Ⱦ
ɥ
ɹ
ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ
ɩɨ
ɞɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤ
ɫɟɬɢ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
,
ɧɟɨ
ɛ
ɯɨ
ɞ
ɢɦɨ
ɩɪɟ
ɞɭ
ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɧɚ
ɥ
ɢɱɢɟ
ɜɵ
ɤɥɸ
ɱɚɬɟ
ɥ
ɹ
,
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪ
ɭɸɳ
ɟɝɨ
ɨɬ
ɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟɬ
ɤ
ɪɨɫɟɬɢ
,
ɫ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ
ɦɟ
ɠɞɭ
ɤ
ɨɧɬɚ
ɤ
ɬɚɦɢ
,
ɤ
ɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨ
ɥ
ɹɟɬ
ɩɨ
ɥ
ɧɨɟ
ɨɬ
ɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜ
ɭ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨɜɢɹɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹ
ɠ
ɟɧɢɹ
ɤ
ɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
III,
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ
ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ
ɩɨ
ɭ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜ
ɤ
ɟ
.
ɉɨ
ɞ
ɫɨɟ
ɞ
ɢɧɢɬɟ
ɫɬɚɧ
ɞ
ɚɪɬɧ
ɭɸ
ɜɢ
ɥɤɭ
,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜ
ɭɸɳɭɸ
ɯɚɪɚ
ɤ
ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ
ɤ
ɚɦ
,
ɭɤ
ɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ
ɜ
ɡɚɜɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɣ
ɬɚ
ɛɥ
ɢɱ
ɤ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɢɦɢ
ɞ
ɚɧɧɵɦɢ
.
ɇ
ɟɨ
ɛ
ɯɨ
ɞ
ɢɦɨ
ɪɚɫɩɨ
ɥ
ɨ
ɠ
ɢɬɶ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɬɚ
ɤ
ɢɦ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɛ
ɵ
ɨɧ
ɧɟ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ
ɥ
ɫɹ
ɜɵ
ɲ
ɟ
50°C
ɧɢ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧɨ
ɣ
ɬɨɱ
ɤ
ɟ
.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜ
ɳ
ɢ
ɤ
ɧɟɫɟɬ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɡɚ
ɤ
ɨɪɪɟ
ɤ
ɬɧɨɟ
ɩɨ
ɞɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɫɟɬɢ
,
ɚ
ɬɚ
ɤɠ
ɟ
ɡɚ
ɫɨ
ɛɥɸɞ
ɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢ
ɥ
ɩɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢ
ɤ
ɟ
ɛ
ɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɟɪɟ
ɞ
ɩɨ
ɞɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɤ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟɬ
ɤ
ɪɨɫɟɬɢ
,
ɭɞ
ɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɶɬɟɫɶ
ɜ
ɬɨɦ
,
ɱɬɨ
:
-
ɪɨɡɟɬ
ɤ
ɚ
ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɡɚɡɟɦ
ɥ
ɟɧɢɟ
,
ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜ
ɭ
ɟɬ
ɞ
ɟ
ɣ
ɫɬɜ
ɭɸɳ
ɢɦ
ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
.
-
ɪɨɡɟɬ
ɤ
ɚ
ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɜɵ
ɞ
ɟɪ
ɠ
ɚɬɶ
ɦɚ
ɤ
ɫɢɦɚ
ɥ
ɶɧ
ɭɸ
ɩɨɬɪɟ
ɛɥ
ɹɟɦ
ɭɸ
ɦɨ
ɳ
ɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɭɤ
ɚɡɚɧɧ
ɭɸ
ɜ
ɡɚɜɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɣ
ɬɚ
ɛɥ
ɢɱ
ɤ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɢɦɢ
ɞ
ɚɧɧɵɦɢ
.
-
ɧɚɩɪɹ
ɠ
ɟɧɢɟ
ɬɨ
ɤ
ɚ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜ
ɭ
ɟɬ
ɞ
ɚɧɧɵɦ
,
ɭɤ
ɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ
ɜ
ɡɚɜɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɣ
ɬɚ
ɛɥ
ɢɱ
ɤ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɢɦɢ
ɞ
ɚɧɧɵɦɢ
.
