Autodesk 00126-050008-1620A - Autocad 2006 Essentials Скачать руководство пользователя страница 10

Страница: 10 / 235

WiseImage– User’s Guide

Demo version for AutoCAD is limited to processed images size upto A5
format and a resolution of 300 dpi..

You can always get free demo versions on the company site.

Specification

Raster images

The program can handle any type of raster images that can be loaded
into AutoCAD, with no size restriction;

TWAIN scanners support, direct support for Contex, Graphtec and
Colortrac SmartLF scanners;

Most operations can be applied to several raster images at once.

Filtration

Wide range of color and monochrome filters:

Blur;

Adaptive Blur;

Unsharp Mask;

Median;

Speckle Remover;

Hole Remover;

Inversion;

Smoothing;

Thinning;

Thickening;

Contour;

Line Breaks Filling.

Binarization and color separation

Color separation (splitting to monochrome layers or color reduction) with
adaptive noise reduction;

Creating monochrome layers using various binarization methods;

Saving and loading binarization and separation templates.

Raster correction

Mirroring and rotating an image;

Modifying image resolution and size;

Correction by histogram and color balance auto-correction;

Brightness, contrast, hue and saturation adjustment;

Image cropping with automatic determination of margin sizes;

Содержание 00126-050008-1620A - Autocad 2006 Essentials

Страница 1: ...USER S GUIDE WiseImage WiseImage Pro Version X for AutoCAD 2000 2000i 2002 2004 2005 2006 and AutoCAD LT 2002 2004 2005 2006 Consistent Software 2005 ...

Страница 2: ...nt CS shall make 100 refund of the amount paid for the package 1 License 1 1 Under this License the Principal may use the programs on one computer only To use the programs on several working places the Principal shall obtain a corresponding number of paid Licenses 1 2 The Principal is entitled to make one archive copy of these programs which automatically becomes CS property and falls under this A...

Страница 3: ...ons 11 AutoCAD Terms 11 2 Requirements and Licensing 13 System Requirements 13 Licensing 13 Part 1 13 Part 2 14 3 Basics 15 Running WiseImage 15 WiseImage Toolbars and Menus 15 WiseImage Menus 15 WiseImage Toolbars 16 Cursor Menu 17 Preview Window 17 Selecting an Image with WiseImage Commands 19 Selecting a Single Image 19 Selecting Several Images 20 Using Templates 21 Managing Raster Images 22 Ra...

Страница 4: ... 42 Adjustment to a Standard Format 43 Adding margins 44 Modifying Size and Resolution 44 Cropping 46 Mirroring 48 Rotation 48 Deskewing 49 Auto Correction 51 Four Point Correction Framing 51 5 Calibrating Raster Images 55 Terms 55 Calibration Dialog Box 56 Creating a set of Calibration Pairs 58 Selecting Calibration Pairs 61 Defining the Measured Points on the screen 61 Modifying Calibration Pair...

Страница 5: ...14 Thickening 115 Contour 116 Inversion 117 Filling Raster Line Breaks 118 Objects Separation by Type and Size 119 9 Working with Raster Selection 123 Selecting Procedure 124 Raster Selection Composition 125 Selection Set Composing Modes 125 Hybrid selection 126 Selection Tools 127 RSelect command 127 Raster Select and More Raster Select Toolbars 128 Picking Procedures 128 Standard Selection Style...

Страница 6: ...r Snap on Demand 166 Running Raster Snap Modes 167 12 Tracing 169 Selecting an Image for Tracing 170 Tracing Methods 170 Tracing with Automatic Object Type Determination Trace Auto 170 Forced Tracing 172 Trace Hatch 173 Tracing Outline 174 Tracing polylines Linefollow 175 Tracing Raster Symbols 179 Tracing modes 181 Produce Vector and Keep Raster 181 Produce Vector and Erase Raster 182 Tracing Par...

Страница 7: ...Contents 5 Running vectorization 219 Automatic color Vectorization 220 14 Vector Correction 225 Vector auto correction 225 Automatic polylines correction 228 Index 232 ...

Страница 8: ...tion text and symbol recognition with vector editing provided by the AutoCAD system creates a complete environment for scanned technical documentation processing What is New in this Version Completely redesigned Scanning module with direct support for Contex Graphtec and Colortrac SmartLF scanners See page 27 Symbol Recognition Template Library a single source for symbol templates that can be used...

Страница 9: ...ages into vector AutoCAD drawings saving in different formats compatible with CADDy Microstation MapInfo ArcView Program Versions WiseImage program family is divided into two global branches versions for working inside AutoCAD and stand alone versions for working in Windows WiseImage for AutoCAD can also be used with different AutoDesk products versions based on AutoCAD for example Mechanical Desk...

Страница 10: ...n Wide range of color and monochrome filters Blur Adaptive Blur Unsharp Mask Median Speckle Remover Hole Remover Inversion Smoothing Thinning Thickening Contour Line Breaks Filling Binarization and color separation Color separation splitting to monochrome layers or color reduction with adaptive noise reduction Creating monochrome layers using various binarization methods Saving and loading binariz...

Страница 11: ...ying of raster lines with corresponding vector objects creating smoothed raster objects or replacing them with vector objects Tracing line segments arcs and circles with automatic determination of object type Autoextend option when tracing lines and arcs Tracing raster objects of a specified type forced Tracing hatches Tracing outlines Tracing raster symbols by specified templates with option to c...

Страница 12: ...s to regular angles Rounding vector objects width to specified values Capability of ignoring gaps in raster lines and arcs during vectorization Automatic correcting of vectorization results conjugation of arcs and sections junction of vector objects ends Preview frame Recognition tuning using a standard or user defined set of parameters Vector Correction Auto correction of vector objects obtained ...

Страница 13: ...hould enter In command line enter b Italic Menu items and dialog box options Cut out Parameters and WiseImage terms calibration filtration Times AutoCAD prompts Type Trace autoZoom Exit С AutoCAD Terms As the WiseImage Interface meets the standards accepted for applications working within the AutoCAD environment this Guide has no description of the AutoCAD standard terms and tools For more informa...

Страница 14: ...l choose Request license file from Consistent Software 2 You should enters the obtained information to Registration Wizard choose Specify license file obtained from Consistent Software or specify license server What to do 1 If you are setting up the program for the first time then choose Request license file from Consistent Software and then click Next 2 If you got the license information in reply...

Страница 15: ...the printed document by fax Wait for response from the support team with the registration information Then perform steps from Part 2 Part 2 Step3 Set up the license On this you should specify path to the license file on your local disk In case of using the network license server you should specify information so it could be identified in the network That may be IP address or NetBIOS name Examples ...

Страница 16: ... then choose WiseImage from the folder AutoCAD starts automatically and then WiseImage is loaded WiseImage Toolbars and Menus WiseImage Menus The WiseImage menu can be arranged in two different ways The default way is to create an extra menu bar In this case when starting AutoCAD from WiseImage six supplementary pull down menus are added to the standard AutoCAD menu bar namely rFile rEdit rImage r...

Страница 17: ...articular command When you hold the cursor on any tool bitmap a prompt with its name is displayed below the cursor Click a tool on the toolbar to start the command then select any options from the dialog box or follow the prompts on the AutoCAD command line You can manipulate WiseImage toolbars with the standard AutoCAD TOOLBAR command To control WiseImage toolbars 1 Start the TOOLBAR command 2 Fr...

Страница 18: ...ge section displayed in the preview window is called a preview area The color frame on the image indicates the preview area margins Zoom in doubles the scale in the preview window Zoom 1 1 displays an image on the screen so that 1 dot in the preview window corresponds to 1 dot on the image Zoom Out halves the scale in the preview window Opens closes a detached preview window Pressing this button r...

Страница 19: ...ew area fitting it to the program window frame To display a preview area with the maximum possible scale On the WiseImage toolbar click the Preview area button then enter the command line f Fit The Preview area button enables you to move the Preview area frame so that the position of this area is changed To move a preview area On the WiseImage toolbar click the Preview area button The hand bitmap ...

Страница 20: ...ce such raster images on different AutoCAD layers and turn on off image display by manipulating the visibility of layers All WiseImage commands creating new raster images have the means of image separation onto different AutoCAD layers Selecting a Single Image Selecting a single image is performed according to the following rule If there is only one available image in the drawing then it is automa...

Страница 21: ...ny image before staring the command then a dialog box is displayed containing a list of all available images You should select those to be processed from the right column Click OK If you drag the cursor to the AutoCAD screen and hold it on an image then its name will be highlighted in the list and it will also appear near the mouse cursor To select an image click on it Clicking on a selected image...

Страница 22: ...te as well as restore the parameters of the current dialog box by loading the existing template To save settings 1 Click on the Template button in the dialog box and choose Save from the menu 2 Enter the template file name in the dialog box You can also click the Options button and add comments to the template in the dialog box To read the template s comments right click the file name then choose ...

Страница 23: ...mentation AutoCAD supports all the standard image file formats used in computer graphics document management mapping and geographiic information systems GIS Images can be bitonal monochrome 8 bit grayscale 8 bit color or 24 bit color Some image file formats support images with transparent pixels When the image transparency is on AutoCAD recognizes transparent pixels on the screen and shows through...

Страница 24: ...ng a new raster image where a user should specify the raster file name location and format Exiting AutoCAD WiseImage saves all changed raster images in case the drawing is saved Inserting and Scaling Raster Images You can insert raster images with the AutoCAD command IMAGEATTACH that can be run from the WiseImage toolbar Insertion of a raster image is performed using the IMAGE command When inserti...

