Glossary and Acronyms
of the core members of the Internet protocol suite
(the set of network protocols used for the Inter-
net). With UDP, computer applications can send
messages, in this case referred to as datagrams,
to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network
without prior communications to set up special
transmission channels or data paths. The proto-
col was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and
formally defined in RFC 768.
URL
A uniform resource locator, abbreviated
URL, also known as web address, is a spe-
cific character string that constitutes a refer-
ence to a resource. In most web browsers, the
URL of a web page is displayed on top in-
side an address bar. An example of a typi-
cal URL would be
, which indicates a protocol (http), a
hostname (www.example.com), and a file name
(index.html). A URL is technically a type of uni-
form resource identifier (URI), but in many tech-
nical documents and verbal discussions, URL is
often used as a synonym for URI, and this is not
considered a problem.
VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) extends a
private network across a public network, such as
the Internet. It enables a computer to send and
receive data across shared or public networks as
if it were directly connected to the private net-
work, while benefiting from the functionality, se-
curity and management policies of the private
network. This is done by establishing a virtual
point-to-point connection through the use of ded-
icated connections, encryption, or a combination
of the two.
A VPN connection across the Internet is similar
to a wide area network (
) link between the
sites. From a user perspective, the extended net-
work resources are accessed in the same way as
resources available from the private network.
VPN server
see
VPN tunnel
see
VRRP
VRRP protocol (Virtual Router Redun-
dancy Protocol) allows you to transfer packet
routing from the main router to a backup router
in case the main router fails. (This can be used
to provide a wireless cellular backup to a primary
wired router in critical applications).
WAN
A wide area network (WAN) is a network
that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommu-
nications network that links across metropolitan,
regional, or national boundaries) using private or
public network transports. Business and govern-
ment entities utilize WANs to relay data among
employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from
various geographical locations. In essence, this
mode of telecommunication allows a business
to effectively carry out its daily function regard-
less of location. The Internet can be considered a
WAN as well, and is used by businesses, govern-
ments, organizations, and individuals for almost
any purpose imaginable.
X.509
In cryptography, X.509 is an ITU-T stan-
dard for a public key infrastructure (PKI) and Priv-
ilege Management Infrastructure (PMI). X.509
specifies, amongst other things, standard formats
for public key certificates, certificate revocation
lists, attribute certificates, and a certification path
validation algorithm.
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