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CHAPTER 8: DEBUGGER

228

EPSON

S5U1C63000A MANUAL

(S1C63 FAMILY ASSEMBLER PACKAGE)

8.9.18 Map Information

ma

(map information)

Function

This command displays the map information that is set by a parameter file.

Format

>ma

↵

(direct input mode)

Example

After the command is input, the system displays the chip name, version of the parameter file, and
map information in each area. When you input the [Enter] key here, the system goes on and displays
the map information in the I/O area and LCD area.

>ma

↵

Chip name : 63A08

Parameter file version : 02

Program area : 0000 - 1FFF

Data ram area : 0000 - 07FF

Data rom area : 8000 - 8FFF

LCD area : F000 - F2BF

External memory area : F800 - F8FF

IO area : FF00 - FFFF

Size of FO area : 32

Size of SO1 area : 0

Size of SO2 area : 256

Size of MLA area : 1296

>

↵

IO Area

01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF

FF00 mmmm-mmm --mmmmmm -------- -------- -mmm-mmm -------- mmmmmmmm ------mm

FF40 -mmm-mmm -mmm-mmm -----mmm -------- -----mmm ----mmmm ----mmmm -mmm-mmm

FF80 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm

FFC0 mmmmmmmm ----mmmm -------- -------- mmmmmmmm -------- mmmmmmmm --------

>

↵

LCD Area

01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF

F000 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm

F040 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm

F080 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

F0C0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

F100 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm

F140 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm

F180 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

F1C0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

F200 -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m

F240 -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m

F280 -m-m-m-m -m-m-m-m -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

>

∗

When displaying the map information of the I/O and LCD areas, the mapped addresses are marked
by the letter "m".

GUI utility

None

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Summary of Contents for S5U1C63000A

Page 1: ...MF910 06 CMOS 4 BIT SINGLE CHIP MICROCOMPUTER S1C63 Family Assembler Package S5U1C63000A Manual ...

Page 2: ...ing made in accordance with this material will be free from any patent or copyright infringement of a third party This material or portions thereof may contain technology or the subject relating to strategic products under the control of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law of Japan and may require an export license from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry or other approval from...

Page 3: ...ual versions are not written in the manuals Previous No E0C63158 E0C63256 E0C63358 E0C63P366 E0C63404 E0C63406 E0C63408 E0C63F408 E0C63454 E0C63455 E0C63458 E0C63466 E0C63P466 New No S1C63158 S1C63256 S1C63358 S1C6P366 S1C63404 S1C63406 S1C63408 S1C6F408 S1C63454 S1C63455 S1C63458 S1C63466 S1C6P466 S1C63 Family peripheral products Previous No E0C63467 E0C63557 E0C63558 E0C63567 E0C63F567 E0C63658 ...

Page 4: ......

Page 5: ...d in setup_e pdf To understand the flow of program development See the program development flow in Chapter 2 For coding See the necessary parts in Chapter 4 Chapter 4 describes the grammar for the assembler language as well as the assembler functions Also refer to the following manuals when coding S1C63xxx Technical Manual Covers device specifications and the operation and control method of the pe...

Page 6: ...ocation is expressed as to click The clicking operation of the right mouse button is expressed as to right click To double click Operations of pressing the left mouse button twice in a row with the cursor pointer placed in the intended location are all expressed as to double click To drag The operation of clicking on a file icon with the left mouse button and holding it down while moving the icon ...

Page 7: ...minating the Work Bench 13 3 3 Work Bench Windows 14 3 3 1 Window Configuration 14 3 3 2 Window Manipulation 15 3 4 Toolbar and Buttons 19 3 4 1 Standard Toolbar 19 3 4 2 Build Toolbar 20 3 4 3 Window Toolbar 20 3 4 4 Toolbar Manipulation 21 3 4 5 Insert into project Button on a Edit Window 21 3 5 Menus 22 3 5 1 File Menu 22 3 5 2 Edit Menu 23 3 5 3 View Menu 23 3 5 4 Insert Menu 24 3 5 5 Build Me...

Page 8: ... 60 4 5 10 Optimization Branch Instructions for Old Preprocessor 60 4 6 Section Management 61 4 6 1 Definition of Sections 61 4 6 2 Absolute and Relocatable Sections 61 4 6 3 Sample Definition of Sections 62 4 7 Assembler Pseudo Instructions 63 4 7 1 Include Instruction include 64 4 7 2 Define Instruction define 65 4 7 3 Numeric Define Instruction defnum 67 4 7 4 Macro Instructions macro endm 68 4...

Page 9: ...rence File 99 5 10 Linking 100 5 11 Branch Optimization Function 102 5 12 Error Warning Messages 103 5 12 1 Errors 103 5 12 2 Warning 103 5 13 Precautions 104 CHAPTER 6 HEX CONVERTER 105 6 1 Functions 105 6 2 Input Output Files 105 6 2 1 Input Files 105 6 2 2 Output Files 105 6 3 Starting Method 106 6 4 Messages 107 6 5 Output Hex Files 108 6 5 1 Hex File Configuration 108 6 5 2 Motorola S Format ...

Page 10: ... Tool Bar Structure 131 8 5 2 Key Break Button 131 8 5 3 Load File and Load Option Buttons 131 8 5 4 Source Mix and Unassemble Buttons 131 8 5 5 Go Go to Cursor Go from Reset Step Next and Reset Buttons 131 8 5 6 Break Button 132 8 5 7 Help Button 132 8 6 Menu 133 8 6 1 Menu Structure 133 8 6 2 File Menu 133 8 6 3 Run Menu 133 8 6 4 Break Menu 134 8 6 5 Trace Menu 134 8 6 6 View Menu 135 8 6 7 Opt...

Page 11: ...gister Operation 174 rd register display 174 rs register set 175 8 9 7 Program Execution 177 g go 177 gr go after reset CPU 179 s step 180 n next 182 8 9 8 CPU Reset 183 rst reset CPU 183 8 9 9 Break 184 bp break point set 184 bc bpc break point clear 186 bd data break 187 bdc data break clear 189 br register break 190 brc register break clear 192 bs sequential break 193 bsc sequential break clear...

Page 12: ... 237 8 10 Status Error Warning Messages 238 CHAPTER 9 FUNCTION OPTION GENERATOR 240 9 1 Outline of the Function Option Generator winfog 240 9 2 Input output Files 240 9 3 Using winfog 241 9 3 1 Starting Up 241 9 3 2 Window 242 9 3 3 Menus and Toolbar Buttons 243 9 3 4 Operation Procedure 244 9 4 Error Messages 247 9 5 Example Output Files 248 CHAPTER 10 SEGMENT OPTION GENERATOR 249 10 1 Outline of...

Page 13: ...rocedure 269 11 4 3 Method of Creating Melody Data 270 11 4 4 Description of Melody Data 271 11 4 5 Precautions 274 11 5 Error Messages 275 11 6 Error Symbols 276 11 7 Sample Files 277 CHAPTER 12 MASK DATA CHECKER 281 12 1 Outline of the Mask Data Checker winmdc 281 12 2 Input Output Files 281 12 3 Using winmdc 282 12 3 1 Starting Up 282 12 3 2 Menus and Toolbar Buttons 283 12 3 3 Operation Proced...

Page 14: ......

Page 15: ...terface Workbench wb63 Modular programming The relocatable assembler lets you develop a program which is made up of multiple sources This makes it possible to keep a common part independently and to use it as a part or a basis for the next program Source debugging A debugger can display an assembler source to show its execution status and allow debugging operations on it This makes debugging much ...

Page 16: ... the programmer to create sources without having to know branch destination ranges Hex converter hx63 exe Converts an absolute object in IEEE 695 format output from the linker into ROM image data in Motorola S format or Intel HEX format This conversion is needed when making the ROM or when creating mask data using the mask data checker Disassembler ds63 exe Disassembles an absolute object file in ...

Page 17: ... created using an editor into the melody ROM and melody option data for the S1C63xxx melody generator The winmla is used only for the model with a melody output function Mask data checker winmdc exe This tool checks the data in development completed program ROM data ROM files and option document files to create the mask data file that will be presented to Seiko Epson 1 3 Working Environment To use...

Page 18: ...sassembler DB63 EXE Debugger S1C63 CNT Help index S1C63 HLP Help contents Other related files DEV BIN S1C63 Family Development Tool for Windows WINFOG EXE Function option generator WINSOG EXE Segment option generator WINMLA EXE Melody assembler WINMDC EXE Mask data checker 63xxx Model dependent files S1C63xxx INI Device information definition file PAR63xxx PAR Parameter file C63xxx FSA Sample func...

Page 19: ...NESE Document folder Japanese REL_xxxx_J TXT Tool release note MANUAL_J PDF This manual in PDF format QUICK_J PDF Quick reference in PDF format HARD xxxx_J PDF Hardware development tool manuals in PDF format Online manual in PDF format The online manuals are provided in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat Reader Ver 4 0 or later is needed to read it Files for future release models The files for future rel...

Page 20: ... data file SEIKO EPSON Function Option Generator winfog file FSA file FDC Function option document file Function option HEX file Segment option document file file S file MS Assembly source file s or Intel HEX format files Motorola S format files or fileC HEX file CSA Absolute object file fileL HEX fileH HEX file LSA file HSA Melody data file file MDT Melody Assembler winmla file MSA Melody ROM opt...

Page 21: ... ASSEMBLER PACKAGE 2 2 Development Using Work Bench This section shows a basic development procedure using the work bench wb63 Refer to Chapter 3 Work Bench for operation details 2 2 1 Starting Up the Work Bench Start up the work bench by choosing WorkBench63 from the program menu ...

Page 22: ...select a directory then click OK The ICE parameter file box lists the parameter files that exist in the dev63 directory The work bench creates a folder directory with the specified project name as a work space and puts the project file epj into the folder The specified project name will also be used for the absolute object and other files 2 2 3 Editing Source Files The work bench has an editor fun...

Page 23: ... S5U1C63000A MANUAL EPSON 9 S1C63 FAMILY ASSEMBLER PACKAGE 3 Enter source codes in the Edit window Edit window A new edit window appears 4 Save the source in a file by selecting Save from the File menu or clicking the Save button Save button ...

Page 24: ...are listed in the project window Double clicking a listed source file name opens the edit window 2 2 4 Configuration of Tool Options The work bench supports all the start up options of each tool and they can be selected in a dialog box A make process for generating an executable object will be configured based on the settings In addition to option selection command files for the linker and debugge...