Страница 25: ...D will use this setting 2 Click the button on the WiseImage toolbar or Choose Raster Image from the Insert menu 3 Using the Select Raster Image dialog box find the required image file select it from the list and choose Open 4 Enter 1 in the Image dialog box in Scale This value is set by default 5 To specify an image position in the drawing enter coordinates in the Insertion Point box or click the ...

Страница 26: ...base point 9 Enter a scale factor as an AutoLisp expression in the following way Width 25 4 Resolution Width is the recorded raster image width in pixels Resolution is the raster image scanning resolution in pixels per inches dpi 25 4 the factor to transfer inches to millimeters The width and height of the inserted image will be equal to those of the scanned image in millimeters If you want to sca...

Страница 27: ...Units box 5 Click OK The following prompt is displayed Specify insertion point or Units Scale Angle Specify an insertion point and or scale factor and or rotation angle You can immediately specify an insertion point the image s lower left corner In this case the image is inserted with zero rotation angle and at a scale where its dimensions in AutoCAD units are equal to the selected format dimensio...

Страница 28: ...onality dynamic threshold background suppression half tone transfer etc and are executed in real time WiseScan LE controls the scanner on the hardware level this method is the most efficient when producing high quality images Gamma curves editing and manipulation helps to scan images of poor quality with color reproduction defects or change color profile of these images The user selects modes and ...

Страница 29: ...n then the location where the acquired image will be saved after processing must be given The file mask must also be specified The Output folder list shows the current naming scheme for folders with the use of macros The button opens the standard Windows folder select dialog in which the folder name can be combined with macros This is available only when the Save To checkbox is switched on Optiona...

Страница 30: ... are removed from the drawing Þ Detaching an image insertion using the ERASE command is not the same as detaching an image To detach an image you should remove the link to the image file from your drawing Unloading and Reloading Raster Images You can improve the program performance by unloading images no longer needed in the current drawing session Unloaded images are neither displayed nor plotted...

Страница 31: ...ages and you should select the one to be saved To save an image Select an image you want to save on the screen and Click Save on the WiseImage toolbar Choose Save from the rFile menu Enter rSave command or Use one of the above methods without selecting an image and select an image to save from the dialog box Press OK To save an image to another file use the WiseImage rSaveas command or rFile Save ...

Страница 32: ...er as the workspace file To import a Spotlight workspace 1 From the rFile menu choose Import Workspace 2 In the Import Workspace dialog select a folder and workplace file WS or CWS 3 Click Open Undoing and Redoing Changes Use the AutoCAD UNDO and REDO U and R commands to cancel or restore any changes you have made to raster images using WiseImage tools For more detailed information on undoing and ...

Страница 33: ...seImage adds a special attribute to AutoCAD drawings When you open such a drawing WiseImage checks for this attribute and if present WiseImage reads the program settings from the loaded drawing Customizing the Program Parameters You can change some default program settings in the WiseImage tab of the Options dialog box of AutoCAD To change default parameters 1 Choose Options from the Tools menu 2 ...

Страница 34: ...points Fill arrow Shows filled arrows Show point markers Turns on off the display of calibration points markers To turn on the display of an element click on the appropriate box To change an object color double click a color pattern and select a desired color from the dialog box Colors Section This section enables you to manage working colors and color elements of the program interface such as sel...

Страница 35: ...th reduced brightness Transparent Sets the preview mode in which monochrome layers are drawn over a color raster Papers Section This section allows you to change standard sheet formats used in WiseImage operations such as new image creation or image size change particularly when automatically selecting the nearest standard format The section contains the names of all specified formats The program ...

Страница 36: ... necessary then specify Internal Frame the dimensions of the image frame which is used by the 4 points Correction operation 3 Click OK To change an existing format s parameters 1 Choose a format from the list Click Modify The following dialog is displayed 2 Change the format parameters 3 If necessary then specify Internal Frame the dimensions of the image frame which is used by the 4 points Correc...

Страница 37: ...n Auto Correction on page 51 The list contains all available auto correction operations When auto correcting the program uses these operations in the order they are placed in this list To specify a set of auto correction operations Turn on off the checkboxes next to the corresponding operations You can choose any combination of the following operations Deskew aligning an image with automatic deter...

Страница 38: ...ter images that do not contain information on resolution OCR OCR Text Style Section Specifies an AutoCAD text style to be used for text objects created using the OCR engine of automatic vectorization procedure Additional Settings Section This section concerns miscellaneous settings of WiseImage performance Run selection for all raster images If On then the selection operations are performed on all...

Страница 39: ... data is located If you copy a raster image with the AutoCAD tools then a new object raster image insertion is created and the raster storage remains common for all copies of the same image Using the WiseImage tools you can modify raster images If several images refer to the same raster storage then the alteration of one of them causes the alteration of the rest which is not always convenient Wise...

Страница 40: ...r to keep undo information Increase this value if you want to have the ability to rollback through long and complicated operations Raster engine memory buffer size Increase this value to speed up program performance when processing big raster files AutoCAD Drawing Closing with WiseImage When you exit AutoCAD or use the CLOSE command AutoCAD always asks if you want to save unsaved changes in the cl...

Страница 41: ...get a vector drawing that is impossible to be corrected You can avoid this using a four point correction procedure to eliminate deformations prior to vectorization This chapter describes the procedures that process an entire image Using these procedures you can Adjust an image dimension to a specified sheet format Scale an image and modify its resolution Crop an image Deskew an image Mirror an ima...

Страница 42: ...applied to one image at a time So if there is only one available image in the drawing visible on unlocked layer it is automatically selected Otherwise you should select an image If you did not select an image before invoking the command or selected several images then a dialog box appears showing the list of all inserted or selected images and you should select the one to be processed For informat...

Страница 43: ... the arrow points For example if you choose the upper left corner button then the original image s upper left corner is moved to the new image upper left corner if you choose the down arrow the image is moved to the new image s bottom side with alignment of the images centers If you choose the central button then the original image center is moved to the new image center Set the Fixed Size checkbo...

Страница 44: ...e resolution is reduced then WiseImage removes pixels from the image to achieve the required resolution Þ If you modify the resolution then keep in mind that an image file size is proportional to its squared resolution That is why if you increase the resolution without proportionally increasing an image size and also if you increase an image size without proportionally reducing the resolution it c...

Страница 45: ...Height boxes the new image width or height If you enter any value in one box then the value in the other box is changed automatically in order to maintain the image proportion If you choose pixels as measurement units and the Fixed Size in Pixels option is on then you cannot enter values into these boxes or Type a percentage scale factor for the image in the Scale box If the Fixed Size in Pixels o...

Страница 46: ...Specify a clipping boundary using the AutoCAD tools For information on the clipping procedure see Using AutoCAD Clipping Boundary when Selecting a Part of an Image on page 30 2 Select an image on the screen and run the operation using one of the following methods Click the Crop By Clip button on the Raster Image toolbar Choose Crop in the rImage menu then Crop By Clip or Start the operation withou...

Страница 47: ...ewed frame and or too many speckles on the image can spoil the results It would be a good idea to apply rImage Deskew and or rFilters Speckle Remover to the image before autocropping by frame To crop image by frame Select an image on the screen and run the operation in one of the following ways Click the Crop By Frame button on the Raster Image toolbar Choose Crop Auto in the rImage menu To clip a...

Страница 48: ... Y Axis on the Raster Image toolbar From the rImage menu choose Mirror then By X Axis mirror about horizontal direction or By Y Axis mirror about vertical direction or Start the operation without selecting an image Select the image you want to process from the dialog box Rotation By applying this operation you can rotate an image about its central point using three fixed rotation angles 90 180 and...

Страница 49: ...ration without selecting an image Select an image you want to process from the dialog box After image selection the following dialog box is displayed 2 Type the desired rotation angle in the Angle box or Click the angle measurement button and specify the start and end points of the segment that defines the rotation angle The measured value will be automatically entered in the Angle box The angle b...

Страница 50: ... layers you should select a group of raster images before running this operation For more detailed information on the selection procedure see Selecting Several Images on page 20 To deskew raster objects manually 1 Select an image on the screen and run the operation using one of the following methods Click the Deskew Manual button on the Raster Image toolbar From the rImage menu choose Deskew then ...

Страница 51: ...tion is performed the specified operations are applied step by step in the order they are arranged in the AutoCorrect tab If any of the specified operations cannot be performed then that operation is ignored and the next operation starts To perform auto correction Specify a set and an order of operations in the AutoCorrect section Select an image on the screen and run the operation using one of th...

Страница 52: ...ified size with its sides parallel to the image sides To perform four point correction 1 Select an image on the screen using one of the following methods Click the 4 point Correction button on the WiseImage toolbar or Choose 4 point Correction from the rImage menu or Start the operation without selecting an image Select the images you want to process from the dialog box 2 After the image selection...

Страница 53: ...ent With these controls you can adjust the image to fit a standard paper size The Paper size contains standard paper formats Use Internal Page Frame lets you use the corresponding drawing frame size that is stored for a particular format internal page frame size is set in Tools WiseImage Papers Modify dialog in Internal Frame section Internal Frame is not checked in this dialog then the Use Intern...

Страница 54: ...g is obtained which is impossible to correct To obtain a correct vector drawing eliminate distortion before vectorization Terms The calibration procedure transforms a raster image in such a way that the given set of image points moves to another set of points with pre defined coordinates The number of points and their locations are arbitrary The calibrating transformation is defined by the set of ...

