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GE Moisture Image 1 Series Скачать руководство пользователя страница 90

June 2003

A-28

Application of the Hygrometer (900-901D1)

Empirical Calibrations

For those liquids in which a Henry’s Law type analysis is not
applicable, the absolute moisture content is best determined by
empirical calibration. A Henry’s Law type analysis is generally not
applicable for the following classes of liquids:

•

liquids with a high saturation value (2% by weight of water or
greater)

•

liquids, such as dioxane, that are completely miscible with water

•

liquids, such as isopropyl alcohol, that are conductive

For such liquids, measurements of the hygrometer dew point readings
for solutions of various known water concentrations must be
performed. Such a calibration can be conducted in either of two ways:

•

perform a Karl Fischer analysis on several unknown test samples
of different water content

•

prepare a series of known test samples via the addition of water to
a quantity of dry liquid

In the latter case, it is important to be sure that the solutions have
reached equilibrium before proceeding with the dew point
measurements.

Note:

Karl Fisher analysis is a method for measuring trace
quantities of water by titrating the test sample against a
special Karl Fischer reagent until a color change from yellow
to brown (or a change in potential) indicates that the end
point has been reached.

Either of the empirical calibration techniques described above can be
conducted using an apparatus equivalent to that shown in Figure A-3
on page A-33. The apparatus pictured can be used for both the Karl
Fischer titrations of unknown test samples and the preparation of test
samples with known moisture content. Procedures for both of these
techniques are presented below.

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Содержание Moisture Image 1 Series

Страница 1: ...buy your excess underutilized and idle equipment along with credit for buybacks and trade ins Custom engineering so your equipment works exactly as you specify Critical and expedited services Leasing Rentals Demos In stock Ready to ship TAR certified secure asset solutions Expert team I Trust guarantee I 100 satisfaction All trademarks brand names and brands appearing herein are the property of th...

Страница 2: ...Moisture Image Series 1 Service Manual ...

Страница 3: ...re Image Series 1 Hygrometer Service Manual 910 108SB ATTENTION This manual contains instructions for Series 1 units equipped with the latest controller card p n 703 1250 This controller card supports the PanaCom PanaView user interface software ...

Страница 4: ...d warranties arising from course of dealing or usage or trade Return Policy If a GE Panametrics instrument malfunctions within the warranty period the following procedure must be completed 1 Notify GE Panametrics giving full details of the problem and provide the model number and serial number of the instrument If the nature of the problem indicates the need for factory service GE Panametrics will...

Страница 5: ...eplacing the Channel Card 1 5 Connecting the Recorders 1 5 Connecting the Alarms 1 6 Connecting Pressure Sensor Inputs 1 8 Connecting a Pressure Transducer 1 9 Connecting Pressure Transmitters 1 11 Connecting Auxiliary Inputs Optional 1 16 Accessing the Channel Cards 1 17 Replacing the Channel Card 1 17 Connecting a Personal Computer or Printer 1 18 Setting the RS232 Switch 1 18 Connecting the PC ...

Страница 6: ...ectrolyte 2 14 Adding or Removing a PCMCIA Card 2 16 Procedure for Adding or Removing a PCMCIA Card 2 16 Installing a Channel Card 2 19 Replacing and Recalibrating the Moisture Probes 2 20 Recalibrating the Pressure Sensors 2 20 Calibrating the Delta F Oxygen Cell 2 21 Displaying the Oxygen Content in PPMv and µA 2 21 Checking the Oxygen Cell Calibration 2 23 Entering the New Span Value 2 24 Delta...

Страница 7: ...ve Gases And Liquids A 9 Materials of Construction A 10 Calculations and Useful Formulas in Gas Applications A 11 Nomenclature A 11 Parts per Million by Volume A 12 Parts per Million by Weight A 13 Relative Humidity A 13 Weight of Water per Unit Volume of Carrier Gas A 13 Weight of Water per Unit Weight of Carrier Gas A 14 Comparison of PPMV Calculations A 21 Liquid Applications A 22 Theory of Ope...

Страница 8: ...Chapter 1 ...

Страница 9: ...nections 1 1 Connecting the Recorder Outputs 1 4 Connecting the Alarms 1 6 Connecting Pressure Sensor Inputs 1 8 Connecting Auxiliary Inputs Optional 1 16 Connecting a Personal Computer or Printer 1 18 Performing an MH Calibration Test Adjustment 1 20 ...

Страница 10: ...VISION 2 APPLICATIONS MAY REQUIRE SPECIAL INSTALLATION CONSULT THE NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE FOR PROPER INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS THE ANALYZER MUST BE CONFIGURED IN A SUITABLE EQUIPMENT ENCLOSURE AND INSTALLED PER THE NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE ARTICLE 500 APPLICABLE SECTIONS WHICH PERTAIN TO THE HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT CLASSIFICATION IN WHICH THE ELECTRONICS WILL BE USED Figure 1 1 Series 1 Back Panel ALM...

Страница 11: ...rics supplied cable or are using a modified cable read the following section carefully ATTENTION EUROPEAN CUSTOMERS IN ORDER TO MEET CE MARK REQUIREMENTS YOU MUST INSTALL ELECTRICAL CABLES AS DESCRIBED BELOW Installation Instructions for CE Mark Conformity NOTICE CE MARK COMPLIANCE IS REQUIRED ONLY FOR UNITS USED IN EEC COUNTRIES For CE Mark compliance you must shield and ground the electrical con...

