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Rohde & Schwarz FSH13, Operating Manual

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Rohde & Schwarz FSH13 Operating Manual Download Page 225

R&S FSH 

Network Analyzer Mode 

Vector Voltmeter (R&S FSH-K45) 

Operating Manual 1173.6275.12 - 30 

210 

6.6.1  Calibrating Measurements 

To get the best and most accurate results, you have to calibrate the measurement. The 
reflection and transmission measurement of the vector voltmeter each have their own 
calibration procedures. To successfully calibrate the test setup, you have to connect 
one or more calibration standards at the reference plane. 

The process of calibration including the selection of a calibration kit works like that for 
scalar or vector measurement. For more information see "

Calibrating Measurements

" 

on page 181. 

Summary of Contents for FSH13

Page 1: ...R S FSH4 8 13 20 Spectrum Analyzer Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 Operating Manual ...

Page 2: ...04 5893 02 R S FSH K29 1304 5993 02 R S FSH K41 1304 5612 02 R S FSH K42 1309 5629 02 R S FSH K43 1304 5635 02 R S FSH K44 1309 5658 02 R S FSH K44E 1304 5758 02 R S FSH K45 1309 5641 02 R S FSH K46 1304 5729 02 R S FSH K46E 1304 5764 02 R S FSH K47 1304 5787 02 R S FSH K47E 1304 5806 02 R S FSH K48 1304 5887 02 R S FSH K48E 1304 5858 02 R S FSH K50 1304 5735 02 R S FSH K50E 1304 5793 02 R S FSH K...

Page 3: ...appropriate manner This product is designed for use solely in industrial and laboratory environments or if expressly permitted also in the field and must not be used in any way that may cause personal injury or property damage You are responsible if the product is used for any intention other than its designated purpose or in disregard of the manufacturer s instructions The manufacturer shall assu...

Page 4: ... accordance with the standard definition for civil applications in the European Economic Area Definitions that deviate from the standard definition may also exist in other economic areas or military applications It is therefore essential to make sure that the tags described here are always used only in connection with the related product documentation and the related product The use of tags in con...

Page 5: ... operating condition By taking appropriate safety measures and carefully laying the power cable you can ensure that the cable will not be damaged and that no one can be hurt by for example tripping over the cable or suffering an electric shock 4 The product may be operated only from TN TT supply networks fused with max 16 A higher fuse only after consulting with the Rohde Schwarz group of companie...

Page 6: ... material damage may occur It is the responsibility of the employer operator to select suitable personnel for operating the products 2 Before you move or transport the product read and observe the section titled Transport 3 As with all industrially manufactured goods the use of substances that induce an allergic reaction allergens such as nickel cannot be generally excluded If you develop an aller...

Page 7: ...dard 1 Cells must not be taken apart or crushed 2 Cells or batteries must not be exposed to heat or fire Storage in direct sunlight must be avoided Keep cells and batteries clean and dry Clean soiled connectors using a dry clean cloth 3 Cells or batteries must not be short circuited Cells or batteries must not be stored in a box or in a drawer where they can short circuit each other or where they ...

Page 8: ... vehicle it is the sole responsibility of the driver to drive the vehicle safely and properly The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for accidents or collisions Never use the product in a moving vehicle if doing so could distract the driver of the vehicle Adequately secure the product in the vehicle to prevent injuries or other damage in the event of an accident Waste disposal 1 If products or...

Page 9: ...ente autorizado para aplicaciones de campo y de ninguna manera deberá ser utilizado de modo que alguna persona cosa pueda sufrir daño El uso del producto fuera de sus fines definidos o sin tener en cuenta las instrucciones del fabricante queda en la responsabilidad del usuario El fabricante no se hace en ninguna forma responsable de consecuencias a causa del mal uso del producto Se parte del uso c...

Page 10: ...nes leves o moderadas si no se evita AVISO indica la posibilidad de utilizar mal el producto y como consecuencia dañarlo En la documentación del producto se emplea de forma sinónima el término CUIDADO Las palabras de señal corresponden a la definición habitual para aplicaciones civiles en el area económica europea Pueden existir definiciones diferentes a esta definición en otras áreas económicas o...

Page 11: ...oducto se deberá comprobar siempre que la tension preseleccionada en el producto coincida con la de la red de alimentación eléctrica 2 Si el producto no está equipado con un interruptor para desconectarlo de la red se deberá considerer el enchufe del cable de conexión como interruptor En estos casos se deberá asegurar que el enchufe siempre sea de fácil acceso de acuerdo con la longitud del cable ...

Page 12: ...eléctrico 12 No debe introducirse en los orificios de la caja del aparato ningún objeto que no esté destinado a ello Esto puede producir cortocircuitos en el producto y o puede causar choques eléctricos fuego o lesiones 13 Salvo indicación contraria los productos no están impermeabilizados ver también el capítulo Estados operativos y posiciones de funcionamiento punto 1 Por eso es necesario tomar ...

Page 13: ...salud Por eso en caso de incendio Reparación y mantenimiento 1 El producto solamente debe ser abierto por personal especializado con autorización para ello Antes de manipular el producto o abrirlo es obligatorio desconectarlo de la tensión de alimentación para evitar toda posibilidad de choque eléctrico 2 El ajuste el cambio de partes el mantenimiento y la reparación deberán ser efectuadas solamen...

Page 14: ...sta relación las normas nacionales de eliminación y reciclaje Transporte 1 Las asas instaladas en los productos sirven solamente de ayuda para el transporte del producto por personas Por eso no está permitido utilizar las asas para la sujeción en o sobre medios de transporte como p ej grúas carretillas elevadoras de horquilla carros etc Es responsabilidad suya fijar los productos de manera segura ...

Page 15: ...rument up to date and to be informed about new application notes related to your instrument please send an e mail to the Customer Support Center stating your instrument and your wish We will take care that you will get the right information Europe Africa Middle East Phone 49 89 4129 12345 customersupport rohde schwarz com North America Phone 1 888 TEST RSA 1 888 837 8772 customer support rsa rohde...

Page 16: ...he R S FSH 16 1 4 Configuring Measurements 16 1 5 Configuring the Instrument 17 1 6 Taking Screenshots 20 1 7 Saving Events 21 1 8 Connecting the R S FSH to a PC 23 1 8 1 Connecting the R S FSH in a LAN 24 1 8 2 Connecting the R S FSH in an Existing LAN 27 1 8 3 Connecting the R S FSH via USB 28 1 9 Managing Datasets 29 1 9 1 Saving Datasets 31 1 9 2 Restoring Datasets 36 1 9 3 Deleting Datasets 3...

Page 17: ... 71 3 1 7 Measuring the Harmonic Distortion 74 3 1 8 Measuring the AM Modulation Depth 76 3 1 9 Measuring Spurious Emissions 78 3 1 10 Working with the Spectrogram Result Display R S FSH K14 K15 81 3 1 11 Using Isotropic Antennas 92 3 2 Configuring Spectrum Measurements 94 3 2 1 Configuring the Horizontal Axis 94 3 2 2 Configuring the Vertical Axis 98 3 2 3 Setting Bandwidths 102 3 2 4 Configuring...

Page 18: ...5 1 Measuring the Spectrum 154 5 1 1 Measuring the Carrier to Noise Ratio 154 5 1 2 Measuring the Carrier to Interference Ratio 155 5 1 3 Analyzing Interference Measurements 156 5 2 Working with Maps 157 5 2 1 Transferring Maps R S FSH K15 and K16 157 5 2 2 Transferring Indoor Maps R S FSH K17 158 5 2 3 Displaying Maps 159 5 2 4 Measuring Interference 165 5 2 5 Collecting Geographic Data R S FSH K...

Page 19: ... 6 6 2 Performing Measurements 211 6 6 3 Evaluating the Results 213 7 Distance to Fault Mode R S FSH K41 214 7 1 Performing Cable and Antenna Measurements 216 7 1 1 Reflection Measurements 216 7 1 2 Distance to Fault Measurements 217 7 1 3 Spectrum Measurements 217 7 1 4 Selecting the Measurement Format 218 7 1 5 Calibrating Measurements 220 7 2 Configuring Cable and Antenna Tests 221 7 2 1 Select...

Page 20: ... 243 9 1 General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer 244 9 1 1 General Settings in the Result Summary 244 9 1 2 Trace Mode Selection 247 9 2 General Result Displays of the Digital Modulation Analyzer 249 9 3 Measurements on GSM Signals 252 9 3 1 The Result Summary 253 9 3 2 The Burst Power Result Display 257 9 3 3 Configuring the Measurement 259 9 4 Measurements on 3GPP FDD Signals 260 9 4...

Page 21: ...urements on LTE Signals 308 9 8 1 The Result Summary 309 9 8 2 The Result Summary for Carrier Aggregation 315 9 8 3 The Constellation Diagram 316 9 8 4 The BTS Scanner 318 9 8 5 The Resource Allocations Result Display 319 9 8 6 Configuring the Measurement 321 10 Menu and Softkey Overview 327 10 1 General Functions 327 10 1 1 General R S FSH Setup 327 10 1 2 File Management 328 10 1 3 Operating Mod...

Page 22: ...ts 339 10 4 2 Frequency Parameters 339 10 4 3 Amplitude Parameters 340 10 4 4 Sweep Configuration 340 10 4 5 Bandwidth Configuration 340 10 4 6 Trace Configuration 341 10 5 Functions of the Distance to Fault Mode 342 10 5 1 Measurement Configuration 342 10 5 2 Frequency Parameters 342 10 5 3 Span Selection 343 10 5 4 Amplitude Parameters 343 10 5 5 Sweep Configuration 343 10 5 6 Bandwidth Selectio...

Page 23: ...tion 348 10 7 2 Frequency Parameters 348 10 7 3 Amplitude Parameters 349 10 7 4 Sweep Configuration 349 10 7 5 Bandwidth Selection 349 10 7 6 Trace Functionality 349 10 8 Functions of the Digital Modulation Analyzer 350 10 8 1 Measurement Configuration 350 10 8 2 Frequency Parameters 352 10 8 3 Amplitude Parameters 353 10 8 4 Sweep Configuration 353 10 8 5 Trace Functionality 354 11 How a Spectrum...

Page 24: ...with the available software options and applications Service Manual The Service Manual provides information on maintenance It covers the following topics instructions on how to perform a performance test instructions on how to repair the R S FSH including a spare parts list mechanical drawings Release Notes The release notes describe the installation of the firmware new and modified functions elim...

Page 25: ...ks KEYS Key names are written in capital letters and enclosed by quotation marks Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics File names commands program code File names commands coding samples and screen output are distinguished by their font Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font References References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quotati...

Page 26: ...that show specifics for each operating mode or measurement are provided in the corresponding sections of this manual 1 Measurement information 13 Horizontal axis labeling 2 GPS and antenna status 14 Active menu item 3 Date and time 15 Unavailable menu item 4 Battery status 16 Currently selected menu item 5 Hardware settings 17 Selectable menu item 6 GPS information 18 Input field 7 Marker informat...

Page 27: ... Input Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 12 1 2 Means of Input The user interface of the R S FSH provides several elements for you to input data 1 Alphanumeric keys 2 Unit keys 3 Rotary knob 4 Cursor keys 5 Enter key 6 Cancel key 7 Back key ...

Page 28: ... with the dot key If the R S FSH asks you to enter a character or you need to enter a character e g file names the key assignment changes Each key covers one number and more than one character with the first choice being a character If you need to enter a character press the key several times until the character you require is selected The following table shows an overview of character assignment ...

Page 29: ...ident you can close it without making any changes with the CANCEL key 1 2 3 Using the Rotary Knob Using the rotary knob you can do several things The rotary knob works like a cursor key in dialog boxes or softkey submenus In that case you can navigate to one of the items with the rotary knob If the dialog box covers more than one screen page it also scrolls through the dialog box Turning it to the...

Page 30: ... USB interfaces of the R S FSH The product range of the R S FSH provides several tools for remote operation Remote control with R S FSH K40 The R S FSH K40 is a firmware option to control the R S FSH with remote control commands that are compatible to the SCPI standard You can download the user manual for the R S FSH K40 from the R S website Remote desktop with R S FSH4View The remote desktop is a...

Page 31: ...ataset menu item The R S FSH opens a dialog box to select the dataset that contains the settings you would like to have as the preset settings Select the dataset with the settings you want Select the Preset Mode menu item in the User Preferences dialog box Select the User Defined item from the dropdown menu The R S FSH now loads the settings of the dataset after you press PRESET 1 4 Configuring Me...

Page 32: ... User Master PIN If you unlock the R S FSH with the User Master PIN the PIN is automatically reset to its default value 0000 OEM Master PIN code made up out of 10 digits If you have defined a User Master PIN and enter the wrong User Master PIN five times in a row or have not defined a User Master PIN and enter the wrong PIN three times in a row the only remaining way to unlock the R S FSH is with ...

Page 33: ... the Instrument Settings dialog box Select the PIN Code Protection menu item Press ENTER The R S FSH opens an input field to define a new PIN Enter a 4 digit PIN The R S FSH opens an input field to confirm the PIN Enter the 4 digit PIN again If the PIN confirmation was successful the R S FSH shows a corresponding message and activates PIN protection In that case you have to enter the PIN every tim...

Page 34: ...Settings dialog box Select the Master PIN Code menu item The R S FSH opens an input field to define a User Master PIN Enter a 10 digit number for the User Master PIN The R S FSH opens an input field to confirm the User Master PIN Confirm the PIN The R S FSH shows a message if the change was successful or not Alternatively select the User Master PIN Code menu item and enter a 10 digit PIN in the in...

Page 35: ...For more information see Managing Datasets on page 29 Screenshot file name All screenshots get a default file name Screenshot The files also get numbers in ascending order beginning with 0000 You can select a default file name and start number in the User Preference menu Press the SETUP key Press the User Preference softkey Select the Default Filename and File Name Counter Starts At items and assi...

Page 36: ...le A dataset of the sweep that contains the event set file The GPS coordinates of the location where the event happens gpx file a GPS receiver and option R S FSH K16 is required for this Press the SETUP key Press the User Preference softkey Select the Capture Screen Capture Dataset or Capture GPX menu item and turn it on or off If on the corresponding information is included in the saved data Timi...

Page 37: ...R S FSH provides different modes for handling limit check failures You can select one via the Limits Save Mode Start on failure starts to save measurement data if a limit line is violated Stop on failure stops to save measurement data if a limit line is violated Save only failure saves only the sweeps that actually fail a limit check Distance interval Saves measurement data after you have covered ...

Page 38: ...You can set up a connection between the R S FSH and R S FSH4View either via its LAN port or its mini USB port You have to install the R S FSH4View software on the PC before you are able to establish a connection Run the CD ROM delivered with the R S FSH Navigate to the Software section and start the setup file Follow the instructions on the screen Alternatively you can download the latest R S FSH4...

Page 39: ...R S FSH DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol has to be turned off which is the default state In the Instrument Setup dialog box select the DHCP item Press the ENTER key A dropdown menu to select the DHCP state opens Turn DHCP on or off as required Setting an IP address and subnet mask To establish a connection the PC and the R S FSH have to be in the same subnet Identify the subnet mask of you...

Page 40: ...same 192 in the example below Example IP address PC 192 0 2 0 IP address R S FSH 192 0 2 10 Identify the IP address of your PC for example in the Microsoft Windows TCP IP Properties In the Instrument Setup dialog box select the IP Address item Press the ENTER key Enter the IP address of the PC with the numeric keys Confirm the entry with the ENTER key Configuring the R S FSH4View software Start R ...