-
ɪɨɡɟɬ
ɤ
ɚ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ
ɫ
ɜɢ
ɥɤ
ɨ
ɣ
ɩɪɢ
ɛ
ɨɪɚ
.
ȼ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɫ
ɥɭ
ɱɚɟ
,
ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɟ
ɪɨɡɟɬ
ɤɭ
,
ɥ
ɢ
ɛ
ɨ
ɜɢ
ɥɤɭ
.
-
ɧɟ
ɢɫɩɨ
ɥ
ɶɡ
ɭɣ
ɬɟ
ɬɪɨ
ɣ
ɧɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɥ
ɢ
ɛ
ɨ
ɭɞɥ
ɢɧɢɬɟ
ɥ
ɢ
.
-
ɩɨɫ
ɥ
ɟ
ɭ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜ
ɤ
ɢ
ɩɪɢ
ɛ
ɨɪɚ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɢ
ɪɨɡɟɬ
ɤ
ɚ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥɠ
ɧɵ
ɛ
ɵɬɶ
ɥ
ɟɝ
ɤ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨɫɬ
ɭ
ɩɧɵ
.
-
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɧɟ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥɠ
ɟɧ
ɛ
ɵɬɶ
ɫɨɝɧ
ɭ
ɬ
,
ɥ
ɢ
ɛ
ɨ
ɫ
ɞ
ɚɜ
ɥ
ɟɧ
.
-
ɧɟɨ
ɛ
ɯɨ
ɞ
ɢɦɨ
ɪɟɝ
ɭɥ
ɹɪɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
,
ɢ
ɜ
ɫ
ɥɭ
ɱɚɟ
ɧɟɨ
ɛ
ɯɨ
ɞ
ɢɦɨɫɬɢ
,
ɟɝɨ
ɡɚɦɟɧɚ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥɠ
ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ
ɞ
ɢɬɶɫɹ
ɬɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɤ
ɨ
ɤ
ɜɚ
ɥ
ɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚ
ɥ
ɨɦ
.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨ
ɞ
ɢɬɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧɟ
ɧɟɫɟɬ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ
ɫ
ɥɭ
ɱɚɟ
ɧɟɫɨ
ɛɥɸɞ
ɟɧɢɹ
ɥɸɛ
ɨɝɨ
ɢɡ
ɜɵ
ɲ
ɟ
ɭɤ
ɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩ
ɭ
ɧ
ɤ
ɬɨɜ
.
Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ȼ
ɫ
ɥɭ
ɱɚɟ
ɧɟɨ
ɛ
ɯɨ
ɞ
ɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚɦɟɧɵ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɚ
,
ɢɫɩɨ
ɥ
ɶɡ
ɭɣ
ɬɟ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɬɟɦɢ
ɠ
ɟ
ɯɚɪɚ
ɤ
ɬɢɪɢɫɬɢ
ɤ
ɚɦɢ
,
ɤ
ɚ
ɤ
ɢ
ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚ
ɥ
ɶɧɵ
ɣ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
,
ɢɦɟ
ɸɳ
ɢ
ɣ
ɫɹ
ɜ
ɧɚ
ɥ
ɢɱɢɟ
.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵ
ɣ
ɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥɠ
ɧɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɦɨ
ɳ
ɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢ
ɛ
ɨɪɚ
ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬ
ɭ
ɪɟ
ɟɝɨ
ɪɚ
ɛ
ɨɬɵ
(
ɬɢɩ
T90°C).
ɀɟ
ɥ
ɬɨ
-
ɡɟ
ɥ
ɟɧɵ
ɣ
ɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɡɚɡɟɦ
ɥ
ɟɧɢɹ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥɠ
ɟɧ
ɛ
ɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢ
ɛɥ
ɢɡɢɬɟ
ɥ
ɶɧɨ
ɧɚ
2
ɫɦ
.
ɞɥ
ɢɧɟɟ
ɞ
ɪ
ɭ
ɝɢɯ
ɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɨɜ
.
Ⱦ
ɥ
ɹ
ɩɨ
ɞɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɹ
ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟ
ɣ
ɢɫɩɨ
ɥ
ɶɡ
ɭɣ
ɬɟ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨ
ɲ
ɧ
ɭ
ɪ
ɫ
ɞ
ɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
Ø 0,75
ɦɦ
².