Страница 12: ...ied hygrometer cables Use cable that matches the electrical characteristics of GE Panametrics cable contact the factory for specific information on cable characteristics The cable must have individually shielded wire sets A single overall shield is incorrect If possible avoid all splices Splices will impair the performance When possible instead of splicing coil the excess cable If you must splice ...

Страница 13: ...gs Accessing the Channel Cards 1 Remove the screws on the front panel and slide the electronics unit out of its enclosure 2 Remove the channel card by pulling the card straight up Setting the Switch Blocks 1 Locate switch blocks S2 and S3 see Figure 1 2 for switch block S2 and S3 locations Switch block S2 controls the output signal for Recorder A and switch block S3 controls the output signal for ...

Страница 14: ...he recorder s Connecting the Recorders Connect the outputs to the terminal block on the lower section of the back panel labeled REC See Figure 1 3 for terminal block location Make connections for recorders using Table 1 2 Figure 1 3 REC Terminal Block Table 1 2 Recorder Connections Connect Recorder A To REC Terminal Block return pin A out pin A Connect Recorder B To REC Terminal Block return pin B...

Страница 15: ...arm relays on the desired channel s on the terminal blocks labeled ALM A and ALM B on the back panel of the electronics unit Use Table 1 3 to make high and low alarm connections See Figure 1 5 for the terminal block locations Note The alarm terminal block has an addition Return connection that you can use to ground the alarms if desired Figure 1 4 Alarm Relay Contact Points Table 1 3 Alarm Connect...

Страница 16: ... A and ALM B Terminal Blocks ALM A A B A REC C ALM A NO NC ALM B AUX RTN 1 RTN NO 2 24V NC C NO 7 3 7 STD TF PROBE 9 8 OXYGEN 5 9 4 8 5 6 3 4 1 2 2 1 5 2 6 3 4 1 1 2 RECB NC C RTN STD TF PROBE CHANNEL 1 AUX RTN 1 AL NO C CHAN 2 HAZARDOUS AREA CONNECTIONS ALM A and ALM B Terminal Block ...

Страница 17: ...passive device that requires a well regulated excitation voltage or current The transducer produces a low level signal output typically in the millivolt range when pressure is applied to it A pressure transmitter is an electrically active device containing electronic circuits A pressure transmitter requires some sort of power source such as a 24 VDC or 120 VAC It produces an output signal much lar...

Страница 18: ...ections to the pressure transducer connector IMPORTANT The transducer must be supplied by GE Panametrics or approved by GE Panametrics for use in this circuit Note If you connect a pressure transducer to the STD TF terminal block you must activate the TF Probe for that channel as described on page 2 8 of the Startup Guide Figure 1 6 STD TF Terminal Block Table 1 4 Pressure Transducer Connections C...

Страница 19: ...al Features Connecting a Pressure Transducer cont Figure 1 7 Pressure Transducer Cable Assembly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 P1 P1 P2 P2 RTN STD TF PROBE Terminal Block Probe Red White Black Green Shield Excitation Output To Pressure Transducer ...

Страница 20: ...hannel s to the designated pins on the AUX terminal block located on the back of the electronics unit Pin connections include at least one of the auxiliary inputs pin 1 or 2 see Figure 1 8 Because you are connecting the sensor to one of the auxiliary inputs you must set the corresponding auxiliary switch to either current or voltage refer to C Setting Input Switches on page 1 14 Use the appropriat...

Страница 21: ...o the desired channel Note Twisted pair cables work well with this circuit Once you complete the pressure connections you must set switch block S1 on the Series 1 channel card s for either current or voltage depending on the type of pressure sensor you are using refer to C Setting Input Switches on page 1 14 Figure 1 9 AUX Terminal Block Table 1 5 Wire Connections for Two Wire or Loop Powered Tran...

Страница 22: ...connections to the desired channel Note Twisted pair cables work well with this circuit IMPORTANT Connect the remaining leads to an external power source Once you complete the pressure connections you must set switch block S1 on the Series 1 channel card s for either current or voltage depending on the type of pressure sensor you are using refer to C Setting Input Switches on page 1 14 Table 1 6 T...

Страница 23: ...d by sliding it straight up Refer to Figure 1 10 for the location of the channel cards Figure 1 10 Location of the Channel Cards Setting the Switch Blocks 1 Locate switch block S1 see Figure 1 11 on the next page for switch S1 location Switch block S1 has two switches 1 for Auxiliary 1 and 2 for Auxiliary 2 2 Set the switches in one of two positions ON for current or OFF for voltage 3 Check or res...

Страница 24: ...nputs or other type of input devices to the Series 1 do not replace the cover because you will need to set switches on the channel card s for those inputs as well 2 Slide the electronics unit into its enclosure and replace the screws Tighten the screws until they are snug Do not over tighten You have completed connecting the pressure transmitter Figure 1 11 Switch S1 on the Channel Card ON 1 2 S1 ...

Страница 25: ...er case after you make connections to the electronics unit you must set the switch block on each channel card for current or voltage depending on the type of input you are using Use the instructions that follow to connect and set up the auxiliary inputs Use Figure 1 12 as a guide for making auxiliary input connections for the desired channel s to the terminal block labeled AUX on the back of the e...