Page 41: ...tion Specify a name for the new network connection for example R S FSH Enter the IP address for the R S FSH in this case 192 0 2 10 Confirm the entry with the OK button The connection is now created and configured and is added to the IP Configuration list Select the new connection labeled R S FSH Press the Connect button to establish the connection ...

Page 42: ...s with a DHCP server DHCP permits automatic allocation of the network configuration to the R S FSH connected via LAN cable For this purpose DHCP has to be active on the R S FSH DHCP is off by default Turn it on like this In the Instrument Setup dialog box select the DHCP item Press the ENTER key A dropdown menu to select the DHCP state opens Select On to activate DHCP The R S FSH is now allocated ...

Page 43: ...ally The required drivers are installed along with the R S FSH4View software package When the drivers have been found on your system and the hardware has been successfully installed Windows shows a corresponding message Connect the R S FSH via the Mini USB port to your computer Start R S FSH4View on the PC Select the USB tab in the Instrument Connect dialog box Select the R S FSH connection Confir...

Page 44: ...ute with the Windows functionality right click on the file select Properties and remove the check from the Read only checkbox Use the SYSTem SET UNLock command to remove the read only attribute Note that you might have to select the correct directory first with MMEM CDIR MMEM CDIR Public Cable Models SYST SET UNL xyz cblmod Datasets Basically the R S FSH supports various types of datasets The inst...

Page 45: ...onization Control button The software opens another dialog box to control synchronization By default the software synchronizes a selected set of data depending on the synchronization direction Synchronization from PC to R S FSH button Updates all files on the R S FSH that have been created or edited with the R S FSH4View software package cable models limit lines transducers channel tables etc Sync...

Page 46: ...e depends on which devices are connected to the R S FSH If an SD card is connected datasets are always stored there first If a memory stick is connected datasets are stored there only if no SD card is connected The internal memory is used only if neither SD card or memory stick are connected The internal memory provides approximately 20 MB of data therefore the number of datasets you save on the R...

Page 47: ... can also put a name together using the quick naming feature For more information see Quick Naming of Datasets on page 33 Press the Save softkey The R S FSH saves the dataset 1 9 1 1 Alternative Ways to Save Datasets The R S FSH provides alternative and more comfortable ways to save datasets Using the key You can configure the key to take a screenshot as well as saving a dataset Press the SETUP ke...

Page 48: ...r terms together in a logical way The various terms are combined in a table each cell of which contains one term The table consists of 120 cells You can define the contents of each cell freely Press the SAVE RECALL key Press the Save softkey Press the Quick Naming softkey The R S FSH opens a dialog box that contains the terms Select the term you want to add with the cursor keys Press ENTER to add ...

Page 49: ...oftkey The R S FSH opens an input field to define a term for the cell Define a term with the number keys and confirm the term with ENTER The R S FSH adds the term to the table You can create and edit quick naming tables with the R S FSH4View software package and then transfer them into the internal memory of the R S FSH In the Quick Naming softkey menu press the Import softkey Select the Import Qu...

Page 50: ... Path environment variable to the destination of the location of the exe file You can access the environment variable via the MS Windows control panel Start Menu Control Panel System Advanced System Settings Advanced tab Environment Variables button System Variables Path Add a new variable with the installation path of the software The default installation path is C Program Files Rohde Schwarz FSH...

Page 51: ...taset The R S FSH provides a preview of datasets The preview is like a screenshot and lets you take a quick look at that measurement and its settings The R S FSH does not yet activate the measurement settings of that dataset Browse through the available datasets and select the one you want Press the Recall softkey The R S FSH shows a preview of the measurement contained in the selected dataset The...

Page 52: ... Labels F1 to F6 Customize the name of the softkey by entering a new one with the alphanumeric keys e g user label 1 The first word of the key label is displayed in the first row of the label the rest in the second row If a label is too long to be displayed it is truncated If you enter no label the softkey will be inactive Select the User Key Dataset corresponding to the customized User Key Label ...

Page 53: ...spective datasets have to be marked first Press the Mark softkey to mark files for deletion Select the dataset you d like to delete Mark the data sets with the ENTER key The selected data sets should be checked in the Status column Repeat the selection by moving the cursor with the rotary knob or the cursor key and marking more data sets with the ENTER key Press the Select Action softkey Select th...

Page 54: ...tp www rohde schwarz com product fsh html The website also provides release notes for each new firmware version The release notes include instructions on how to perform a firmware update 1 11 Installing Firmware Options You can equip the R S FSH with several firmware options to enable additional operating modes or special measurements For more information see the Quick Start Guide ...

Page 55: ...nt parameters have been set prior to the actual measurement and cannot be changed once the measurement procedure has begun the wizard is a good way to avoid mistakes and save time when setting up measurements This chapter describes the functionality of the measurement wizard For details on the individual measurements you can perform with the wizard refer to the corresponding chapters Spectrum Anal...

Page 56: ... dataset is a file that contains the settings of a specific R S FSH configuration for example frequency scaling etc To get hold of a dataset set up the R S FSH as you need and save the configuration or use one of the predefined datasets For more information on datasets see Saving Datasets on page 31 Start the R S FSH4View software on your PC Select the Wizard Set Editor with the button The R S FSH...

Page 57: ...define a name for the corresponding measurement include instructions verbal or graphical about performing the measurement define several hardware settings as described in the Quick Start Guide select a calibration method specific for that measurement You can add instructions for every measurement that you include in the set to avoid handling measurements incorrectly The R S FSH shows these instruc...

Page 58: ...that contains the set of measurements to the R S FSH Select the Wizard Set Control function with the button The R S FSH opens a dialog box to select the measurement set s to upload Select the measurement set you want to upload Copy the files with the button The software stores a copy of the measurement set in the memory of the R S FSH Alternatively you can use a memory stick or SD card to access a...

Page 59: ...ow displays information about the measurement set you have just loaded The dialog box contains the following information Measurement Definition Name of the wizard definition file currently in use Pressing the ENTER key on this field has the same effect as the Load Meas Set softkey Measurement Description Short description of the measurement task This is a read only field that shows the description...

Page 60: ... cable that you perform the measurement on Calibration Calibration method to use before the measurement starts This is a read only field the calibration method has to be defined with R S FSH4View You have to calibrate the R S FSH before you can begin with the measurement sequence defined in the wizard If the R S FSH has already been calibrated with the defined routine prior to starting the wizard ...

Page 61: ...n pool to the measurement configurations and required calibration methods in the measurement sequence If the R S FSH has already been calibrated for a particular configuration it restores that data Another calibration is not necessary If the R S FSH has not been calibrated for a particular configuration yet calibration becomes necessary The new calibration data is added to the pool Therefore calib...

Page 62: ...roceeding with the measurement Press the No softkey if changes are not required and proceed with the measurement After each measurement step you have several options Continue with the next measurement Continue softkey Finishes the current measurement and begins with the next measurement by showing the necessary preparations Repeat the current measurement Repeat Meas softkey Repeats the current mea...

Page 63: ...ready finished are lost When you have finished all measurements that are part of the measurement set the R S FSH asks you if you want to save the measurement results Press the Save Meas Results softkey The R S FSH saves the results on the selected storage device Limited internal memory If you have to store the results on the internal memory make sure that it has enough space left to store them Els...

Page 64: ...port with the R S FSH4View Select the Report Generator with the button The R S FSH opens a dialog that provides all functionality to manage measurement sets 1 Source folder of the datasets 2 Preview of a particular dataset 3 Measurement data to be included in the report 4 Selection of the included information on each report page 5 Selection of the output format 6 Save load a report With the report...

Page 65: ...omain or keep track of a signal in the time domain They provide a basic overview of the input signal characteristics Frequency domain In the frequency domain the R S FSH analyzes the input signal characteristics over a particular span You can use it for example to obtain basic measurement results like peak levels and the shape of the spectrum The horizontal axis shows the frequency the vertical ax...

Page 66: ...total power of the channel by integrating the results on the trace The R S FSH takes the following parameters into account display mode absolute or relative detector resolution bandwidth That means that you can compare the result to the result that would have been obtained from a thermal power meter The small resolution bandwidth acts like a narrow channel filter and so prevents out of channel emi...

Page 67: ...e number of standards the R S FSH can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on the R S FSH For more information see Managing Datasets on page 29 3 1 2 2 Setting the Reference Level The reference level is the power level that the R S FSH expects at the RF input When selecting the reference level make sure that you do not overload the R S FSH by applying a signal whose ...

Page 68: ...ts yields optimal results But sometimes you also need to see the spectrum outside the current span to detect other signal components that you need to include in the measurement Therefore you can adjust the span to up to ten times the channel bandwidth and hence still be able to see the spectrum outside the measurement channel Press the SPAN key In the default configuration Auto Span is active The ...

Page 69: ...lay switches from Power to Max Power If you want to deactivate the Max Hold function and return to the normal power display activate Clear Write To deactivate the Max Hold function press the Power Display softkey Select the Clear Write menu item The power display returns to Power display 3 1 2 6 Unit for Power Display The R S FSH can apply different units to the power output The default unit is dB...

Page 70: ...lt setting If you need another percentage for the occupied bandwidth you can set values from 10 to 99 9 After entering the channel bandwidth the R S FSH automatically selects the measurement parameters so that you can attain the best result Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey The R S FSH opens the measurement menu Select the Occupied BW menu item The R S FSH starts to measure the occupi...

Page 71: ...es to the settings or create datasets note that the span is always coupled to the channel bandwidth Changes to either of those automatically adjust the other 5 x channel bandwidth the resolution bandwidth should be between 1 and 4 of the channel bandwidth This ensures that the occupied bandwidth is measured with high accuracy the video bandwidth must be at least three times the resolution bandwidt...

Page 72: ...er measurement Press the MEAS key Press the Chan BW softkey The R S FSH opens an input field to specify the channel bandwidth Enter the channel bandwidth you need The R S FSH sets the appropriate span for the channel bandwidth that you have entered span 5 x channel bandwidth This ensures that no incorrect channel power measurements are made The minimum channel bandwidth that you can set is 2 kHz a...

Page 73: ...ectrum outside the measurement channel Press the SPAN key In the default configuration Auto Span is active The R S FSH automatically sets the optimal span for the channel power measurement Press the Manual Span softkey The R S FSH opens an input field to define the span manually Enter the span you need The largest possible span for the channel power measurement is ten times the channel bandwidth A...

Page 74: ...rnal or video trigger and specify the power measurement time To prevent incorrect power measurements in the time domain make sure that the whole signal is within the selected resolution bandwidth If the resolution bandwidth is too small the displayed power will be lower than the actual power Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey The R S FSH opens the measurement menu Select the TDMA Power...

Page 75: ...r the LAN interface The number of standards the R S FSH can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on the R S FSH For more information see Managing Datasets on page 29 3 1 4 2 Setting the Burst Length The burst length is the measurement time that the R S FSH performs measurements with The burst length can be equal or less than the sweep time Press the MEAS key Press th...

Page 76: ... R S FSH sets the ideal reference level 3 1 4 4 Using a Trigger Usually you will apply a trigger when measuring bursts If a trigger is active the R S FSH uses the video trigger for TDMA measurements by default The video trigger level is at 50 of the range of the vertical axis but is variable This means the R S FSH triggers a measurement if the rising edge of the burst exceeds this 50 line If the D...

Page 77: ...e the channel power measurement in that it determines the spectrum within the channel using a resolution bandwidth that is small compared to the channel bandwidth In addition to the channel bandwidth the ACLR measurement is also defined by the channel spacing the bandwidth of adjacent channels and the adjacent channel spacing The R S FSH supports measurements on up to 12 carrier channels and 12 ad...

Page 78: ...ission channel spacing 2 x transmission channel bandwidth measurement margin with the measurement margin being approx 10 of the value obtained by adding the channel spacing and the channel bandwidth Selecting the frequency span If the frequency span is too large in comparison to the channel bandwidth or the adjacent channel bandwidths being examined only a few points on the trace are available per...

Page 79: ... is automatically calculated by the R S FSH with the Auto VBW function the VBW is calculated as follows VBW 3 x RBW The R S FSH then selects the smallest possible VBW with regard to the available step size Selecting the detector It is best to use the RMS detector This detector correctly indicates the power irrespective of the characteristics of the signal to be measured The whole IF envelope is us...

Page 80: ...SH4View software and transfer them to the R S FSH via the USB or the LAN interface The number of standards the R S FSH can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on the R S FSH For more information see Managing Datasets on page 29 3 1 5 2 Configuring the Measurement In addition to creating and editing standards with the R S FSH4View software the R S FSH also provides f...

Page 81: ...tting the channel spacing In case of the R S FSH the channel spacing is defined as the distance between the center frequency of the transmission channel and the center frequency to the next transmission channel or the distance between the center frequency of the transmission channel and the center frequency of the adjacent channel Specific channel spacing definitions Note that some some radio comm...

Page 82: ...number of TX channels The two TX channels in the middle are used to calculate the frequency between those two channels This frequency is aligned to the center frequency Adjacent or alternate channel spacing is also available for single carrier measurements The R S FSH can perform measurements on up to 12 adjacent channels Usually the first adjacent channel to the Tx channel is referred to as the A...

Page 83: ... Results You can set up the result display to either show the absolute power of the adjacent channels or the power relative to one of the transmission channels Press the MEAS key Press the Power Display softkey Select either the Absolute menu item to display the absolute results or the Relative menu item to display the power relative to one of the transmission channels 3 1 5 5 Selecting the Refere...

Page 84: ...nnel Settings softkey Select the Channel Limit Relative menu item The R S FSH opens a dialog box to define the relative limits for each adjacent channel Select the channel you want to define a limit for Activate the input by pressing the Select softkey The channel turns green and the check box in the first column is marked Enter the limit value you need The R S FSH automatically activates the chec...

Page 85: ...ming a limit check Press the Channel Settings softkey Select the Check Channel Limits menu item The R S FSH automatically performs limit checks The results of the limit check are displayed in the table above the trace If a result fails the limit check it turns red and has a star in front of its power level ...

Page 86: ...m measurements in frequency ranges other than the predefined ones To learn how to define Spectrum Emission Masks refer to the R S FSH4View manual Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey The R S FSH opens the measurement menu Select the Spectrum Emission Mask menu item The R S FSH starts to measure the spectrum emission mask Note that the frequency range of the actual measurement depends on ...

Page 87: ...that are conform to a telecommunications standard you can activate one of the predefined standards that are already stored in the R S FSH memory However you can create new configurations to perform measurements on other standards as well Press the MEAS key Press the Standard softkey The R S FSH opens a dialog box to select the standard Select one of the available standards Confirm the selection wi...

Page 88: ...SS FAIL information If the signal is within the limits of the spectral mask the R S FSH shows if not it shows Range Hz Frequency range The first number is the start frequency the second number the stop frequency of each defined frequency range The character following the number indicates the unit k kHz M MHz G GHz RBW Hz Resolution bandwidth the corresponding frequency range is measured with Peak ...

Page 89: ...t signal in the defined frequency range It then adjusts the frequency axis so that all harmonics are visible In zero span mode the center frequency remains the same Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the Harmonic Distortion menu item The R S FSH starts to measure the harmonic distortion The search for harmonics starts as soon as you enter the Harmonic Distortion measurement Upon...