Страница 55: ...on parameters Unused if a pair is not used in calculation of calibration parameters and estimating calibration accuracy The main steps of Calibration 1 Open the Calibration dialog box 2 Create a set of calibration pairs 3 Specify the measured point s positions 4 Choose an appropriate calibration method 5 Run calibration Note it may be useful to define the coordinate system the coordinate system or...

Страница 56: ...ation pair using the dialog box Modify Pair Allows changing the locations of measured and real points and the type of selected calibration pair Reset Pair Places the measured points to real point positions for the selected calibration pairs Delete Pair Removes all selected calibration pairs from the list and appropriate points from the drawing View Previous Pans the drawing to display the previous...

Страница 57: ...ct a calibration pair click its name Type Displays the calibration pair types Control Grid Check or Unused Xreal Displays the X coordinate of real points Yreal Displays the Y coordinate of real points Xmeas Displays the X coordinate of measured points Ymeas Displays the Y coordinate of measured points Xadj Displays the X coordinate of estimated points Yadj Displays the Y coordinate of estimated po...

Страница 58: ...pairs placed in the nodes of a rectangular grid These calibration pairs have the Grid type The position of grid nodes is determined by the origin angle cell size and the number of cells in the vertical and horizontal directions Þ There can only be one grid defined on the image Redefining a calibration grid removes all calibration pairs of the present grid from the image To define a calibration gri...

Страница 59: ...he created pairs may be of the Control Check or Unused type The procedure is designed so that pairs can be created by indicating only the real point coordinates The measured point coordinates can be entered later To add calibration pairs one by one 1 Open the Calibration dialog box 2 Click the button in the dialog window The following dialog box appears Add Point dialog box 3 Type the real point c...

Страница 60: ...alibration dialog or in the screen WiseImage highlights the selected point with grips 2 Zoom to the selected pair by button in the Calibration dialog box WiseImage pans the image to show the measured point of the selected pair in the centre of the image window 3 Change the current measured point location Place the mouse cursor over the grip and click Move the cursor and click again to specify its ...

Страница 61: ...d points The measured point coordinates can be picked on the screen by using the button 5 Select the pair type in Use as Remove the check from Use as and the defined pair will not be used for calibration 6 Type the name for the pair in Label 7 Click OK Deleting Calibration Pairs Delete the selected calibration pairs from the list in the Calibrate dialog Note that this action can t be undone To del...

Страница 62: ... menu choose Reset or click the button in the Calibration dialog box Choosing Calibration Method The choice of calibration method is based on the nature of image distortion and the quantity and location of calibration pairs If the type of image distortion is unknown then choose a calibration method automatically In this case the program automatically chooses the optimal calibration method for the ...

Страница 63: ...itself For example aerial photos of the Earth s surface Surface Splines For distortions of all kinds it is more accurate and works on an arbitrary set of pairs For every calibration method there is a minimum number of calibration pairs that enables the use of this model If the number of calibration pairs exceeds a certain value then all models except Surface Splines produce a non zero deviation Th...

Страница 64: ...bration deviations for each pair WiseImage calculates the parameters of the chosen method so after transformation each measured point is placed as close to its appropriate real point as possible WiseImage only uses Control and Grid calibration pairs for these calculations To estimate the displacement of a certain image point after calibration create a calibration pair with the measured and real po...

Страница 65: ... grid with a X axis of 2 cells and an Y axis of 2 cells The size of cells in this grid is known to be 32x32 mm and in the original scanned image the grid cells are distorted We assume that the whole image distortion corresponds to the grid distortion Use calibration procedure to eliminate distortion Open the Calibration dialog box From the rImage menu choose Calibration or click the button on the ...

Страница 66: ...inates They represent the known position of raster grid nodes Define the measured points 1 Select the first calibration pair Grid 01 01 from the list in the Calibration dialog box WiseImage highlights the selected point with grips 2 Zoom to the selected pair by clicking the button on the toolbar of the Calibration window WiseImage pans the image so that the pair is shown in the centre of the scree...

Страница 67: ...bration pairs to specify the measured point s position Transformation method selection As follows from the table on the page 64 the Grid adaptive bilinear method is the most appropriate method to correct grid distortions From the Calibration Method list select Grid adaptive bilinear or Select Choose automatically from the same list To estimate the calibration transformation precision Click the but...

Страница 68: ...an error Min error and Max Error respectively In this case all these values are zeros It means that all the raster grid nodes will get the required positions after calibration To start the calibration procedure Start the image calibration procedure by clicking the Apply button in the Calibration dialog box ...

Страница 69: ...e converted to grayscale RGB 24 bits per color and 8 bit indexed image Conversion operations can be applied to several images of an appropriate type at once So if several images are inserted in the current drawing and they are available visible allocated on unlocked layers you should select a group of raster images before running this operation By converting monochrome images to grayscale or RGB y...

Страница 70: ...g selected color or colors or by merging several colors in one You can also replace selected colors and add them to palette Note that color filtering blurring unsharp mask and medianning can be applied only to color images Hence there would be a good idea to apply color filters to RGB image before converting it to image of indexed colors Choosing the rImage Convert to Convert to 8 bit indexed prod...

Страница 71: ...d by its usual set of buttons described on pages 17 The Light paint is the additional tool consisting of color selector and Light paint checkbox The Light paint tool allows you to see in the Preview window where the pixels of selected color reside To preview pixels of selected color 1 Select color sample samples 2 Click on colored box near the Light paint checkbox and choose an appropriate color i...

Страница 72: ...set palette button The palette will be recalculated to best fit the number of colors set in Color counter spinbox To delete color from palette 1 Select color s to be deleted in color samples table clicking on them with SHIFT pressed 2 Press delete button Watch as the image is repainted You can also reduce the number of colors setting the number of colors set in Color counter spinbox and pressing b...

Страница 73: ...ich the operation is to be applied Brightness sets color lightness or darkness It is usually measured in percentage from 0 black to 100 white Modifying the contrast enables you to increase or reduce the image brightness range An image with the same brightness value has zero contrast value As the contrast value increases the brightness range increases that is dark colors become darker and ligh colo...

Страница 74: ...s value relative to the current threshold values The gamma defines a ratio of brightness range length between the average and the brightest value to the length of the brightness range between the dark threshold and the average value As a result the pixels with brightness value below the dark threshold gain zero brightness value the pixels with a brightness value above the brightest one gain maximu...

Страница 75: ...and the right one corresponds to high brightness value the lightest tones The sliders in the bottom part of histogram indicate threshold values the left black one is for the darkest value the grey middle one is for the middle value and the right white one is for the brightest pixel The Levels box provides the numerical expression of current threshold values You can select one of the four histogram...

Страница 76: ...htness value above the defined one become white Then suppose you want to turn outlines which are not pure black after scanning to black If you select a color outline sample with the black eyedropper then all pixels with brightness value below the defined one become black The brightness value of the remaining pixels will be proportionally redistributed within the new tone range As a result the imag...

Страница 77: ...o pick the black or white point values directly from the image Select an appropriate tool and draw an area on the screen The color point section of the Gamma Correction dialog allows for precise adjustment of color values If any values are set different from 0 0 0 for a black point and or 255 255 255 for a white point then the points located outside this range will not be affected by the Gamma cor...

Страница 78: ... shape of the curve While keeping the mouse pointer over the curve the real distribution of color brightness on the image can be seen To change the shape of the curves for the Red Blue or Green channels select the corresponding color name from the Channel list For some images the Master curve Red Blue or Green components can also be split by pressing the Auto Set button Modifying a Color Palette T...

Страница 79: ...log which allows the replacement of the currently selected color with a new one Merge colors Merges colors selected from the color samples table to the mean color Delete colors Deletes colors selected in the color samples table from the palette Load LUT Loads the current palette from a LUT file Look Up Table Save LUT Saves the current palette in a LUT file Look Up Table Use this button to save and...

Страница 80: ... color select an unoccupied space in the color table Press the RGB button in the color Correction dialog and choose a new color to add or replace an existing color with To merge colors Select colors to merge from the color Samples table with the SHIFT key pressed or pick them in the image using the tool Press the button Blur This filter produces an image blur effect giving the impression that an i...

Страница 81: ...ing dialog box is displayed 2 Type values from 0 1 to 10 0 in the Radius box to specify the image blur level Increasing this value produces a stronger blur effect 3 Choose Apply to run filtration Blurring with a large Radius yields coarse image and removes details Setting a small Radius you can achieve the minimum blur effect of the filter application If you want to gain more control on blurring a...

Страница 82: ...n the color area To implement the Adaptive Blur 1 Start the command Adaptive Blur from the rFilters menu Or click the button on the Raster Image toolbar 2 Type values from 0 1 to 10 0 in the Radius to specify the image adaptive blurring degree The bigger the radius the stronger the blurring effect 3 Click Apply ...

Страница 83: ...from the rFilter menu or Start the operation without selecting an image Select an image you want to process from the dialog box For more detailed information on the selection procedure see Selecting Several Images on page 20 The following dialog box is displayed 2 Enter a value in the Sensitivity box or use the appropriate slider to specify the desired effect of the filter application in percent f...

Страница 84: ...ant to process on the screen and start the operation using one of the following methods Click Median on the Raster Image toolbar Choose Median from the rFilter menu or Start the operation without selecting an image Select an image you want to process from the dialog box For more detailed information on the selection procedure see Selecting Several Images on page 20 The following dialog box is disp...