Страница 26: ... S1 has two switches 1 for Auxiliary 1 and 2 for Auxiliary 2 4 Set the switches in one of two positions ON for current or OFF for voltage 5 Check or reset switches for each channel where you are using an auxiliary input Replacing the Channel Card 1 Once the switches are set replace the channel card If you intend to connect other type of input devices to the Series 1 do not replace the cover becaus...

Страница 27: ...TE or Data Communications Equipment DCE This switch changes the transmit and receive pin functions on the RS232 connector on the back of the meter Use the steps below to properly set the switch 1 Remove the screws on the front panel and slide the electronics unit out of its enclosure 2 Locate the RS232 switch on the display board Use Figure 1 14 to locate the switch 3 Set the RS232 switch to the d...

Страница 28: ...o the 9 pin connector on the rear of the electronics unit see Figure 1 15 Connect the other end of the cable to your output device and set up the communications port as described in Setting Up the RS232 Communication Port in Chapter 3 Advanced Programming of the Programming Manual Figure 1 15 RS232 Communications Port Table 1 7 RS232 Cable Pin Connections Wire Pin Assignments for External Device D...

Страница 29: ...ix Format in Chapter 2 of the Programming Manual 3 Make sure high low and zero reference values are recorded on the sticker located on the inside chassis of the unit or on the Program Information List provided in Appendix A of the Startup Guide Calibration Procedure 1 Disconnect the probe from the cable leave the probe cable connected to the electronics unit and verify that the displayed MH value ...

Страница 30: ... that the readings are now within 0 0003 MH 6 Fill out a new high and low reference sticker with the final low reference value and or record the information on the Program Information List provided in Appendix A of the Startup Guide Make sure you record the information below HIGH REF ORIGINAL VALUE LOW REF NEW CORRECTED VALUE ZERO REF ORIGINAL RECORDED VALUE 7 Reconnect the probe to the cable Note...

Страница 31: ...Chapter 2 ...

Страница 32: ...hing the Delta F Oxygen Cell Electrolyte 2 14 Adding or Removing a PCMCIA Card 2 16 Installing a Channel Card 2 19 Replacing and Recalibrating the Moisture Probes 2 20 Recalibrating the Pressure Sensors 2 20 Calibrating the Delta F Oxygen Cell 2 21 Delta F Oxygen Cell Background Gas Correction Factors 2 25 Range Error Description 2 28 Signal Error Description 2 28 Calibration Error Description 2 2...

Страница 33: ...he Series 1 beyond the instructions in this section If you do you may damage the unit and void the warranty This section includes the following information Testing the Alarm Relays Testing the Recorder Outputs Trimming Recorder Outputs Screen Messages Common Problems Checking and Replenishing the Electrolyte in the Delta F Oxygen Cell Adding or Removing a PCMCIA Card Installing a Channel Card Repl...

Страница 34: ...rd TRIPPED or RESET will appear in the corresponding space Figure 2 1 Relay Test Menu 3 To exit press the DONE menu key until Main Menu appears on the message line If the alarms will not trip or reset make sure the alarms are set up correctly as described in Setting Up the Alarms in Chapter 2 Operation of the Programming Guide Also make sure the alarms are wired correctly as described in Connectin...

Страница 35: ...ttings Menu will prompt for a passcode see Entering the Passcode in Chapter 2 of the Startup Guide A screen similar to Figure 2 2 appears Use the following procedure to test recorders Figure 2 2 Recorder Test Menu Table 2 2 Moving from Main Menu to Recorder Test Menu Press the following menu keys To enter the SETTINGS Settings Menu OUTPUTS Output Settings Menu RECORDER Recorder Settings Menu TEST ...

Страница 36: ...annel and recorder you want to test then press YES 2 Enter a percentage between 0 and 125 to test Note If you do not enter a new value the Series 1 defaults to the previously entered value 3 Press YES The recorder pen should swing to the appropriate value Note The recorder output depends on the recorder range 0 20 mA 4 20 mA 0 2 V 4 Repeat steps 1 through 3 for each channel and recorder you want t...

Страница 37: ...uate for recorder output trimming Use the following steps to trim recorder outputs Preliminary Steps 1 Make sure the recorder switches on the corresponding channel card s are set for the correct output current I or voltage V Refer to Connecting the Recorder Outputs on page 1 4 to check switch settings 2 Disconnect the load e g chart recorder indicator from the end of the recorder output signal wir...

Страница 38: ...he screen appears similar to Figure 2 5 The Settings Menu will prompt for a passcode see page 2 5 of the Startup Guide MOISTURE IMAGE SERIES 2 POWER 1 2 3 YES 4 8 6 NO 7 9 5 0 Series 1 Red Red DMM Chart Recorder Table 2 3 Moving from Main Menu to Recorder Test Menu Press the following menu keys To enter the SETTINGS Settings Menu OUTPUTS Output Settings Menu RECORDER Recorder Settings Menu TEST Re...

Страница 39: ...our recorder is set up for 0 to 20 mA or 0 to 2 V output enter 5 and press YES Note The recorders can not be trimmed to output a value of 0 00 mA 0 000 V due to the limits imposed by electronic noise The recorder output is typically 0 01 mA at zero output therefore you should use 5 for the test value for 0 to 20 mA and 0 to 2 V ranges RECORDER OUTPUT TEST Ch Recorder A Recorder B of Scale 1 0 0 3 ...