Page 90: ... as dB If you want to see more than one harmonic the R S FSH can show up to six harmonics Press the MEAS key Press the Harmonics softkey Enter the number of harmonics you d like to see 3 1 7 2 Optimizing the Display of Harmonics The R S FSH places the markers on the other harmonics even if they are outside of the display range Press the MEAS key Press the Adjust Settings softkey The R S FSH perfor...

Page 91: ...rement the R S FSH places three markers on the trace The first marker is placed on the peak power level The R S FSH assumes that position as the level of the carrier The second and third markers are delta markers These are placed symmetrically on the adjacent peak values to the left and right of the carrier Screen layout for the AM modulation depth measurement 1 Marker list 2 Modulation depth 3 Tr...

Page 92: ...H will not set the markers and therefore will not calculate the modulation depth Press the MEAS key Press the Threshold softkey The R S FSH opens an input field to set the threshold Enter the threshold value you need The threshold is represented as a horizontal blue line in the diagram area 3 1 8 2 Optimizing the Settings In order to get the best results you can use the automatic adjustment routin...

Page 93: ...y spectrum To avoid long measurement times the spectrum is split into several smaller ranges Each of those ranges has a different configuration for example a different RBW The Spurious Emission measurement available on the R S FSH is designed for measurements on category A 3GPP base stations with the appropriate configuration in each measurement range Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey...

Page 94: ... subrange If you d like to analyze other locations on the trace use normal marker and deltamarker functionality For more information see Using Markers and Deltamarkers on page 116 3 1 9 1 Defining the Channel Bandwidth Several frequency bands have been defined for 3GPP transmissions Depending on the frequency band you are testing you have to adjust the start and stop frequencies of the carriers Pr...

Page 95: ...nges have been defined 9 kHz to 150 kHz with an RBW of 1 kHz 150 kHz to 30 MHz with an RBW of 10 kHz 30 MHz to 1 GHz with an RBW of 100 kHz 1 GHz with an RBW of 1 MHz The spurious list contains the following information for each range Frequency range Start and stop frequencies of the range RBW Resolution bandwidth that the R S FSH uses within that range Peak Frequency Frequency at which the peak p...

Page 96: ...e vertical axis represents time Time in the spectrogram runs chronologically from top to bottom Therefore the top of the diagram is the present A third dimension shows the amplitude for each frequency by mapping different colors to every power level The result is therefore a two dimensional diagram The color the R S FSH assigns to a power level that was measured depends on the color table you have...

Page 97: ...ogram until you initiate the next single sweep You can stop the update of the spectrogram in continuous sweep mode Press the MEAS key Press the Hold softkey Note that in continuous sweep mode the measurement in the spectrum result display does not stop The trace in the upper window still updates continuously Only the spectrogram view stops Press the Hold softkey again The R S FSH resumes updating ...

Page 98: ...the spectrogram history The symbols on the right side of the spectrogram indicate the position of the spectrogram part currently displayed on the screen A single down arrow in the right lower corner of the spectrogram indicates that the uppermost frame still represents the most recently recorded trace Two arrows one up one down indicate that the spectrogram area displayed is somewhere in the middl...

Page 99: ... Let s say for example that the signal has an amplitude range of about 30 dB with the maximum amplitude at about 60 dBm and the minimum amplitude at about 100 dBm and the Green Yellow color scheme With the default settings the spectrogram is made up exclusively of green colors and it s not easy to distinguish amplitude levels That s because the yellow color shades are completely out of range To ge...

Page 100: ...xample the level range of the signal is from about 60 dBm to about 100 dBm Therefore set the level range to 40 dB to get the whole signal As the level range is now adjusted the R S FSH is able to map its complete color range to the level range of the signal This means that signal parts with a low amplitude are in a shade of green while signal parts with a high amplitude are yellow The best way to ...

Page 101: ...e level in only one color which is the color at the upper border of the color map 3 1 10 4 Recording a Spectrogram You can save the data of the spectrogram for documentation or for further analysis of the recorded data Press the MEAS key Press the Save Spectrogram softkey The R S FSH opens a dialog box to save the current spectrogram Enter the name of the spectrogram with the alphanumeric keys By ...

Page 102: ...nd shows the data in the display In general you can do the same things on a recalled spectrogram as in the spectrogram recording mode e g customize the display to your needs In addition to that functionality it is possible to view not only the spectrum that belongs to the currently selected spectrogram frame but also the spectrums of all frames that are in the memory of the R S FSH Working with ti...

Page 103: ... 000 means that the data was measured 50 seconds prior to the top most frame Press the Select Time Line softkey again The R S FSH opens an input field to define the position of the second time line T2 Enter a number with the number keys the rotary knob or the cursor keys The R S FSH positions the second time line on the selected frame Again it shows the time stamp of the time line in the marker in...

Page 104: ...of a new spectrogram Press the Live Update softkey at any time you are in playback mode The R S FSH switches back to performing live measurements Long Time Spectrograms The R S FSH can record spectrogram data up to 999 hours although the maximum time actually depends on the measurement settings and available storage space Press the SETUP key Press the Measure Setup softkey and look for the Spectro...

Page 105: ... deliberately any time by turning the long time spectrogram off Stop Recording If Battery Low Recording stops when the battery level runs low Recording Speed Selects if the spectrogram measurement time is defined automatically by the R S FSH or manually In the latter case define the measurement time with the Manual Recording Interval menu item Example a spectrogram line is added every 100 ms Analy...

Page 106: ... the Measurement panel on the right side of the user interface Configure markers via the Setup panel on the right side of the user interface View the measurement setup via the Measurement panel Prerequisites Using the Long Time Recording Viewer requires you to install NET framework version 4 0 or higher on the PC you are running the R S FSH4View software on ...

Page 107: ...lect the Isotropic Antenna menu item After you have turned the isotropic antenna on the R S FSH uses the isotropic antenna for all measurements Note that when you turn the isotropic antenna on without having selected a transducer factor first the R S FSH asks you to select a transducer factor Using transducer factors The isotropic antenna is in effect a transducer Because it has a characteristic f...

Page 108: ...a consists of three orthogonal elements Each of these elements measures the field strength from a different direction x y and z axis Decrease of measurement speed Because the R S FSH performs a measurement on each of the three antenna axes the update rate of the results decreases slightly You can select to display different aspects of the measurement Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the Iso Dire...

Page 109: ...y represents the frequency at the center of the horizontal axis in the diagram area Press the FREQ key The R S FSH opens the frequency menu When you press the FREQ key the R S FSH automatically opens an input field to define the center frequency If the input field is inactive you can open it with the Center Freq softkey Enter the center frequency you need The frequency you have entered becomes the...

Page 110: ...input field to define the step size 3 2 1 3 Setting a Frequency Offset For measurements on frequency converters such as satellite downconverters it is often convenient to reference the results to the frequency prior to conversion For this purpose the R S FSH offers a frequency offset that arithmetically shifts the center frequency to higher or lower frequencies Thus the R S FSH displays the input ...

Page 111: ...aximum The label of the horizontal axis changes from Center and Span to Start and Stop 3 2 1 5 Setting the Span The span is the frequency range around the center frequency that a spectrum analyzer displays on the screen The span you should select depends on the signal and the measurement that you are performing A rule of thumb is that it should be at least twice the bandwidth occupied by the signa...

Page 112: ...aying the entire frequency range Time domain measurements You can also activate time domain measurements without having to enter the value manually When measuring in the time domain the span is 0 Hz In that state the R S FSH measures the signal at the current center frequency only Instead of displaying the spectrum the R S FSH shows the signal power over a certain time period The horizontal axis b...

Page 113: ...nput field is inactive you can open it with the Ref Level softkey Enter the reference level you require If you change the reference level the R S FSH adjusts the position of the trace as you make the changes By default the reference level corresponds to the grid line at the top of the diagram You can also change the position of the reference level to another grid line if you have a signal that wou...

Page 114: ...able Selecting the right unit is relevant for the marker level display because the unit of the marker level is the same as that of the reference level Press the AMPT key Press the Unit softkey The R S FSH opens a submenu to select the display unit Select one of the available units The R S FSH adjusts the labels of the vertical axis accordingly 3 2 2 4 Setting a Reference Offset You can define a re...

Page 115: ... to the increased attenuation in front of the input mixer Auto Low Noise If this mode is active the R S FSH sets the RF attenuation 10 dB lower This increases the sensitivity of the R S FSH which means that the inherent noise display decreases due to the lower attenuation in front of the input mixer Manual Manual selection of the attenuation You can check the status of the RF attenuation and the p...

Page 116: ...e R S FSH the preamplifer is turned off If you want to measure signals with low powers you can turn it on Press the AMPT key Press the RF Att Amp Imp softkey Select either the Preamp On or Preamp Off menu item The R S FSH turns the preamplifier on and off 3 2 2 7 Setting the Input Impedance In the default state the input impedance is 50 Ω The R S FSH can also handle 75 Ω systems The R S FSH does n...

Page 117: ...0 the displayed noise changes by 10 dB The resolution bandwidth affects the speed of the measurement If you want to display the true spectrum the resolution filters have to settle at all frequencies that are of interest Narrow bandfilters have a longer settling time compared to wide ones Therefore the sweep time increases the smaller the resolution bandwidth gets The rule is that if you reduce the...

Page 118: ...or narrow resolution filters this value would be exceeded for large spans In order to avoid this the R S FSH adjusts the span automatically as soon as the maximum sweep time is reached 3 2 3 2 Setting the Video Bandwidth The video bandwidth VBW basically smoothes the trace by reducing the noise and therefore making power levels easier to see The noise reduction is a result of the video filter This...

Page 119: ...R S FSH adjusts the video bandwidth accordingly The effects of the video bandwidth on measurements are as follows if you are performing measurements on modulated signals the video bandwidth must be sufficiently large so that significant modulation components are not rejected RBW if you want to keep signals free of noise you should select the smallest video bandwidth possible 0 1 x RBW if you are p...

Page 120: ...to avoid invalid settings If the coupling is active the R S FSH always sets the shortest possible sweep time to make sure that the display of the spectrum is correct and valid The R S FSH requires a minimum sweep time of 20 ms for every 600 MHz of span If you increase the span the R S FSH will also increase the sweep time In the time domain span 0 the R S FSH shows the video voltage over time The ...

Page 121: ...ds to certain events If a trigger is active the R S FSH starts to measure if the trigger conditions are met The trigger can be generated either externally or internally Selecting the trigger source Press the SWEEP key Press the Trigger softkey The R S FSH opens a submenu to select the trigger source Select the trigger source you need The R S FSH activates the trigger The R S FSH provides the follo...

Page 122: ...is trigger for example to trigger on time domain based signals and in combination with a gated trigger hide the uplink or downlink information in the signal To use the internal trigger for this scenario proceed as follows Define the frequency the span the RBW and the amplitude parameters Define the time bases of the internal clock in Hz These should correspond with the time domain setting of the i...

Page 123: ...rizontal line to the diagram area Performing Gated Sweeps When the external trigger is active it is possible to perform a gated sweep Press the SWEEP key Press the Trigger softkey Activate an external trigger Now that the external trigger is active the Gated Trigger menu item becomes available Press the Trigger softkey again Select the Gated Trigger menu item In order to get appropriate results yo...

Page 124: ...he next gate signal happens The delay time and gate length are represented by vertical red lines in the diagram area After setting the gate delay and gate length exit the gate settings menu with the Exit softkey The R S FSH returns to the frequency domain provided it was active before setting up the gated trigger The original span is restored The R S FSH is ready to perform measurements with an ac...

Page 125: ... to the spectrum by fast Fourier transformation FFT Note that an FFT sweep is not possible under the following circumstances For measurements in the time domain zero span For TDMA Power Spectrum Emission Mask and Spurious Emission measurements For measurements with a gated trigger If the frequency span is smaller than the resolution bandwidth RBW If the the resolution bandwidth RBW is greater than...

Page 126: ...vicinity of noise You can apply all detectors in this mode Max Hold The trace shows the maximum power levels that have been measured at each pixel To overwrite a max hold trace change a parameter in a way that the results can not be compared any more e g the span Using the max hold trace mode is a good way to detect intermittent signals or the maximum values of fluctuating signals for example Usin...

Page 127: ...esults to fit them on the display In that case one pixel represents a frequency range span 631 The detector determines the way the R S FSH combines and displays the results for one pixel The data base is the video voltage of the analyzer The R S FSH provides several types of detectors Auto Peak If the auto peak detector is active the R S FSH displays both the maximum and the minimum power levels t...

Page 128: ...ted signals because it provides stable and true power readings In combination with a high sweep time you can increase the display stability even more because the measurement time for each pixel increases Noise measurements also provide stable results if you apply the RMS detector in combination with a high sweep time However the bandwidth occupied by the signal to be measured should at least equal...

Page 129: ...ompare for example two different detector settings In the default state only trace 1 is active Press the TRACE key Press the Show softkey Select the Trace 2 menu item The R S FSH shows the second trace The second trace is in a different color To show that the second trace is active the R S FSH labels the Trace 2 menu item with an X After you have activated the second trace this is also the active ...

Page 130: ...it at a later time you can display the memory trace as if it is a normal memory trace Press the TRACE key Select the trace you want to store in the trace memory with the Select Trace softkey Press the Trace Memory softkey The R S FSH saves the active trace Press the Show softkey Select the Memory x menu item The R S FSH shows the corresponding memory trace If active it labels the Memory x menu ite...

Page 131: ...rkers in use The position of a delta marker is indicated by a dashed line to distinguish it from a normal marker The delta marker level is always a relative to the main marker level and so the delta marker level unit is always dB The delta marker frequency is always relative to the main marker in other words the delta marker frequency is the frequency difference between the frequency at the point ...

Page 132: ...ut field closes By default the marker list above the diagram area is active The marker list shows the horizontal position of all markers and the corresponding vertical value If inactive the list shows only the coordinates of markers 1 and 2 You can turn it off and on again whenever you like Press the View List softkey The marker list turns off or on depending on its original state 3 2 6 3 Position...

Page 133: ...urns red and the marker input field opens Press the Marker Type softkey The delta marker turns into a normal marker Its label changes accordingly e g D2 to M2 and its coordinates are now absolute values 3 2 6 5 Automatic Positioning of Markers The R S FSH offers functions that make setting the markers easier or allow to make instrument settings on the basis of the current marker position Set to Pe...

Page 134: ... menu item Confirm the selection with the ENTER key The R S FSH deletes the marker Deactivating markers If you delete marker 1 M1 all delta markers that are relative to that marker are also deleted Removing delta markers only Press the MARKER key Press the Delete Marker softkey Select the Delete All Delta menu item Confirm the selection with the ENTER key The R S FSH deletes all delta markers Remo...

Page 135: ...ower and upper limits in the diagram By default the search limit range is over the whole span Press the Search Limits softkey Select the Lower Limit menu item Confirm the selection with the ENTER key The R S FSH opens an input field to define the lower limit of the search range Enter the lower limit Confirm the entry with one of the unit keys If the span is wide enough the R S FSH displays a red v...

Page 136: ...odulated signals However you will get valid results only if the spectrum in the vicinity of the marker has a flat frequency response When measuring the noise power density on discrete signals results are not valid Press the MARKER key Press the Marker Function softkey Select the Noise menu item The R S FSH shows the level at the marker frequency in dBm Hz If you are using a delta marker for the me...

Page 137: ... Hz High a resolution of 0 1 mHz Precision Frequency Reference For even more precise measurements with the frequency counter you can use the R S FSH Z114 Precision Frequency Reference order no 1304 5935 02 For more information refer to the documentation available for the R S FSH Z114 Measuring the Signal Bandwidth The n dB Down marker function places two temporary markers to the left and to the ri...

