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OPU-1

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION - Rev 7 (May 2019)

10/67

FIGURE 3

Automatic fall-back/increase rates (QAM)

❖

Ethernet user interface with built-in bridge functionality.

On the front plate of the terminal it is available an Ethernet user interface which is of utility

when using the OPU-1 for the interconnection of different line segments. In this case, the

built-in Ethernet bridge selects the frames to be transmitted to the remote end, thus

making a more efficient use of the communications channel.

The information is multiplexed with the rest of speech and data channels and

transmitted in the QAM signal.

❖

SNMP agent.

The OPU-1 terminals can include an SNMP agent to make GET and SET operations as

well as to send TRAP and INFORM notifications (unsolicited information spontaneously

transmitted) about alarms and events of the terminal to the devices specified by the user,

and this makes it possible to monitor the OPU-1 terminal from an SNMP management

application.

❖

Narrow-Band High-Frequency Teleprotection functionality.

This functionality is the best solution for PLC networks with frequency congestion. It

enables electrical power utilities to transmit teleprotection commands over high-voltage

lines, in only one standard 4 kHz channel, using 2 kHz for Tx and 2 kHz for Rx.

This functionality implies a specific hardware architecture of the terminal.

Содержание OPU-1

Страница 1: ...ion com Making the Smart Grid Real 1 67 Carrer de les Ciències 149 151 08908 L Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona Spain Tel 34 933 490 700 Fax 34 933 492 258 UNIVERSAL POWER LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Rev 7 May 2019 ...

Страница 2: ...YMBOLS WARNING OR CAUTION This symbol denotes a hazard Not following the indicated procedure operation or alike could mean total or partial breakdown of the equipment or even injury to the personnel handling it NOTE Information or important aspects to take into account in a procedure operation or alike ...

Страница 3: ...PLEXER 23 2 4 1 MXPU internal multiplexer 23 2 4 2 DMPU TMPU internal multiplexer 25 2 5 ANALOG OPTIONAL MODULES 27 2 5 1 Speech module 27 2 5 2 Teleprotection terminals 28 2 5 2 1 Teleprotection terminal using single tone 28 2 5 2 2 Teleprotection terminal using FSK channels 29 2 5 2 3 Teleprotection terminal using dual tone 29 2 5 2 4 Teleprotection terminal integrated in the digital band 30 2 5...

Страница 4: ...ENT HELP MENU 43 5 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS 45 5 1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 45 5 2 HIGH FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS 48 5 3 QAM DIGITAL MODEM CHARACTERISTICS 49 5 4 OFDM DIGITAL MODEM CHARACTERISTICS 50 5 5 USER INTERFACES 51 5 6 OPTIONAL BUILT IN MULTIPLEXER CHARACTERISTICS 52 5 6 1 MXPU internal multiplexer 52 5 6 2 DMPU TMPU internal multiplexer 53 5 7 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS 55 5 8 OPERATING CONDIT...

Страница 5: ...AM is more suited for higher transmission rates over short lines With the OFDM OQAM digital modulation scheme the OPU 1 terminal can support a maximum transmission rate of 324 kbit s in a bandwidth of 32 kHz in each direction A transmission rate of 160 kbit s in a bandwidth of 16 kHz of 72 kbit s in a bandwidth of 8 kHz and of 32 kbit s in a bandwidth of 4 kHz in each direction is also possible Wh...

Страница 6: ... in the same line or even as is represented in FIGURE 2 in independent lines The use of additional filters in a twin channel analog terminal also allows the transmission and reception bands of each channel to be non adjacent The OPU 1 terminal can work with different line filters depending on the backplane type If desired as a solution for PLC networks with frequency congestion the OPU 1 can funct...

Страница 7: ... POWER LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Rev 7 May 2019 7 67 FIGURE 1 OPU 1 general architecture for 20 40 and 80 W NOTE The OPU 1 can work with different line filters depending on the backplane type ...

Страница 8: ...E CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Rev 7 May 2019 8 67 FIGURE 2 OPU 1 general architecture for 20 and 40 W with additional filters NOTE The OPU 1 can work with different line filters depending on the backplane type ...

Страница 9: ...M can work at lower values of S N and has a lower transmission latency whereas OFDM OQAM increases the transmission rate at the expense of a higher transmission latency and needs higher values of S N ratio Automatic fall back increase rates A remarkable feature of the OPU 1 when working with a digital modem unit is the automatic fall back rate when there is unfavourable line noise and or signal re...