Страница 40: ...value to correct for the difference between the desired multimeter reading and the actual multimeter reading in Step 4 Confirm that the digital multimeter display reads the correct 0 of full scale value 1 mA 4 mA or 0 1 V Note The trim resolution is limited to 0 05 mA or 0 5 mV Choose the trim value that produces an output closest to the value desired 7 Press the DONE menu key to return to the Rec...

Страница 41: ...value displays press the ZRO SPAN menu key to display the Span trim value 5 Press the TRIM UP or TRIM DN menu key to set the trim span value to the difference between the desired and actual multimeter readings in Step 3 Confirm that the digital multimeter display reads the correct 100 of full scale value 20 mA or 2V To exit press the DONE menu key until Main Menu appears on the message line Note T...

Страница 42: ...he following default values dew point 110 C temperature 70 C pressure 0 psi Check the Moisture Image Series Probe connections Replace the Moisture Image Series Probe Chan X MIS BAD CRC CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Communication link with Moisture Image Series Probe is established but data is intermittent or distorted After the Series 1 performs 5 checks it replaces data with the following default v...

Страница 43: ... that the measurement is within range For example change ppb to ppm Refer to page 2 10 in the Startup Guide to change the measurement units Mode Fault Mode is replaced by one of the available measurement modes See Signal Error Description on page page 2 28 The input signal from the probe exceeds the capacity of the analyzer electronics Alarms and recorders respond as programmed Refer to page 3 29 ...

Страница 44: ...e readings to vary Refer to Chapter 1 of the Startup Guide for more information If sampling point and main stream conditions are the same check sample system pipes and any pipe between the sample system and main stream for leaks Also check sam ple system for adsorbing water surfaces such as rubber or plastic tubing paper type filters or condensed water traps Remove or replace contaminating parts w...

Страница 45: ...Screen always reads the driest lowest pro grammed mois ture calibration value while dis playing dew frost point Open circuit on sensor Non conductive material is trapped under contact arm of sensor Return probe to factory for evaluation Clean the sensor and the sensor shield as described in Aluminum Oxide Probe Maintenance on page A 7 in Appendix A Then reinstall the sensor If the low reading pers...

Страница 46: ...he cell is always operating properly This section describes how to check and replenish the electrolyte in the oxygen cell Note Some applications require that the electrolyte be changed periodically Consult GE Panametrics To check the electrolyte level Using the min max window on the oxygen cell check the electrolyte level The electrolyte should cover about 60 of the window The electrolyte level sh...

Страница 47: ...n the window WARNING THE ELECTROLYTE CONTAINS A STRONG CAUSTIC INGREDIENT AND CAN BE HARMFUL IF IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH THE SKIN OR THE EYES FOLLOW PROPER PROCEDURES FOR HANDLING THE CAUSTIC POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION CONSULT YOUR COMPANY SAFETY PERSONNEL To raise the fluid level in the reservoir add DISTILLED WATER slowly in small amounts Check the level as you add the distilled water making s...

Страница 48: ...e a record of the following data described in the Programming Manual on the referenced pages Note This information should have been recorded on the Program Information List in Appendix A of the Startup Guide or on a separate sheet of paper Probe configuration page 2 9 Probe calibration data see the Calibration Data Sheets See page 2 12 Reference values page 2 17 Recorder Outputs page 3 3 Alarm Out...

Страница 49: ...pull it out of the brackets Pin 1 of the PCMCIA card must line up with Pin 1 of the connector on the controller card Note When you are inserting the PCMCIA card the face of the card with the arrows must be on the side next the controller board The switch settings shown in the insert of Figure 2 8 are preset at the factory and must remain at this setting all switches down for normal operation 7 Sli...

Страница 50: ...June 2003 2 18 Troubleshooting and Maintenance Procedure for Adding or Removing a PCMCIA Card cont Figure 2 8 PCMCIA Card Insertion PCMCIA Card ...

Страница 51: ...f its enclosure 3 Remove the retainer bar by removing the two screws at the ends of the bar See Figure 2 7 on page 2 17 4 Notice there are seven slots one for each channel and one for the controller board If necessary remove the old card by grasping each end of the card and pulling upwards 5 Insert the channel card into the desired slot 6 Push down on the board making sure the board makes contact ...

Страница 52: ...le to the factory for recalibration However you should verify that the calibration data entered at the factory is correct see page 2 12 of the Startup Guide If you only sent the sensor part of the Moisture Image Series Probe to the factory without the module you must enter the calibration data manually Recalibrating the Pressure Sensors Since the pressure sensor on a TF or Moisture Image Series Pr...

Страница 53: ...Up the Matrix Format in Chapter 2 of the Programming Manual 3 At Main Menu press the SELECT menu key 4 Press the PAGE menu key At the Display Page prompt enter the page number and press ENT 5 Press the MODE menu key A list of measurement modes appears on the message line see Table 2 6 on the next page 6 Press the PLACE menu key to move the larger pointer to the box you want to change 7 Move the br...

Страница 54: ...by Volume in Natural Gas mmHg Vapor Pressure Pas Vapor Pressure MH MH Diagnostic Mode H DVM Digital Voltmeter Diagnostic Mode FH FH Diagnostic Mode Dew Point Dew Point Dew Point Rel Humidity H2O H2O H2O H2O MMSCF IG H2O MMSCF NG H2O Nat Gas Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure H2O Moisture DVM MIS Probe C F K ppmv ppmw ppbv lbs lbs ppmv mmHg Pas MH VDC FH Temperature T C Degrees Celsius default T F Degre...