Page 25: ...ox Messages delivered from each executed tool are displayed in the Output window The work bench has a tag jump function that jumps to the source line in which an error has occurred by double clicking a source syntax error message that appears in the Output window It opens the corresponding source window if it is closed Output window Linked with the corresponding source line In the build task a gen...

Page 26: ...uild menu or click the Debug button Debug button The debugger starts up with the specified ICE parameter file and then loads the executable object file Note Make sure that the ICE is ready to debug before invoking the debugger Refer to the ICE hardware manual for settings and startup method of the ICE For the debugging functions and operations refer to Chapter 8 Debugger ...

Page 27: ...ple management of all necessary files and information as a project General make process to invoke necessary tools and to update the least necessary files Supports all options of the assembler linker HEX converter disassembler and debugger Windows GUI interface for simple operation 3 2 Starting Up and Terminating the Work Bench To start up the work bench Choose WorkBench63 from the Program menu to ...

Page 28: ...e opened in the edit window area When an assembly source file is opened the source is displayed with in colors according to the contents The default colors are shown below S1C63 instructions Black Preprocess pseudo instructions Dark brown Assemble pseudo instructions Blue Labels Light brown Comments Green These colors can be changed by the Tools Options menu command refer to Section 3 10 Project w...

Page 29: ...so indicates the cursor position in the Edit window and Key lock status Num lock Caps lock Scroll lock 3 3 2 Window Manipulation Resizing the windows Each window area can be resized by dragging the win dow boundary The size information is saved when the work bench is terminated So the same window layout will appear at the next time the work bench starts up Double click Floating and docking the Pro...

Page 30: ...en a project file is saved the Edit window information files opened size and location is also saved So the next time the project opens editing can begin in the saved condition Arrangement of the Edit windows The Edit windows being opened can be arranged similar to standard Windows applications 1 Cascade windows Select Cascade from the Window menu or click the Cascade Windows button Cascade Windows...

Page 31: ...2 Tile windows To tile windows vertically select Tile Vertically from the Window menu or click the Tile Vertically button Tile Vertically button To tile windows horizontally select Tile Horizontally from the Window menu or click the Tile Horizontally button Tile Horizontally button ...

Page 32: ...nge Icons from the Window menu 5 Moving and resizing an Edit window The Edit window allows changing of its location and its size in the same way as the standard Windows applications if it is not maximized Switching active Edit window Click the window to be activated if it can be viewed Otherwise select the window name source file name from the currently opened window list in the Window menu Scroll...

Page 33: ...tive if no Edit window is opened Save All button Saves the documents of all Edit windows and the project information to the respective files Cut button Cuts the selected text in the Edit window to the clipboard Copy button Copies the selected text in the Edit window to the clipboard Paste button Pastes the text copied on the clipboard to the current cursor position in the Edit window or replaces t...

Page 34: ... in the Dev63 directory are listed Output Format pull down list box Selects an executable object file format Three types of formats are available IEEE 695 absolute object format Intel HEX format and Motorola S format The build process will generate an executable object in the format selected here HEX Convert button Invokes the HEX converter to convert an absolute object into an Intel HEX object or...

Page 35: ...oolbar location Toolbars can be moved to another location in the toolbar area by dragging them If a toolbar is moved out of the toolbar area it will be changed to a window 3 4 5 Insert into project Button on a Edit Window Insert into project button When a source file s or ms is opened the Insert into project button appears on the Edit window It can be used to insert the source file into the curren...

Page 36: ... This menu item appears when an Edit window becomes active Save As Saves the document in the active Edit window with another file name A dialog box will appear allowing specification of a save location and a file name This menu item appears when an Edit window becomes active Save All Saves the documents of all Edit windows and the project information to the respective files Print Ctrl P Prints the...

Page 37: ... box will appear allowing specification of the word to be found and a search condition Replace Ctrl H Replaces the specified words in the active Edit window with one another A dialog box will appear allowing specification of the words Go To Ctrl G Jumps to the specified line or label in the active Edit window A dialog box will appear allowing specification of a line number or a label name 3 5 3 Vi...

Page 38: ...embly source file Build F7 Builds the currently opened project using a general make process Rebuild All Builds the currently opened project All the source files will be assembled regardless of whether they are updated or not Stop Build Ctrl Break Stops the build process being executed This button become active only while a build process is being executed Debug F5 Invokes the debugger with the spec...

Page 39: ...n of the work bench 3 5 6 Tools Menu HEX Converter Invokes the HEX converter to convert an absolute object into an Intel HEX object or Motorola S object A dialog box will appear allowing selection of an absolute object and options for the HEX converter Disassembler Invokes the disassembler to disassemble an absolute object A dialog box will appear allowing selection of an absolute object and optio...

Page 40: ...Select EPSON Project File and click OK The Project dialog box appears 3 Enter a project name select an ICE parameter file and select a directory then click OK The ICE parameter file box lists the parameter files that exist in the dev directory The work bench creates a folder directory with the specified project name as a work space and puts the project file epj into the folder If a folder which ha...

Page 41: ...to project button then click Open 3 Insert into project button on the Edit window Insert into project button When the source file has been opened click the Insert into project button on the Edit window Do not forget to save the source to the file before inserting into the project 4 Dragging source files on the Project window Drag source files from Windows Explorer to the Project window These files...

Page 42: ...and Closing a Project To open a project select Open WorkSpace from the File menu A dialog box appears allowing selection of a project file The work bench allows only one project to be opened at a time So if a project has been opened it will be closed when another project is opened At this time a dialog box appears to select whether the current project file is to be saved or not if it has not alrea...

Page 43: ...tes this file so that the executable file according to the format selection is loaded when the debugger starts up file mak make file for build task This file is generated when a build task is started and is used for the build process in the work bench Example S1C WorkBench Generated Thursday November 05 1998 ASM as63 exe LINK lk63 exe HEX hx63 exe ASM_FLG g LINK_FLG g HEX_FLG ALL test abs test abs...

Page 44: ... New Source or Header File To create a new source file 1 Select New from the File menu or click the New button New button The New dialog box appears 2 Select EPSON Assembly Source File and click OK An Edit window appears Enter source codes in this window The New dialog box allows selection of the EPSON Header File Select it when creating a header file for constant definitions Edit window Enter sou...

Page 45: ...aving Files To load a source file 1 Select Open from the File menu or click the Open button Open button The Open dialog box appears 2 Choose a source file to be opened after selecting the file type Assembly Source Files s ms and click OK An Edit window opens and shows the contents of the source file ...

Page 46: ... menu item or the Save All button Save All button 3 7 3 Edit Function The source editor has general text editing functions similar to standard Windows applications Editing text Basic text editing function is the same as general Windows applications Cut copy and paste are supported in the Edit menu and with the toolbar buttons These commands are available only in the Edit window Undo can be selecte...

Page 47: ...arching the specified word If the specified word is found the Edit window refreshes the display and highlights the word found Cancel button Clicking this button closes the dialog box Once a word to be found is specified in the Find dialog box the Find Next and Find Previous buttons on the toolbar can be used for a forward or backward search Find Next button Find Previous button Replace To replace ...

Page 48: ...Go To from the Edit menu The Go To dialog box appears Going to a source line 1 Select Line in the Go to what list box 2 Type a line number in the Enter Line Number box and then click the Go To button Going to a label position 1 Select Label in the Go to what list box The Enter Line Number box changes to the Select Label list box 2 Select a label from the Select Label box and then click the Go To b...

Page 49: ...on the keyboard It contains the editing menu items descried above so you can select an edit command using this menu 3 7 4 Tag Jump Function When assembler syntax errors occur during assembling their error messages are displayed in the Out put window In this case you can go to the source line in which an error has occurred by double clicking the error message in the Output window However this funct...

Page 50: ... 3 9 3 8 2 Building an Executable Object To generate an executable object 1 Open the project file 2 Select an output format absolute Intel HEX or Motorola S using the Output Format list box 3 Select Build from the Build menu or click the Build button Build button The work bench generates a make file according to the source files in the project and the tool options set by the user This file is used...

Page 51: ...n Debug button The debugger starts up with the specified ICE parameter file and then loads the executable object by the command file generated from the work bench This command file contains the command to load the specified type of an executable object to the debugger The contents of the command file can be edited in the Settings dialog box explained in Section 3 9 When the building process is per...

Page 52: ...g box allows selection of the HEX converter options ICE Parameter file list box Select an ICE parameter file from the pull down list Output Format list box Select an output format from between Intel HEX and Motorola S Output error log file check box Select this option to generate the error log file of the HEX converter Do not fill room with 0xFF check box Select this option when not filling the un...

Page 53: ...upper case characters only When Lower case is selected the source will be made with lower case characters only After selecting an executable object and options click the Open button The disassembler starts up and converts the selected object into the source file The messages delivered from the disassembler are displayed in the Output window Function option generator segment option generator melody...

Page 54: ...setting information in the project and then closes the dialog box To continue to select other tool options click the Apply button This does not close the dialog box Clicking the Cancel button closes the dialog box 3 9 1 Assembler Options In this dialog the following four assembler options can be selected Error file Output of an error file No Not output Yes Output Debug info Addition of debugging i...

Page 55: ...hen type a define name An text box appears Type a name in the box If two or more names are to be entered separate each name with a comma Refer to Chapter 4 Assembler for details of the assembler options 3 9 2 Linker Options In this dialog section allocation symbol definition and other linker options can be specified The work bench generates a linker command file including these specifications and ...

Page 56: ...insertion of branch extension check box Select this option if extension code insersions are not necessary Output Error log file check box Select this option to generate the error log file of the linker Disable removal branch optimization check box Select this option if extension code deletions are not necessary Add source debug information check box Select this option to add the debugging informat...

Page 57: ...ct at start up Refer to Chapter 8 Debugger for details of the debugger options 3 9 4 HEX Converter Options Output Format list box An output format of the executable object to be generated by the build task can be selected When Absolute Object is selected the build task will be terminated after linking has completed The HEX converter will not be invoked When Intel Hex or Motorola S is selected the ...

Page 58: ...m can be selected This selection affects the margin setup field in the Page Setup dialog box Font list box This option allows selection of a font used for printing the document in the Edit window Editor options Auto Save box This option sets an auto save interval for the document to be edited in the Edit window The selectable range is 0 to 999 minutes When 0 is selected the document being edited w...