Page 138: ... can listen to the demodulated signal with the internal speaker or headphones that you can connect to the 3 5 mm headphone jack on the top of the R S FSH When demodulating an AM modulated signal the R S FSH turns the video voltage into an audible sound You should therefore set the reference level to about the level of the signal that you are demodulating If you perform measurements in the time dom...

Page 139: ...on time you need The range is from 100 ms to 500 s In time domain the R S FSH demodulates continuously i e the demodulation time is not relevant Controlling the volume Press the MARKER key Press the Marker Function softkey Select the Volume menu item The R S FSH opens an input field to define the demodulation volume Enter the volume you are comfortable with The demodulation volume is a percentage ...

Page 140: ...y of the display line is 0 3 dB If you enter a value with a higher resolution the R S FSH rounds that value You can also move the display line with the rotary knob or the cursor keys The step size for movement with the rotary knob is one pixel The step size for the cursor keys is 10 of the display range Press the LINES key Press the Display Line softkey The R S FSH displays the display line as a b...

Page 141: ... line After turning on a limit line the R S FSH checks if the signal violates the shape of the limit line If one or more signal levels exceed the limit value the R S FSH features several indicators that the limit check has failed A general message in the diagram header that indicates if the signal violates the limit line including the trace that violates the limit An audio signal that sounds every...

Page 142: ...ntal line The difference is that the R S FSH performs a limit check for threshold lines but not for display lines A failed limit check may be an issue if you want to create a measurement report because measurements with failed limits are not included in this report Using a display line you can use a line and are able to create a measurement report at the same time regardless if any limits have bee...

Page 143: ...on on and off Press the Options softkey Select the Audio Beep menu item An X in front of the Audio Beep menu item indicates that the beeper is active If the audio beep is active the R S FSH beeps each time a limit is violated Limit violation Note that a limit check fails only if the signal exceeds the limit line If the signal level is the same as the limit value the limit check passes ...

Page 144: ...he channel table the R S FSH is set up according to the information contained in the channel table Instead of a center frequency the R S FSH shows the currently active channel number including the name of the channel The center frequency of a channel is defined in the channel table and is the frequency corresponding to the selected channel Selecting a channel Entering a center start or stop freque...

Page 145: ...e values is performed with the aid of a modified spline algorithm Even if only relatively few values such as maxima minima and turning points are available this algorithm can easily simulate the correction factors of common transducers Two transducers can be switched on at a time The second transducer must be assigned the unit dB The R S FSH adds the two transducers to a total transducer Units sup...

Page 146: ...ive unit dB as otherwise an addition would not be useful When you select a secondary transducer factor the dialog box shows only those transducer factors that have dB as their unit 3 4 1 Unit for Measurements with Transducers If the unit of the transducer is dB the units dBm dBmV or dBµV remain unchanged The linear units Volt and Watt are not permissible They are deactivated in the units menu If t...

Page 147: ...mes the transducer values outside the defined range to be zero 3 4 4 Data Sets Containing Transducer Factors The R S FSH stores data sets together with any transducer factors that may have been active for the measurement in question When such a dataset is recalled the associated transducer factor s are switched on as well Transducer factors recalled as part of a data set do however not appear in t...

Page 148: ...nt Press the MODE key Press the Power Meter softkey The R S FSH activates the mode for power measurements Screen layout of the power meter mode 1 Connected power sensor model 2 Reference for relative power measurements 3 Power offset 4 Measurement time 5 Readout of the measured power 6 Analog readout of the measured power 7 Measurement frequency 8 Power sensor softkey menu A power sensor measures ...

Page 149: ...rs you also need a passive USB adapter R S NRP Z4 to connect the power sensor to the R S FSH For more information on the characteristics of the supported power sensors see the datasheet of the R S FSH the website for R S power sensors http www2 rohde schwarz com en products test_and_measurement power_volt_meter NRPZ html ...

Page 150: ... connection via the interface and after a few seconds shows the measured power It displays the type of the power sensor in the display header If no power sensor has been connected or it is not connected appropriately the R S FSH shows nothing If there are communication problems between the R S FSH and the power sensor the R S FSH displays one of the following error messages that indicate the possi...

Page 151: ...the frequency of the signal The R S FSH transfers the new frequency to the power sensor which then corrects the measured power readings Zeroing the power sensor Offset voltages and currents have most effect on the power readout when measuring low powers You can compensate for these offsets by zeroing the power sensor Do not apply power during the zeroing process as the power sensor cannot distingu...

Page 152: ...sult as the reference level It then displays the measured level relative to the reference level in dB The unit is automatically set to dB Rel Setting the averaging time The averaging time determines the length of the measurement The longer the averaging time the more stable the display particularly if signals have low power or are noisy The averaging time is either Short Normal or Long A short mea...

Page 153: ...H can take additional loss or gain between the DUT and the power sensor into account These are defined in terms of an offset in dB relative to the measured level A positive offset corresponds to a loss and a negative offset to a gain The R S FSH shows the current offset in the diagram header Press the AMPT key Press the Ref Offset softkey The value entry box for the reference offset opens Enter th...

Page 154: ...reverse power The ratio of forward and reverse power is a measure of the load matching The R S FSH displays the results as the return loss or the standing wave ratio Press the MODE key Press the Power Meter softkey The R S FSH activates the mode for power measurements Screen layout of the power meter mode with a directional power sensor 1 Connected power sensor model 2 Selected transmission standa...

Page 155: ...s the way a test setup would look like The power sensors for the R S FSH have an assymetrical design Hence you have to insert them into the test setup in such a way that the Forward arrow 1 2 on the sensor points toward the load in the direction of the power flux If the R S FSH recognizes a power sensor it sets up a connection via the interface and after a few seconds shows the results It displays...

Page 156: ...agram on the back of the power sensor Turning off the the RF power when connecting the power sensor Connecting the RF connectors tightly Defining the center frequency To get the most accurate results you should synchronize the frequency to that of the signal Note that the R S FSH maintains the center frequency that you have set in another operating mode In that case it uses that frequency as the p...

Page 157: ... difference in dB Load matching is indicated as return loss in dB or as voltage standing wave ratio VSWR In addition the absolutely reflected power can be displayed in W or the reflected level in dBm For more information see Selecting the unit for the power readout Setting the reference level If you have selected the unit dB Rel for the forward power the R S FSH opens an input field to set the ref...

Page 158: ...en obtained if it had been directly connected to the test point Press the AMPT key Press the Ref Offset softkey The input field to enter the reference offset opens Enter the offset you need The selected offset is displayed in the diagram header and is taken into account in the power level and matching results If high powers are applied that exceed the maximum input level of the R S FSH Z14 or R S ...

Page 159: ...surements without a power sensor is similar to measurements with a power meter The following features are available Defining the frequency Zeroing the measurement Selecting the unit Defining the reference level Taking additional loss or gain into account For more information see Performing and Configuring Measurements on page 136 Defining the channel bandwidth In addition you can select the channe...

Page 160: ...n the pulse power application measures the power of the whole signal in the frequency range of the wideband power sensor Press the MODE key Press the Power Meter softkey Connecting the power sensor You can connect the wideband power sensors to the USB port of the R S FSH For more information see Connecting a Power Sensor on page 135 The measurement starts as soon as the power sensor is connected N...

Page 161: ...e 4 Numerical results showing the pulse characteristics 5 Diagram showing the pulse characteristics in a graphical format trace display 6 Measurement frequency 7 Scale of the x axis 8 Softkey menu of thze pulse power measurement application The following power characteristics are calculated and displayed as numerical values see also the figure below for a graphical representation of the parameters...

Page 162: ...se Width to Pulse Repetition Interval expressed as a percentage requires at least two measured pulses Start Time Time offset relative to the beginning of the trace 0 sec where the pulse begins start of the rise time Stop Time Time offset relative to the beginning of the trace 0 sec where the pulse stops end of the fall time Pulse Top Median pulse ON power The value of this parameter is used as a r...

Page 163: ... pulse by analyzing the histogram of the trace data The level of the pulse top calculated by the mean value of all points representing the pulse top Similarly the level of the pulse base is calculated by the points representing the pulse base This algorithm is recommended for analyzing most of the pulse signals Integration Calculates the top power of the pulse by fitting a rectangle pulse of same ...

Page 164: ...r Config softkey Define the reference levels as required You can always reset the reference levels to their default value with the Set to Default menu item All the reference levels can be relative to the power or the voltage of the signal Depending on this selection different measurement points are being analyzed so the results may be different Press the MEAS key Press the Ref Power Config softkey...

Page 165: ...data is evaluated and which data is displayed In the Power vs Time result display you can select the Average detector or the Max Peak detector The Average detector displays the averaged measurement data while the Max Peak detector displays the highest values that have been measured on each pixel Press the TRACE key Press the Detector softkey Select the detector you prefer 4 4 2 4 Triggering Measur...

Page 166: ...ger Delay menu item and define a delay time When a trigger event occurs the R S FSH takes the delay time into account when drawing the trace 4 4 2 5 Selecting the Result Unit In the pulse measurement application the R S FSH can display measured power in relative units dBm or in absolute units W Press the AMPT key Press the Unit softkey Select the unit you prefer The R S FSH adjusts the y axis acco...

Page 167: ...he R S HL300 order no 4097 3005 02 For more information refer to the Quick Start Guide The interference analyzer provides several measurement modes Press the MODE key Press the Receiver Interferences softkey Interference analyzer R S FSH K15 Select the Interference Analyzer menu item The R S FSH enters the interference analyzer For more information see Measuring the Spectrum on page 154 Map mode S...

Page 168: ...ments R S FSH K29 Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 153 Indoor Mapping R S FSH K17 Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the Indoor Mapping menu item The R S FSH provides the geotagging measurement functions For more information see Working with Maps on page 157 ...

Page 169: ...ine if a signal has sufficient power compared to the spectrum surrounding it In case of the carrier to noise measurement the R S FSH determines the distance between the level of the carrier and the lowest signal level that has been measured usually the noise floor Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey The R S FSH opens the measurement menu Select the Carrier to Noise menu item The R S FSH...

Page 170: ...enu item The R S FSH starts to measure the carrier to noise ratio After you have started the measurement the R S FSH places two markers on the trace The first marker is placed on the peak power level The R S FSH assumes that position as the level of the carrier The second marker is positioned on the second strongest level that has been measured Next Peak Based on the markers the R S FSH then calcu...

Page 171: ... quick way to compare the current results with a previous one Press the MEAS key Press the Diff Mode softkey When you turn on the Diff Mode the R S FSH saves the current trace memory trace and will subtract this trace from the live traces resulting from future sweeps For more information on general trace mathematics supported by the R S FSH see Using Trace Mathematics on page 115 Note that Diff Mo...

Page 172: ...sure the signal strength indoors using an antenna for example R S HL300 5 2 1 Transferring Maps R S FSH K15 and K16 Before you can use any features based on maps you have to download and install the maps on the R S FSH The R S FSH supports the map material supplied by the Open Street Maps project http www openstreetmaps org The easiest way for you to transfer the maps to the R S FSH is to use the ...

Page 173: ...e R S FSH creates a map from the image you have uploaded When this is done copy the folder containing the map data to an SD card and insert it into the SD card slot of the R S FSH make sure that the folder is in the root directory of the SD card because otherwise the R S FSH may not be able to find the map data In addition to creating a map you can also specify the exact geographic location of the...

Page 174: ...u need In the R S FSH K15 or K16 the Auto Select menu item automatically selects the map that is most fitting for your current location Using the automatic selection requires an GPS receiver In the R S FSH K17 the Auto Select menu item is only available if the R S FSH could not find any indoor maps Screen layout of the map display The screen layout in Maps mode is variable You can customize the sc...

Page 175: ... you like Press the MEAS key Press the Settings softkey Select the element you want to add or remove GPS receiver and antenna support Turn on with Antenna Compass or GPS menu item Supported by R S FSH K15 and K16 Hardware settings Turn on with Show Hardware Settings menu item If on the display contains the hardware settings GPS and compass information Turn on with Show GPS Information or Show Comp...

Page 176: ...tion to be in the center of the display or if you have moved out of the visible map area Manual alignment Use the cursor keys to move the map in a particular direction You can move the maps until you reach the borders of the downloaded content Note that the borders of the maps might be different for different scales Automatic alignment For most automatic map alignment functions you have to establi...

Page 177: ...hairs move on a single press of the cursor key Press the Settings softkey Select the Cursor Sensitivity menu item Enter a number between 1 and 64 in the input field The number you enter corresponds to the number of pixels each movement of the cross hairs covers for example 1 moves the cross hairs one pixel in the selected direction Using the rotary knob Alternatively you can move the cross hairs w...

Page 178: ...he map The color represents the signal level at that location Red dot Signal recepetion is bad Yellow dot Signal reception is OK Green dot Signal reception is good Color of your current position R S FSH K15 and K16 To emphasize your current position you can define a different color to that geotag Press the Settings softkey Select the Current Position Color menu item The R S FSH opens a submenu to ...

Page 179: ...overage Press the Settings softkey Select the Good Coverage Color Average Coverage Color or Bad Coverage Color menu item The R S FSH opens a submenu to select the color Select one of the colors available in the submenu The R S FSH applies the color as selected The R S FSH has default values that characterize good average and bad coverage If required you can change the signal levels associated with...

Page 180: ...ess the R S FSH allows you to select the antenna model directly in the interference analyzer or geotagging application Press the Settings softkey Select the Antenna menu item The R S FSH opens a submenu to select or disable the antenna Select the antenna type you are using or turn using the antenna off Disabled Disables the use of an antenna HL300 Side Selects the R S HL300 antenna connected to th...

Page 181: ...put field to define the squelch level Enter a squelch level in dBm as required The R S FSH displays the squelch level graphically in the power bar element of the user interface Defining the threshold of the audio signal The audio signal has a specific frequency that is coupled to a specific signal level the threshold As the signal you are receiving during a measurement becomes stronger or weaker t...

Page 182: ...gs softkey Select the Tone Volume menu item The R S FSH opens an input field to define the volume Define a volume you are comfortable with The volume is a percentage from 0 to 100 with 100 being the loudest 5 2 4 3 Using Limits The R S FSH allows you to define limits within which the signal level must be in order to be recognized as a signal Press the LINES key Press the Upper Limit or Lower Limit...

Page 183: ...isplay a geotag is displayed as a dot with a number Option R S FSH K15 also shows a straight line The straight line represents the direction you are facing You can create a geotag in several ways Creating geotags manually You can create a geotag of your current position which requires a GPS receiver or create a geotag of any other position that you would like to create Press the GPS Position softk...

Page 184: ...Press the GPS Position softkey Select the GPS Position List menu item The R S FSH opens a list of geotags that you have saved In this list the R S FSH shows some basic information about the geotag Number number of the location as displayed on the map Include checkbox to include the geotag on the map display Latitude longitude and azimuth GPS information of the location Name name of the location Ho...

Page 185: ...oftkey The R S FSH unchecks the checkbox in the Include column of the list Select the geotag you want to display instead and press the Include softkey The R S FSH adds the geotag to the map display 5 2 5 2 Triangulation R S FSH K15 With option R S FSH K15 the R S FSH is able to locate the source of interference using the triangulation method To perform triangulation you have to create at least two...

Page 186: ...S FSH opens an input field to enter a name and description for the new geotag Enter a name and description After you have entered name and description the R S FSH opens a dialog box to define a name for the file that conatins the new GPS information Note that the R S FSH stores triangulation results in a gpx file The gpx file format is a common file format used to store GPS information Press the S...

