Glossary and Acronyms
tion, ESP Algorithm, ESP Encryption and much
more. It is possible to create four different tun-
nels.
IPv4
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the
fourth version in the development of the Internet
Protocol (IP) and the first version of the protocol
to be widely deployed. It is one of the core proto-
cols of standards-based internetworking methods
of the Internet, and routes most traffic in the In-
ternet. However, a successor protocol,
, has
been defined and is in various stages of produc-
tion deployment. IPv4 is described in IETF publi-
cation RFC 791 (September 1981), replacing an
earlier definition (RFC 760, January 1980).
IPv6
The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is
the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP),
the communications protocol that provides an
identification and location system for computers
on networks and routes traffic across the Inter-
net. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engi-
neering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-
anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.
IPv6 is intended to replace
, which still car-
ries the vast majority of Internet traffic as of
2013. As of late November 2012, IPv6 traffic
share was reported to be approaching 1%.
IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups
of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons
(2001:0db8:85a3:0042:1000:8a2e:0370:7334),
but methods of abbreviation of this full notation
exist.
L2TP
Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol (L2TP) is a
tunnelling protocol used to support virtual private
networks (
s) or as part of the delivery of ser-
vices by ISPs. It does not provide any encryption
or confidentiality by itself. Rather, it relies on an
encryption protocol that it passes within the tun-
nel to provide privacy.
LAN
A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network that interconnects computers in a limited
area such as a home, school, computer labora-
tory, or office building using network media. The
defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to
wide area networks (
), include their usually
higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic
area, and lack of a need for leased telecommuni-
cation lines.
NAT
In computer networking, Network Address
Translation (NAT) is the process of modifying IP
address information in IPv4 headers while in tran-
sit across a traffic routing device.
The simplest type of NAT provides a one-to-one
translation of IP addresses. RFC 2663 refers to
this type of NAT as basic NAT, which is often also
called a one-to-one NAT. In this type of NAT only
the IP addresses, IP header checksum and any
higher level checksums that include the IP ad-
dress are changed. The rest of the packet is left
untouched (at least for basic TCP/UDP function-
ality; some higher level protocols may need fur-
ther translation). Basic NATs can be used to inter-
connect two IP networks that have incompatible
addressing.
NAT-T
NAT traversal (NAT-T) is a computer
networking methodology with the goal to estab-
lish and maintain Internet protocol connections
across gateways that implement network address
translation (
NTP
Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a net-
working protocol for clock synchronization be-
tween computer systems over packet-switched,
variable-latency data networks.
OpenVPN
OpenVPN implements virtual private
network (
) techniques for creating secure
point-to-point or site-to-site connections. It is pos-
sible to create four different tunnels.
PAT
Port and Address Translation (PAT) or Net-
work Address Port Translation (NAPT) see
Port
In computer networking, a Port is an
application-specific or process-specific software
construct serving as a communications endpoint
in a computer’s host operating system. A port is
associated with an IP address of the host, as
well as the type of protocol used for communi-
cation. The purpose of ports is to uniquely iden-
tify different applications or processes running on
a single computer and thereby enable them to
share a single physical connection to a packet-
switched network like the Internet.
PPTP
The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
(PPTP) is a tunneling protocol that operates at
the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI Ref-
erence Model. PPTP is a proprietary technique
that encapsulates Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
frames in Internet Protocol (IP) packets using
the Generic Routing Encapsulation (
) proto-
col. Packet filters provide access control, end-to-
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