Страница 10: ...d data channels and transmitted in the QAM signal SNMP agent The OPU 1 terminals can include an SNMP agent to make GET and SET operations as well as to send TRAP and INFORM notifications unsolicited information spontaneously transmitted about alarms and events of the terminal to the devices specified by the user and this makes it possible to monitor the OPU 1 terminal from an SNMP management appli...

Страница 11: ...ted to the said IP network The user can access the home web page of the Management System by entering the IP address of the web server of the OPU 1 terminal once authorisation is gained by means of the user password By default the system has two created user profiles one basic and the other administrator whose user identifications and passwords can be seen in TABLE 1 Each one has different managem...

Страница 12: ... different applications to be covered The following examples clearly show some of the most relevant General purpose Analog channel intended for teleprotection signals and QAM OFDM signal for data and speech channels For this application the OPU 1 terminal is equipped with a set of 4 command teleprotection system and with the necessary optional multiplexer modules FIGURE 4 Transmission of data spee...

Страница 13: ...og 4 kHz channels in the other For this application it is necessary the additional filters FIGURE 5 Two independent PLC terminals in a single equipment Frequency congestion solution Different frequency slots in the same high voltage line see FIGURE 6 or even in different lines see FIGURE 5 For this application it is necessary the additional filters FIGURE 6 Frequency congestion solution ...

Страница 14: ... same teleprotection information to two different sites using only three OPU 1 terminals equipped each with two sets of 4 command teleprotection system For this application additional filters are necessary FIGURE 7 Teleprotection between 3 sites application The use of additional filters in a twin channel analog terminal allows the transmission and reception bands of each channel to be non adjacent...

Страница 15: ...ction signals For this application the OPU 1 terminal is equipped with a specific set of 4 command teleprotection system The guard signal is sent to the high voltage line together with the QAM signal When the receiver detects the absence of the guard signal the QAM signal is blocked for a pre set period of time to allow command signal detection FIGURE 8 Teleprotection integrated in the digital ban...

Страница 16: ...ital channels The OPU 1 basic terminal consists of one shelf of 3 s u in height which contains the power stage modules for 20 W and 40 W and one shelf of 6 s u in height which contains the power supply the management signal processing and control unit digital modem unit and the optional modules The module arrangement for 20 and 40 W is shown in FIGURE 9 All the shelves are prepared for mounting in...

Страница 17: ...tained by adding to the 40 W terminal an additional shelf of 3 s u in height containing a second 40 W amplifier and a differential transformer to connect the first in parallel to the second to obtain the 80 W output power The module arrangement for 80 W is shown in FIGURE 10 FIGURE 10 OPU 1 module arrangement for 80 W ...

Страница 18: ...different frequency slots for the analog and the digital channels in the same line or even in independent lines The module arrangement for the additional filters is shown in FIGURE 11 The use of additional filters in a twin channel analog terminal also allows the transmission and reception bands of each channel to be non adjacent FIGURE 11 OPU 1 module arrangement for 20 and 40 W with additional f...

Страница 19: ...cted against polarity inversion MOPU 1X MANAGEMENT ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING UNIT On the one hand it contains the central management unit that is made up of LAN interface 10 100Base Tx loop control a decoder capable of processing according to IRIG B standard a web server an SNMP agent and the associated MIB and service channel On the other hand for processing the analog signals it contains a centra...

Страница 20: ...tersymbol interference and the echo canceller which allows the transmission in superimposed bands to be carried out For processing the signals proceeding from the interfaces this module generates an internal frame and carries out the 128 QAM 16 QAM or 4 QAM modulation and the Trellis coding In OFDM OQAM the bit stream is dynamically assigned to the 244 carriers which can be modulated from a 4 QAM ...

Страница 21: ...line filter is selected configuring a jumper and two switches in the 3 s u backplane WOPU 6 s u backplane It contains three alarm external signalling relays whose activation condition is established from the Management System the main power supply switch the fuses the power supply sockets and the connectors for external connections WPPU 3 s u backplane It contains the line transformer the coaxial ...