Страница 55: ...a 0 100 PPM O2 sensor 1 Run the calibration gas through the oxygen cell 2 Read the PPMv value If it is correct your oxygen cell does not need calibration If the reading is incorrect you must calculate the new span reading x Solve the following equation for x where OXc Correct PPMv for calibration gas OX0 Zero value in PPMv OX1 Span value in PPMv IOc Actual reading for calibration gas in µA IO0 Zer...

Страница 56: ...ppears See Figure 2 9 below Figure 2 9 System Calibration Menu for Oxygen Cell 6 Use the CHANNEL menu key to cycle to the desired channel The channel number is indicated in the top right hand corner of the screen The screen will only display installed channels 7 Move the pointer to the Span µA line and press YES 8 Enter the new span value and press YES 9 Press the DONE menu key until you return to...

Страница 57: ...is chapter your calibration data sheet should contain calibration data for nitrogen If your calibration data sheet contains data for a background gas other than nitrogen contact the factory for the nitrogen calibration sheet Correcting for Different Background Gases A single Background Gas Correction Factor based on the reference nitrogen measurement can be derived for each background gas because ...

Страница 58: ... Current Multiplier Note The default setting for the Current Multiplier is 1 00 1 Select a Current Multiplier from Table 2 8 on the next page 2 From Main Menu enter the System Calibration Menu by pressing the following menu keys SETTINGS SYSTEM CALIB 3 At the System Calibration Menu press the PROBE menu key until the Oxygen Probe Calibration screen appears 4 Use the CHANNEL menu key to cycle to th...

Страница 59: ... C3H8 0 79 0 76 0 72 0 58 Butene C4H8 0 69 0 65 0 60 0 77 Butane C4H10 0 68 0 63 0 58 0 76 Butadiene C6H6 0 71 0 66 0 62 0 79 Acetylene C2H2 0 95 0 94 0 93 0 97 Hexane C6H14 0 57 0 52 0 89 0 67 Cyclohexane C6H12 0 64 0 58 0 54 0 72 Vinyl Chloride CH2CHCl 0 74 0 69 0 65 0 81 Vinylidene Chloride C2H2F2 0 77 0 73 0 69 0 83 Neon Ne 1 18 1 23 1 28 1 11 Xenon Xe 0 70 0 65 0 61 0 78 Krypton Kr 0 83 0 79 ...

Страница 60: ...ors occur simultaneously the meter responds to them in the following order 1 Oxygen Errors 2 Moisture Errors 3 Temperature Errors 4 Pressure Errors Signal Error Description Signal Errors occur when an electrical fault causes a measurement signal to exceed the capacity of the analyzer electronics The Series 1 displays Signal Errors with a Mode Fault message The Mode in this message is replaced by o...

Страница 61: ...Appendix A ...

Страница 62: ...onitor Hints A 2 Contaminants A 5 Aluminum Oxide Probe Maintenance A 7 Corrosive Gases And Liquids A 9 Materials of Construction A 10 Calculations and Useful Formulas in Gas Applications A 11 Liquid Applications A 22 Empirical Calibrations A 28 Solids Applications A 34 ...

Страница 63: ...nance process applications and other considerations for ensuring accurate moisture measurements are discussed The following specific topics are covered Moisture Monitor Hints Contaminants Aluminum Oxide Probe Maintenance Corrosive Gases and Liquids Materials of Construction Calculations and Useful Formulas in Gas Applications Liquid Applications Empirical Calibrations Solids Applications ...

Страница 64: ...sured As a result the need for complex sample systems that include extensive piping manifolds gas flow regulators and pressure regulators is eliminated or greatly reduced Instead a simple sample system to reduce the fluid temperature filter contaminants and facilitate sensor removal is all that is needed Whether the sensor is installed in situ or in a remote sampling system the accuracy and speed ...

Страница 65: ...sig will be considerably higher than the dew point of a gas with 1000 PPMv of water at 1 atm Gaseous water vapor will actually condense to form liquid water at a higher temperature at the 200 psig pressure than at the 1 atm pressure Thus if the moisture probe is exposed to pressure changes the measured dew point will be altered by the changed vapor pressure of the water It is generally advantageou...

Страница 66: ...sture content will occur The converse will happen during the cooler evening hours Flow Rate GE Panametrics hygrometers are unaffected by the fluid flow rate The moisture probe is not a mass sensor but responds only to water vapor pressure The moisture probe will operate accurately under both static and dynamic fluid flow conditions In fact the specified maximum fluid linear velocity of 10 000 cm s...

Страница 67: ... the condensation of non conductive non corrosive liquids However a slower response to moisture changes will probably be observed because the contaminating liquid barrier will decrease the rate of transport of the water vapor to the sensor and reduce its response time Particulate matter with a high density and or a high flow rate may cause abrasion or pitting of the sensor surface This can drastic...

Страница 68: ...and glycol droplets from glycol based dehydrators If the system contains conductive particulates it is advisable to install a Teflon or stainless steel filter in the fluid stream Corrosive Particulates Note Sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide particulates are typical of this category Since the active sensor element is constructed of aluminum any material that corrodes aluminum will deleteriously ...