Page 187: ...Measurement Locations on page 163 Creating tags You can create a tag on any place of the map To do so you first have to move the cross hairs in the map display to the position you are currently at with the cursor keys or the rotary knob For more information see Aligning the Map R S FSH K17 on page 162 When the cross hairs is at the right location proceed as follows to save the measured data Press ...

Page 188: ...e of the measurement The R S FSH allows you to change the name and description anytime you want All other tag information is unchangeable after it has been saved In the tag information overview press the Edit softkey The R S FSH opens input fields to change the name and description of the location Displaying tags A tag is represented by a dot on the map You can add or remove tags as you like Press...

Page 189: ...ou have specified GPS reference points for the indoor map you can also load the measurement data into a different map for example a larger scale floor plan of a building or embed the indoor data into an outdoor map To do so load a different map via the Map softkey and load the corresponding gpx data If the map and the gpx data are not compatible the R S FSH will not display the measurement data st...

Page 190: ...or more gpx files with the Add or Remove button In the pane on the right the software shows a list of individual GPS coordinates You can include or exclude individual locations by adding or removing the checkmark in the Enabled column Press the Save as KMZ button Define a name and location where you want to save the file to When you press Save the R S FSH4View saves the file and at the same time o...

Page 191: ...ng the coordinates of the tags measured level and a time stamp You can also add a numeric label to the tags that represents the order of the measurements and the measured level for each tag Show Indices on Map and Show Levels on Map You can also change the colors of the signal levels Select Color Settings and change the values and colors as you like In the Color Settings pane change the values and...

Page 192: ...for these kinds of measurements and make results even more accurate If the R S FSH also has an internal VSWR bridge the R S FSH can also determine the reflection on either port or the forward transmission characteristics The VSWR bridge enables the R S FSH to switch the tracking generator to each of the measurement ports ports 1 and 2 and can therefore send signals from port 2 to port 1 and vice v...

Page 193: ...h Maps Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 178 Screen layout of the network analyzer 1 Result display 2 Measurement mode 3 0 dB reference 4 Status line S matrix Calibration status Measurement format 5 Trace window 6 Network analyzer softkey menu ...

Page 194: ...level Using a tracking generator attenuation of 0 dB for S12 or S21 measurements can cause an overload at the RF input It is therefore recommended to use an output level of 10 dBm default or lower for these measurements This especially applies to measurements on amplifiers In addition to the level you can also define a level offset for example to take external attenuators into account Note that th...

Page 195: ...he Use TG as CW Source menu item the R S FSH restores the previously selected span If the span is changed to a value greater than 0 Hz while Use TG as CW Source is active this feature is automatically deselected Turning the tracking generator on and off zero span only When you are using the tracking generator in zero span mode you can turn it on and off as required Press the AMPT key Press the TG ...

Page 196: ... calibration the R S FSH removes systematic errors from the measurement This process is based on correction data it gets while performing the calibration The correction data for transmission measurements is based on the results of comparing the transmission characteristics of the test setup to the frequency response of the tracking generator The correction data for reflection measurements is based...

Page 197: ... only The R S FSH uses normalization To get that state you have to normalize the transmission norm network analysis only The R S FSH uses normalization However the normalization is not accurate because the TG power and receiver attenuation are not in line with the settings at the time it has been calibrated In that case you should repeat calibration interp network analysis only The R S FSH interpo...

Page 198: ...orts The influences of the test setup and of the isolation between the test ports are thereby determined and taken into account in the subsequent measurement of the device under test While this method is the most time consuming during calibration it does provide the greatest accuracy for all measurements at both test ports without recalibration and is thus the most flexible Full 2 Port High Accura...

Page 199: ...on attenuators or amplifiers use the full 2 port calibration 6 2 1 3 Performing Calibration The procedure below shows a full 2 port calibration routine All other calibration methods basically work the same way except for the type and number of calibration standards you are going to need Disconnect the DUT from the RF cable After disconnecting the DUT the R S FSH is ready for calibration Press the ...

Page 200: ...ugh connection After finishing the calibration routine the R S FSH shows that calibration is finished for a short time The status line now says Cal to indicate successful calibration Selecting a calibration kit To avoid phase errors you have to define the characteristics of the calibration kit you d like to use and then select the calibration kit in use The R S FSH then corrects the measurement re...

Page 201: ...make sure that the electrical length of the calibration kit in use is similar to that of the R S FSH Z28 or Z29 The electrical length of the Open and Short of the R S FSH calibration kits is 5 27 mm If the electrical length is different it may cause additional phase error Some measurement setups may include additional cables or adapters that may have an additional electrical length To correct thei...

Page 202: ...uration and connect the filter between the measurement ports Press the PRESET key Connect the DUT Start scalar measurements Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the Scalar menu item Select the type of transmission measurement Press the Result Display softkey Select the Transmission Fwd Port 1 2 menu item for transmission measurements in forward direction or Transmission Rev Port 1...

Page 203: ...for scalar transmission measurements Scalar measurements provide normalization only Normalization is not as accurate as a full calibration but yields pretty accurate results nonetheless In addition normalization needs one calibration standard only and therefore is faster than a full calibration Press the Calibration softkey Select the Normalize Transmission Rev Port 1 2 menu item Perform normaliza...

Page 204: ...and connect the filter between the measurement ports Press the PRESET key Connect the DUT Start scalar measurements Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the Scalar menu item Select the type of reflection measurement Press the Result Display softkey Select the Reflection Port 1 menu item for reflection measurements on port 1 or the Reflection Port 2 menu item for reflection measure...

Page 205: ...lar transmission measurements Scalar measurements provide normalization only Normalization is not as accurate as a full calibration but yields pretty accurate results In addition normalization needs one calibration standard only and therefore is faster than a full calibration Press the MEAS key Press the Calibration softkey Select the appropriate menu item normalization on one or two ports Perform...

Page 206: ...short circuit Instead of the characteristics of the VSWR bridge the decisive factor of the quality of results is the quality of the calibration standards Because of the higher dynamic range vector measurements allow more accurate measurements of well matched DUTs at a higher display resolution Vector measurements also unlock more measurement formats and therefore provide more information from diff...

Page 207: ...r menu item Select the type of transmission measurement Press the Result Display softkey Select the Transmission Fwd Port 1 2 menu item for transmission measurements in forward direction or Transmission Rev Port 1 2 menu item for transmission measurements in reverse direction Simultaneous display of several results You can also display two results simultaneously in a single diagram In that case th...

Page 208: ...wo diagrams you can configure the scale of the y axis for each diagram separately depending on the trace you have currently selected You can also select a different measurement format for each diagram phase magnitude etc Markers on the other hand are coupled When you move them they change the position in both diagrams See also Working with the Dual Trace Mode Define the frequency parameters Before...

Page 209: ...ect the DUT The R S FSH shows the results of the vector transmission measurement on the filter The R S FSH shows the results of the vector transmission measurement and therefore the filter characteristics You can change the measurement configuration e g the sweep time or detector or format e g view phase characteristics without affecting the accuracy of the measurement For more information see Sel...

Page 210: ...ect the filter between the measurement ports Press the PRESET key Connect the DUT Start vector measurements Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the Vector menu item Select the type of reflection measurement Press the Result Display softkey Select the Reflection Port 1 menu item for reflection measurements on port 1 or the Reflection Port 2 menu item for reflection measurements on...

Page 211: ...easurements Vector measurements provide the full range of calibration methods for more accurate results Most full calibration methods require more than one calibration standard Press the Calibration softkey Select the appropriate menu item calibration on one or two ports Perform calibration For more information see Performing Calibration Reconnect the DUT The R S FSH shows the results of the vecto...

Page 212: ...r reflection in dB The diagram is a Cartesian diagram with a logarithmic vertical axis The horizontal axis represents the measured frequency range The magnitude format is the default format for all measurements Available for all measurements Phase Shows the phase characteristics of the DUT in degrees The diagram is a Cartesian diagram with a linear vertical axis The horizontal axis represents the ...

Page 213: ...able for vector reflection measurements Smith chart Shows the measurement results in the Smith chart The Smith chart is a circular diagram that primarily shows impedance or reflection characteristics of a DUT Available for vector reflection measurements For more information see Working with the Smith Chart on page 200 Cable loss Shows the cable loss characteristics of a DUT The cable loss is a mea...

Page 214: ...ht and the differential group delay g Here the group delay is replaced by the phase delay for two reasons An electrical length needs to be specified only for non dispersive DUTs in which phase delay and group delay match Due to the significantly wider aperture the measurement certainty is an order of magnitude higher in the phase delay measurement than in the group delay measurement The result for...

Page 215: ...he R S FSH provides a 2x 4x and 8x zoom Press the TRACE key Press the Zoom softkey The R S FSH opens a submenu to control the zoom function It also draws a rectangle on the display that corresponds to the parts of the display about to be zoomed in The size of the rectangle depends on the zoom factor Press the Zoom Factor softkey Select the menu item with the zoom factor you want The R S FSH adjust...

Page 216: ...escribed To deactivate the zoom functionality press the Zoom Active softkey again Using markers In addition to the standard marker functionality the Smith chart also features several marker output formats dB Magnitude Phase Shows the magnitude in dB and the phase at the current marker position Lin Magnitude Phase Rho Shows the converted magnitude in and the phase in rho at the current marker posit...

Page 217: ...edance the matching point in the center of the Smith chart is 50 Ω It is however also possible to perform reflection measurements on networks with another impedance Press the MARKER key Press the Marker Mode softkey Select the Ref Impedance menu item The R S FSH opens an input field to select the reference impedance Enter the reference impedance you need The value range is from 1 mΩ to 10 kΩ 6 5 1...

Page 218: ...he Result Display softkey expands It now shows the available measurement formats that can be applied to trace 2 For vector measurements you can also display two traces in each diagram This way you can view four results at the same time S11 S12 S21 S22 For more information on how to configure such a screen layout see Measuring the Transmission Screen layout in dual trace mode 1 Result display trace...

Page 219: ...lecting trace 2 you can set the measurement parameters for trace 2 while the first trace is passive Note that you can display all four S parameters at the same time in dual trace mode by displaying the transmission measurement in both directions in one window and displaying the reflection measurement on both ports in the other window For more information see Performing Scalar Measurements on page ...

Page 220: ...ts the scale of the vertical axis accordingly The R S FSH indicates the value and position of the current reference value with a triangle at the vertical axis In the default state it is 0 dB and its position is the grid line at the top of the diagram The reference value only changes the 0 dB reference without actually attenuating or amplifying the signal level When changing the reference value mak...

Page 221: ...ain the same The default reference position is the grid line at the top of the diagram The reference position is indicated by a triangle at the vertical axis The reference position is a number between 0 and 10 with 0 being the grid line at the bottom and 10 being the grid line at the top of the diagram Press the AMPT key Press the Ref Pos softkey The R S FSH opens an input field Enter the new posi...

Page 222: ...you need from the submenu The R S FSH adjusts the vertical axis accordingly Automatic scaling of the vertical axis All measurement formats except the Smith chart feature an automatic scale function If you use automatic scaling the R S FSH automatically sets the display range in a way that the trace best fits on the display In the Range submenu select the Auto Scale menu item For the SWR measuremen...

Page 223: ...lecommunications standards that are not listed you can also build channel tables manually with the Channel Table Editor of the R S FSH4View software package that is delivered with the R S FSH To use one of those you just have to copy the channel table to the R S FSH 6 5 5 Using Limit Lines When working with the magnitude format in the network analyzer you can use limit lines to set limits for leve...

Page 224: ...e frequency Typical applications for a vector voltmeter are adjustment of the electrical length of cables with a reflection measurement testing of the antenna elements of a phase controlled antenna array relative to a reference antenna with a transmission measurement Press the MODE key Press the Network Analyzer softkey Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the Vector Voltmeter men...

Page 225: ...he reflection and transmission measurement of the vector voltmeter each have their own calibration procedures To successfully calibrate the test setup you have to connect one or more calibration standards at the reference plane The process of calibration including the selection of a calibration kit works like that for scalar or vector measurement For more information see Calibrating Measurements o...

Page 226: ...urements in reverse direction Define the frequency parameters Before calibrating the measurement you should define the frequency parameters to avoid interpolation of the results Press the FREQ key The R S FSH opens an input field to set the center frequency Enter a frequency of 1950 MHz 6 6 2 1 Performing Transmission Measurements Calibrate the measurement for transmission measurements Press the C...

Page 227: ...nu item Perform calibration For more information see Performing Calibration Reconnect the DUT The R S FSH shows the characteristics of the DUT magnitude and phase as numerical values You can change the measurement configuration e g the sweep time or format see Selecting the Measurement Format without affecting the accuracy of the measurement Note that for calibration to remain valid frequency para...

Page 228: ... different DUTs whose results you d like to compare you can save the current results as reference values Press the MEAS key Press the Ref softkey The R S FSH saves the results that it got prior to pressing the softkey as the reference result for future measurements The results show the difference of the current measurement and the reference measurement The unit for reference measurements is always...

Page 229: ...he necessary functionality to test the system equipment for its characteristics and identify faults when it is being installed or maintained Reflection Measurements on page 216 Distance to Fault Measurements on page 217 Spectrum Measurements on page 217 Test setup A typical test setup to test cables and antennas includes the R S FSH an RF cable e g R S FSH Z320 order no 1309 6600 00 a calibration ...

Page 230: ...ollows Press the MODE key Press the Distance to Fault softkey The R S FSH starts the DTF mode By default the R S FSH performs measurements on port 1 It however also supports measurements on port 2 but you have to configure those first Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the DTF Refl Measurement Port menu item The R S FSH opens a submenu Select either Port 1 or Port 2 Screen layout of the cable and ...

Page 231: ...s in dB in a specified frequency range Press the Meas Mode softkey Select the Reflection menu item The R S FSH starts the reflection measurement over its entire frequency range The figure shows an example of a reflection measurement without any major faults in the cable or the antenna You can perform reflection measurements on the complete system or on individual components of the system If you me...

Page 232: ...odel the R S FSH is able to determine the distance the reflections have been travelling Because of its sensitivity by first measuring in the frequency domain and subsequent IFFT the measurement is able to locate faults in a cable accurately To keep this accuracy the R S FSH also accounts for any attenuation that occurs over distance in a cable If you are measuring the cable only make sure to termi...

Page 233: ...cable The amount of lost energy depends on the frequency and the length of the cable The R S FSH shows the result graphically over the specified frequency range span in dB The numerical result is the average cable loss over the specified span The image above shows a typical cable loss result with a steadily declining loss over the selected frequency range and several maximums and minimums By defau...

Page 234: ...ult Mode R S FSH K41 Performing Cable and Antenna Measurements Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 219 The following pictures show the results of a reflection measurement in Magnitude format left side and VSWR format right side ...

Page 235: ...d for recalibration when you change a parameter or select a different cable or DUT Calibration also remains valid after turning off the R S FSH or changing into another operating mode as calibration data is saved in the internal memory of the R S FSH If you save the measurement in a dataset calibration data is part of that dataset When you restore the dataset and perform the same measurement again...

Page 236: ...e without doing anything If you want to test a cable that is not listed you can also define cable models manually either directly on the R S FSH or with the Cable Model Editor of the R S FSH4View software package that is delivered with the R S FSH 7 2 1 1 Selecting a Predefined Cable Model Press the MEAS key Press the Cable Config softkey Select the Select Cable Model menu item The R S FSH opens t...