Страница 22: ...s located in the additional 3 s u shelf 2 3 ADDITIONAL MODULES FOR AN EXTRA FILTERS FOR 20 AND 40 W RXPU ADDITIONAL RECEPTION FILTER This module comprises the receive channel filter This module is located in the additional 3 s u shelf HIPU ADDITIONAL HF HYBRID This module contains the high frequency hybrid This module is located in the additional 3 s u shelf AMPU ADDITIONAL HIGH FREQUENCY AMPLIFIE...

Страница 23: ...way WPPU 00 The bandwidth of the line filter may be 8 16 or 24 kHz WPPU 01 The bandwidth of the line filter may be 8 16 or 32 kHz 2 4 OPTIONAL INTERNAL MULTIPLEXER When working with a digital channel the multiplexing of the different services if desired can be carried out by using an optional internal multiplexer There are two models of optional internal multiplexer the description of each one bei...

Страница 24: ...ide it includes the subscriber circuits ring current generator and pick up detection KAVX Speech submodule at 4800 bit s 6400 bit s or 8000 bit s Submodule for 4 wire or 2 wire telephone termination with speech encoder at 4800 bit s 6400 bit s or 8000 bit s based on MP MLQ multipulse encoding When 2 wire is configured two operation modes are obtained 2 wire exchange side it includes ring detection...

Страница 25: ...ficient use of the system bandwidth The drop insert is particularly suitable for half duplex communications or polling systems Central Unit Remotes The type of module depends on the number of ports in this way DMPU 02 2 data communication channels port 3 9 15 and port 4 10 16 DMPU 04 4 data communication channels port 3 9 15 port 4 10 16 port 5 11 17 and port 6 12 18 DMPU 06 6 data communication c...

Страница 26: ...FXS it includes the subscriber circuits ring current generator and pick up detection It allows in band DTMF transmission and reception It allows in band or out of band transmission and reception by E M wires It allows in band factory pre set tones transmission and reception Possibility of incorporating modem protocols for V 21 300 bit s FSK Bell 103 300 bit s FSK V 23 1200 75 bit s FSK and Bell 20...

Страница 27: ...tion is also compatible The TDPU 20 module contains the speech band transmit and receive filters the upper frequency of which can be defined from the management terminal the dynamic compressor expander a 4 wire configurable termination and a subscriber side 2 wire telephone termination The 4 wire configurable termination can be dynamically switched between 4W 2W operation by means of an external c...

Страница 28: ...evious one CDIT 01 module commands C and D is also necessary ABIT 01 This module contains the Digital Signal Processor DSP which generates the guard and command tones and implements a bank of filters for the reception of commands It also has the software necessary for decision making in the transmission and reception of commands as well as software for input output management link supervision and ...

Страница 29: ...DIT 01 module commands C and D is also necessary ABIT 01 This module contains the Digital Signal Processor DSP which generates the FSK channels in transmission at the programmed frequency and shift and implements for each channel the elements which differentiate between the guard and command signals in reception It also has the software necessary for decision making in the transmission and recepti...

Страница 30: ... the OPU 1 terminal can be equipped with a specific analog teleprotection terminal using single tone or dual tone that will be able to use the digital operation band to transmit teleprotection signals The guard signal is sent to the high voltage line together with the QAM signal generated in the OPU 1 terminal When a command needs to be transmitted the guard signal is replaced by the corresponding...

Страница 31: ...r alarm configurable by the user CDIT 01 This module contains two command input and output circuits together with four relays for signalling and or alarm configurable by the user Teleprotection system type TPPU The teleprotection terminal integrated in the digital band and using dual tone is able to transmit and receive up to four independent commands and in any combination The terminal is constit...

Страница 32: ... the ITU T The MFPU modem is also compatible with standard V 23 of the ITU T 2 5 4 Others IOPU BASEBAND INPUT OUTPUT CIRCUIT It contains two 600 balanced inputs and two 600 balanced outputs and the whole band service telephony circuits It also receives the external input for power boosting control the external input of the M wire transmission call and the signalling of the E wire reception call Th...

Страница 33: ...d on request EYPU INPUT OUTPUT COMBINER The EYPU module has four inputs and four outputs that are all decoupled by transformer and two inputs and two outputs for signals coming from the low frequency buses of each of the analog channels of the OPU 1 terminal It is therefore possible by programming the module to effect any combination in the connection of six inputs and four outputs or of four inpu...