Страница 69: ...o the sensor s aluminum sheet is very fragile and can be easily bent or distorted Do not permit anything to touch it The following items will be needed to properly complete the moisture probe cleaning procedure approximately 300 ml of reagent grade hexane or toluene approximately 300 ml of distilled not deionized water two glass containers to hold above liquids metal containers should not be used ...

Страница 70: ...te value for the dew point of the ambient atmosphere 9 If the sensor is in proper calibration 2 C accuracy reinstall the probe in the sample cell and proceed with normal operation of the hygrometer 10 If the sensor is not in proper calibration repeat steps 1 9 using time intervals 5 times those used in the previous cleaning cycle Repeat this procedure until the sensor is in proper calibration A tr...

Страница 71: ...oisture content of the corrosive fluid must be 10 PPMv or less at 1 atmosphere or the concentration of the corrosive fluid must be 10 PPMv or less at 1 atmosphere 2 The sample system must be pre dried with a dry inert gas such as nitrogen or argon prior to introduction of the fluid stream Any adsorbed atmospheric moisture on the sensor will react with the corrosive fluid to cause pitting or corros...

Страница 72: ...luminum oxide gold Nichrome A6 Back Wire 316 stainless steel Contact Wire gold 304 stainless steel Front Wire 316 stainless steel Support Glass Corning 9010 Pins Al 152 Alloy 52 Ni Glass Corning 9010 Shell 304L stainless steel O Ring silicone rubber Threaded Fitting 304 stainless steel O Ring Viton A Cage 308 stainless steel Shield 304 stainless steel ...

Страница 73: ...upercooled water As stated above the dew frost point of a system defines a unique partial pressure of water vapor in the gas Table A 1 on page A 15 which lists water vapor pressure as a function of dew point can be used to find either the saturation water vapor pressure at a known temperature or the water vapor pressure at a specified dew point In addition all definitions involving humidity can th...

Страница 74: ...e refer to Figure A 1 on page A 20 Using a straightedge connect the dew point as measured with the GE Panametrics Hygrometer with the known system pressure Read the moisture content in PPMV where the straightedge crosses the moisture content scale Typical Problems 1 Find the water content in a nitrogen gas stream if a dew point of 20 C is measured and the pressure is 60 psig Solution In Figure A 1...

Страница 75: ...pressure at a dew point of 0 C is 4 579 mm of Hg and the saturation water vapor pressure at an ambient temperature of 20 C is 17 535 mm of Hg Therefore the relative humidity of the system is 100 x 4 579 17 535 26 1 Weight of Water per Unit Volume of Carrier Gas Three units of measure are commonly used in the gas industry to express the weight of water per unit volume of carrier gas They all repres...

Страница 76: ... gas is expressed in terms of the weight of water per unit weight of carrier gas In such a case the unit of measure defined by the following equation is the most commonly used 0 7 For ambient air at 1 atm of pressure the above equation reduces to the following 0 8 grains of water lb of gas 7000 MW PW MT PT grains of water lb of gas 5 72 PW ...

Страница 77: ... 0 292 28 0 351 0 344 0 337 0 330 0 324 27 0 389 0 381 0 374 0 366 0 359 26 0 430 0 422 0 414 0 405 0 397 25 0 476 0 467 0 457 0 448 0 439 24 0 526 0 515 0 505 0 495 0 486 23 0 580 0 569 0 558 0 547 0 536 22 0 640 0 627 0 615 0 603 0 592 21 0 705 0 691 0 678 0 665 0 652 20 0 776 0 761 0 747 0 733 0 719 19 0 854 0 838 0 822 0 806 0 791 18 0 939 0 921 0 904 0 887 0 870 17 1 031 1 012 0 993 0 975 0 9...

Страница 78: ...15 673 15 871 16 071 16 272 19 16 477 16 685 16 894 17 105 17 319 20 17 535 17 753 17 974 18 197 18 422 21 18 650 18 880 19 113 19 349 19 587 22 19 827 20 070 20 316 20 565 20 815 23 21 068 21 324 21 583 21 845 22 110 24 22 377 22 648 22 922 23 198 23 476 25 23 756 24 039 24 326 24 617 24 912 26 25 209 25 509 25 812 26 117 26 426 27 26 739 27 055 27 374 27 696 28 021 28 28 349 28 680 29 015 29 354...

Страница 79: ... 145 20 146 60 148 00 60 149 38 150 70 152 10 153 50 155 00 61 156 43 157 80 159 30 160 80 162 30 62 163 77 165 20 166 80 168 30 169 80 63 171 38 172 90 174 50 176 10 177 70 64 179 31 180 90 182 50 184 20 185 80 65 187 54 189 20 190 90 192 60 194 30 66 196 09 197 80 199 50 201 30 203 10 67 204 96 206 80 208 60 210 50 212 30 68 214 17 216 00 218 00 219 90 221 80 69 223 73 225 70 227 70 229 70 231 7...

Страница 80: ... 00 513 90 517 80 521 80 90 525 76 529 77 533 80 537 86 541 95 91 546 05 550 18 554 35 558 53 562 75 92 566 99 571 26 575 55 579 87 584 22 93 588 60 593 00 597 43 601 89 606 38 94 610 90 615 44 620 01 624 61 629 24 95 633 90 638 59 643 30 648 05 652 82 96 657 62 662 45 667 31 672 20 677 12 97 682 07 687 04 692 05 697 10 702 17 98 707 27 712 40 717 56 722 75 727 98 99 733 24 738 53 743 85 749 20 75...

Страница 81: ...4 0 1 718 5 0 2 684 6 0 3 865 7 0 5 261 8 0 6 871 9 0 8 697 10 0 10 737 11 0 12 991 12 0 15 461 Table A 3 Maximum Liquid Flow Rates Based on the physical characteristics of benzene at a temperature of 77 F the following flow rates will produce the maximum allowable fluid linear velocity of 10 cm sec in the corresponding pipe sizes Inside Pipe Diameter in Flow Rate gal hr Flow Rate l hr 0 25 3 11 0...

Страница 82: ...00 5 000 8 000 01 02 03 04 05 06 08 10 3 2 4 6 5 1 0 8 2 0 3 0 5 0 4 0 6 0 10 8 0 80 20 30 50 40 60 100 400 200 300 1 000 600 500 800 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1 000 1 500 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 MOISTURE CONTENT PPM by volume PRESSURE ATMOSPHERES PRESSURE PSIG 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 DEW FROST POINT C 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 ...

Страница 83: ...hygrometer values determined from tabulated vapor pressures For comparison purposes examples of all three procedures are listed in Table A 4 below Table A 4 Comparative PPMV Values DewPoint C Pressure psig Calculation Method Slide Rule Appendix A Vapor Pressure 80 0 0 5 0 55 0 526 100 0 065 N A 0 0675 800 0 009 N A 0 0095 1500 0 005 N A 0 0051 50 0 37 40 38 88 100 4 8 5 2 4 98 800 0 65 0 8 0 7016 ...

Страница 84: ...s When using the aluminum oxide sensor in non polar liquids having water concentrations 1 by weight Henry s Law is generally applicable Henry s Law states that at constant temperature the mass of a gas dissolved in a given volume of liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the system Stated in terms pertinent to this discussion it can be said that the PPMW of water in hydrocarb...

Страница 85: ...centration CS and the saturation vapor pressure PS of water at the measurement temperature In the General Case the Henry s Law constant varies with the measurement temperature but there is a Special Case in which the Henry s Law constant does not vary appreciably with the measurement temperature This special case applies to saturated straight chain hydrocarbons such as pentane hexane heptane etc A...

Страница 86: ...page A 32 To perform such an analysis proceed as follows 1 Obtain a sample of the test solution with a known water content or perform a Karl Fischer titration on a sample of the test stream to determine the PPMW of water Note The Karl Fischer analysis involves titrating the test sample against a special Karl Fischer reagent until an endpoint is reached 2 Measure the dew point of the known sample w...

Страница 87: ...rature of 30 C is 870 PPMW b Using a straightedge on Figure A 2 on page A 32 connect the 870 PPMW saturation concentration with the 30 C ambient temperature and read the Henry s Law Constant of 27 4 on the center scale c Using the straightedge connect the above K value of 27 4 with the measured dew point of 0 C and read the correct moisture content of 125 PPMW where the straightedge crosses the mo...

Страница 88: ... C and read the correct moisture content of 26 PPMW where the straightedge crosses the moisture content scale 4 Find the moisture content in an unknown organic liquid at an ambient temperature of 50 C if a dew point of 10 C is measured with the GE Panametrics hygrometer a Either perform a Karl Fischer analysis on a sample of the liquid or obtain a dry sample of the liquid b Either use the PPMW det...

Страница 89: ... a knowledge of the absolute moisture content of the liquid is not required Either the dew point of the liquid or its percent saturation is the only value needed For such applications the saturation value for the liquid need not be known The GE Panametrics hygrometer can be used directly to determine the dew point and then the percent saturation can be calculated from the vapor pressures of water ...

Страница 90: ...lysis on several unknown test samples of different water content prepare a series of known test samples via the addition of water to a quantity of dry liquid In the latter case it is important to be sure that the solutions have reached equilibrium before proceeding with the dew point measurements Note Karl Fisher analysis is a method for measuring trace quantities of water by titrating the test sa...

Страница 91: ...nd monitor the dew point reading When a stable dew point reading indicates that equilibrium has been reached record the reading 5 Insert a syringe through the rubber septum and withdraw a fluid sample for Karl Fischer analysis Record the actual moisture content of the sample 6 Open the exhaust valve 7 Open the inlet valve and increase the moisture content of the sample by bubbling wet N2 through t...

Страница 92: ...stabilizes at some minimum value 5 Turn off the N2 supply and close both valves 6 Weigh the apparatus including the liquid and calculate the sample weight by subtracting the step 1 weight from this weight 7 Insert a syringe through the rubber septum and add a known weight of H2O to the sample Continue stirring until the water is completely dissolved in the liquid 8 Record the dew point indicated b...

Страница 93: ...cal calibration is required the M2 Sensor is recommended Since a background signal is caused by the conductivity of the liquid between the sensor lead wires use of the M2 Sensor which has the shortest lead wires will result in the best sensitivity 2 The calibration data supplied with GE Panametrics Moisture Probes is applicable to both liquid phase for those liquids in which a Henry s Law analysis...

Страница 94: ...June 2003 A 32 Application of the Hygrometer 900 901D1 Figure A 2 Moisture Content Nomograph for Liquids ...

Страница 95: ...gure A 3 Moisture Content Test Apparatus Stainless Steel Tubing Soft Solder soft soldered to cover 3 4 26 THD Female soft soldered to cover Metal Cover with M2 Probe Rubber Septum Exhaust Glass Bottle Magnetic Stirrer Bar Teflon Washer Liquid Magnetic Stirrer ...