Страница 85: ...nt color isolines roads rivers and other objects This method provides the means to place objects that have one or several different colors on the original image to the same monochrome layer Another method to obtain a monochrome image from a color one is by color separation WiseImage can convert a color image to a set of monochrome raster layers A black and white representation of each pixel of the...

Страница 86: ...to 255 An RGB color image is an image that requires three bytes 24 bits per pixel to store color information of each pixel one byte 256 levels of brightness is required for each of the original colors The HSV model is based on color perception by human eye In the HSV model all colors are described in terms of three basis characteristics Hue is the wavelength of light reflected from or transmitted ...

Страница 87: ... image dots This method may be used for converting both color and grayscale images When converting a grayscale image WiseImage uses its grey levels When converting a color image the grey levels are defined by the brightness value of color pixels Threshold by RGB When using Threshold by RGB you should define three threshold levels for the Red Green and Blue components WiseImage converts color dots ...

Страница 88: ...s equal to 50 and the range half length for the R component is 10 then the RGB range includes colors with the R components from 40 to 60 Range by HSV This method allows you to convert pixels of analogous colors to image dots Analogous colors are closely related colors in the human perception of color e g red orange dark green light green etc To convert an image using Range by HSV you should specif...

Страница 89: ...marks the position of the selected pixel with a cross If color selection is performed in the preview area then its position is shown with a color frame red by default on the image For more information on preview window see Preview Window on page 17 Noise Reduction This slide sets the sensitivity of the binarization algorithm to small details in the image If maximum level of noise reduction is set ...

Страница 90: ...e distribution by image pixels defined by a selected channel A component value is measured along the histogram s horizontal axis lesser values are on the left greater values are on the right Along the vertical axis a normalized number of pixels with the specified color component value are placed Thus the histogram extremes correspond to the most frequent component values and the minimums correspon...

Страница 91: ...he area of the specified pixel and creates a new range using the calculated color as the range central color The half lengths of the created range are automatically adjusted to take the closest colors found in the specified pixel area Area averaged color selection allows you to create a new image by calculating the averaged color of an arbitrary area in the image Click the button and specify the v...

Страница 92: ...liders appear next to the Grey channel histogram Threshold tab The Threshold tab is used for binarization with Threshold by Grey or Threshold by RGB Threshold Displays the specified threshold values for the current method of threshold binarization To modify a value move the corresponding slider Threshold tab of the Binarization dialog Sliders of channel histograms One triangular slider appears on ...

Страница 93: ...dialog box 2 From the By list choose an appropriate method 3 Set the threshold values for the selected method When tuning use the preview window in the Binarization dialog box to observe the results of modifying the parameters Note that an image preview at scale 1 1 provides the most reliable results For more information on the preview window see Preview Window on page 17 Binarization dialog with ...

Страница 94: ...ble results when previewing the image at a scale of 1 1 For more detailed information on working with preview window see the Preview Window on page 17 3 Specify a set of ranges capturing the colors grey levels of the color image objects that you want to move to a separate monochrome level To do so create the required number of ranges using the eyedropper buttons and control the result of adding ea...

Страница 95: ... on clipping boundary application see Using AutoCAD Clipping Boundary when Selecting a Part of an Image on page 30 To binarize an image 1 If there are several images in the drawing then select one you want to process on the screen and open the Binarization dialog box using one of the following methods Click Binarization on the WiseImage toolbar Choose Binarization from the rImage menu or Open the ...

Страница 96: ... dialog box select an appropriate color brown for example Click OK 3 Choose the Range by HSV binarization method Choose the Range tab then choose HSV from the By list The Channel list will automatically shift to the Hue channel and the window will display the color hue histogram To perform binarization with Range by HSV you need to specify a set of color ranges Image pixels within these ranges wil...

Страница 97: ...l color is not averaged When color selecting in the preview area the preview window indicates the selected pixel position with a cross It enables you to select a pixel of a lacking color After you make sure that all the pixels of the isolines in the current view area are enclosed in the defined ranges you should review the binarization results of other image parts If during preview you find an ima...

Страница 98: ...ated If you are not satisfied with the binarization result and you want to cancel it then use the U command of the AutoCAD system 7 Binarize the rivers that are light and dark blue in the original image Firstly delete the ranges used for isolines binarization For this purpose right click on the Colors list and choose Remove All from the cursor menu Specify a layer name where the binarization resul...

Страница 99: ...e described in step 5 to preview the result of the operation 10 When you are satisfied with the preview binarization results run the procedure clicking the Apply button As a result of binarization a new layer named Rivers is created where the monochrome image MAP2_2 is placed 11 Close the Binarization dialog box by clicking the Close button Saving Rivers layer separate raster file 1 Turn off the v...

Страница 100: ...ng images on which the background has a different brightness and the noise and speckles are spread unevenly produces poor results the Adaptive Binarization tool combines binarization with cleaning of the image The program estimates the level of noise in the area being processed and does its best to extract the useful data The command is applicable only to grayscale images To run Adaptive Binarizat...

Страница 101: ... get a color raster image having tenths or even hundreds of thousand of colors Two similar procedures are described in this section that make possible to separate color image dots in non overlapping sets i e categories These procedures are used to extract the colors the original image was created with The objects of one sort are usually marked with the same color therefore we are able to separate ...

Страница 102: ... several monochrome layers The first step to specify separation parameters is to define a set of object categories in the original image For example a category set may be the following background isolines roads railways buildings vegetation rivers etc You can specify up to 255 categories Each category has two properties name and symbolic color A symbolic color is used to display dots belonging to ...

Страница 103: ...ayer Name and Color dialog box will be displayed You can specify a category symbolic color and name By default the box specifies the color corresponding to the specified pixel color and the category name LayerN where N is an automatically generated number If you want to modify these default parameters then enter the category name in Name and select a color from the palette 3 Click OK In the Catego...

Страница 104: ...eduction slider allows redistribution of pixels by categories by modifying sensibility of separation to small objects This parameter modifies the color averaging degree when calculating pixel colors If averaging value is high then small sized droplet of unwanted colors speckles in large image objects will be classified as pixels of the categories to which relatively large objects belong Due to hig...

Страница 105: ... application see Using AutoCAD Clipping Boundary when Selecting a Part of an Image on page 30 To adjust and perform color separation 1 If there are several images in the drawing then select the one you want to process on the screen and open the Color Separation dialog box using one of the following methods Click the Color Separation button on the WiseImage toolbar Choose Color Separation from the ...

Страница 106: ...satisfied with the quality of separation preview click the Apply button Color Reduction This procedure is similar to that of color separation described in the previous section You should specify a category set and define their basic colors The only difference is that you do not have to specify category names since color reduction does not cause the creation of additional layers Perform this proced...

Страница 107: ...d to this set For more information on raster selection see the relevant sections in Chapter 9 If there is no raster selection and several images are inserted and they are available visible located on unlocked layers then you need to select a group of raster images before running the operation Filtration commands can process images with a clipping boundary Using this feature you can restrict a filt...

Страница 108: ... toolbar Choose Speckle Remover from the rFilter menu or Start filtration without selecting an image Select an image you want to process from the selection dialog box For more detailed information on the selection procedure see Selecting Several Images on page 20 After the image selection the following dialog box appears 2 Specify the maximum size of raster objects to be removed in the current uni...

Страница 109: ...dures as binarization and layering to fill undesirable holes in raster images Original image After hole removing To remove small sized holes 1 Select the image or part of the images you want to process and start the filtration using one of the following methods Click the Hole Remover button on the Raster Image toolbar Select Hole Remover from the rFilter menu or Start filtration without selecting ...

Страница 110: ...se Apply Smoothing This filter smoothes raster object outlines fills edge and inner background droplets and partially removes raster speckles Original image fragment After smoothing This filter processes images in two steps During the first step a median operation on a grayscale image see description on page 86 is performed This algorithm analyses the area of a specified radius of each pixel and m...

Страница 111: ...k the Smoothing button on the Raster Image toolbar Select Smoothing from the rFilter menu or Start filtration without selecting an image Select an image you want to process from the selection dialog box For more detailed information on the selection procedure see Selecting Several Images on page 20 After the image selection the following dialog box appears 2 Specify Medianning averaging level in p...

Страница 112: ...u want to process and start the filtration using one of the following methods Click the Thinning button on the Raster Image toolbar Select Thinning from the rFilter menu or Start filtration without selecting an image Select an image you want to process from the selection dialog box For more detailed information on the selection procedure see Selecting Several Images on page 20 After the image sele...

Страница 113: ...ation effect if only the Vertical thickening direction is chosen The picture on the left shows the original raster image and the picture on the right shows the result of Thickening filtration after three passes Thickening filtration in vertical direction To thicken an object 1 Select the image or part of the image you want to process and start the filtration using one of the following methods Clic...

Страница 114: ...The 4 coupling filter creates 4 coupling areas the 8 coupling filter creates 8 coupling areas In the 4 coupling filter the contiguous areas can only be coupled with their sides the 8 coupling filter analyses corner contiguity so such images look thinner The figure shows the result of Contour filtration Fragments of outlines obtained after 4 coupling and 8 coupling filtration To convert raster obje...

Страница 115: ...he color of a image for each dot Background dots become image dots image dots become background dots The following illustration shows the inversion filtration result Effect of the Inversion filter To invert an image Select the image you want to process and start the filtration using one of the following methods Click the Inversion button on the Raster Image toolbar Select Inversion from the rFilte...

Страница 116: ... must be viewed to determine which will be the most suitable setting This command is useful for correction of images processed by binarization or scanning of color images in monochrome mode Decreasing the number of gaps positively affects the raster to vector conversion performed using Trace Polyline command and Raster2Vector Conversion To start this command choose Line Breaks Filling from the rIm...