Страница 34: ...Number of channels 29 14 20 7 9 The number of higher rate FSK channels that can be transmitted in the same band is three for a transmission rate of 600 Bd with a separation of 960 Hz and two for a rate of 1200 Bd In the T type channel where the available band is shared between speech and data the speech band is limited by a frequency lower than 300 Hz and by an upper one that is programmable betwe...

Страница 35: ...h the other terminal using the pilot received This synchronization is completely digital Telephone signalling Modulating the pilot signal by frequency shifting at a maximum rate of 50 Bd corresponding to 25 impulses a second permits telephone signalling to be transmitted Internal data transmission The supervision of the system is carried out by transmitting data through the internal communication ...

Страница 36: ... according to whether the gross bit rate is of 81 kbit s 40 5 kbit s or 27 kbit s respectively The data is subjected to the following processes scrambling serial to parallel conversion differential encoding convolutional encoding Trellis encoding symbol mapping pulse shaping filtering and QAM modulation The QAM signals obtained in this way are then transposed to the desired frequency band and befo...

Страница 37: ...tion is completely digital The MQPU module QAM digital channel works with only one clock which is internal The programming of the terminal configuration automatically determines a Master Slave operating mode for the recovery of synchronisms The Master terminal generates the transmit synchronisms from the internal oscillator The Slave terminal always uses the clock recovered from the data received ...

Страница 38: ...f signals used to identify specific instants of time The standard IRIG B signals are classified according to the modulation applied to them their frequency resolution and codes applied to the words set of bits that contain the information According to this classification a number is applied to each one of the three parameters mentioned earlier and standards are defined such as for example the IRIG...

Страница 39: ...aded as well as the display of the module software versions and allows all the parameters relating to the network management to be programmed The second menu Configuration allows all the operative parameters of the terminal to be configured and those of its collateral that is to say those of the terminal at the other side of the link The third menu Monitoring allows supervision of the system to be...

Страница 40: ...o the external signalling relays Terminal configuration In the OPU 1 terminals it is possible to program a numeric identification and a description of up to 50 characters Before programming the operating parameters it is necessary to configure the terminal The output power which can be of 20 40 or 80 W the operating mode and the options incorporated in the equipment are defined by means of this co...

Страница 41: ... Blocking The audio frequency outputs can be blocked because of pilot loss or excessive noise The user can define the signal to noise ratio for each output for which blocking must be effected as well as the value of excess noise which causes the external alarm to be activated Alarms The terminal has three alarm signalling relays with a simple contact to which an alarm or combination of alarms can ...

Страница 42: ...ach terminal is the following Terminal alarms Chronological list of alarms Chronological list of events Receive pilot level S N ratio Quality of the received signal established with regard to Recommendation G 821 and the state of module MQPU ports as well as those of the optional modules of the built in multiplexer MXPU or DMPU TMPU Alarm display The alarms of the terminal that can be monitored fr...

Страница 43: ...t and contains the procedures for carrying out line filter adjustments and instructions for making the loops necessary to check the operation of the link etc The menu also contains an option that shows how to configure a jumper in order to load the IP address by default as well as the default user passwords in the terminal On the other hand the menu has the necessary options for the commissioning ...

Страница 44: ...he user to obtain this information from one end of the link by establishing two types of loops at the other end The first which has signal level regeneration at the said end enables the response curve of the return circuit to be made known This is possible thanks to the measurement of the received signal for which it is known that the transmission level is constant The second loop which does not h...

Страница 45: ...Hz per channel in each direction Digital channel QAM 16 kHz at 81 kbit s maximum single for superimposed bands or in each direction for non adjacent bands 8 kHz at 40 5 kbit s maximum single for superimposed bands or in each direction for non adjacent bands 16 kHz at 40 5 kbit s maximum for adjacent 8 kHz bands 8 kHz at 20 25 kbit s maximum for adjacent 4 kHz bands 4 kHz at 20 25 kbit s maximum si...

Страница 46: ...kbit s in each direction for adjacent bands 8 kHz at 72 kbit s in each direction for adjacent bands 4 kHz at 32 kbit s in each direction for adjacent bands Transmission capacity See examples in FIGURE 13 The possibilities can be enlarged with the use of the additional filters FIGURE 13 Transmission capacity examples NOTE The OPU 1 can work with different line filters depending on the backplane typ...