ȼɨ
ɢɡ
ɛ
ɟ
ɠ
ɚɧɢɟ
ɜɨɡɧɢ
ɤ
ɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ
ɫɢɬ
ɭ
ɚɰɢ
ɣ
,
ɡɚɦɟɧ
ɭ
ɷ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥɠ
ɟɧ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ
ɞ
ɢɬɶ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɣ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚ
ɥ
ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɨɝɨ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ
.
ɉɈȾɄɅɘɑȿ
ɇ
ɂȿ
Ƚ
ȺɁȺ
Ƚ
ɚɡɨɜɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥɠ
ɧɚ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞ
ɟ
ɣ
ɫɬ
ɭɸɳ
ɢɦ
ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɭ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜ
ɤ
ɢ
ɩɪɢ
ɛ
ɨɪɚ
.
Ɍɢɩ
ɝɚɡɚ
,
ɧɚ
ɤ
ɨɬɨɪɵ
ɣ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
,
ɭɤ
ɚɡɚɧ
ɜ
ɡɚɜɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɣ
ɬɚ
ɛɥ
ɢɱ
ɤ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɢɦɢ
ɞ
ɚɧɧɵɦɢ
,
ɤ
ɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɚɯɨ
ɞ
ɢɬɫɹ
ɧɚ
ɞ
ɧɟ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɚ
ɬɚ
ɤɠ
ɟ
ɧɚ
ɭ
ɩɚ
ɤ
ɨɜ
ɤ
ɟ
,
ɢ
ɧɚ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨɪɨɬɧɨ
ɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ
ɩɨɫ
ɥ
ɟ
ɞ
ɧɟ
ɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ
ɞ
ɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪ
ɭɤ
ɨɜɨ
ɞ
ɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨ
ɷ
ɤ
ɫɩ
ɥɭ
ɚɬɚɰɢɢ
.
ɉɟɪɟ
ɞ
ɩɨ
ɞɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɟɦ
,
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɟɨ
ɛ
ɯɨ
ɞ
ɢɦɨ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
ɧɚ
ɬɢɩ
ɝɚɡɚ
,
ɧɚ
ɤ
ɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɨɧɚ
ɛɭɞ
ɟɬ
ɪɚ
ɛ
ɨɬɚɬɶ
.
ɋ
ɥ
ɟ
ɞ
ɢɬɟ
ɡɚ
ɬɟɦ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɛ
ɵ
ɬɪ
ɭɛ
ɚ
ɧɟ
ɤ
ɚɫɚ
ɥ
ɚɫɶ
ɞ
ɜɢ
ɠɭɳ
ɢɯɫɹ
ɩɪɟ
ɞ
ɦɟɬɨɜ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɦɨ
ɠ
ɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ
ɤ
ɟɟ
ɩɨɜɪɟ
ɠɞ
ɟɧɢ
ɸ
.
ɉɨ
ɞɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤ
ɝɚɡɨɜɨ
ɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥɠ
ɧɨ
ɨɫ
ɭɳ
ɟɫɬɜɟ
ɥ
ɹɬɶɫɹ
ɬɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɤ
ɨ
ɄȼȺɅɂɎɂɐɂ
P
ɈȼȺ
ɇɇ
ɕɆ
ɉȿɊɋɈ
ɇ
ȺɅɈɆ
,
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ
ɡɚ
ɤ
ɨɧɚɦɢ
.
Ⱦ
ɥ
ɹ
ɩɨ
ɞɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤ
ɝɚɡɨɜɨ
ɣ
ɬɪ
ɭɛ
ɟ
ɢɫɩɨ
ɥ
ɶɡ
ɭ
ɟɬɫɹ
ɫɟɨ
ɞ
ɢɧɢɬɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɫ
ɧɚɪ
ɭɠ
ɧɨ
ɣ
ɪɟɡɶ
ɛ
ɨ
ɣ
½
ɞɸɣ
ɦɚ
.
ɋɦ
.
ɪɢɫ
. 6
ɧɢ
ɠ
ɟ
.
D –
ɫɨɟ
ɞ
ɢɧɢɬɟ
ɥ
ɶ
E –
ɭ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨɬɧɢɬɟ
ɥ
ɶ
F –
ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ
ɬɪ
ɭɛ
ɚ
Ɋɢɫ
. 6.
8