Страница 117: ...ize insertion point resolution and scale as the original image however it is placed on a user specified layer No image objects are lost since they are only moved to a separate raster layer This operation can be used instead of speckle remover filter to keep small size objects which the program may remove as a speckle to apply tools to the objects of a specified type for example editing texts and h...

Страница 118: ...he Max Width field specify the maximum width value for a raster line of the objects to separate In the Gap Jump field specify the maximum gap value to ignore in the raster lines 3 Separate Text Areas In the Max Width field specify the maximum width value for a raster text line In the Text Height field specify the maximum size of the upper case letters Select the Text Orientation Horizontal Horizon...

Страница 119: ...atch angle To bring objects back to the original image Select objects to bring back to the initial image using one of the selection methods If all the objects are to be brought back then select the created raster image by its vector frame and choose Merge in the rEdit menu ...

Страница 120: ...with monochrome raster images are applied to the selection set Such commands make changes to the selected raster data but they do not destroy the raster selection set Thus you can apply several operations to the same raster data You can also add some new data to the current selection set or remove data A raster selection set is an AutoCAD raster image IMAGE So you can delete move rotate scale and ...

Страница 121: ...ther a raster part selected during the current step of raster selection composition in a single selection is removed or added Making a raster data selection for both adding to and removing from the selection set is performed in a similar way The current selection mode defines what is to happen to the raster data that is selected The selected mode remains active until you choose another mode or com...

Страница 122: ...ction mode defines if a raster part selected at the current step of raster selection composition is removed or added Selection Set Composing Modes There are three modes of composing a selection set Add Remove and Single Single Selecting data in Single mode deselects all previously selected data in the current image With Single turned on the selection set in the current document consists of the dat...

Страница 123: ...contiguous set of pixels that look like a circle and WiseImage would add grips to it as if the circle was vector object When you edit the circle moving the grips or apply other operations of vector editing and unselect it it becomes a raster set of pixels again The whole procedure looks natural and does not require from you tedious work of restoring colors linewidth and other circle properties Wis...

Страница 124: ...ion of WiseImage tab of Tools Options dialog Selection of hybrid objects by one click To select a hybrid object by one click like native AutoCAD vector object switch on the Select Raster Objects mode by pressing the button on the Select toolbar Selection Tools You can select raster using the rSelect command of the Raster Select submenu rEdit menu Raster Select and More Raster Select toolbars RSele...

Страница 125: ... Select Toolbars The Raster Select and More Raster Select toolbars buttons are used to start and to change options of selecting commands Picking Procedures To select raster data you need to perform a picking procedure For example to select with a Window you have to specify the two opposite corners of a rectangular area on an image to draw a selection window Various selection procedures may have di...

Страница 126: ...elected To select raster data inside a polygonal area 1 Click the button on the Raster Select toolbar or enter p for Polygon at any rSelect command prompt 2 Specify the points defining a polygonal area boundary entirely enclosing the raster data to be selected 3 Press ENTER to complete selection Options of Object Raster Selection Methods Object raster selection methods or object methods enable you...

Страница 127: ...cle under the rubbercircle Circle Symbol Specify an object Raster symbol corresponding to one of the specified objects Symbol Raster Objects and SelectionTypes Object raster selection methods are based on algorithms that analyze raster objects The raster object concept may be interpreted in different ways The program works with raster objects of three different types isolated raster object raster ...

Страница 128: ... blue and red respectively Examples of selecting types Using the Object style you must select raster objects by picking When selecting by picking you specify a point on the image and the program selects one raster object In each example the picking point is defined in the center of horizontal raster line as shown in the figure on the left The raster objects selected are shown as outlines Picking p...

Страница 129: ... is the length of its centerline A raster line shape is arbitrary After picking the selection extends along the raster line from the specified point to a node of the raster line A node of the raster line is either its endpoint or a point where the line intersects with another raster object So using this method you can select a part of an arbitrary raster line bounded by two nodes of raster line a ...

Страница 130: ...size It ignores the points of intersection with other objects and the selection extends until the symbol of the selected object becomes identical to the entity recognized Since real raster objects may differ from ideal raster entities the recognition algorithm uses the Approximation Accuracy parameter This parameter defines the accepted level to which the real raster objects may differ from the id...

Страница 131: ...ethods The second group selects raster data inside a specified area including raster objects crossing the area boundary These methods are called Crossing Window and Crossing Polygon These methods are object modifications of the standard Window and Polygon selection methods that select all raster data inside a specified area up to its boundary The operation of Within Window and Within Polygon metho...

Страница 132: ...en selected In all three cases the selection window is defined in the same manner The dimension line and the text lie inside the window the extension lines cross the selection window The selection window boundary is shown as a dashed rectangle Entity Type Recognition In this case the program selects the entire dimensional object including the extension lines up their intersections with the third c...

Страница 133: ...irely inside the area and then finds those raster objects that cross the area boundary and removes them from the selection set The figures below show selected raster objects as outlines The selection window is displayed as a dashed rectangle Object Type Recognition The program selects a character circle and rectangle that lie inside the selection window Note that the entire raster lines crossing t...

Страница 134: ...epresented as the combination of the data obtained as a result of applying the Object method to every object crossed Picking points are intersection points of a specified open polygon with raster objects The current selection type determines the type of raster objects selected by the Object method and thus affects the raster data selected To select raster objects by fence 1 Click a color button on...

Страница 135: ... on the left shows the open polygon used to select the text The figure on the right shows the selected raster objects The following figures illustrate the difference between selection by fence with raster objects recognition and selection of raster segments by fence The first figure shows a table grid We cross two vertical lines by a fence as shown in the figure fence ...

Страница 136: ... vertical lines selected entirely after the use of the Object type recognition method the green button on the Raster Select toolbar Selected lines In the second figure there are two segments of these lines located within the table adjacent horizontal lines In the second case the Fence method with the Line Following type was applied Polyline segments ...

Страница 137: ...t method Line Arc and Circle allow you to select a part of a raster entity аs well as considerably deformed entities Besides these methods only select raster lines While selecting with the Line or Arc method the endpoints one or both of reference rubberlines or rubberarcs can be picked outside the raster objects being selected on their imaginary extension In this case the raster object is selected...

Страница 138: ...rocedure of defining of symbol sample is described in Setting Up Symbol Recognition Options on page 212 To select a raster symbol 1 Click the button on the Raster Select toolbar 2 Indicate a point in the raster symbol These figures illustrate raster symbol selection Using this method you can choose notation conventions in scanned electric hydraulic schemes maps and similar images ...

Страница 139: ...alog box You can control the raster object selection methods based on Object Recognition and Line Following algorithms To set raster selection parameters 1 Click the Conversion Options button on the Raster to Vector toolbar The following dialog box appears 2 Shift to the Options tab 3 Specify new parameters then click OK ...

Страница 140: ... distorted For instance raster circles are elliptical then you can improve the selection accuracy by moving the Approximation Accuracy slider to the left Rough If the original raster image is high quality then move the slider to the right Fine Forced selection is also influenced by the Auto Extend Vectors mode which is toggled in the Trace tab of Conversion Options dialog see page 188 You can meas...

Страница 141: ...edit commands you can move or resize the selection set When moving or resizing the images containing selected raster they no longer have the status of selection set and become regular raster images Removing saving or unloading the original raster image also turns the selection set into a regular raster image To insert a modified selection set into raster images use the special WiseImage commands d...

Страница 142: ...erging a Copy i e duplication works in a similar way as merging except it does not erase the source image from the drawing To perform duplication you perform the same actions as when merging except the command is called Merge a Copy and the button looks like Transforming Selection Set into Separate Image The detaching operation transforms a selection set into a separate image or a group of images ...

Страница 143: ...iseImage toolbar Moving and Resizing Image Parts A raster selection set is an AutoCAD object so you can move rotate and scale selected raster data using the standard AutoCAD commands TRANSFORM ROTATE SCALE etc You can also manipulate raster selections using grips After transformation you can insert the raster selection either in the original image or any other one using the merging operation You s...

Страница 144: ...can considerably reduce the system performance For example when the ARRAY command runs several copies are created and for each copy by default a separate raster data copy is created Obviously in this case the most convenient way is to create a separate raster storage area for all raster selection copies obtained The current copying mode defines if it is necessary to create either separate storage ...

Страница 145: ...e to accept defaults for insertion point and scale 0 0 and 1 The program will insert the image at a scale of 1 1 one AutoCAD unit corresponds to one millimeter of the raster image To align a raster object 1 Zoom the to the bottom part of the image as shown in the following figure 2 Click the button on the Raster Selection toolbar Window selection style Specify points 1 and 2 selection window corne...

Страница 146: ...R 6 Indicate in the image a reference angle equal to the detail skew angle Specify the point 1 above the left edge of the top side of the detail move the cursor so that the rubber line linking the cursor and the first point is parallel to the top side of the detail Click on the second point 2 as shown in the figure above 7 Enter a new angle 0 in the command line press ENTER ...

Страница 147: ...been converted into a new raster image and its color is changed Add new raster data to the original image 8 Click on the new image boundary to be selected From the rEdit menu choose Merge or Click the button on the WiseImage toolbar The rotated raster part is inserted in the original image the inserted image is erased ...

Страница 148: ... the operation Erasing Image Parts You can remove the selected raster objects using the AutoCAD command ERASE To erase an image part 1 Select raster data 2 Indicate with cursor the raster selection boundary to select it as an AutoCAD object 3 Start the ERASE command or Press DEL ...