Page 237: ...ily on the R S FSH itself It is not possible to save these in a data set however They are lost as soon as you change them or load another cable model Press the MEAS key Press the Cable Config softkey Select the Define User Model menu item A submenu opens Select the Frequency menu item Enter the frequency of the cable you are testing Select the Velocity menu item Enter the cable velocity Select the...

Page 238: ...e table contains the following information Peak Shows the peak the results refer to Distance Shows the distance from the measurement plane to the peak Return Loss Shows the magnitude of the peak To limit the information in the list you can define a threshold for the DTF list so that only peaks above a certain level are included in the list Press the MEAS key Press the DTF Settings softkey Press th...

Page 239: ...tically calculates the best span Auto Span for the best length resolution If the required span is too large for the current center frequency the R S FSH sets the center frequency to the smallest possible frequency Enter the span you need manually The R S FSH sets the new span Note that the maximum span you can set depends on the maximum cable distance you have defined and is never greater than the...

Page 240: ...ual cable length the R S FSH does not display the faults of the whole cable A reflection at the end of the cable will not be shown However deliberately entering a cable length that is too short is a good way to increase measurement accuracy for a fault that is near to the measurement plane If the entered cable length is greater than the actual length the results for lengths beyond the actual cable...

Page 241: ...he R S FSH adjusts the labels of the vertical axis Changing the reference value changes the vertical position of the trace It does not change the position of the reference line Press the AMPT key Press the Ref softkey Enter the reference value you want or move the reference with the rotary knob The R S FSH sets up the display accordingly Defining the display range The display range defines the sca...

Page 242: ... in the diagram The reference position is a linear value between 0 and 10 Each value represents one horizontal grid line of the diagram 0 corresponds to the top grid line and 10 corresponds to the bottom grid line When you change the reference position the R S FSH also shifts the position of the trace by the magnitude of the reference position change It has no effect on the reference value itself ...

Page 243: ...ttenuation menu item to define a relative level An input of 10 dB for example corresponds to an attenuation of 10 dBm In addition you can define an arithmetic level offset for example to take external attenuators into account Press the TG Settings softkey Select the TG Power Offset menu item to define a level offset Note the the level offset has no effect on the actual signal level Tracking genera...

Page 244: ... R S FSH automatically selects the fastest sweep type for the current measurement configuration Always Sweep The R S FSH uses the local oscillator to provide the spectrum quasi analog from the start to the stop frequency Prefer FFT The R S FSH samples the signal levels over time on a defined frequency value and transforms it to the spectrum by fast Fourier transformation FFT Note that an FFT sweep...

Page 245: ...ll others Sorting markers A special marker function available for distance to fault measurements is that you can sort them in ascending order Press the MKR key Press the Sort Markers softkey The R S FSH sorts the markers in ascending order with marker 1 being positioned on the lowest distance The marker values remain the same 7 3 3 Using Display and Limit Lines The display and limit line functiona...

Page 246: ...stead of sweeping over parts of the frequency spectrum The R S FSH shows the scan results in result displays that have been designed for just such measurement tasks The receiver mode also adds the necessary functions like bandwidths or detectors to perform measurements according to CISPR By default the R S FSH is in the operating mode you have been in last after you have turned it on To switch to ...

Page 247: ...splay that contains three main elements Measurement or receive frequency Power level measured at the receive frequency Horizontal bargraph that graphically represents the currently measured power level In the default state the R S FSH performs the measurement on a single receive frequency If it instead shows the result display for a frequency scan you can access the single frequency result display...

Page 248: ...cies you can also load a channel table and measure the channel power Press the Channel Mode softkey The R S FSH opens a dialog box to select a channel table For measurements based upon a channel table you can select a single channel instead of a single receive frequency Press the Channel softkey Enter a channel number 8 1 1 2 Customizing the Bargraph Aspects The bargraph is a graphical representat...

Page 249: ...rresponds to the level at the right of the bargraph The reference level position is shown by a triangle in the bargraph scale label You can move the reference position to another position on the scale Press the AMPT key Press the Range Ref Pos softkey Select the Ref Position 10 menu item The R S FSH opens an input field to define the reference position Enter the number of the grid line you want th...

Page 250: ...ents the frequency spectrum covered by the scan The vertical axis represents the power levels The power levels for each frequency contained in the scan are represented by a vertical line at the receive frequencies that have been measured This type of display emphasizes the fact that the scan measures single receive frequencies only and not the frequencies between those receive frequencies Press th...

Page 251: ...e scan takes place in Therefore you have to define a start and stop frequency for the scan range and a scan step size The step size defines the equidistant space between the receive frequencies and thus in combination with the start and stop frequency the number of receive frequencies considered in the scan Example If you define a scan range from 100 MHz to 200 MHz with a step size of 10 MHz the r...

Page 252: ...ive frequencies as you wish The number of receive frequencies depends on the number of channels included in the channel table and there may even be gaps between the receive frequencies Press the FREQ key Press the Channel Mode softkey or Press the Channel Table softkey The R S FSH opens a dialog box to select the channel table For more information on working with channel tables see Working with Ch...

Page 253: ... RMS detector is active the R S FSH calculates and displays the RMS power of the signal that was measured during the measurement time Quasi Peak If the quasi peak detector is active the R S FSH evaluates the signal in a way that complies to the requirements defined by CISPR16 It is designed for EMI measurements and especially useful for the evaluation of pulse shaped spurious emissions When you us...

Page 254: ...ress the Detector softkey Select the detector you want to use For more information on detectors in general see Selecting the Detector on page 112 Selecting the trace mode and working with memory traces For more information on trace modes and memory traces see Selecting the Trace Mode and Working with Memory Traces on pages 111 and 115 ...

Page 255: ...s on the R S FSH selects an appropriate CISPR bandwidth depending on the receive frequency Frequencies 150 kHz 200 Hz CISPR bandwidth Frequencies from 150 kHz to 30 MHz 9 kHz CISPR bandwidth Frequencies from 30 MHz to 1 GHz 120 kHz CISPR bandwidth Frequencies 1 GHz 1 MHz CISPR bandwidth You can also select a 3 dB or 6 dB bandwidth manually Press the BW key Press the Manual RBW softkey to select a ...

Page 256: ...er the receiver mode the R S FSH repeatedly measures the receive frequency or set of frequencies over the measurement time you have defined If you want to perform a single measurement or scan only select single scan mode Press the SWEEP key Press the Single Scan softkey to perform a single scan or measurement Press the Cont Scan softkey to perform a continuous scan or measurement When you select s...

Page 257: ... like the trace mode or trace mathematics For more information see Selecting the Trace Mode on page 111 Working with a Second Trace on page 114 Working with Memory Traces on page 115 Using Trace Mathematics on page 115 Performing Frequency Scans on page 235 8 2 5 Using Transducers For more information see Using Transducer Factors on page 130 8 2 6 Using Limit Lines For more information see Using L...

Page 258: ...ach option covers a specific telecommunications standard with functionality especially designed for that technology Measurements on GSM Signals on page 252 Measurements on 3GPP FDD Signals on page 260 Measurements on CDMA2000 Signals on page 273 Measurements on 1xEV DO Signals on page 285 Measurements on TD SCDMA Signals on page 292 Measurements on LTE Signals on page 308 Each option of the digita...

Page 259: ...ilable for every application This chapter provides a reference for those general settings that are available for all applications of the digital modulation analyzer Center Shows the current center frequency of the R S FSH For valid results the center frequency of the R S FSH and the signal have to be the same Press the FREQ key Press the Center Freq softkey Enter the frequency you need Channel Sho...

Page 260: ... converter may be stronger than the level the R S FSH displays depending on the current resolution bandwidth This is because the resolution bandwidths are implemented digitally after the A D converter In case of an IF overload the R S FSH shows a corresponding warning in the diagram area If you are not sure about the signal strength you can avoid an IF overload and determine the maximum level manu...

Page 261: ... results are displayed one at a time Continuous data is captured and results are displayed continuously For more information see Selecting the Sweep Mode on page 105 Sync Not Found Sync OK Indicates whether synchronization was successful or not To successfully synchronize the R S FSH to the signal you have to enter the correct values for center frequency reference level or in case of for example a...

Page 262: ...lues that have been measured The result is updated only if a higher value has been measured for a particular result If you are using the max hold mode the R S FSH adds the max label to numerical results Min Hold The results are based on the minimum values that have been measured The result is updated only if a lower value has been measured for a particular result If you are using the min hold mode...

Page 263: ...ou want to work with If you have selected the average trace mode Average 10 menu item the R S FSH opens an input field to set the number of sweeps the R S FSH includes in the averaging Enter the number of sweeps to include in the averaging In continuous sweep mode the R S FSH now calculates the moving average over the number of sweeps you have specified In single sweep mode it stops the measuremen...

Page 264: ... mode The Spectrum Overview The Spectrum Overview provides an overview of the frequency spectrum with limited functionality The Spectrum Overview is meant for fast measurements that give you a rough idea about the signal s frequency and level characteristics To maintain high measurement speed the R S FSH analyzes one FFT and shows the results of the signal and its surrounding frequencies Thus you ...

Page 265: ...rages the results to draw the trace Measurement speed will decrease because of the multiple measurements You can see the results for each antenna axis x y and z and for the channels that are part of the signal in a table above the diagram area Press the Result Display softkey Select the Isotropic Antenna menu item For more information on isotropic antennas see Using Isotropic Antennas on page 92 W...

Page 266: ...t check has failed The results are highlighted red A complete limit check usually consists of the limit definition of several results The complete limit check only passes if every individual limit check also passed In that case the R S FSH shows LIMITS PASSED in the result display If even one limit has failed the R S FSH shows LIMITS FAILED By default the R S FSH tests against default limits These...

Page 267: ...he signal you have applied It records an amount of data that makes sure that at eight GSM time slots are captured The signal analysis itself contains exactly eight time slots The R S FSH performs various general measurements based on the complete frame as well as measurements based on an individual slot It then shows the results in tabular form in the Result Summary display or graphically in vario...

Page 268: ... of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 General settings 4 Global results 5 Channel results 6 Synchronization state green font synchronization OK red font synchronization failed 7 GSM softkey menu 9 3 1 1 General Settings For more information see General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer on page 244 In addition the application features some settings specific to the 3GPP standa...

Page 269: ...ts evaluate the total signal over the period of one slot RF Channel Power Total power of the signal in dBm in the 200 kHz bandwidth around the center frequency Burst Power Shows the signal power in the first time slot or burst that has been found Carrier Frequency Error Shows the frequency error in relation to the current center frequency of the R S FSH For more information see Selecting the Unit ...

Page 270: ...pecific to a modulation type GMSK and 8PSK Slot Analyzed Shows the currently analyzed GMSK or 8PSK time slot The currently analyzed time slot is always the first time slot the R S FSH could find for the corresponding modulation type If the frame contains no slots with a GMSK or 8PSK modulation the R S FSH shows no results for that modulation type Phase Error GMSK modulated slots only Shows the pha...

Page 271: ...n error power of the signal to the power of an ideal reference signal Peak EVM 8PSK modulated slots only The Peak EVM is the peak value of the EVM of all symbols in the useful part excluding tail symbols of the analyzed slot The RMS EVM is the root mean square value of the EVM of all symbols in the useful part excluding tail symbols of the analyzed slot I Q Offset 8PSK modulated slots only Shows t...

Page 272: ...isplay the power over a single and complete GSM frame 4 615 ms or over a single timeslot about 567 µs This result display is designed to check if the power and timing of the bursted signals meet the requirements of the standard In order to capture a complete frame you can apply a trigger from a GPS device or another external trigger Screen layout of the burst power result display 1 Current type of...

Page 273: ...epresentation of the power over time When you display the complete frame the result display also contains information about the modulation or burst type applied to the slots that are displayed This information is shown in colored bars one for each slot at the bottom of the diagram area The R S FSH supports detection of the following burst types 8PSK normal burst EDGE Dummy burst Frequency correcti...

Page 274: ... select the training sequence manually Manual selection of the training sequence may become necessary if two base stations operate on the same frequency for example In that case you can select to measure one base station rather than the other Press the Signal Settings softkey Select either the TSC Manual or TSC Auto menu item In case you have selected the Manual menu item the R S FSH opens an inpu...

Page 275: ...easurements on a WCDMA slot in general as well as measurements on specific channels When you perform measurements on slot level you can either analyze a single slot or over all of the 15 slots of one frame Measurements on slot level include the power level error vector magnitude EVM the code domain error and the frequency error To get sufficient measurement accuracy it is necessary to synchronize ...

Page 276: ...tkey Select the Result Summary menu item The R S FSH shows the numerical results in a table Availability of measurement results Note that some results and support of HSDPA and HSPA channels are available only with option R S FSH K44E For more information see the data sheet 1 Current type of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 General settings 4 Global results 5 Channel results 6 Synchro...

Page 277: ...d antenna diversity P CPICH Slot Shows the slot number the results are displayed for Ch annel Search Shows the status of the channel search 9 4 1 2 Global Results Global results contain various measurement results of the composite signal These results evaluate the total signal over the period of one slot Channel Power Shows the power of the complete signal in dBm Carrier Frequency Error Shows the ...

Page 278: ... manually Occupied Bandwidth Shows the occupied bandwidth of the signal in Hz You can control if the occupied bandwidth is measured or not By default it is not Press the MEAS key Press the Meas Settings softkey Select the Occupied Bandwidth menu item The R S FSH determines the occupied bandwidth in addition to the other global results When the measurement has been turned on the menu item is marked...

Page 279: ...ws the power of the P CCPCH in dBm The abbreviation in brackets shows if it is the absolute power or the power in relation to the pilot channel P CPICH P CCPCH Ec Io Shows the ratio of the power of the control channel to the total power of the signal Therefore this value shows the usable part of the signal P CCPCH Symbol EVM rms Shows the averaged root mean square EVM on symbol level of the P CCPC...

Page 280: ...of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 Header table 4 Diagram header 5 Diagram area 6 WCDMA softkey menu 9 4 2 1 Header Table The header table contains an assortment of settings already discussed in the section about the result summary For more information see The Result Summary on page 261 In addition it contains the following information RBW Shows the currently selected resolution ban...

Page 281: ... channel If more than one code belongs to a channel the R S FSH shows the power of the complete channel For more information see Changing the Code Power on page 272 Composite EVM Shows the EVM of the complete signal 9 4 2 3 Diagram Area The Code Domain Power result display contains the measurement results in graphic form It shows the power of all codes in the signal In the graph each bar represent...

Page 282: ...el table result display 1 Current type of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 Header table 4 Synchronization state and GPS information green font synchronization OK red font synchronization failed 5 Global results 6 Channel table 7 WCDMA softkey menu 9 4 3 1 Header Table The header table contains various settings already discussed in the sections above For more information see General S...

Page 283: ...re shown with the correct channel type and spreading factor Channels with the label CHAN are active code channels whose type could not be detected Codes that are inactive are not shown Chan SF Code channel number including the spreading factor in the form Channel SF Symb Rate ksps Symbol rate that the code channel is transmitted with 7 5 ksps to 960 ksps T Offs chips Shows the timing offset of the...

Page 284: ...u can display the results on a frame or slot basis regardless of the selected analysis length Press the MEAS key Press the Display Settings softkey Select the Slot or Frame menu item Carrier Freq Error Meas Range The R S FSH updates the frequency error accordingly 9 4 4 2 Specifying the Scrambling Code To demodulate a 3GPP signal you have to know the primary and secondary scrambling codes of the b...

Page 285: ... the scrambling codes and their power graphically Press the MEAS key Press the Result Display softkey Select the Scrambling Code menu item The R S FSH shows all primary and corresponding secondary scrambling codes that it has found during the search in descending order regarding the power level In addition the R S FSH shows the power of the common pilot channels CPICH belonging to the scrambling c...

Page 286: ...na select the menu item Antenna Diversity Off 9 4 4 4 Selecting the Slot and Code Channel The code domain power and code domain channel table result displays show the power of each code channel contained in one slot By default the R S FSH shows the results for slot 0 Press the MEAS key Press the Display Settings softkey Select the Slot Number menu item The R S FSH opens an input field to select th...

Page 287: ...rming Fast Measurements Faster measurements are possible if you skip the channel search during the measurement Press the MEAS key Press the Signal Settings softkey Select the Channel Search Off menu item The R S FSH stops performing a channel search If the channel search is off measurements are faster However some results like the Composite EVM can not be calculated if the channels are not known T...

Page 288: ... or about 1 Sync Frame Period If the instrument is in a triggered mode external or GPS trigger it searches for the start of the PN code in the vicinity of the PN offset you have entered If you are using the automatic PN Offset the R S FSH performs a full search for the PN offset and reports the PN found In a free run situation the R S FSH searches for the start of the PN sequence over the entire s...

Page 289: ...play 2 Currently selected standard 3 General settings 4 Synchronization state and GPS information green font synchronization OK red font synchronization failed 5 Global results 6 Channel results 7 CDMA2000 softkey menu 9 5 1 1 General Settings For more information see General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer on page 244 In addition the application features some settings specific to the ...

Page 290: ...f the signal in dBm in the 1 23 MHz bandwidth around the center frequency Rho According to the CDMA2000 standard Rho is the normalized correlated power between the measured and the ideally generated reference signal When you measure Rho the CDMA2000 standard requires that only the pilot channel be supplied Composite EVM Shows the composite Error Vector Magnitude EVM in The EVM is the root of the r...

Page 291: ... Active Channels Number of currently active channels 9 5 1 3 Channel Results Channel results contain various results specific to one or more channels The table contains the absolute channel power in dBm the channel power in relation to the total signal power in dB the channel power in relation to the pilot channel in dB for the pilot channel PICH and the synchronization channel SYNC The pilot chan...

Page 292: ...isplay 1 Current type of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 Header table 4 Diagram header 5 Diagram area 6 CDMA2000 softkey menu 9 5 2 1 Header Table and Diagram Header The header table and the diagram header contain an assortment of settings already discussed in the section about the result summary For more information see The Result Summary on page 274 In addition they contain the fo...

Page 293: ...rea The Code Domain Power result display contains the measurement results in graphic form It shows the power of all codes in the signal In the graph each bar represents one Walsh code The displayed codes have different colors The color of the code depends on the state of the channel it belongs to Yellow active code channels Turquoise inactive code channels The number of codes that are displayed de...

Page 294: ...ayout of the code domain channel table result display 1 Current type of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 Header table 4 Synchronization state and GPS information green font synchronization OK red font synchronization failed 5 Channel table 6 CDMA2000 softkey menu 9 5 3 1 Header Table The header table contains various settings already discussed in the sections above For more informati...

Page 295: ...iated and named as CHAN Walsh Ch SF Channel number including the spreading factor in the form Channel SF Symb Rate ksps Symbol rate that the channel is transmitted with 9 6 ksps to 307 2 ksps RC Radio configuration The RC is a predefined physical layer configuration for the transmit signal It defines the physical channel configuration based upon a specific channel data rate In the current CDMA2000...

Page 296: ...t also shows the its power graphically each yellow bar represents an active and detected base station and numerically in a table above the diagram Note that a GPS trigger is necessary to detect the PN offset of the base stations you are scanning GPS trigger is available with the R S FSH GPS receiver for example Trace modes Note that the PN Scanner supports several trace modes If you are using a tr...

Page 297: ...splay the number of displayed codes changes accordingly Take care of setting the base spreading factor of the code domain to either 64 or 128 If you set the base spreading factor to 64 for channels with a base spreading factor of 128 code class 7 an alias power may be displayed in the Code Domain Power result display because of the ambiguity of the Hadamard Matrix An alias power is a displayed cod...

Page 298: ...tings softkey Select either the Code Power Relative To Pilot or Code Power Relative To Total menu item By default the R S FSH displays the power in the unit dBm 9 5 5 4 Selecting the Unit of the Carrier Frequency Error The absolute frequency error is the sum of the frequency error of the R S FSH and that of the device under test If the frequency error is more than 1 kHz the R S FSH is not able to ...

Page 299: ...n steps of 64 chips If you use an external or GPS sync trigger you have to adjust the PN Offset according to the base station sector you are measuring Press the MEAS key Press the Signal Settings softkey Select the PN OFFSET menu Enter the PN Offset you need between 0 and 511 9 5 5 6 Synchronizing to a Base Station Using a GPS Receiver If you use a GPS receiver while performing measurements on a b...

Page 300: ...rame Period If the instrument is in a triggered mode external or GPS trigger it then searches for the start of the PN code in the vicinity of the PN offset you have entered If you are using the automatic PN Offset the R S FSH performs a full search for the PN offset and reports the PN found For a free run situation the R S FSH searches for the start of the PN sequence over the entire signal length...

Page 301: ... standard 3 General settings 4 Synchronization state and GPS information green font synchronization OK red font synchronization failed 5 Global results 6 Channel results 7 CDMA2000 softkey menu 9 6 1 1 General Settings For more information see General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer on page 244 In addition the application features some settings specific to the 3GPP standard PN Offset S...

Page 302: ...mation about the queliaty of the composite signal Channel Power Total power of the signal in dBm in the 1 23 MHz bandwidth around the center frequency Carrier Frequency Error Shows the frequency error in relation to the current center frequency of the R S FSH For more information see Selecting the Unit of the Carrier Frequency Error on page 291 Concerning uncertainty of the reference frequency of ...

Page 303: ...power is an average over the time the channel is active in the measured slot In addition to the powers of the channels the channel results also show quality parameters for the pilot channel PICH EVM Error vector magnitude EVM of the pilot channel in The EVM is the root of the ratio of the mean error power root mean square to the power of an ideal reference signal An EVM of 0 means a perfect signal...

Page 304: ... also shows the its power graphically each yellow bar represents an active and detected base station and numerically in a table above the diagram Note that a GPS trigger is necessary to detect the PN offset of the base stations you are scanning GPS trigger is available with the R S FSH GPS receiver for example Trace modes Note that the PN Scanner supports several trace modes If you are using a tra...

Page 305: ...SH K47E the Burst Power result display becomes available The Burst Power result display shows the power of the signal over a single 1xEV DO frame 26 66 ms This measurement is necessary to check if the power and timing of the bursted signals meets the requirements of the standard In order to capture a complete frame you can apply a trigger from a GPS device or another external trigger ...

Page 306: ...s The PN offset determines the offset in the circulating PN sequence in multiples of 64 chips with reference to the event second clock trigger Each signal is spread with a Walsh code of a length of 64 or 128 and a pseudo random noise code PN code of a length of 215 Each BTS sector in the network is assigned a PN offset in steps of 64 chips If you use an external or GPS sync trigger you have to adj...

Page 307: ...he signal analysis After you have started the measurement the R S FSH first records a section of the signal that lasts at least two frames When it has found the beginning of a frame the R S FSH includes one frame in the signal analysis The R S FSH performs various general measurements based on the composite signal of one slot as well as measurements based on the special parts of the slot It then s...

Page 308: ...chronization OK red font synchronization failed 5 Global results for a TD SCDMA time slot 6 Power results for a TD SCDMA time slot 7 TD SCDMA softkey menu 9 7 1 1 General Settings For more information see General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer on page 244 In addition the application features some settings specific to the 3GPP standard Scrambling Code Shows the scrambling code of the b...

Page 309: ...in various measurement results of the composite signal These results evaluate the total signal over the period of one slot The global results also contain information about the quality of the measured signal Note that some results are only evaluated if the channel search has been turned on For more information see Using the Channel Search on page 304 RF Channel Power Shows the total power of the c...

Page 310: ... Error is defined as the maximum code domain error power that was found in the measurement The code domain error is the difference in power of the test signal and an ideal reference signal Displayed only if the channel search has been turned on Avg RCDE Shows the Average Relative Code Domain Error of the signal Displayed only if the channel search has been turned on PCCPCH Symbol EVM Shows the EVM...

Page 311: ...uard period The table contains the absolute channel power in dBm the channel power in relation to the total signal power in dB of the data parts and midamble parts of a timeslot Data Power Power of the data parts in the timeslot you have selected The R S FSH shows the power of both data parts together and the power of each individual data part Data 1 Power and Data 2 Power Midamble Power Power of ...

Page 312: ...ram Press the Result Display softkey Select the Code Domain Power menu item The R S FSH starts the code domain analyzer Screen layout of the code domain power result display 1 Current type of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 Header table 4 Diagram header 5 Diagram area 6 TD SCDMA softkey menu Spreading factor 0 Note that the Code Domain Analyzer result display does not display the co...

Page 313: ...e in the range between 0 and 16 Mod ulation Type Shows the modulation type of the currently selected code For more information see Selecting a Code Channel on page 307 Symbol EVM Shows the EVM of the currently selected code For more information see Selecting a Code Channel on page 307 Code Power Shows the power level of the currently selected code For more information see Selecting a Code Channel ...

Page 314: ...ayout of the code domain channel table result display 1 Current type of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 Header table 4 Synchronization state and GPS information green font synchronization OK red font synchronization failed 5 Channel table 6 TD SCDMA softkey menu 9 7 3 1 Header Table The header table contains various settings already discussed in the sections above For more informati...

Page 315: ...olumns show the following information Code SF Number of the code channel and its spreading factor Status Status of the code channel Modulation Type Modulation type of the code channel Code Symbol EVM EVM of the corresponding code channel Power Abs olute dBm Absolute power of the corresponding code channel in dBm Power Rel ative to RF Channel Power dB Relative power of the corresponding code channe...

Page 316: ...or every base station it has detected For every base station it shows its power graphically each yellow bar represents an active and detected base station and numerically in a table above the diagram In addition the R S FSH evaluates the delay of the synchronization IDs relative to the first one Trace modes Note that the Sync ID result display supports several trace modes If you are using a trace ...

Page 317: ...table 4 Result table 5 Diagram 6 TD SCDMA softkey menu The result display consists of a result table in the upper part of the display and a diagram in the lower half of the display The diagram contains a trace that shows the power of the signal over one TD SCDMA subframe The time slots in the frame are represented by blue vertical lines Each time slot is also labeled with a number A subframe consi...

Page 318: ...g results Slot number Shows the time slot type The normal time slots are numbered from 0 to 6 Time slot 0 is always reserved for the downlink and time slot 1 always reserved for the uplink The remaining time slots can either carry uplink or downlink information depending on the switching point you have set The special time slots are labeled DwPTS and UpPTS They are shorter than normal time slots a...

Page 319: ... Display Settings softkey Select the Channel Search On Normal menu item The R S FSH turns the channel search on Note that the R S FSH automatically turns on the channel search when you are using the Code Domain Power result display or the Code Domain Channel Table Measurements without channel search Measurements without channel search are only possible for result displays that do not analyze the c...

Page 320: ...ent of resources to a variable number of users 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 or 16 The maximum number of users is determined by the number of midamble shifts K in a particular time slot You can enter the number of midamble shifts manually or let the R S FSH automatically determine the number of midamble shifts Defining the number of users manually Press the MEAS key Press the Signal Settings softkey Select the...

Page 321: ...ting a Time Slot In the several result result displays the R S FSH shows the power of a particular time slot By default the R S FSH shows the results for slot 0 Press the MEAS key Press the Display Settings softkey Select the Slot Number menu item The R S FSH opens an input field to select the slot Enter the number of the timeslot you want to analyze The R S FSH adjusts the results accordingly Not...

Page 322: ... Channels The phase of the code channels is either fixed or arbitrary Press the MEAS key Press the Signal Settings softkey Select the Fixed or the Arbitrary menu item In Fixed mode the phase of all code channels has to be the same In Arbitrary mode the phase of the code channels is allowed to rotate 9 7 6 9 Selecting the Unit of the Carrier Frequency Error If possible you should synchronize the re...

Page 323: ... FSH Bandwidth of LTE signals Because of the bandwidth of LTE signals measurements are possible only with instruments that support a bandwidth of 20 MHz serial numbers 105000 and higher Press the MODE key Press the Dig Mod Analyzer softkey Select the LTE FDD BTS menu item for FDD measurements Select the TD LTE BTS menu item for TDD measurements The R S FSH starts the signal analysis To get highest...

Page 324: ...andard 3 General settings 4 Synchronization state and GPS information green font synchronization OK red font synchronization failed 5 Global results 6 Allocation summary or reference signal overview 7 LTE softkey menu Contents of the Result Summary Note that the contents of the last block of results in the Result Summary depend on the Antenna Settings Over the air MIMO Reference Signal Overview Ov...

Page 325: ... of the radio cell that is tested If you enter a specific cell identity the numbers in brackets show the group the cell identity belongs to and the ID in that group For more information see Selecting the Cell Identity on page 321 Cyclic Prefix Shows the type of cyclic prefix in use For more information see Selecting the Cyclic Prefix on page 321 Antenna Shows the current antenna configuration For ...

Page 326: ...eived signals in the channel bandwidth Overall EVM Shows the overall EVM of the signal The overall EVM includes all signal components regardless of the modulation or channel type Carrier Freq Error Shows the frequency error in relation to the current center frequency of the R S FSH For more information see Selecting the Unit of the Carrier Frequency Error on page 323 Concerning uncertainty of the ...

Page 327: ...ned on the menu item is marked by an X Cell Identity Grp ID Shows the cell identity cell group and cell ID the current results correspond to For more information see Selecting the Cell Identity on page 321 Cyclic Prefix Shows the cyclic prefix the current results correspond to For more information see Selecting the Cyclic Prefix on page 321 Traffic Activity Percentage of traffic slots with data SI...

Page 328: ... R S FSH evaluates the results over all resource blocks and subframes QPSK 16QAM 64QAM Power and EVM of the data channels PDSCH that you are measuring The R S FSH evaluates the results over all resource blocks and subframes of the respective modulation P SYNC S SYNC PBCH PCFICH Power and EVM of the corresponding channel 9 8 1 4 Reference Signal Overview The reference signal overview becomes active...

Page 329: ...ents on LTE Signals Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 314 Synchronizing with the reference signal Press the MEAS key Press the Signal Settings softkey Select the Reference Signal menu item The R S FSH synchronizes itself with the reference signal ...

Page 330: ...on Press the Result Display softkey Select the Carrier Aggregation menu item The R S FSH starts the result summary When you start the measurement the R S FSH performs a measurement on each carrier and displays the results For each component carrier the R S FSH displays several results that are similar to those displayed in the regular result summary The size of the table depends on the number of s...

Page 331: ...ed standard 3 Color map 4 Diagram area 5 Currently selected allocation 6 LTE softkey menu The constellation diagram shows the location of the transmitted symbols in the complex plane It is therefore an indicator of the quality of the modulation of the signal By default the result display shows the symbol locations over all allocations In that case the R S FSH distinguishes modulation schemes used ...