Страница 47: ...ation By frequency shift keying of 30 Hz Maximum rate 50 bit s Pilot tone digital channel Functions Automatic Gain Control Internal clock Master Frequency stability within specified temperature and voltage ranges 1ppm Ageing 1ppm year Synchronization Analog channel Synchronous or Plesiochronous non synchronism Digital channel QAM Master Slave Automatic Gain Control AGC in analog channel Dynamics 5...

Страница 48: ...ne analog channel Between transmitter and receiver of the same equipment 0 kHz Between transmitters of adjacent equipment 8 kHz Between transmitter and receiver of adjacent equipment 4 kHz Between receivers of adjacent equipment 0 kHz Transmitter Peak envelope power over resistive load 20 40 or 80 W shared between the analog and digital channels Spurious emission analog channel In accordance with ...

Страница 49: ...AM 16 kHz 27 kbit s 26 3 kbit s 8 kHz 13 5 kbit s 13 15 kbit s 4 kHz 6 75 kbit s 6 55 kbit s Fall back increase rate 3 Automatic Can be disabled from the programming software The change of speed presents hysteresis whose thresholds can be programmed from the programming software The factory configuration is the following Medium Upper step 23 dB Upper Medium step 20 5 dB Medium Lower step 11 6 dB L...

Страница 50: ...ussian noise AWGN at receiver input 8 kHz QAM bandwidth BER 10 3 20 dB at 40 5 kbit s 12 dB at 20 25 kbit s 8 dB at 13 5 kbit s BER 10 6 23 dB at 40 5 kbit s 16 dB at 20 25 kbit s 12 dB at 13 5 kbit s Minimum S N ratio with white Gaussian noise AWGN at receiver input 4 kHz QAM bandwidth BER 10 3 20 dB at 20 25 kbit s 12 dB at 10 125 kbit s 8 dB at 6 75 kbit s BER 10 6 23 dB at 20 25 kbit s 16 dB a...

Страница 51: ...output Link amplitude distortion In accordance with IEC 495 figure 9 Three terminals connected in cascade also comply with M 1020 figure 1 Link group delay distortion In accordance with IEC 495 figure 10 Three terminals connected in cascade also comply with M 1020 figure 2 E and M signalling Transmission By means of optocoupler Input voltage between 30 V and 150 V Reception By means of relay Conta...

Страница 52: ...synchronous data port 200 600 1200 2400 3600 4800 7200 9600 and 14400 bit s with interface in accordance with Rec V 24 V 28 of the ITU T EIA RS 232C Ethernet data port 10 100Base Tx with built in bridge functionality 5 6 OPTIONAL BUILT IN MULTIPLEXER CHARACTERISTICS 5 6 1 MXPU internal multiplexer MXPU built in multiplexer optional Up to nine additional ports either speech or data distributed in t...

Страница 53: ...it rate Anisochronous of 60 120 240 360 480 640 720 800 960 and 1440 bit s Interface DB25 V 24 V 28 of the ITU T EIA RS 232C Asynchronous data format 1 Start bit 6 to 8 data bits 1 or 2 Stop bits 5 6 2 DMPU TMPU internal multiplexer DMPU TMPU built in multiplexer optional Up to three modules type DMPU and or TMPU being available the following DMPU 02 two data ports DMPU 04 four data ports DMPU 06 ...

Страница 54: ...200 8000 9600 14400 19200 and 28800 bit s Up to 19200 bit s at the 27 kbit s gross bit rate Anisochronous of 60 120 240 360 480 640 720 800 960 and 1440 bit s DMPU data ports DCE mode Interface Port 3 9 15 DB15 female Port 4 10 16 DB15 female V 24 V 28 of the ITU T EIA RS 232C X 21 of the ITU T RS 422 of the ITU T RS 485 HD FD Port 5 11 17 DB9 female 6 12 18 DB9 female 7 13 19 DB9 female and 8 14 ...

Страница 55: ...ne termination FXO exchange side or FXS subscriber side mode for the 2 wire configuration Signalling E M in band or out of band DTMF in band Factory pre set tones in band Voice quality Mean Opinion Score MOS about 3 5 3 6 Others Up to three analog transits Possibility of incorporating modem protocols for V 21 300 bit s FSK Bell 103 300 bit s FSK V 23 1200 75 bit s FSK and Bell 202 1200 75 bit s FS...