Страница 149: ...ound color enabling you to erase an image If you work with color or grayscale images then you can select a color grey tone to use for drawing Floodfilling and erasing by floodfilling tools can only work on monochrome images and you allow you to fill raster areas within closed outlines and to erase isolated raster objects Rasterization is the main tool used to create raster objects Using this tool ...

Страница 150: ...ting an image for pixel editing is performed using the following rules If there is only one available visible placed on an unlocked layer image then the drawing will be made on it Otherwise you should select an image to perform data selection You can select an image as an AutoCAD object before or using the selection dialog box after invoking the command For more detailed information on selection p...

Страница 151: ... the first point to create and move the cursor drawing the required curve for completion click on the end point The Draw and Erase options define the drawing color the Draw option sets the foreground color and the Erase option sets the background color in the second case the raster objects under the created object are erased The eXit option completes the command the Undo option cancels the latest ...

Страница 152: ...on without selecting an image Select an image you want to process using the dialog box The following prompt appears Point for flood floodfill or Erase Undo eXit 3 To floodfill an outline click on a point within the closed raster outline 4 To erase an isolated object choose the Erase option and click on an object to be erased isolated raster fragment Rasterizing Vector Objects Rasterization convert...

Страница 153: ...eImage toolbar From the rConvert menu choose V2R Options The following dialog box appears 2 Set the Use Acad Lineweight checkbox to specify raster lines width according to this attribute or If you want to setup raster lines width by raster objects color then clear the checkbox and specify the correspondence between colors and lines widths in the list To setup the correspondence between widths and ...

Страница 154: ...or objects You can rasterize on a group of images To run rasterization on several images inserted in the current drawing if they are available visible located on unlocked layers you need to select a group of raster images For more detailed information on the selection procedure see Selecting Several Images on page 20 Before rasterizing vector objects check the setup of rasterization widths in the ...

Страница 155: ...perate with a complicated set of different types then the SRTL tab should be used To specify a single template switch to Classic tab Place a raster selection or vector data in the Find What box to define a sample for searching and setup searching parameters To replace found objects also place the replacing vector or raster selection in the Replace With box Raster selections can be replaced with ra...

Страница 156: ... menu that appears If there are several available monochrome images in the drawing then the selection dialog box appears Select an image you want to make a selection on Perform the raster selection procedure Press ENTER to complete the procedure Detailed information on the selection procedure is provided in the chapter 9 Specify a base point of the selected raster object by clicking it on the scre...

Страница 157: ...sing the standard AutoCAD selection tools Press ENTER to complete the procedure Specify a base point of the selected vector set When replacing the base point of the replacement object is matched to the base point of the found object Þ To erase found patterns keep the Replace With box clear and turn on the Erase checkbox Þ To clear data from Find What box and Replace With box click the button above...

Страница 158: ...age 20 3 The Search and Replace toolbar is displayed Using its buttons the user can control the searching process and modify the position scale and rotation angle of the replacing object 4 When the program finds an object it centres that found object in display screen This object is highlighted with a color and dotted frame If a replacement object is specified then it is redrawn over the found obj...

Страница 159: ...on described in step 5 When no more objects can be found the procedure is completed Raster Snap Raster snap allows creating and editing objects based on geometry of other raster objects For example you can draw a line the end point of which coincides with another raster line end point or stretch an arc so that its end point is placed on a characteristic point of raster line You can turn on raster ...

Страница 160: ...of the AutoCAD object snap pickbox To resize it use the procedure described in the AutoCAD User s Guide The raster snap operation is based on algorithms for raster object recognition The program calculates vector objects approximating the specified raster lines and snaps to the characteristic points of these vector objects That is why the operation of the raster snap tools depends on the parameter...

Страница 161: ...int endpoint or object intersection Approximation Accuracy The Approximation Accuracy parameter defines the accepted deviation of raster symbol entities from their vector prototypes If the original raster entities are distorted for instance raster circles are elliptical then you can improve the snap accuracy by moving the Approximation Accuracy slider to the left Rough If the original raster image...

Страница 162: ...ap to the center of a raster arc circle Quadrant Snap to the nearest quadrant the point located under an angle 0 90 180 or 270 degrees from center of arc circle Nearest Snap to the point of the raster object located closely to the indication point Intersection Snap to the intersections of raster objects lines circles arcs etc Perpendicular Snap to the point of the raster object lying perpendicular...

Страница 163: ...s that at first an attempt is made to snap a point on a vector object and then in case of failure to a raster one Detailed information on object snap methods is provided in the AutoCAD System User s Manual To turn on the running raster snap 1 Using AutoCAD commands DDOSNAP turn on one or several object snap modes 2 From the rImage menu select Raster Snap and then On To turn off the running raster ...

Страница 164: ...acing can work on color or grayscale and monochrome images You can vectorize raster lines arcs circles arbitrary curves polylines and also outlines of vector areas When processing images tracing can be used for converting raster objects to vector ones and also for smoothing and deleting them Depending on the specified tracing mode the raster object is either deleted or left intact on the image Thu...

Страница 165: ...es the level of accepted deviations of the raster objects from their vector prototypes You can set these parameters in the Options tab of the Conversion Options dialog To trace raster symbols you should create recognition templates or use the existing samples and specify additional parameters for symbol recognition During tracing you can apply the Line Follow Orthogonalization mode and the program...

Страница 166: ...tomatic type determination Trace Auto 1 Run tracing using one of the following methods On the Raster to Vector toolbar click the Trace Auto button or From rConvert menu choose a tracing mode and then Auto If some available raster images are inserted into the picture then a selection dialog box appears Select an image that you want to trace from this box 2 You will see the following prompt in the c...

Страница 167: ...ted by them are not broken The parameters Approximation Max width and Max break affect these methods If the object width is greater than the Max width parameter value or an object of the specified type cannot approximate its form then the tracing is not performed When tracing by the Line and Arc methods the ends both or one of them of reference lines and arcs can be extended beyond the limits of r...

Страница 168: ...ode and then Circle If several available raster images are inserted into the picture then the selection dialog box appears Select the image that you want to trace from this box 2 Specify two points opposite sides of a raster circle to be traced 3 To trace the next circle repeat steps 1 2 ÞIn the above three methods if the program cannot recognize an object under the vector line the following messa...

Страница 169: ...ure illustrates the original polyline hatch and the result of tracing right part The Produce vector and erase raster tracing mode was applied You draw a polyline fence Tracing result Tracing Outline This type of tracing creates an outline polygon with a black line and cross hatched fill around the specified contiguous area To trace an outline 1 Run tracing using one of the following methods On the...

Страница 170: ...her raster object During a single tracing session between two mouse clicks it is called tracing step you trace a set of polyline segments One tracing step can take an arbitrary number of segments depending on the line complexity and trace settings After each tracing step you should choose the direction for further tracing or complete the procedure If the traced polyline crosses itself then the tra...

Страница 171: ...acing polylines you can use several input options to enter a keyletter into the command line the cursor menu or the Line Following panel buttons Button and option Description Direction Inverts a tracing direction Backstep Cancels the latest tracing step backSegment Cancels the latest polyline segment DrawLine Enables adding a linear segment of a polyline without tracing Several segments can be add...

Страница 172: ...sed by default is shown in the figure below Indicated point Traced part of polyline Suppose that we need to trace in the opposite direction To change the direction press the right mouse button and choose Direction Then specify a point on the raster line WiseImage traces a part of the indicated raster line between the first of the indicated points and proceeds further to the node nearest to the sec...

Страница 173: ...irection option from the cursor menu enter a capitalized letter of the option name in the command line or indicate any point on the traced polyline near the opposite vertex or To create one linear polyline segment manually without tracing select the drawLine option Then indicate a point The line section will link the indicated point with the last trace point This option allows you to eliminate bre...

Страница 174: ...tion of direction on reaching a node the program tries to determine the trace direction and draws a mark on the suggested raster line extension AutoCAD style cross of the current color and the following prompt appears in the command line Direction Backstep backSegment drawLine pan2Center Redraw eXit caNcel Next point or ENTER to accept direction Pressing Enter accepts the tracing direction suggest...

Страница 175: ...aster symbol The raster symbol tracing is illustrated in these figures The original raster symbol and the indication point are shown on the left On the right there is a vector block that has replaced the raster symbol Using this method you can vectorize the conventional notations on scanned electrical hydraulic schemes maps and similar images ...

Страница 176: ...duce vector and erase raster Produce vector and keep raster Erase raster without producing vector and Smooth raster without producing vector The selected mode remains active until you select another mode Thus you can transform a raster line to a vector object or only create a vector copy of a raster line You can also select a mode where the tracing procedure does not create vector objects Using th...

Страница 177: ... raster line and does not create vectors The intersections or the parts of other raster objects under the traced data are left intact To turn on Erase Raster without Producing Vectors Click the button on the Raster to Vector toolbar or from the rConvert menu select Erase raster and then specify the submenu item corresponding to the traced object Tracing a line when the Erase Raster without vector ...

Страница 178: ...ing of the tracing procedure using the Conversion Options dialog box Tuning is performed in the Options and Trace tabs of the Conversion Options dialog box Tracing is also influenced by parameters of the Separate and Symbol tabs which are described in the section Setting Up Symbol Recognition Options on page 212 To setup tracing parameters 1 Click the Conversion Options button on the Raster to Vec...