Page 332: ... of all allocations you can also view the constellations of particular channels or modulation schemes Press the TRACE key Press the Constell Settings softkey Select the channel type you want to see the results for The R S FSH adjusts the contents of the diagram and shows the channel you have selected to the right of the diagram ...

Page 333: ...e station it has detected For every base station it also shows the power graphically each yellow bar represents an active and detected base station and numerically in a table above the diagram The table also shows the power of the S SYNC or P SYNC of the basestation Trace modes Note that the BTS Scanner supports several trace modes If you are using a trace mode other than Clear Write the bars depi...

Page 334: ... of result display 2 Currently selected standard 3 Color map 4 Diagram area 5 General signal information 6 LTE softkey menu The resource allocations result display shows the power of each resource element in the signal Each row of the diagram corresponds to a resource block The columns represent a subframe each The resource allocation is thus a good way to measure the amount of traffic currently o...

Page 335: ...p for over the air measurements Select the Cable Connected Maximum or the Cable Connected Minimum menu item to define a color map for cable connected measurements In both cases the Minimum menu item defines the lower threshold of the color map while the Maximum menu item defines the upper threshold of the color map The threshold is the minimum or maximum signal level that is included in the color ...

Page 336: ...andard 9 8 6 2 Selecting the Cyclic Prefix The cyclic prefix serves as a guard interval between OFDM symbols to avoid interferences The cyclic prefix is either Normal slot contains 7 OFDM symbols Extended slot contains 6 OFDM symbols or Auto the application automatically detects the type of cyclic prefix Press the MEAS key Press the Signal Settings softkey Select either the Normal Extended or Auto...

Page 337: ... an ID Enter a number between 0 and 2 to select an ID The R S FSH now shows the results to that cell identity You can always return to automatic detection by selecting the Auto menu item 9 8 6 4 Selecting the Subframe Configuration for TDD Signals According to the standard the R S FSH provides 7 configurations that each covers a complete LTE frame and consists of 10 subframes Press the MEAS key Pr...

Page 338: ...d measurements on single antennas via cable connection Because the reference signals of the different antennas are orthogonal it is possible to determine and display their power and EVM during over the air measurements Press the MEAS key Press the Antenna Settings softkey Select the menu item that corresponds to the setup of the equipment you are measuring If you want to measure a specific antenna...

Page 339: ...mation and EVM calculation methods are used Especially for over the air measurements this setting is useful since influences of the air interface like inter symbol interference are compensated Additionally this mode is faster Selecting the unit of the EVM Press the MEAS key Press the Display Settings softkey Select either the or dB menu item The R S FSH shows the EVM in the unit you have selected ...

Page 340: ...eld to define the frequency Enter the frequency of the component carrier Defining the bandwidth of the carriers You can select a different bandwidth for each component carrier in the system Press the MEAS key Press the Signal Settings softkey Select the Channel BW Carrier x menu item The R S FSH opens a submenu to select the channel bandwidth Select the required bandwidth The available bandwidth f...

Page 341: ...GPS receiver while performing measurements on a base station you can synchronize the sweep via the GPS receiver Press the SWEEP key Press the Trigger softkey Select GPS Sync menu item The R S FSH now synchronizes the sweep to the signal using the GPS receiver For more information about the external trigger that is also available see Working with Trigger Functionality on page ...

Page 342: ...overview of all instrument functions in the form of softkey and menu overviews 10 1 General Functions General functions are those that are available for all operating modes 10 1 1 General R S FSH Setup The SETUP key opens the setup menu that contains functionality to set up the R S FSH in general and functionality to set up the measurement ...

Page 343: ...75 12 30 328 10 1 2 File Management The SAVE RECALL key opens the file manager that contains functionality to manage datasets and other files 10 1 3 Operating Mode Selection The MODE key opens the mode menu that contains functionality to select the operating mode of the R S FSH ...

Page 344: ...ectrum Analyzer This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in spectrum analyzer mode 10 2 1 Measurement Selection The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and configure the measurement The spectrogram is available only if you have installed option R S FSH K14 Channel Power ...

Page 345: ... Menu and Softkey Overview Functions of the Spectrum Analyzer Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 330 Occupied Bandwith TDMA Power Spectrum Emission Mask Spurious Emission Harmonic Distortion AM Modulation Depth ...

Page 346: ...of the Spectrum Analyzer Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 331 Spectrogram Spectrogram Playback 10 2 2 Frequency Parameters The FREQ key opens the frequency menu that contains functionality to set up the horizontal axis of the measurement diagram ...

Page 347: ...ality to set the span 10 2 4 Amplitude Parameters The AMPT key opens the amplitude menu that contains functionality to set up the vertical axis of the measurement diagram 10 2 5 Sweep Configuration The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains all functionality to configure the sweep 10 2 6 Bandwidth Selection The BW key opens a menu that contains all functionality to set the bandwidths ...

Page 348: ...y The TRACE key opens the trace menu that contains functionality to set up the traces 10 2 8 Display and Limit Lines The LINES key opens a menu that contains the functionality to control display and limit lines 10 2 9 Markers The MARKER and MKR keys open a menus to control markers and use marker functions Softkey in the Marker Menu ...

Page 349: ...R S FSH Menu and Softkey Overview Functions of the Spectrum Analyzer Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 334 Softkeys in the Marker To Menu ...

Page 350: ...ilable in network analyzer mode Vector network analyzer functionality is available only with option R S FSH K42 10 3 1 Measurement Configuration The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and configure the measurement 10 3 2 Frequency Parameters The FREQ key opens the frequency menu that contains functionality to set up the horizontal axis of the measurement diag...

Page 351: ...ality to set the span 10 3 4 Amplitude Parameters The AMPT key opens the amplitude menu that contains functionality to set up the vertical axis of the measurement diagram 10 3 5 Sweep Configuration The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains all functionality to configure the sweep 10 3 6 Bandwidth Selection The BW key opens a menu that contains all functionality to set the bandwidths ...

Page 352: ...unctionality The TRACE key opens the trace menu that contains functionality to set up the traces 10 3 8 Limit Lines The LINES key opens a menu that contains the functionality to control limit lines 10 3 9 Markers The MARKER and MKR keys open a menus to control markers and use marker functions Softkey in the Marker Menu ...

Page 353: ...R S FSH Menu and Softkey Overview Functions of the Network Analyzer Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 338 Softkeys in the Marker To Menu ...

Page 354: ...ontains all softkeys and menus that are available in power meter mode 10 4 1 Power Meter Measurements The MEAS key opens a menu that contains the functionality to configure measurements with the power meter Power Meter Directional Power Meter 10 4 2 Frequency Parameters The FREQ key opens a menu that contains the functionality to set the frequency ...

Page 355: ...y to configure level parameters 10 4 4 Sweep Configuration The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains functionality to configure the sweep Power Meter and Directional Power Meter Pulse Power Measurements 10 4 5 Bandwidth Configuration The BW key opens a menu that contains functionality to configure the bandwidth This is only available with Pulse Power Measurements ...

Page 356: ...rview Functions of the Power Meter Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 341 10 4 6 Trace Configuration The TRACE key opens a menu that contains functionality to configure the trace This is only available with Pulse Power Measurements ...

Page 357: ...hat are available in distance to fault mode Distance to fault functionality is available with option R S FSH K41 10 5 1 Measurement Configuration The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and configure the measurement 10 5 2 Frequency Parameters The FREQ key opens the frequency menu that contains functionality to set up the horizontal axis of the measurement dia...

Page 358: ...F measurements Reflection and spectrum measurements 10 5 4 Amplitude Parameters The AMPT key opens the amplitude menu that contains functionality to set up the vertical axis of the measurement diagram 10 5 5 Sweep Configuration The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains all functionality to configure the sweep 10 5 6 Bandwidth Selection The BW key opens a menu that contains all functionality to set ...

Page 359: ...ual 1173 6275 12 30 344 10 5 7 Trace Functionality The TRACE key opens the trace menu that contains functionality to set up the traces 10 5 8 Markers The MARKER and MKR keys open a menus to control markers and use marker functions Softkey in the Marker Menu Softkeys in the Marker To Menu ...

Page 360: ...ith option R S FSH K43 10 6 1 Measurement Configuration The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and configure the measurement Single frequency measurements Channel scans 10 6 2 Frequency Parameters The FREQ key opens the frequency menu that contains functionality to set up the horizontal axis of the measurement diagram 10 6 3 Span Selection The SPAN key opens ...

Page 361: ...ionality to set up the vertical axis of the measurement diagram 10 6 5 Sweep Configuration The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains all functionality to configure the sweep 10 6 6 Bandwidth Selection The BW key opens a menu that contains all functionality to set the bandwidths 10 6 7 Trace Functionality The TRACE key opens the trace menu that contains functionality to set up the traces ...

Page 362: ...erview Functions of the Receiver Mode Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 347 10 6 8 Markers The MARKER and MKR keys open a menus to control markers and use marker functions Softkeys in the Marker Menu Softkeys in the Marker To Menu ...

Page 363: ...e available in the Maps mode of the interference analyzer Map mode functionality is available only with options R S FSH K15 and or K16 10 7 1 Measurement Configuration The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and configure the measurement 10 7 2 Frequency Parameters The FREQ key opens the frequency menu that contains functionality to set up the horizontal axis ...

Page 364: ...ins functionality to set up the vertical axis of the measurement diagram 10 7 4 Sweep Configuration The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains all functionality to configure the sweep 10 7 5 Bandwidth Selection The BW key opens a menu that contains all functionality to set the bandwidths 10 7 6 Trace Functionality The TRACE key opens the trace menu that contains functionality to set up the traces ...

Page 365: ...lation Analyzer This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in digital modulation mode Digital modulation functionality is available only with one of the corresponding options 10 8 1 Measurement Configuration The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and configure the measurement GSM 3GPP WCDMA ...

Page 366: ...R S FSH Menu and Softkey Overview Functions of the Digital Modulation Analyzer Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 351 CDMA2000 1xEV DO TD SCDMA ...

Page 367: ...ons of the Digital Modulation Analyzer Operating Manual 1173 6275 12 30 352 LTE FDD and TDD 10 8 2 Frequency Parameters The FREQ key opens the frequency menu that contains functionality to set up the horizontal axis of the measurement diagram ...

Page 368: ...e AMPT key opens the amplitude menu that contains functionality to set up the vertical axis of the measurement diagram 3GPP WCDMA TD SCDMA and LTE FDD TDD GSM CDMA2000 and 1xEV DO 10 8 4 Sweep Configuration The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains all functionality to configure the sweep 3GPP WCDMA and TD SCDMA GSM CDMA2000 1xEV DOand LTE FDD TDD ...

Page 369: ...30 354 10 8 5 Trace Functionality The TRACE key opens the trace menu that contains functionality to set up the traces 3GPP WCDMA and LTE Spectrum Overview and Isotropic Antenna only GSM CDMA2000 and 1xEV DO Spectrum Overview only TD SCDMA Spectrum Overview only 3GPP WCDMA BTS Scanner only TD SCDMA Sync ID only ...

Page 370: ... is a sine wave a square wave with a certain on off ratio or a sawtooth wave However detecting superimposed low level signals or monitoring the harmonic content of the signal is easier with a spectrum or signal analyzer Figure 11 1 shows the theoretical basis of the two measurement methods In the time domain an oscilloscope would for example show a section of the signal that is a square wave The s...

Page 371: ...re 11 3 graphically shows the mixing process For models with a frequency limit of 3 6 GHz the IFs are 4892 8 MHz 860 8 MHz and 54 4 MHz The conversion from a specific input frequency to the first IF is done by a local oscillator LO This LO can be tuned from 4 8 GHz to 8 4 GHz All other conversions are handled by single frequency oscillators In case of models with a frequency limit of 8 GHz the IFs...

Page 372: ...ope detector is referred to as the video signal As it has been demodulated it only contains amplitude information The phase information is lost With RF sine signals the video signal is a DC voltage With AM signals the video signal contains a DC component whose amplitude corresponds to the carrier power and an AC component whose frequency is equal to the modulation frequency provided the modulation...

Page 373: ...ak detector which simultaneously displays the maximum peak and the minimum peak is usually also provided The Fig below explains how these detectors work The figure above shows 30 measured values which are represented by a single pixel The peak detector determines and displays the maximum measured value The Auto Peak detector takes the maximum and minimum and displays them together The two values a...

Page 374: ...ower measurements on modulated signals However the display range should be chosen so as not to exceed 100 times the bandwidth of the signal or the resolution bandwidth whichever is larger The sample detector or the RMS detector preferred should be used for noise measurements Only these two detectors are capable of measuring noise power correctly When measurements are made on sine signals the level...

Page 375: ...peak 112 Auto span 224 Automatic scaling 227 Average detector 238 Average trace 111 Averaging time 137 Band class 244 Bandwidth 102 resolution 102 video 103 Base station test 252 260 273 285 292 308 Beeper 127 BitReverse 282 BSIC 255 BTS scanner 318 Burst length 60 Burst power 257 Cable length 225 Cable loss 218 Cable measurement test setup 214 Cable model 221 Cable tests 214 Calibration 181 210 2...

Page 376: ...gram 85 Distance parameters 224 Distance to fault 217 Dual trace 202 Error vector magnitude 1xEV DO 288 CDMA2000 275 295 LTE 324 Events 21 EVM LTE overall 311 External trigger 106 Factory calibration 181 File management 29 Firmware 39 FM demodulator 123 Forward power display 142 Frame 87 spectrogram 87 Free run 106 Frequency counter 121 mode 129 offset 95 range 96 224 settings 94 136 141 224 start...

Page 377: ...198 harmonic distortion 74 isotropic antenna 92 magnitude 197 n dB down 122 noise power density 121 occupied bandwidth 55 phase 197 power sensor 136 reflection 216 reflection VV 212 reflection coefficient 198 reflection scalar 189 reflection vector 195 scalar 187 Smith chart 198 spectrogram 81 spectrum analyzer 50 spectrum emission mask 71 spurious emissions 78 TDMA power 59 transmission VV 211 tr...

Page 378: ...r 137 spectrogram 84 TDMA power 60 transducer 131 Reference position 98 206 227 Reference power 283 Reference signal 313 Reference value 205 226 Reflection 216 Resolution bandwidth 102 105 Result summary 1xEV DO 286 CDMA2000 274 GSM 253 TD SCDMA 293 W CDMA 261 Result table spectrum emission mask 73 spurious emission 79 RF attenuation 100 Rho 1xEV DO 288 CDMA2000 275 RMS 113 RMS detector 238 Rotary...

Page 379: ... mask 72 TDMA power 60 Start stop frequency 96 224 Step size 94 Subframe configuration 322 Sweep 105 112 Sweep mode 105 246 Sweep number 106 111 Sweep time 105 SYNC 276 Sync ID TD SCDMA 301 Synchronization 30 246 275 284 291 313 326 Synchronization signal 311 Tau 1xEV DO 287 CDMA2000 276 TDMA power 59 adjust level 60 burst length 60 reference level 60 standard 60 TD SCDMA 292 carrier frequency err...

Page 380: ...race 111 Volume 124 W CDMA 260 Antenna diversity 271 carrier frequency error 262 channels 264 code domain error 263 EVM 263 I Q imbalance 263 I Q offset 262 power 262 result summary 261 scrambling code 263 Scrambling code 269 spreading factor 282 Weighting mode 142 X axis 94 224 Y axis 98 205 Zero span 97 Zeroing 136 Zoom 200 ZVHView cable model 222 channel table 129 208 limit lines 126 208 measur...

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