Страница 56: ...ns Signalling Terminal powered Terminal status Data port state Local terminal in loop Remote terminal in loop Power boosting command Call reception Call transmission Alarms Power supply failure Loss of synchronism Pilot loss Low Signal Noise ratio Excess or low receive level in digital channel BER alarm in digital channel General alarm 4 Remote alarm 5 4 It lights up when one of the following alar...

Страница 57: ...Contact rating 1 A 250 VAC see FIGURE 14 for VDC Number of relays 3 relays whose alarm condition can be programmed by the user Any alarm situation that occurs in the terminal as well as in the collateral is shown on the front plate of the terminal by means of the GENERAL ALARM LED and REMOTE ALARM LED respectively State in normal operation conditions Energized N O and C contacts short circuited Ti...

Страница 58: ...ister Via GPS IRIG B or via Ethernet SNTP protocol GPS time connector Type BNC Standard IRIG B 123 and IRIG B 003 FIGURE 14 DC voltage DC current NOTE 2A is the maximum current 5 8 OPERATING CONDITIONS Temperature and humidity From 5 C to 55 C and relative humidity not greater than 95 in accordance with IEC 721 3 3 class 3K5 climatogram 3K5 Maximum temperature 55 C for a period no longer than 24 h...

Страница 59: ...In accordance with IEC 495 tables 2 and 3 IEC 255 4 class II and class III IEC 255 5 IEC 255 22 1 class II and class III IEC 801 2 class III IEC 801 3 IEC 801 4 level 3 Storage conditions In accordance with IEC 721 3 1 class 1K5 5 9 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS Dimensions Basic terminal 483 x 398 x 355 mm one 19 6 s u shelf and one 19 3 s u shelf 80 W or additional filters for 20 and 40 W 483 x 548 ...

Страница 60: ...supplied upon request Cabinet mounting terminal blocks can be supplied upon request Power supply terminals Terminals that do not have disconnect devices and that are suitable for flexible conductors of up to 4 mm2 of section or rigid conductors of up to 6 mm2 of section Alarm relay terminals Terminals that do not have disconnect devices and that are suitable for flexible conductors of up to 2 5 mm...

Страница 61: ...TP 5 Transmission rate 10 or 100 Mbit s OPU 1 Management System Programming and monitoring of the system from a PC running a standard Web browser without the need for additional software Programming network parameters terminal identification and configuration transmission and reception frequency bands audio frequency input and output levels signal level percentages for each service in normal opera...

Страница 62: ...tion counters ABIT CDIT teleprotection option State of alarm signals basic equipment and ABIT CDIT teleprotection option Alarm monitoring Event notification Signal Noise ratio basic equipment and ABIT CDIT teleprotection option Receive level Initialization by means of a SET operation of command transmission and reception counters and input and output activation counters ABIT CDIT teleprotection op...

Страница 63: ... Pentium III 550 MHz processor or higher RAM memory 512 MBytes Graphic adapter 1 Mbyte SVGA Communication LAN module with 10 100Base Tx Operating system Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2 version Microsoft Windows 7 or Microsoft Windows 10 Web browser Microsoft Internet Explorer v 6 0 or higher JAVA virtual machine Sun Microsystems Version 1 7 and higher ...

Страница 64: ...OPU 1 UNIVERSAL POWER LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Rev 7 May 2019 64 67 APPENDIX A IP ADDRESSING ...

Страница 65: ... is made up of two main parts a network number and a host number The 32 bits of an IP address are grouped into 4 sets of 8 bits represented in a decimal form and separated by dots dotted decimal as seen in FIGURE 16 FIGURE 16 Format of an IP address The network number of an IP address identifies the network to which a device is attached whilst the host number identifies the specific device on that...

Страница 66: ...stifying the existence of subnet masks which are used to identify the network number and the host number of an IP address and have the same format 32 bits Given an IP address and a subnet mask by performing an AND logical operation between them both the part of the IP address that corresponds to the network is determined and also the part that corresponds to the host as shown in FIGURE 18 FIGURE 1...

Страница 67: ...onfigure the IP address the subnet mask and the default gateway of the web server of the OPU 1 terminal and the management computer it must be considered whether or not they belong to the same network If the OPU 1 terminal and the computer are connected directly or through a LAN they belong to the same network the IP address of each of them must have the same network number and a different host nu...

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