Страница 179: ...WiseImage User s Guide 184 The Options tab of Conversion Options dialog 2 Specify the new parameters by entering values or measuring with a ruler on the image and then click OK ...

Страница 180: ... entities You can enter the values of Min Length Max width and Max break from the keyboard or measure them on the screen Approximation Accuracy This parameter determines the accuracy of approximating of the original raster object with a vector one If the original image is distorted for example circles have the form of ellipses then you should reduce the value of the Approximation Accuracy paramete...

Страница 181: ... of orthogonalization or Ÿ Click the button at the box name and specify two points on the image The angle value between the line connecting these points and the axis X will be shown in the Base angle Trace Tab This tab contains parameters controlling the procedure for tracing polylines described on page 175 ...

Страница 182: ...ion The base angle for each traced polyline is defined separately Base Angle Ÿ Enter an angle specifying the base direction of orthogonalization or Ÿ Click the button at the box name and specify two points on the image The angle value between the line connecting these points and the axis X will be shown in the Base angle Setting on Auto estimate base angle has the higher priority over this option ...

Страница 183: ...n procedure in the Pro version the program by default assigns the current values of color and layer properties of the AutoCAD system to the generated vector objects The program also calculates the width of vectorized raster lines and assigns to approximating vector objects the value of Lineweight nearest to the calculated lines widths Þ You can only obtain the correct results of assignment of obje...

Страница 184: ...daries so that the objects obtained after vectorization of raster lines with the same width fit in the same width interval The width table can contain any number of width intervals Each interval is defined by two values a lower and high width boundary which recognized objects must fall into get into the specified interval Width color and layer are defined to each interval and these properties are ...

Страница 185: ...o to the value of the parameter Max Width specified in the Options tab of the Conversion Options dialog box To create a new interval in the width table Enter a value for the upper boundary of the width interval into New interval and press the Create interval button You can also create an interval by clicking on the appropriate position in the width table ruler An arrow appears on the ruler indicat...

Страница 186: ...o be deleted using the Delete button You can change boundaries and delete intervals by moving are arrow symbols on the ruler To change the interval boundary Click the line on the width table corresponding to the required interval Click on the box in the Start or End columns in the highlighted line and change the value of upper or low interval boundary or Drag the appropriate arrow on width ruler Y...

Страница 187: ... that exceeds 2 11mm then vector objects will be created with the width 2 11 mm The reduced width value will be assigned to all vector objects with widths within the specified interval if the width assignment checkbox is on To keep widths unmodified If you do not want the lines within the interval to be rounded to a predefined width specified in the Width box then clear the checkbox in the corresp...

Страница 188: ...ings Width table settings can be saved in a template file on the disk for future use along with other settings of Conversion Options dialog To save width table settings 1 Click on the Template button choose Save from the list 2 A dialog box for saving the template file will open 3 Specify the file name and click OK By default the file will be saved to the Recognition parameters folder located in t...

Страница 189: ...he horizontal or vertical axis The approximating algorithms are used to vectorize arbitrary raster objects You can approximate the central lines of arbitrary raster lines by polylines or raster objects by outlines You can tune the recognition by yourself or use one of the standard sets of parameters recognition templates Setting Up Vectorization You can tune vectorization using the Conversion Opti...

Страница 190: ...inal drawing To make recognition of different image structures more versatile WiseImage supports a set of the vectorization algorithms that recognize raster analogues of vector entities and generate approximating vector objects of the corresponding types On the right side of the Recognition tab there is the Entities tree On the first level there are recognition algorithms To turn on the necessary ...

Страница 191: ...ing additional parameters Arrows If this option is on then WiseImage searches for raster analogues of dimension lines lines with one or two arrows at the end points and if the arrows are found creates appropriate AutoCAD dimension objects DIMENSION Line Types If this option is on then WiseImage recognizes dashed and dash dotted straight lines creating vector lines with the corresponding line type ...

Страница 192: ...Min length parameter and with width less than the value of the Max width parameter The Max break parameter sets the maximum length of ignored raster segment break The Approximation parameter sets the accuracy of raster segments approximated by vector objects If the raster quality is poor you need to reduce this parameter so that the algorithm can recognize raster objects with significant form dist...

Страница 193: ... greater than the value of the Min width parameter To obtain outlines of all raster objects you only need to choose outlines with the Max Width parameter to 0 The Approximation parameter sets the accuracy of raster segments approximated by vector outlines Hatches Selects the algorithm for hatch recognition WiseImage Pro recognizes simple raster hatches and creates AutoCAD blocks consisting of segm...

Страница 194: ...e list of the Options tab as maximum height of raster text characters of the upper case See more information on this and other parameters that influence text recognition on page 202 Symbols Selects the algorithm for raster symbol recognition with specified samples The algorithm only works if the algorithms Lines and Arcs and Circles are on Setting up the algorithm is made in the Symbols tab of the...

Страница 195: ...rement on the image draw a line along the smallest raster line arc or circle The value of Min Length will be equal to the length of the line covering black foreground dots on the raster line Max Width Sets maximum width of the raster object which should be recognized as a line arc or polyline Specify the value of this parameter slightly greater than the maximum width of a raster line which you wan...

Страница 196: ...s arrowhead at the end of line object To specify dimensions of arrowhead enter the values separated by comma or press the Measure button and draw bounding rectangle around the arrow Text Height Specify the value of this parameter equal to the maximum height of raster text symbol of the upper case To measure on the image draw a line above the raster text The Text Height value will be equal to the d...

Страница 197: ...l and Vertical Searches for horizontal and vertical text lines The text areas will be only horizontal and vertical Arbitrary Searches for all text lines The choice of this option can reduce the speed of text area searches Overlapped by Graphic If this option is on then WiseImage searches for raster texts crossing other raster objects This option can reduce the speed of text area searches Only Stan...

Страница 198: ... Standalone characters For example Ÿ The pattern Rz D generates words which begin with Rz followed by any sequence of digits for example Rz40 Rz2 5 Rz5000 Ÿ The pattern 1N n generates words of the national alphabet with the first letter being capital Ÿ D will generate 20 1100 12 50 etc Ÿ DV will generate 5V 220V 13 8V etc To add a definition 1 Enter a new pattern definition in the edit box 2 Click...

Страница 199: ...es and writes them to the library You can save letter templates in an existing library file or the one created by you Þ If you use your own file of character template libraries then OCR will recognize characters described in this file only The folder for saving files of characters templates libraries is set in the WiseImage tab of the Options dialog box of the system AutoCAD as described in Standa...

Страница 200: ... the Raster to Vector toolbar The following dialog box appears 2 If you want to create a new library of characters then press the New button or If you want to add new templates to the existing library then press the Open button select from the dialog box the desired library file and press OK 3 Create new replace or delete character templates 4 Save the library in its own file or in a new one using...

Страница 201: ...The left part of the dialog box displays the contents of the current template library This box shows the sections of the template library digits English capital English small special symbols national capital and national small Closed and nonblank sections are marked with If you check the box to the left of the section name then all templates located in this section will be enabled Clearing the che...

Страница 202: ...iseImage User s Guide 208 You can either turn off templates in this case they will not be used for recognition or delete them To delete a character template 1 Select a template 2 Click the Delete button ...

Страница 203: ...rrent text object from the sequence of recognized texts Erase Deletes the current text object from the drawing Accept all The procedure is completed Delete all Deletes all text objects obtained after vectorization from the drawing The procedure is completed Undo the last operation Modify the current text height Move the current text To edit recognized texts 1 From the rConvert menu select Edit Tex...

Страница 204: ...s to make the text current 3 Repeat step 2 for all recognized texts To complete the command choose the Close button If you have accepted all recognized texts then the procedure will be completed automatically Using OCR Professional optional Besides the standard tools used for WiseImage text recognition you can install the additional OCR module from ABBY Software this module is intended to recogniz...

Страница 205: ...he ability to recognize text strings that are not oriented horizontally Buttons and are used to select raster area that contain text in window or polygon boundary respectively The recognized text is shown in Output where you can edit it and the save or place on specified layer Option As Text to Layer places the recognized text to a specified layer and To File to specified file You can find more in...

Страница 206: ... The basic comparison criterion is the resemblance of the symbol and template geometric characteristics relations between composing object size link types angle value and so on The symbols tab of the Conversion Options dialog box Vector templates need to be created and saved for raster symbol recognition Also before applying any of the procedures that involve recognition the necessary templates sh...

Страница 207: ... will be checked on tolerance and the scaling factor on replacing will be calculated automatically In this case the program operation may be slowed down Accuracy This parameter defines the accepted deviation of raster symbol geometry compared with to the sample At High values the program will only recognize symbols that are very close in form scale and orientation to the sample At Low values more ...

Страница 208: ... is a vector or raster template that should be recognized The Replace item is a vector or raster template which should replace the corresponding to it Search item Every WiseImage command that uses SRTL tries to find a regular Search template in the document or on the raster image In case of success command replaces recognized symbol with the corresponding Replace template Symbol Recognition Templa...

Страница 209: ...udes templates and all sub templates from this process Þ The Replace item will be ignored during symbol recognition if all its Search items are excluded On the left there is an example part of the SRTL which included only Replace_2 with Search_1 items The Replace_4 item will be ignored because of excluded Search_1 item SRTL basic operations Choose Edit Symbol Recognition Template Library from the ...

Страница 210: ...ster symbols recognition create vector objects resembling the raster symbols This can be done through vectorization tracing or simply by drawing vector objects The set of such vector objects is used as a vector template The template can consist of any set of objects but for recognition only objects like line arc circle and polyline are used The objects of a template can also be united in the block...