Страница 96: ...photographic film If one wishes to measure the absolute moisture content of the solid at any time during such a process then an empirical calibration is required 1 At a particular set of operating conditions i e flow rate temperature and pressure the hygrometer dew point reading can be calibrated against solids samples with known moisture contents 2 Assuming the operating conditions are relatively...

Страница 97: ... discussed in the previous section should be used d A dew point of 110 C which can correspond to a moisture content of 10 6 PPMW or less represents the lower limit of sensor sensitivity The maximum measurable moisture content depends to a great extent on the liquid itself Generally the sensor becomes insensitive to moisture contents in excess of 1 by weight 2 An alternative technique involves driv...

Страница 98: ...ntaminants A 5 Corrosive Substances A 6 D DCE DTE Switch Setting 1 18 E Electrical Connections 1 1 1 2 Alarms 1 6 Auxiliary Inputs 1 16 Communications Port 1 18 Pressure Sensors 1 8 Electrolyte Checking Level 2 14 Empirical Calibrations A 28 Error Messages Calibration Error Description 2 28 Range Error Description 2 28 F Flow Rates Gases A 19 Liquids A 19 Monitoring Hints A 4 G Gases Corrosive A 6...

Страница 99: ...oisture A 1 Pressure A 3 Response Time A 4 Temperature A 4 O Outputs Connecting Alarms 1 6 Testing Alarm Relays 2 2 Testing Recorders 2 3 Trimming Recorders 2 5 Oxygen Cell Background Gas Correction Factors 2 25 Checking and Replenishing Electrolyte 2 14 P PCMCIA Card Replacing 2 16 Personal Computer Communications Port 1 18 PPMv Calculating A 12 PPMw Calculating A 13 Pressure Monitoring Hints A 3...

Страница 100: ...isture Probe A 10 Switch Settings Auxiliary Input 1 16 DCE DTE 1 18 Pressure Transmitters 1 14 T Temperature Monitoring A 4 Testing Alarm Relays 2 2 Calibration Adjustments 1 20 Recorder Outputs 2 3 TF Series Probe Precautions for Modified Cables 1 3 Trimming Recorders 2 5 Tripping Alarms 2 2 Troubleshooting and Maintenance Contaminants A 5 U Unassigned Box Making 2 21 User Program 2 16 ...

Страница 101: ...n accordance with all appropriate international national and local standard codes and practices and site regulations for flameproof apparatus and in accordance with the instructions contained in the manual Access to the circuitry must not be made during operation Only trained competent personnel may install operate and maintain the equipment The product has been designed so that the protection aff...

Страница 102: ...ds EN 61326 1998 Class A Annex A Continuous Unmonitored Operation EN 61010 1 1993 A2 1995 Overvoltage Category II Pollution Degree 2 following the provisions of the 89 336 EEC EMC Directive and the 73 23 EEC Low Voltage Directive The units listed above and any sensors and ancillary sample handling systems supplied with them do not bear CE marking for the Pressure Equipment Directive as they are su...

Страница 103: ...tored Operation EN 61010 1 1993 A2 1995 Overvoltage Category II Pollution Degree 2 suivant les régles de la Directive de Compatibilité Electromagnétique 89 336 EEC et de la Directive Basse Tension 73 23 EEC Les matériels listés ci dessus ainsi que les capteurs et les systèmes d échantillonnages pouvant être livrés avec ne portent pas le marquage CE de la directive des équipements sous pression car...

Страница 104: ...26 1998 Class A Annex A Continuous Unmonitored Operation EN 61010 1 1993 A2 1995 Overvoltage Category II Pollution Degree 2 gemäß den Europäischen Richtlinien Niederspannungsrichtlinie Nr 73 23 EWG und EMV Richtlinie Nr 89 336 EWG Die oben aufgeführten Geräte und zugehörige mitgelieferte Sensoren und Handhabungssysteme tragen keine CE Kennzeichnung gemäß der Druckgeräte Richtlinie da sie in Überei...

Страница 105: ...4 90 E mail panametrics panametrics fr Germany Mess und Pruftechnik Robert Bosch Straße 20a 65719 Hofheim Germany Telephone 49 6122 8090 Fax 49 6122 8147 E mail panametrics t online de Italy Via Feltre 19 A 20132 Milano Italy Telephone 02 2642131 Fax 02 26414454 E mail info panametrics it Japan 2F Sumitomo Bldg 5 41 10 Koishikawa Bunkyo Ku Tokyo 112 0002 Japan Telephone 81 03 5802 8701 Fax 81 03 5...

Страница 106: ... Telephone 781 899 2719 Toll free 800 833 9438 Fax 781 894 8582 E Mail gepanametrics pci ps ge com http www panametrics com Ireland GE Panametrics Shannon Industrial Estate Shannon County Clare Ireland Telephone 353 61 470200 Fax 353 61 471359 E Mail info panametrics ie ...

Страница 107: ...quipment Have surplus equipment taking up shelf space We ll give it a new home Learn more Visit us at artisantg com for more info on price quotes drivers technical specifications manuals and documentation Artisan Scientific Corporation dba Artisan Technology Group is not an affiliate representative or authorized distributor for any manufacturer listed herein We re here to make your life easier How...

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