Page 59: ...rl G Moves to the specified location Ctrl F7 Assembles the file F7 Builds the project Ctrl Break Stops the build F5 Debugs the project Alt F7 Edits the project build and debug settings Ctrl Tab Next MDI Window Short cut key Opens the popup menu Shift F10 Opens the popup menu 3 12 Error Messages The work bench error messages are given below Error message Description filename is changed by another e...

Page 60: ...ed in the work bench is limited to 16M byte size 2 The label search and coloring function of the work bench does not support labels that have not ended with a colon 3 The work bench can create a make linker command and debugger command files note however that these files or settings created with another editor cannot be input into the work bench ...

Page 61: ...ditional assembly The assembler processes source files in two stages preprocessing stage and assembling stage The preprocessing stage expands the additional function part described in the source file to mnemonics that can be assembled and delivers them to a temporary file preprocessed file The assembling stage as semble the preprocessed file to convert the source codes into the machine codes 4 2 I...

Page 62: ...e o option Output destination Current directory Description File in which offset locations machine language codes and source codes are stored in plain text Preprocessed file File format Text file File name file name ms The file name is the same as that of the input file unless other wise specified with the o option Output destination Current directory Description File in which instructions for pre...

Page 63: ...Always specify this function when you perform symbolic source debugging Default If this option is not specified no debugging information will be added to the relocatable object file o file name Function Specification of output path file name Explanation Specifies an output path file name without extension or with an extension o If no extension is specified o will be supplemented at the end of the ...

Page 64: ...s definition e Output error log file ERR g Add source debug information in object l Output relocatable list file LST c Ignore character case of symbols o file name Specify output file name File name Source file name S or MS When error warning occurs If an error is produced an error message will appear before the end message shows up Example TEST S 5 Error Illegal syntax Assembly 1 error s 0 warnin...

Page 65: ...Each individual instruction or definition of an assembly source is called a statement The basic composi tion of a statement is as follows Syntax pattern 1 Mnemonic Operand comment 2 Assembler pseudo instruction Parameter comment 3 Label comment 4 comment Example Statement Syntax Pattern include define h 2 set IO1 0xfff1 2 TEXT SECTION ROM 13bit width 4 org 0x100 2 NMI 3 reti 1 nop 1 nop 1 jr NMI 1...

Page 66: ...rror The maximum describable number of characters in one line is 259 ASCII characters If this number is exceeded an error will result The usable characters are limited to ASCII characters alphanumeric symbols except for use in comments Also the usable symbols have certain limitations details below The reserved words such as mnemonics and pseudo instructions are all not case sensitive while the use...

Page 67: ... S1C63 Family add adc and bit calr calz clr cmp dec ex halt inc int jp jr jrc jrnc jrnz jrz ld ldb nop or pop push ret retd reti rets rl rr sbc set sll slp srl sub tst xor For details on instructions refer to the S1C63000 Core CPU Manual Note The assembler is commonly used for all the S1C63 Family models so all the instructions can be accepted Be aware that no error will occur in the assembler eve...

Page 68: ...sible to refer to a branch destination of a program or a data memory address using the defined symbol Definition of a symbol Usable symbols are defined as 16 bit values by any of the following methods 1 Symbol Example LABEL1 LABEL1 is a label that indicates the address of a described location Preceding spaces and tabs are ignored It is a general practice to describe from the top of a line 2 Defini...

Page 69: ...sses in the assembling and includes that information in the object file it delivers Those addresses are finally determined by the processing of the linker When a symbol is defined by the comm pseudo instruction that symbol will be a global symbol Therefore in a defined file no global declaration needs to be made using the global pseudo instruc tion On the contrary in a file to be referenced the gl...

Page 70: ...ruction range an error or warning will be issued Symbols and symbol masks cannot be used on 4 bit immediate values 4 5 4 Comments Comments are used to describe a series of routines or the meaning of each statement Comments cannot comprise part of coding Definition of comment A character string beginning with a semicolon and ending with a line feed code LF is interpreted as a comment Not only ASCII...

Page 71: ...ons represented with 0 9 only will be regarded as decimal numbers To specify a negative value put a minus sign before the value Examples 1 255 3 Characters other than 0 9 and the sign cannot be used Hexadecimal notations of values To specify a hexadecimal number place 0x before the value Examples 0x1a 0xff00 0x cannot be followed by characters other than 0 9 a f and A F Binary notations of values ...

Page 72: ...ote Three or more characters and the following characters cannot be described Control codes 0x0 to 0x1f space 4 5 8 Operators An expression that consists of operators numbers and or defined symbols including labels can be used for specifying a number or defining a Define name only for number definition The preprocess in the assembler handles expressions in signed 16 bit data and expands them as he...

Page 73: ...rity shown below If there are two or more operators with the same priority in an expression the assembler calculates the expression from the left 1 High priority 2 plus sign minus sign 3 H L 4 5 addition subtraction 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Low priority Examples defnum BLK_HEADER_SIZE 4 defnum BLK_START 0x30 BLK_HEADER_SIZE 2 defnum BLK_END BLK_START 4 2 macro ADD_X ADDR ldb ext ADDR 2 H Can be used in ma...

Page 74: ... The address of each instruction code is set in the 16 bit location counter when a statement is assembled It can be referred using a symbol as well as labels indicates the current location thus it can be used for relative branch operation The operators can be used with this symbol similar to labels Example jr Jumps to this address means endless loop jr 2 Jumps to two words after this address jr 10...

Page 75: ...n this area other than the symbols for referring to the address of the data ROM the 4 bit data defining pseudo instruction word and comments This section is applied only to models having a data ROM BSS section The bss pseudo instruction defines a BSS section Statements from this instruction to another section defining instruction will be regarded as 4 bit data and will be so processed as to be map...

Page 76: ...ollowing DATA1 DATA2 Absolute data definition In the section definition shown above absolute sections and relocatable sections are mixed in one source Absolute sections are sections whose absolute addresses are specified with the org pseudo instructions CODE2 BSS2 and DATA2 are absolute sections Absolute sections will be located at the place specified Other sections are relocatable in the sense th...

Page 77: ...ollowing pseudo instructions are available in the assembler Pseudo instruction Function include Includes another source define Defines a constant string defnum Defines a constant number 1 macro endm Defines a macro ifdef else endif Defines an assemble condition ifndef else endif Defines an assemble condition abs Specifies absolute assembling 1 align Sets alignment of a section org Sets an absolute...

Page 78: ...ll be specified as the file name One or more spaces are necessary between the instruction and the File name Character case is ignored for both include itself and File name Sample descriptions include sample def include c EPSON S1C63 header common h Expansion rule The specified file is inserted in the location where include was described Precautions Only files created in text file format can be ins...

Page 79: ...e One or more spaces or tabs are necessary between the instruction and the Define name Substitute character string When writing all characters can be used but a semicolon is interpreted as the start of a comment Uppercase and lowercase characters are discriminated One or more spaces or tabs are necessary between the Define name and the substitute character string The substitute character string ca...

Page 80: ...an delimiters space tab line feed and comma can be added before and after a Define name in the source unless they are enclosed in or However an operator or a symbol mask can be added to a Define name string without delimiters Examples define INT_F 0xfff tst INT_F1 0 tst 0xfff1 0 Specification like this is invalid define L LABEL ldb ext L h Replaced with ldb ext LABEL h ldb xl L l Replaced with ldb...

Page 81: ...Number Function The defnum pseudo instruction is provided for compatibility with the older assembler In the older assembler defnum is required to define a numeric constant while define is for defining a string In the new assembler there is no need to differentiate between a numeric constant and a string Therefore the new assembler should use the define instruction ...

Page 82: ... be defined needs parameters One or more spaces or tabs are necessary between the macro name and the first parameter symbol When describing multiple parameters a comma is necessary between one parameter and another The same symbols as for a macro name are available The number of parameters are limited according to the free memory space Statement string The following statements can be described Bas...

Page 83: ...y permits backward reference of a macro invocation Therefore the macro definition must precede the use of it Once a defined macro name is defined it cannot be canceled If the same macro name is defined duplicatedly a warning message will appear Until it is redefined it is expanded with the original content and once it is redefined it is expanded with the new content Definition should be done with ...

Page 84: ...tatement string 2 is described Statement string 2 will be subjected to the assembling else Statement string 2 can be omitted Name Conforms to the restrictions on Define name See define Statement string All statements excluding conditional assembly instructions can be described Sample description ifdef TYPE1 ld x 0x12 else ld x 0x13 endif ifndef SMALL define STACK1 0x31 endif Name definition Name d...

Page 85: ...r preprocessing pseudo instructions If no preprocessing pseudo instruction is contained the statement will be output in a file as is Precaution A name specified in the condition is evaluated with discrimination between uppercase and lowercase When assembling with the c option all symbols are case insensitive The condition is deemed to be satisfied only when there is the same Define name defined ...

Page 86: ... it when you change a section to a CODE section Precautions A CODE section can be divided among multiple locations of a source file for purpose of definition describing the code pseudo instruction in the respective start positions A CODE section is relocatable by default unless its location is specified with the org pseudo instruc tion or more loosely with the align pseudo instruction data pseudo ...

Page 87: ...tion is declared Precautions In a BSS section nothing else other than the comm lcomm and org pseudo instructions symbols and comments can be described A BSS section can be divided among multiple locations of a source file for purpose of definition describing the bss pseudo instruction in the respective start positions A BSS section is relocatable by default unless its location is specified with th...

Page 88: ...f specifying absolute locations with the org pseudo instruction an error will result Examples bss org 0x00 comm RAM0 4 RAM secured area 0x00 0x03 org 0x01 comm RAM1 4 Error because the area of 0x01 0x03 is overlapped When the org pseudo instruction appears in a section a new absolute section starts at that point The section type does not change The org pseudo instruction keeps its effect only in t...

Page 89: ...w section and makes no effect to the following sections Example code The latest relocatable section definition org 0x100 This does not start a new absolute section and makes no effect bss The another kind BSS of section which is not affected by the previous org pseudo instruction in the CODE section code This will be an relocatable CODE section not affected by the previous org pseudo instruction ...

Page 90: ... next location definer org or align appears Example code The latest relocatable section definition align 32 Starts new loosely absolute CODE section from the next 32 word boundary address bss This section is relocatable not affected by the align pseudo instruction code This section is also relocatable not affected by the align pseudo instruction If the align pseudo instruction is defined immediate...

Page 91: ...bility with the older assembler In the older assembler this pseudo instruction is required to specify that a source file uses absolute sections as opposed to relocatable sections It is not necessary to use this instruction in the new assembler because the new assembler allows the use of absolute and relocatable sections in one source file Use the org or align pseudo instruction for defining absolu...

Page 92: ...ween the instruction and the symbol Value Value specification Only decimal binary and hexadecimal numbers can be described The values that can grammatically be specified are from 0 to 65 535 0xffff One or more spaces tabs or a comma are necessary between the instruction and the value Sample description set DATA1 0x20 set STACK1 0x100 Function Defines a symbol for a value such as an absolute addres...

Page 93: ...e description code codeword 0xa 0xa40 0xff3 Function Defines 13 bit data to be written to the code ROM Precaution The codeword pseudo instruction can be used only in CODE sections word pseudo instruction Instruction format word Data Data Data Data 4 bit data Only decimal binary and hexadecimal numbers can be described The data that can be specified are from 0 to 15 0xf One or more spaces or tabs a...

Page 94: ...omma are necessary between symbol and size Sample description bss comm RAM0 4 lcomm BUF 1 Function Sets an area of the specified size in the BSS section RAM and other data memory and creates a symbol indicating its top address with the specified name By using this symbol you can describe an instruction to access the RAM Difference between comm and lcomm The comm pseudo instruction and the lcomm ps...

Page 95: ...es from there the output which was stopped by the nolist pseudo instruction Precaution The assembler delivers relocatable list files only when it is started up with the l option specified Therefore these instructions are invalid if the l option was not specified 4 7 14 Source Debugging Information Pseudo Instructions stabs stabn Instruction formats 1 stabs File name FileName 2 stabn 0 FileEnd 3 st...

Page 96: ...ne Example Before expansion define Areg a macro ADDX2Y VALUE ld Areg VALUE add Areg x ld y Areg endm ADDX2Y 10h MX 10h MY After expansion no debugging information define Areg a macro ADDX2Y VALUE ld Areg VALUE add Areg x ld y Areg endm ADDX2Y 10h MX 10h MY ld a 0x10 add a x ld y a 4 7 16 Priority of Pseudo Instructions Some remarks concerning the priority among the preprocessing pseudo instruction...

Page 97: ... 0200 calr INC_RAM_BLK1 increment RAM block 1 35 0116 0000 jr LOOP infinity loop 36 37 38 RAM block 39 40 org 0x0 41 bss 42 0000 00 comm RAM_BLK0 4 43 0004 00 comm RAM_BLK1 4 Content of line No The source line number from top of the file will be delivered Content of address In the case of an absolute section an absolute address will be delivered in hexadecimal number In the case of a relocatable s...

Page 98: ...NIT_ADDR 0x4b SP1 init addr 0x12c endif set SP2_INIT_ADDR 0x1f SP2 init addr 0x1f NMI BOOT LOOP global INIT_RAM_BLK1 subroutine in sub s global INC_RAM_BLK1 subroutine in sub s org 0x100 NMI calr INIT_RAM_BLK1 initialize RAM block 1 reti in NMI watchdog timer org 0x110 BOOT ldb ba SP1_INIT_ADDR ldb sp1 ba set SP1 ldb ba SP2_INIT_ADDR ldb sp2 ba set SP2 calr INIT_RAM_BLK1 initialize RAM block 1 LOO...

Page 99: ...T_RAM_BLK1 subroutine in sub s global INC_RAM_BLK1 subroutine in sub s org 0x100 NMI stabn 23 LineInfo calr INIT_RAM_BLK1 initialize RAM block 1 stabn 24 LineInfo reti in NMI watchdog timer org 0x110 BOOT stabn 28 LineInfo ldb ba SP1_INIT_ADDR stabn 29 LineInfo ldb sp1 ba set SP1 stabn 30 LineInfo ldb ba SP2_INIT_ADDR stabn 31 LineInfo ldb sp2 ba set SP2 stabn 32 LineInfo calr INIT_RAM_BLK1 initia...

Page 100: ...M_BLK1 initialize RAM block 1 24 0101 1ff9 reti in NMI watchdog timer 25 26 org 0x110 27 BOOT 28 0110 0900 ldb ba SP1_INIT_ADDR 29 0111 1fc4 ldb sp1 ba set SP1 30 0112 0900 ldb ba SP2_INIT_ADDR 31 0113 1fc6 ldb sp2 ba set SP2 32 0114 0200 calr INIT_RAM_BLK1 initialize RAM block 1 33 LOOP 34 0115 0200 calr INC_RAM_BLK1 increment RAM block 1 35 0116 0000 jr LOOP infinity loop 36 37 38 RAM block 39 4...

Page 101: ...as a syntax error Line length limit line length limit exceeded The number of characters in one line has exceeded the limit Macro parameter range macro parameter range The number of macro parameters has exceeded the limit exceeded Memory mapping conflict The address is already used Multiple statements on the same line Two or more statements were described on one line Nesting level limit nesting lev...

Page 102: ...t of range The result of the expression is out of the effective range Invalid symbol mask The symbol mask is not defined correctly Second definition of define symbol symbol The symbol is already defined Section activation expected use code bss There is no section definition 4 11 Precautions 1 Nesting of the include pseudo instruction is limited to a maximum 10 levels If this limit is sur passed an...

Page 103: ...par file abs Absolute object file Cross reference file file als Absolute list file file map Link map file Symbol file Error file lk63 err to Debugger from Assembler Fig 5 2 1 Flow chart 5 2 1 Input Files Relocatable object file This file must always be specified in either a command line or a link command file File format Binary file in IEEE 695 format File name File name o A path can also be speci...

Page 104: ...ext file File name File name sym Output destination Current directory Description Symbols defined in all the modules and their address information are delivered to this file This file is delivered when the s start up option is specified Cross reference file File format Text file File name File name xrf Output destination Current directory Description Labels defined in all the modules and their def...

Page 105: ...n including spaces in the file name enclose the file name with double quotation marks Options The linker comes with the following options d Function Disable full branch optimization Explanation Disables automatic insertion deletion correction of the extension codes ldb ext imm8 for branch instructions jumps and calls Default If this option is not specified the branch optimization function will be ...

Page 106: ...the output file names s Function Output of symbol file Explanation Outputs a symbol file Default If this option is not specified no symbol file will be output x Function Output of cross reference file Explanation Outputs a cross reference file Default If this option is not specified no cross reference file will be output code address Function Set up of a relocatable CODE section start address Expl...

Page 107: ...data to be fixed at a specific address of the data ROM Absolute sections in the specified file remain unaf fected One or more spaces or tabs are necessary between rdata and file name The address should be described in hexadecimal format 0xnnnn Default If this option is not specified the DATA section of each module is mapped continuously from the address that was set by the data option Sample descr...

Page 108: ... Output absolute list file ALS m Output map file MAP o file name Specify output file name s Output symbol file SYM x Output cross reference file XRF code address Specify CODE start address data address Specify DATA start address bss address Specify BSS start address rcode file name address Specify CODE start address of the file rdata file name address Specify DATA start address of the file rbss fi...

Page 109: ...ription All options should begin with a hyphen Each individual option needs to be delineated with more than one space tab or line feed For better visibility it is recommended to describe each option in a separate line Notes A numeric value to specify an address should be described in the hexadecimal format 0xnnnn Decimal and binary notations will not be accepted When an option that is only permitt...

Page 110: ...x0009 2 Abs MAIN S 2 5 0x0119 0x1fff 0x1ee7 Total 0x1a occupied 0x1fe6 blank BSS section map of TEST ABS Index Start End Size Type File SecNbr 0 0x0000 0x0007 0x0008 Rel MAIN S 3 1 0x0008 0xf2bf 2 0xf800 0xf8ff 3 0xff00 0xffff Total 0x8 occupied 0xf4b8 blank Contents of link map file Index Indicates the index number of the section Start Indicates the start address of the section End Indicates the ...

Page 111: ...e TEST SYM Mon Jan 15 12 40 41 2001 CODE section labels of TEST ABS Address Type File Symbol 0x0110 Local MAIN O BOOT 0x0007 Global SUB O INC_RAM_BLK1 0x0000 Global SUB O INIT_RAM_BLK1 0x0116 Local MAIN O LOOP 0x0100 Local MAIN O NMI BSS section labels of TEST ABS Address Type File Symbol 0x0000 Global MAIN O RAM_BLK0 0x0004 Global MAIN O RAM_BLK1 Contents of symbol file Symbol Indicates all the d...

Page 112: ...4 0116 08fe ldb ext fe 65 0117 02ef calr INC_RAM_BLK1 increment RAM block 1 66 0118 00fd jr LOOP infinity loop Contents of absolute list file The format of each line of the absolute list file is as follows Line No Absolute address Code Source statement Line No Indicates the line number from the top of the file Address Indicates the absolute address after the instruction is allocated Code Indicates...

Page 113: ...MAIN O BSS Global 0x0101 MAIN O CODE 0x0115 MAIN O CODE Label RAM_BLK1 at 0x004 MAIN O BSS Global 0x0000 SUB O CODE 0x0001 SUB O CODE 0x0007 SUB O CODE 0x0008 SUB O CODE Label INC_RAM_BLK1 at 0x0007 SUB O CODE Global 0x0117 MAIN O CODE Label NMI at 0x0100 MAIN O CODE Local Label BOOT at 0x0110 MAIN O CODE Local Label LOOP at 0x0116 MAIN O CODE Local 0x0118 MAIN O CODE Contents of cross reference f...

Page 114: ... mapped in the vacant area if it is possible to map there Restrictions on linking Note that all sections may not be mapped depending on each section size or address specifications even if the relocatable object size is within the available memory size Example of linking A sample case where two relocatable object files test1 o and test2 o are linked together under the following condition is describ...

Page 115: ... CODE and BSS relocatable sections in test2 o is specified by the rcode and rbss options so CODE3 is mapped from address 0x0110 and CODE 4 follows CODE3 BSS4 is mapped from address 0x0400 Since the start addresses of the relocatable CODE DATA and BSS sections in test1 o have not been specified they are mapped from the relocatable section start addresses specified by the code data and bss options F...

Page 116: ...extension code is inserted If the branch instruction has an extension code it is removed if the dr option is specified existing expansion code will not be removed Examples jr LABEL jr LABEL ldb ext LABEL rh calr LABEL rl calr LABEL rl 2 When the branch destination is located outside the 127 to 128 range from the branch instruction If the branch instructon code does not have an extension code an ap...

Page 117: ...n is specified No address specified with option option Address is not specified with the option No code to locate There is no valid code for mapping No ICE parameter file specified ICE parameter file is not specified No name and address specified with option option Name and address are not specified with the option No object file specified Object files to be linked are not specified Out of memory ...

Page 118: ...des note however that deletion of the extension codes must be enabled using the er option The current version has no er option and all the insertion deletion correction functions are enabled by default To disable the deletion and insertion functions when the d option is omitted the dr option and di option must be specified respectively Be aware that the current version may generate an object diffe...

Page 119: ...file must always be specified File format Binary file File name File name par A path can also be specified Description File to specify the memory mapping information of each S1C63 Family model This file is provided for each model and is commonly used with the linker and debugger 6 2 2 Output Files Hex file File format Text file in Motorola S format or Intel HEX format File name Motorola S format F...

Page 120: ...with 0xff e Function Output of error files Explanation Creates an err file which contains the information that the hex converter outputs to the Standard Output stdout such as error messages Default If this option is not specified no error file will be created i Function Conversion into Intel HEX format Explanation Generates the hex files h hex l hex and c hex in Intel HEX format Default If this op...

Page 121: ...ds after delivering the following message concerning the usage Usage hx63 options file names Options b Do not fill unused memory with 0xff e Output error log file HX63 ERR i Use Intel Hex format o file name Specify output file name File names Absolute object file ABS ICE parameter file PAR When error warning occurs If an error occurs an error message will appear before the end message shows up Exa...

Page 122: ...S Format The hex converter converts an absolute object file in the IEEE 695 format into the Motorola S2 format files by default The files are generated with an extension hsa for the high order program file lsa for the low order program file and csa for the data ROM file The following shows a sample data in Motorola S2 format S224000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF...

Page 123: ...es max The object codes are placed here This is not included in the end record sum 1 byte This is a checksum 2 s complement from Data volume to the last data The end records are always 00000001FF Note When using hex files for creating the mask data do not specify Intel HEX format because the mask data checker does not support this format 6 5 4 Conversion Range By default the hex converter generate...

Page 124: ...l option is specified Illegal absolute object format The input file is not an object file in IEEE 695 format No ICE parameter file specified ICE parameter file is not specified Out of memory Cannot secure memory space 6 6 2 Warning Even if a warning is issued the hex converter keeps on processing and completes the processing after displaying a warning message unless in addition any error occurs Wa...

Page 125: ...pecified Description Absolute object file created by the linker Hex file File format Text file in Motorola S format File name File name hsa File name lsa and File name csa Description Hex files created by the hex converter Three hex files are needed hsa that con tains the four high order bits of the object codes with 0b000 extended lsa that contains the eight low order bits and csa that contains f...

Page 126: ...tion is specified the source will be made with all labels in upper case characters and instructions in lower case characters cu Function Use of upper case characters Explanation Creates all instructions and labels using upper case characters Default If neither this option nor the cl option is specified the source will be made with all labels in upper case characters and instructions in lower case ...

Page 127: ...ter delivering the following message concerning the usage Usage ds63 options file name Options cl Use lower case characters cu Use upper case characters e Output error log file DS63 ERR o file name Specify output file name File names Absolute object file ABS or CSA LSA HSA When error warning occurs If an error occurs an error message will appear before the end message shows up Example Error Cannot...

Page 128: ...001 0a04 ldb xl RAM_BLK1 l set RAM_BLK1 address to x 12 0002 1e90 ld x 0x0 13 0003 1e90 ld x 0x0 14 0004 1e90 ld x 0x0 15 0005 1e80 ld x 0x0 set 0x0000 to RAM_BLK1 16 0006 1ff8 ret 17 18 RAM block 1 increment 19 20 global INC_RAM_BLK1 21 INC_RAM_BLK1 22 0007 0800 ldb ext RAM_BLK1 h 23 0008 0a04 ldb xl RAM_BLK1 l set RAM_BLK1 address to x 24 0009 1911 add x 1 25 000a 1990 adc x 0 26 000b 1990 adc x...

Page 129: ...4 set LABEL2 0x4 set LABEL3 0x4b set LABEL4 0x1f code org 0x0 CODE1 ldb ext LABEL1 h ldb xl LABEL1 l ld x 0x0 ld x 0x0 ld x 0x0 ld x 0x0 ret CODE2 ldb ext LABEL2 h ldb xl LABEL2 l add x 0x1 adc x 0x0 adc x 0x0 adc x 0x0 ret code org 0x100 ldb ext CODE1 rh calr CODE1 rl reti code org 0x110 ldb ba LABEL3 l ldb sp1 ba ldb ba LABEL4 l ldb sp2 ba ldb ext CODE1 rh calr CODE1 rl CODE3 ldb ext CODE2 rh ca...

Page 130: ...when cu is specified Disassembler 63 Ver x xx Assembly source file TEST MS Mon Jan 15 13 10 20 2001 SET LABEL1 0X4 SET LABEL2 0X4 SET LABEL3 0X4B SET LABEL4 0X1F CODE ORG 0X0 CODE1 LDB EXT LABEL1 H LDB XL LABEL1 L LD X 0X0 LD X 0X0 LD X 0X0 LD X 0X0 RET CODE2 LDB EXT LABEL2 H LDB XL LABEL2 L ADD X 0X1 ADC X 0X0 ADC X 0X0 ADC X 0X0 RET CODE ORG 0X100 LDB EXT CODE1 RH CALR CODE1 RL RETI CODE ORG 0X1...

Page 131: ...en to the file Illegal file name FILE NAME specified with The specified output source file name is incorrect option option Illegal file name FILE NAME The specified input file name is incorrect Illegal HEX data format The input file is not a Motorola S format file Illegal option option An illegal option is specified Out of memory Cannot secure memory space 7 6 2 Warning Even if a warning is issued...

Page 132: ...tomatic command execution function using a command file 8 2 Input Output Files Debugger db63 file abs file par file cmd IEEE 695 object file Parameter file file log Log file file cmd Record file file trc Trace file from Linker ICE Program data HEX files file msa file ssa file fsa file csa file lsa file hsa Option HEX files Command file file s Source file s Fig 8 2 1 Flow chart 8 2 1 Input Files Pa...

Page 133: ... HEX file in Motorola S format File name file name fsa file name ssa file name msa Varies with the type of microcomputer Description These data files are used to set up hardware options for each microcomputer model and is read by the lo command These files are generated by a development tool available for each microcomputer model Command file File format Text file File name file name cmd An extens...

Page 134: ...this purpose varies among different personal computers Unless this option is specified the com1 port is used to communicate with the ICE b baud rate Function Specifies a communication transmission rate Explanation This option specifies the baud rate on the personal computer For baud rate select one from 2400 4800 9600 19200 or 38400 Unless specified otherwise the baud rate is set to 9600 bps This ...

Page 135: ...ing operations described below 1 Testing connection of the ICE Debugger db63 first checks to see that the ICE is connected to your system and that communication is possible without any problems The following message is displayed in the Command window During test Connecting COMx with xxxxx baud rate When terminated normally Connecting COMx with xxxxx baud rate done When an error is encountered Conn...

Page 136: ...activated when its DIP switch SW8 is in the up position If the SW8 switch is in the down position self diagno sis is not executed Self diagnosis from start to finish requires about 5 minutes Wait until it is com pleted You will then see the following message Connecting COMx with xxxxx baud rate DIAG test please wait 5 min done If an error is found in self diagnosis an error message will be display...

Page 137: ... Please quit db63 and restart If an error occurs in the above initialization process temporarily quit the debugger Check the cause of the error and repair it before restarting the debugger After initialization the state of the screen including the position and size of the windows will return the same as the last time the debugger was terminated The contents displayed in each window if it is opened...

Page 138: ...8 4 1 Basic Structure of Window The diagram below shows the window structure of the debugger Depending on the computer used the windows may differ from the above display depending on the screen resolution the number of dots in system font etc Adjust the size of each window to suit needs Source window Trace window Register window Command window Data window ...

Page 139: ...ay position by dragging the window s title bar with the mouse However windows can only be resized and moved within the range of the application window 3 Scrolling a window All windows can be scrolled The Register window can be scrolled only when its size is reduced Use one of the following three methods to scroll a window 1 Click on an arrow button or enter an arrow key cursor movement to scroll a...

Page 140: ...ted from menus or tool bar When a command is executed by selecting the menu item or tool bar button the executed command line is displayed in the Command window 3 Displaying command execution results The Command window displays command execution results However some command execution results are displayed in the Source Data Register or Trace windows The contents of these execution results are disp...

Page 141: ...elected when the debugger starts up Source button Unassemble button Note The m sc and u commands can update the Source window if the window is already opened If the Source window is closed the program code is displayed in the Command window The Mix Source and Unassemble buttons open the Source window if the window is closed All program code in the 64K address space can be referenced by scrolling t...

Page 142: ...dress 0x0117 in the diagram 4 Trace trigger point The address line where a trace trigger point is set is indicated by the letter T at the beginning of the line Address 0x0115 in the diagram 5 Break setting at the cursor position Place the cursor at an address line where a breakpoint is to be set not available for a source only line Break button Go to Cursor button Then click on the Break button A ...

Page 143: ...ts of the PC A register B register X register and its memory Y register and its memory and flags E I C Z stack pointers SP1 SP2 EXT register and QUEUE register 2 Execution cycle counter This counter calculates and indicates the number of executed cycles or execution time since the CPU was reset 3 Monitor data The debugger allows you to specify four addresses in RAM and monitor the memory contents ...

Page 144: ...ntents A B X Y and flags Memory access status address R W data and SP1 SP2 TRCIN pin input status This window also displays the trace data search results by the ts command Updating of display The contents of the Trace window are cleared when the target program is being executed During this period the Trace window does not accept scrolling and resizing operations After an program execution is termi...

Page 145: ...ndow to the source mode The Source window opens if it is closed This button performs the same function when the sc command is executed Unassemble button This button switches the display of the Source window to the unassemble mode The Source window opens if it is closed This button performs the same function when the u command is executed Mix button This button switches the display of the Source wi...

Page 146: ...ssumed that a program section until control returns to the next address constitutes one step and all steps of their subroutines are executed This button performs the same function when the n command is executed Reset button This button resets the CPU It performs the same function when the rst command is executed 8 5 6 Break Button Use this button to set and clear a breakpoint at the address where ...

Page 147: ...command is executed Go to Cursor This menu item executes the target program from the address indicated by the current PC to the cursor position in the Source window the address of that line It performs the same function when the g address command is executed Before this menu item can be selected the Source window must be open and the address line where the program is to break must be clicked Selec...

Page 148: ...em displays sets or clears sequential break conditions using a dialog box It performs the same function as executing the bs command Stack Break This menu item displays or sets stack break conditions using a dialog box It performs the same function as executing the bsp command Break List This menu item displays the all break conditions that have been set It performs the same function as executing t...

Page 149: ... trace memory Toolbar This menu item shows or hides the toolbar Status Bar This menu item shows or hides the status bar 8 6 6 View Menu 8 6 7 Option Menu Log This menu item starts or stops logging using a dialog box It performs the same function as executing the log command Record This menu item starts or stops recording of a command execution using a dialog box It performs the same function as ex...

Page 150: ...input When you press the Enter key after entering a command the system executes that command If the command entered is accompanied by guidance the command is executed when the necessary data is input according to the displayed guidance Input example g Only a command is input com test cmd A command and parameter are input Command input accompanied by guidance For commands that cannot be executed un...

Page 151: ...most all commands However some parameters accept decimal or binary numbers The following characters are valid for specifying numeric data Hexadecimal 0 9 a f A F Decimal 0 9 Binary 0 1 is used to mask bits when specifying a data pattern Specification with a symbol For address specifications symbols defined in the source can also be used However it is necessary to load an absolute object file that ...

Page 152: ...d File rst Reset CPU Run Reset CPU bp bc bpc Set clear PC breakpoint Break Breakpoint Set bd bdc Set clear data break Break Data Break br brc Set clear register break Break Register Break bs bsc Set clear sequential break Break Sequential Break bsp Set stack break Break Stack Break bl Break list Break Break List bac Clear all break conditions Break Break All Clear tm Set trace mode Trace Trace Mod...

Page 153: ... command file into the debugger and to execute it as described below 1 Execution by the start up option By specifying a command file in the debugger start up command one command file can be executed when the debugger starts up If the above example of a command file is specified for example the necessary files are read into the debugger immediately after the debugger starts up so everything is read...

Page 154: ...he contents displayed in the Command window during log mode differ from those appearing in normal mode 1 When executing a command when each window is open When the window that displays the command execution result is opened Normal mode The contents of the relevant display window are updated The execution results are not displayed in the Command window Log mode The same contents as those displayed ...

Page 155: ...d the load commands Table 8 8 1 1 Files and load commands File type Data type Ext Generation tool Com Menu Button IEEE 695 Program data abs Linker lf File Load File Motorola S Program 5 high order bits hsa HEX convertor lo File Load Option Program 8 low order bits lsa HEX convertor Function option fsa Function option generator Segment option ssa Segment option generator Melody data msa Melody asse...

Page 156: ...from among the three modes Unassemble mode Source mode Mix mode Table 8 8 2 1 Commands tool bar buttons to switch display mode Display mode Command Menu Button Unassemble u View Program Unassemble Source sc View Program Source Display Mix m View Program Mix Mode 1 Unassemble mode In this mode the debugger displays the program codes after unassembling into mnemonics 2 Source mode In this mode the s...

Page 157: ...ng a command having address in its parameter from the Command window or a dialog box 1 Referencing global symbols Follow the method below to specify a symbol that is declared to be a global symbol label by the global or comm pseudo instruction symbol Example of specification m BOOT de RAM_BLK1 2 Referencing local symbols Follow the method below to specify a local symbol label that is used in only ...

Page 158: ...mble The program code at a specified address is modified by entering a mnemonic code 3 Rewriting specified area An entire specified area is rewritten with specified code 4 Copying specified area The content of a specified area is copied to another area Operating on data memory area The following operations can be performed on the data memory areas RAM data ROM display memory I O memory Table 8 8 3...

Page 159: ...er address Monitor data Operating registers The following operations can be performed on registers Table 8 8 3 3 Commands menu items to operate registers Function Command Menu Displaying registers rd View Register Modifying register values rs 1 Displaying registers Register contents can be displayed in the Register or Command window Registers PC A B X and X Y and Y F SP1 SP2 EXT and QUEUE While th...

Page 160: ... the instruction at the address the cursor is placed Except being stopped by this temporary break the program continues execution until it is stopped by one of the following causes Break conditions set by a break set up command are met The Key Break button is clicked or the Esc key is pressed A map break etc occurs Key Break button When the program does not stop use this button to forcibly stop it...

Page 161: ...r similar break occurs Single stepping is not suspended by breaks set by the user such as a PC break or data break Key Break button When the program does not stop use this button to forcibly stop it 2 Display during single stepping In the initial debugger settings the display is updated as follows The display contents of the Register window are updated every step If the Register window is closed i...

Page 162: ...tart executing by entering the g command and measurement is taken until the execution is terminated beak occurs The same applies for the gr command except that the counter is reset simultaneously when the CPU is reset Consequently the counter operates the same way in both hold and reset modes In single stepping the counter is reset when the program is made to start executing by entering the s or n...

Page 163: ...on the Break button A mark will be placed at the beginning of the line indicating that a breakpoint has been set there and the address is registered in the breakpoint list Clicking on the line that begins with a and then the Break button cancels the breakpoint you have set in which case the address is deleted from the breakpoint list The temporary break addresses that can be specified by the succe...

Page 164: ...item to set sequential break Function Command Menu Set sequential break conditions bs Break Sequential Break Clear sequential break conditions bsc Break Sequential Break For example if you execute the program after first setting a break address in two locations at ad dresses 0x1000 and 0x2000 and specifying 3 for the execution count using the bs command the program executes address 0x2000 three ti...

Page 165: ...truction in an area with prohib ited 16 bit access invalid data is read out from a 16 bit data bus that does not have any memory connected In the ICE because the bus is pulled up 0xffff is read out causing control to return to that address This could result in generating a map break A break caused by an undefined program area access occurs before execution of such opera tion On the other hand a ma...

Page 166: ...on taken into the trace memory becomes 00001 fetch addr Fetch address hexadecimal fetch code disasm Fetch code hexadecimal and disassembled content register Values of A B X and Y registers after cycle execution hexadecimal flag States of E I C and Z flags after cycle execution binary data Accessed data memory address hexadecimal read write denoted by r or w at the beginning of data and data 1 digi...

Page 167: ...when start is selected If the trace trigger point is set to middle Trace is halted after sampling trace information for 4 096 cycles beginning from the trace trigger point In this case the trace information of 4 096 cycles before and after the trace trigger point are sampled into the trace memory If the program stops before tracing all 4 096 cycles trace information for the location 4 096 cycles b...

Page 168: ...he trace information can be displayed beginning from a specified cycle The display contents are as described above Table 8 8 6 2 Command menu item to display trace information Function Command Menu Display trace information td View Trace It is possible to specify a search condition and display the trace information that matches a specified condition The search condition can be selected from the fo...

Page 169: ... operate on flash memory Function Command Menu Read from flash memory lfl File Flash Memory Operation Write to flash memory sfl File Flash Memory Operation Erase flash memory efl File Flash Memory Operation Note Unless the contents of the parameter file that is specified when invoking Debugger db63 match the contents of parameters in the flash memory neither write sfl nor read lfl to and from the ...

Page 170: ...efore beginning development of another model The debugger supports the following FPGA data handling functions 1 Erasing FPGA All contents of the FPGA are erased 2 Writing data to FPGA Data in the specified file is written to the FPGA Also the write command supports erasing the FPGA Data for the supported models are provided as c63xxx mot files in the epson s1c63 ice fpga directory default 3 FPGA d...

Page 171: ...95 bsp break stack pointer Specify stack area for illegal stack access detection 196 bl breakpoint list Display all break conditions 198 bac break all clear Clear all break conditions 199 Program display u unassemble Unassemble display 200 sc source code Source display 202 m mix Mix display 204 Symbol information sy symbol list List symbols 206 Load file lf load file Load IEEE 695 format absolute ...

Page 172: ...of the command Note Shows notes on using GUI utility Indicates a menu item or tool bar button if they are available for the command Notes In the command format description the parameters enclosed by indicate they are necessary parameters that must be input by the user while the ones enclosed by indicate they are optional parameters The input commands are case insensitive you can use either upper c...

Page 173: ...nemonic valid mnemonic of S1C63000 expression and symbols are supported file name File in which the symbol used in the operand was defined Condition 0 address last program memory address Examples Format 1 a 200 ld a f Assembles LD A 0xF and rewrites the code at address 0x200 Format 2 a Start address 200 Address is input 0200 1ff6 ld a f add a b Mnemonic is input Source file name enter to ignore Ig...

Page 174: ...X An error results if the input mnemonic is invalid for S1C63000 Error illegal mnemonic In guidance mode the following keyboard inputs have special meaning q Command is terminated finish inputting and start execution Return to previous address Input is skipped keep current value If the maximum address of program memory is reached and gets a valid input other than the command is terminated When the...

Page 175: ...e program memory area available with each microcomputer model An error results if the input one is not hexadecimal number or not a valid symbol Error invalid value no such symbol symbol type error An error results if the limit is exceeded Error Address out of range use 0 0xXXXX Code must be input using a hexadecimal number in the range of 13 bits 0 to 0x1fff An error results if the input one is no...

Page 176: ... 0x1ffe nop Format 2 pf Start address 200 Start address is input End address 20f End address is input Fill code 1fff Code is input Command execution can be canceled by entering only the Enter key and nothing else Notes The addresses specified here must be within the range of the program memory area available with each microcomputer model An error results if the input one is not a hexadecimal numbe...

Page 177: ... address 0x2ff to the area from address 0x280 Format 2 pm Start address 200 Source area start address is input End address 2ff Source area end address is input Destination address 280 Destination area start address is input Command execution can be canceled by entering only the Enter key and nothing else Notes The addresses you specified must be within the range of the program memory area availabl...

Page 178: ...gh you may have specified address 0xff08 for address1 data is displayed beginning with address 0xff00 However if an address near the uppermost part of data memory e g maximum address is 0xffff such as 0xffc0 is specified as address1 the last line displayed in the window in this case is 0xfff0 the specified address is not at the top of the window Since the Data window can be scrolled to show the en...

Page 179: ...mmand window data is displayed for the 16 lines following the previously displayed address same number of lines as displayed in the Data window during log output dd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0000 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 0010 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 00F0 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0100 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 0110 A A A A A A A A A ...

Page 180: ...e of the data memory area available with each microcomputer model An error results if the input one is not a hexadecimal number or a valid symbol Error invalid value no such symbol symbol type error An error results if the limit is exceeded Error Address out of range use 0 0xFFFF The contents of the unused area will be marked as If you encounter any address marked by press Enter key to skip that a...

Page 181: ...000A MANUAL EPSON 167 S1C63 FAMILY ASSEMBLER PACKAGE GUI utility Data window The Data window allows direct modification of data Click the Data window and select the displayed data to be modified then enter a hexadeci mal number ...

Page 182: ... entering only the Enter key and nothing else Notes Both the start and end addresses specified here must be within the range of the data memory area available with each microcomputer model An error results if the input one is not a hexadecimal number or a valid symbol Error invalid value no such symbol symbol type error An error results if the limit is exceeded Error Address out of range use 0 0xF...

Page 183: ...put Destination address 280 Destination area start address is input Command execution can be canceled by entering only the Enter key and nothing else Notes All the addresses specified here must be within the range of the data memory area available with each microcomputer model An error results if the input one is not a hexadecimal number or a valid symbol Error invalid value no such symbol symbol ...

Page 184: ...0 0 Address2 0014 4 Address3 0018 8 Address4 001c c Notes When the debugger starts up four locations at addresses 0 4 8 and 0xc are initially set as the watch data addresses The address specified here must be within the range of the data memory area available with each microcomputer model An error results if the input one is not a hexadecimal number or a valid symbol Error invalid value no such sy...

Page 185: ... watch data even if the invalid address which is displayed as an in the dd command is registered The value in this case is indeterminate The value displayed to the left shows the content of the start address and that displayed to the right is the content of an address that is equal to the start address 3 GUI utility None ...

Page 186: ...d addresses can be omitted by entering the Enter key only If the start address is omitted data is displayed beginning with address 0 If the end address is omitted data is displayed for up to 16 lines within the range of the option area Data in unused areas is marked by an as it is displayed in the window The maximum number of lines that can be displayed at once is 16 fog data is limited to 15 line...

Page 187: ...ge use 0 0xEF Specified address for the function option is outside the range Error SO address out of range use 0 0x1FFF Specified address for the segment option is outside the range Error MLA address out of range use 0 0xFFF Specified address for the melody data is outside the range An error results if the start address is larger than the end address Error end address start address The default val...

Page 188: ...y an as it is displayed Note that watch data is always displayed even if it resides in an unused area indeterminate 2 When Register window is opened When the Register window is opened all the above contents are displayed in the Register window according to the program execution When you use the rd command the displayed contents of the Register window is updated 3 When Register window is closed Dat...

Page 189: ...d value value FZ Old value value SP1 Old value value SP2 Old value value EXT Old value value Q Old value value register Register name PC A B X Y F SP1 SP2 EXT Q value Value to be set to the register hexadecimal Examples Format 1 rs pc 110 f 0 Sets PC to 0x0110 and resets all the flags Format 2 rs PC 116 110 A 0 f B 0 X 0 100 Y 0 100 FE 0 FI 0 FC 1 0 FZ 1 0 SP1 aa ff SP2 aa ff EXT 0 Q 0 When a regi...

Page 190: ...r Q in direct input mode Error Incorrect register name use PC A B X Y F SP1 SP2 EXT Q In guidance mode the following keyboard inputs have special meaning q Command is terminated finish inputting and start execution Return to previous register Input is skipped keep current value GUI utility Register window The Register window allows direct modification of data Click the Register window select the d...

Page 191: ...ution In the initial debugger settings the on the fly function is turned on During program execution the PC flags and watch data contents in the Register window are updated in real time every 0 5 seconds default by the on the fly function If the Register window is closed the above contents are displayed in the Command window The on the fly function can be turned off by the otf command In this case...

Page 192: ...am execution is suspended and the PC will be set to the program address at the breakpoint The address you specified must be within the range of the program memory area available with each microcomputer model An error results if the input one is not a hexadecimal number or a valid symbol Error invalid value no such symbol symbol type error An error results if the limit is exceeded Error Address out...

Page 193: ...me way as the g command except that the gr command does not support the function for restarting execution by hitting the Enter key Refer to the explanation of the g command for more information Notes If a break condition is met program execution is suspended and the PC will be set to the program address at the breakpoint The address you specified must be within the range of the program memory area...

Page 194: ...ou hit the Enter key here the system single steps the program in the same way again 2 HALT and SLEEP states and interrupts When the halt or slp instruction is executed the CPU is placed in standby mode An interrupt is required to clear this mode The debugger has a mode to enable or disable an external interrupt for use in a single step operation External interrupt halt and slp instructions Enable ...

Page 195: ... 65 535 An error results if the limit is ex ceeded Error Number of steps out of range use 0 65535 If the Data window is opened its display contents are updated after the execution During a single step operation the program will not break even if the break condition set by a command is met Unlike in successive executions g or gr command the Register window is updated every time a step is executed G...

Page 196: ...ntil control returns to the next address are executed as one step Notes The step count must be specified within the range of 0 to 65 535 An error results if the limit is ex ceeded Error Number of steps out of range use 0 65535 If the Data window is opened its display contents are updated after the execution During a single step operation the program will not break even if the break condition set b...

Page 197: ... EICZ 0000 SP1 AA SP2 AA EXT AA QUEUE AAAA The execution cycle counter is cleared to 0 If the Source window is open the window is redisplayed beginning with address 0x0110 If the Register window is open the window is redisplayed with the above contents The debug status such as memory contents breaks and trace is not reset GUI utility Run Reset CPU menu item Reset button When this menu item or butt...

Page 198: ...ar 1 0116 2 0200 1 set 2 clear 3 clear all 2 2 clear is selected Clear break address 200 Break address 0x0200 is cleared Clear break address Terminated by Enter key bp Clear all 1 0116 1 set 2 clear 3 clear all 3 3 clear all is selected bp No PC break is set 1 set 2 clear 3 clear all Terminated by Enter key Notes The addresses must be specified within the range of the program memory area available...

Page 199: ...tinue settings The Previous and Next buttons are used to view previous and subsequent four breakpoints To clear a breakpoint select the Clear button of the address to be cleared The Clear All Breakpoint button clears all the set breakpoints Break button When this button is clicked after placing the cursor to a line in the Source window the address at the cursor position is set as a breakpoint If t...

Page 200: ...tions If no address parameter is specified all the breakpoints that have been set are cleared The format of parameters is same as the bp command You can also use the guidance input mode of bp command to do the same operation You can use this command for multiple times to clear breakpoints An error results if an address that is not set at a breakpoint is specified Error Input address does not exist...

Page 201: ...address Old address address2 data Data pattern binary can be input for the bits to be masked option Memory read write option r w or address1 2 The specified address hexadecimal or symbol IEEE 695 format only Condition 0 address1 address2 0xffff 0 data 0b1111 Examples Format 1 bd 1000 W 0 f Sets a data break condition so that the program breaks when 0x8 is written to the address range from 0x0 to 0...

Page 202: ...address range is larger than the end address Error end address start address Address and R W specifications are effective even for 16 bit access push pop to and from SP1 stack However the data specification will not have any effect because data is compared with a 4 bit bus In this case specify data with When setting a break for 4 bit access be careful not to specify an address that overlaps the 16...

Page 203: ...GE bdc data break clear Function This command clears the data break condition that has been set Format bdc direct input mode GUI utility Break Data Break menu item When this menu item is selected a dialog box appears for clearing the set data break condition See the bd command ...

Page 204: ...d value value B Old value value FE Old value value FI Old value value FC Old value value FZ Old value value X Old value value Y Old value value register Register name A B F X or Y value Data pattern for the register hexadecimal or binary F register can be used for the bits to be masked Examples Format 1 br f 1 Sets a register break condition so that the program breaks when the C flag is set Format...

Page 205: ... a time or change one or several items for register break setting The register value can be input as a binary number with or without mask bits or a hexadecimal number in the range of the bit width of each register An error results if the limit is exceeded Error invalid data pattern The program stops one to two instructions after the break condition has been met GUI utility Break Register Break men...

Page 206: ...register break clear Function This command clears the register break conditions that have been set Format brc direct input mode GUI utility Break Register Break menu item When this menu item is selected a dialog box appears for clearing the register break conditions See the br command ...

Page 207: ...ss 1 3 1 2 3 Set address Old address address1 Set address Old address address2 Set address Old address address3 Pass count Old count pass pass Pass count decimal address1 3 Program execution address hexadecimal or symbol IEEE 695 format only Condition 0 address1 3 last program memory address 0 pass 4095 Examples Format 1 bs 3 116 120 Sets two sequential addresses and the pass count In this case a ...

Page 208: ...model An error results if the input one is not a hexadecimal number or a valid symbol Error invalid value no such symbol symbol type error An error results if the limit is exceeded Error Address out of range use 0 0xXXXX GUI utility Break Sequential Break menu item When this menu item is selected a dialog box appears for setting sequential break conditions To set a sequential break enter sequentia...

Page 209: ...equential break clear Function This command clears the sequential break condition that has been set Format bsc direct input mode GUI utility Break Sequential Break menu item When this menu item is selected a dialog box appears for clearing sequential break conditions See the bs command ...

Page 210: ... 0 3ff 0 ff Sets SP1 area to 0x0 0x3FF and SP2 area to 0x0 0xFF Format 2 bsp SP1 0000 03FF SP2 0000 00FF SP1 start address 0 Address is input SP1 end address 1ff SP2 start address 0 SP2 end address ff bsp SP1 0000 01FF SP2 0000 00FF SP1 start address Terminated by Enter key If you press only Enter in the middle of a guidance the command is canceled Notes The stack area that is set by this command ...

Page 211: ... EPSON 197 S1C63 FAMILY ASSEMBLER PACKAGE GUI utility Break Stack Break menu item When this menu item is selected a dialog box appears for setting stack areas To set stack areas enter start and end addresses in the text boxes then click OK ...