Страница 211: ... Search and Replace operations all named blocks can easily be replaced with other graphic symbols for example by applying the standard procedure of block redefinition 2 Select created objects using standard vector selection tools 3 To add selected vector objects as Replace item click the Add Replace Item button The selected objects will be included as new symbol template into SRTL The new one Repl...

Страница 212: ...ate new raster symbol template 1 Open a raster image and select some raster objects using standard raster selection procedures Because of SRTL editor window is modeless these operations can be done even while this dialog is open 2 To add selection as Replace template click the Add Replace Item button The raster selection pattern will be included into SRTL To add raster selection as Search template...

Страница 213: ...election see the chapter 9 If no raster selection has been made and several images are inserted in the current drawing and they are available visible located on unlocked layers then you need to select a group of raster images to perform vectorization on For more detailed information on the image selection procedure see Selecting Several Images on page 20 Vectorization also works on images with a c...

Страница 214: ...or schematic raster images plans schemes topographical maps It combines such operations as binarization vector color separation and color vectorization As a result you get polylines broken in places of mutual crossings This command works on grayscale and color images To start the color Conversion command choose Color Conversion Options from the rConvert menu or click the button on the Raster to Ve...

Страница 215: ...o Layer checkbox after adjusting the binarization settings If you think this monochrome raster is necessary then you can switch this checkbox on after all the other setting adjustments are complete related buttons and controls Hide Vectors button Turns off the display of vector objects in the color Conversion preview area Hide Raster button Turns off the display of raster information in the color ...

Страница 216: ...rom the image click the button and draw a line along the smallest raster line Max Width Sets the maximum width of a raster linear object which should be recognized as a polyline Specify the value of this parameter slightly greater than the maximum width of the raster line to vectorize If the program does not vectorize raster segments then increase the value of this parameter If the program does no...

Страница 217: ...olor If there is no need to export a line of a certain color then switch off the Export checkbox at the beginning of this string related buttons and controls Colour Number slider The Separate by color section tries to automatically reduce the colors of all raster lines to a fixed number Real color column Only the number of the colors to reduce to need to be set usually 1 2 colors more than the rea...

Страница 218: ...an also be launched with current settings through the Raster to Vector command chose the Raster to Vector from rConvert menu or click the button on the Raster to Vector toolbar related buttons and controls Apply button Launches the color conversion process Close button Closes the R2V color Conversion dialog keeping all its parameters Template button Allows users to save current settings to a file ...

Страница 219: ...of corrected vectors Autocorrection allows users To restore the contact of lines with arcs and circles To stick together vector fragments in entire objects To delete vector objects if their size is smaller than specified A line size is defined by its length a circle size by diameter an arc size by its largest projection onto the X and Y axis To align lines to regular directions angle 0 30 45 60 90...

Страница 220: ...iseImage User s Guide 226 The following dialog appears 2 Turn on the Restore Tangents checkbox to restore the contact of lines with arcs Before applying Restore Tangents Result of the Autocorrect command ...

Страница 221: ...eckles with a size less or equal to this value will be removed Enter the maximum value for vector speckle in Remove Small The measurement tool can also be used Click on and specify two points on the document which define the size of a vector speckle Before applying Remove Small Result of the Auto correct command 5 Enter the required value of Correction Accuracy in the corresponding box Use high Ac...

Страница 222: ...mmand is designed to correct polylines mainly produced as a result of automatic vectorization or tracing Depending on the settings it can perform merging removing or the combining of polylines Other types of objects will also be automatically converted into polylines This command can be performed only while vector objects are selected Set up the command options in Polyline Correction Options dialo...

Страница 223: ...allows elimination of overlapped and surplus segments To achieve the best result the Minimal Size need to be correctly set to the remove value This can be measured this directly from the document ÞMinimal size of the polyline segment produced as a result of automatic vectorization or tracing depends on the Precision parameter The higher the Precision produces a smaller size of polyline segment and...

Страница 224: ...d polylines will be deleted Merge Nearest Polylines Merges the nearest polylines into one by adding new segments between the endpoints of polylines Minimal Distance to merge can be set up using an appropriate parameter Snap Nearest Polylines Snaps polylines located near each other The size and location of one line changes when it is connected to another This is different to the Combine Closest Pol...

Страница 225: ...s automatically corrections choose Polylines Autocorrect from the rConvert menu To perform polylines corrections do the following 1 Open the file with the vector objects needing to be corrected 2 Estimate the correction and activate the required algorithms Almost all of them require the setting up of the parameters so do not forget to measure the values in the document using designated tools ruler...

Страница 226: ...ection 51 Auto Detect Direction 187 AutoCAD 15 changes added by WiseImage 23 closing drawing 39 AutoCAD command ARRAY 38 147 COPY 147 ROTATE 146 SCALE 146 TRANSFORM 146 AutoCorrect 36 51 Autocorrection 225 Automatic colour vectorization 220 Automatic deskewing 51 Automatic vectorization 195 Autotrace 170 Axis 41 48 BackSegment tracing option 176 Base angle 186 Base point 161 Bilinear method 64 Bin...

Страница 227: ...Command line See Prompt Composition of raster selection 125 Connecting lines 216 Contrast 75 Control calibration points 56 Conversion raster to vector 128 170 189 196 Conversion to RGB gayscale 8 bit indexed 71 Copying options 39 Correct polylines automatically 228 Correction auto 51 225 by histogram 76 by histogram gamma 78 of image 71 Creating calibration grid 59 calibration pairs 58 Creating ra...

Страница 228: ...y 214 Thickning 116 Thining 114 Train OCR 206 208 Unsharp Mask 85 V2R Options 157 Vector Correction Options 226 Diameter 140 Direction of linefollowing tracing 176 Dots pixel drawing 155 DPI 37 Drawing closing 39 precise 163 redraw 176 Duplicating image 145 147 DWG 32 Editing calibration pairs 61 palette 80 pixels 154 raster 163 recognized text 209 Endpoint snap mode 166 Entities tree 196 Entity c...

Страница 229: ...ing 155 Forced selection 140 Forced tracing 172 Foreign characters recognition 205 Framing 51 Freehand pixel drawing 155 Gamma 76 Gamma Correction 78 Geometric Distortions 41 GIS 22 176 Grayscale images 88 Grey level 89 Grid defining for calibration 59 Grid adaptive bilinear method 64 Grid calibration points 56 Hatch recognition 199 tracing 173 Highlighting selection 39 Histogram 76 78 Holes 36 Ho...

Страница 230: ...tion 140 197 selection 140 tracing 172 width table 189 Line Breaks Filling filter 118 Line Types recognition 197 198 Line width setup 156 Line widths rounding 192 Linear conformal method 64 Linefollowing 131 132 135 136 175 Lineweight 156 188 Linking 31 38 Loading images 29 Manual deskewing 50 Margins 44 Marker 33 Master 77 Max Break 143 165 185 202 Max Width 165 201 Measured calibration points 61...

Страница 231: ...56 palette editing 80 Options of recognition 200 Orientation 213 Orthogonalization 185 187 Outline recognition 199 tracing 174 Pan auto 176 in Preview Window 17 Paper Formats changing 34 folder 34 Paper Size 26 43 Parameters of program customizing See Tuning Parameters of raster selection 143 Patterns 203 Pause when tracing 187 Perpendicular snap mode 166 Picking Procedures 128 Pixel Editing 154 P...

Страница 232: ... 22 saving 30 scaling 23 size 26 unloading and reloading 29 Raster layer 19 92 104 147 Raster objects creating 153 types 130 Raster Selection color 33 composition procedure 125 Raster selection set 144 Raster Snap marker 33 tuning 164 types 166 Rasterization 156 Recognition 195 algorithms 196 arcs 140 circles 140 lines 140 options 200 points 197 symbols 212 templates 203 text editing 209 training ...

Страница 233: ...ster polylines segments 132 several images 20 46 standard methods 129 symbols 141 types 128 130 using clipping boundary 30 within window methods136 Selection composing modes 125 tuning 132 133 134 140 142 Selection set transfoming 145 Sensitivity 85 Separating colors 103 Separation by type and size 119 Shapes See Symbols Single mode of selection 125 Size vs Resolution 42 Smart strategy 213 SmoothR...

Страница 234: ...bols 36 Template file creating 21 loading 21 Text Areas 199 Text Height 202 Text on image editing 209 recognition 199 training 205 tuning 202 Threshold by Grey 89 Threshold by RGB 89 Threshold in Smoothing filter 113 Threshold tab 94 TIFF 24 66 Toolbars 16 Trace polyline example 176 Tracing 169 arc 173 auto 170 circle 173 direction 187 forced 172 hatch 173 lines 172 modes 181 outline 174 parameter...

Страница 235: ...f color 88 Vector correction 225 Vector objects autocorrection 225 merging 226 Vector template of the raster shape 216 Vectorization 195 automatic colour vectorization 220 running 219 tuning 195 Vertex 187 198 Vertical orientation 203 Viewing 17 Visibility 19 101 Width interval 189 Width Table 189 saving 193 tuning 189 Window selecting by 134 Window Preview 17 Workspace 31 Zoom 99 auto 176 in Prev...

Результаты поиска

Содержание 00126-050008-1620A - Autocad 2006 Essentials

Отзывы:

Autodesk 00126-050008-1620A - Autocad 2006 Essentials, Руководство пользователя, Страница: 10 / 235

Результаты поиска

Содержание 00126-050008-1620A - Autocad 2006 Essentials

Отзывы: