internet website)
V.110 describes a method of aligning bitsteams with 0.6, 1.2, 2.4,
2.8, 7.2, 9.6, 12, 14.4, 19.2 and 38.4 kbit/s with the ISDN bitstream
of 64 kbit/s.
Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line. See DSL.
See VLAN.
A network can be divided up into one or more logical sub-networks–
so-called Virtual Local Area Networks (VLAN) – by the network com-
ponents no longer forwarding the data packet of a defined sub-
network to other sub-networks. Each VLAN is assigned a unique
number, This number is called a VLAN ID (VID) and assigned to the
data packets in the VLAN tag.
Voice over IP (VoIP), also known as IP telephony, refers to the
transmitting of voice via an IP network. The telephone is connected
and disconnected using signalling protocols, e. g. SIP.
A virtual private network (VPN) is used to transport private data
packets through a public network. The data is separated from the
publicly accessible data by being encapsulated in new protocols so
that they can be routed to the intended recipient. In this context, one
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