Page 212: ...setting of all break conditions Format bl direct input mode Example bl PC break 1 0116 2 0200 Sequential break 1 0116 2 0120 3 pass 3 Data break data 1 R W W area 0000 000F Register break A B X Y EICZ 1 Stack break SP1 0000 03FF SP2 0000 00FF GUI utility Break Break List menu item When this menu item is selected the bl command is executed ...

Page 213: ...Y ASSEMBLER PACKAGE bac break all clear Function This command clears all break conditions set by the bp bd br and or bs commands Format bac direct input mode GUI utility Break Break All Clear menu item When this menu item is selected the bac command is executed ...

Page 214: ...s opened If address is not specified display in the Source window is changed to the unassemble display mode If address is specified display in the Source window is changed to the unassemble display mode At the same time code is displayed beginning with address 2 When Source window is closed The 16 lines of unassembled result are displayed in the Command window The system then waits for a command i...

Page 215: ...ther command is executed When you press the Enter key the Source window is scrolled forward one screen When displaying code in the Command window 16 lines of code following the previously displayed address are displayed the same number of lines as displayed in the Source window if the u com mand is executed during log output Note The display start address you specified must be within the range of ...

Page 216: ...ow is changed to the source display mode If address is specified display in the Source window is changed to the source display mode At the same time code is displayed beginning with address 2 When Source window is closed The 16 lines of source code are displayed in the Command window The system then waits for a command input If address is not specified this display begins with the current PC displ...

Page 217: ...window is scrolled forward one screen When displaying code in the Command window 16 lines of code following the previously displayed address are displayed the same number of lines as displayed in the Source window if the sc com mand is executed during log output Notes Source codes can be displayed only when an absolute object file that contains source debug informa tion has been loaded The display...

Page 218: ...o the mix unassemble source display mode If address is specified display in the Source window is changed to the mix unassemble source display mode At the same time code is displayed beginning with address 2 When Source window is closed The 16 lines of mix display are produced in the Command window The system then waits for a command input If address is not specified this display begins with the cu...

Page 219: ...ource window is scrolled forward one screen When displaying code in the Command window 16 lines of code following the previously displayed address are displayed the same number of lines as displayed in the Source window if the m com mand is executed during log output Notes Source codes can be displayed only when an absolute object file that contains source debug informa tion has been loaded The di...

Page 220: ... first then local symbols Shown to right to each symbol is the address that is defined in it Format 2 sy R INC_RAM_BLK1 0007 INIT_RAM_BLK1 0000 RAM_BLK0 0000 RAM_BLK1 0004 In format 2 the debugger displays global symbols that contain the character string specified by keyword Format 3 sy B BOOT C E0C63 TEST MAIN S 0110 In format 3 the debugger displays local symbols that contain the character strin...

Page 221: ...Different chip type cannot load this file Only an IEEE 695 format object file generated by the linker can be loaded by the lf command If you want to use source display and symbols when debugging a program the object file must be in IEEE 695 format that contains debug information loaded into the computer If the Source window is opened when loading a file its contents are updated The program content...

Page 222: ...ded path can also be specified Examples Format 1 lo test lsa Loads the program files test lsa and test hsa Loading file OK Format 2 lo File name test fsa Loads a function option file Loading file OK Notes The debugger determines the file type based on the specified file name Therefore the debugger cannot load a file not following to the name specification listed above and an error will result Erro...

Page 223: ...o 1 2 fog 1 yes 2 no 1 2 sog 1 yes 2 no 1 2 mla 1 yes 2 no 1 2 Loading content Data type p program d data f fog s sog m mla Examples Format 1 lfl p Loads program data Loading from flash memory done Format 2 lfl Read program 1 yes 2 no 1 Select the contents to be loaded data 1 yes 2 no 1 fog 1 yes 2 no 1 sog 1 yes 2 no 1 mla 1 yes 2 no 1 Loading from flash memory done Notes If the flash memory is p...

Page 224: ...e above ICE flash Chip name 63A08 Parameter version 02 00 Size of program 2000 0 data RAM 800 8000 data ROM 1000 7000 ext memory 100 700 LCD 2C0 800 IO 20 20 FO 20 F0 SO1 0 1000 SO2 100 1000 MLA 510 1000 Redo the loading with the correct parameter file using the efl or sfl command If an error occurs when loading data portions of the data that have already been read into the target memory are left ...

Page 225: ...ta type p program d data f fog s sog m mla p Protect option Examples Format 1 sfl p d f s m p Saves all contents and sets prorect Please wait few minutes Save to flash memory done Format 2 sfl Protect flash memory 1 yes 2 no 1 Protect is set Write program 1 yes 2 no 1 Write contents are selected data 1 yes 2 no 1 fog 1 yes 2 no 1 sog 1 yes 2 no 1 mla 1 yes 2 no 1 Please wait few minutes Save to fl...

Page 226: ... 2 no When shipped from the factory or erased by the efl command all data in the flash memory is initial ized to 0xff When part of the data such as a program is written to the flash memory by the slf command all other data in it remains unchanged 0xff In this condition the ICE cannot be oper ated in free run mode To operate the ICE in free run mode always make sure that after erasing the flash mem...

Page 227: ...s unchanged 0xff In this condition the ICE cannot be operated in free run mode In order for the ICE to be operated in free run mode always make sure that after erasing the flash memory all the data has been written into the flash memory In the ICE furthermore the default values for all option data are 0x00 Consequently if you write to the flash memory before loading option data lo command the data...

Page 228: ... are executed This address range can be specified in up to four locations Format 1 tm mode trigger option addr1 addr2 addr7 addr8 direct input mode 2 tm guidance mode Current type setting 1 normal 2 single delay 3 address area 1 2 3 Trigger address trigger guidance depends on the above selection see examples mode Trace mode n normal s single delay or a address area trigger Trace trigger address he...

Page 229: ...e range of specified addresses will be set as the trace area Notes The trigger addresses set here are marked by the letter T at the beginning of the address lines displayed in the Source window The address you specified must be within the range of the program memory area available with each microcomputer model An error results if the input one is not a hexadecimal number or not a valid symbol Erro...

Page 230: ...mbled content register Values of A B X and Y registers after cycle execution hexadecimal flag States of E I C and Z flags after cycle execution binary data Accessed data memory address hexadecimal read write denoted by r or w at the beginning of data and data 1 digit hexadecimal for 4 bit access 4 digit hexadecimal for 16 bit access SP Stack access 1 for SP1 access 2 for SP2 access trace in Input ...

Page 231: ... AAAA 0000 0006 rE 00014 000C 1980 adc x 0x00 F 1 0007 AAAA 0000 0006 wE 00013 F 1 0007 AAAA 0000 0007 r4 00012 000D 1FF8 ret F 1 0007 AAAA 0000 0007 w4 00011 0118 00FD jr 0xfd F 1 0007 AAAA 0000 012C rAAAA 1 00010 0116 08FE ldb ext 0xfe F 1 0007 AAAA 0000 3 During log output When the command execution result is being output to a log file as specified by the log command the trace data is displayed...

Page 232: ...ycle No within the range of 0 to 8 191 An error results if this limit is exceeded Error Address out of range use 0 8191 The trace memory receives new data until a break occurs When the trace memory is filled old data is overwritten by new data For reasons of the ICE operation timing the trace data at the boundary of operations such as in the fetch cycle at which trace starts or the execution cycle...

Page 233: ... read address 3 data write address 1 2 3 Search address address Search result is displayed option Condition type program address data read address or data write address pc dr dw address Search address hexadecimal or symbol IEEE 695 format only Display The search results are displayed in the Trace window if it is opened otherwise the results are displayed in the Command window in the same way as fo...

Page 234: ...id symbol Error invalid value no such symbol symbol type error An error results if the limit is exceeded for program memory address Error Address out of range use 0 0xXXXX An error results if the limit is exceeded for data memory address Error Address out of range use 0 0xFFFF GUI utility Trace Trace Search menu item When this menu item is selected a dialog appears for setting a search condition S...

Page 235: ...ves all trace information extracted by the td command 8191 8000 8000 7000 1000 1 OK Format 2 tf Start cycle number max 8191 1000 End cycle number min 0 1 File name test trc 1000 1 OK Notes If an existing file is specified the file is overwritten with the new data The default value of cycle1 is the last location and the default value of cycle2 is 1 GUI utility Trace Trace File menu item When this m...

Page 236: ...ge Infomation 1 0000 000d 2 0100 0102 3 0110 0118 Notes If the cv command is input without address1 and address2 coverage information in all address is displayed if both address1 and address2 are specified coverage information within the specified address range is displayed if just address1 is specified the end address is treated as the maximum program address and coverage information within that ...

Page 237: ...CHAPTER 8 DEBUGGER S5U1C63000A MANUAL EPSON 223 S1C63 FAMILY ASSEMBLER PACKAGE cvc coverage clear Function This command clears the coverage information Format cvc direct input mode GUI utility None ...

Page 238: ... of interval is inserted after each command execution Notes Any contents other than commands cannot be written in the command file An error results if the file you specified does not exist Error Cannot open file Another command file can be read from a command file However the nesting of command files is limited to a maximum of 5 levels An error results if a com or cmw command at the sixth level is...

Page 239: ...file An error results if the file you specified does not exist Error Cannot open file Another command file can be read from a command file However the nesting of command files is limited to a maximum of 5 levels An error results if a cmw or com command at the sixth level is encountered the commands in the file specified by that cmw or com command will not be executed but the subsequent execution o...

Page 240: ...w or set breakpoints in the Source window by double clicking the mouse the corresponding commands are also displayed in the Command window and output to the specified file At the first time you should specify the file name to which all debug commands following the rec command will be output Once an output command file is opened the recording is suspended and resumed toggled every time you input th...

Page 241: ...corresponding commands and the execution results are also displayed in the Command window and output to the specified file The displayed contents of the Source Data Trace or Register window produced by command execution are displayed in the Command window as well The on the fly information is also dis played However the updated contents of each window after some execution as well as the contents o...

Page 242: ...7 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF FF00 mmmm mmm mmmmmm mmm mmm mmmmmmmm mm FF40 mmm mmm mmm mmm mmm mmm mmmm mmmm mmm mmm FF80 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm FFC0 mmmmmmmm mmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm LCD Area 01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF 01234567 89ABCDEF F000 mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mm...

Page 243: ...ter window is closed If the Source window is open the displayed lines are marked with an arrow as they are executed according to the setting of this mode 5 Mode of execution cycle counter This can be selected from hold mode or reset mode In reset mode the counter value is reset to 0 each time you enter a program execution command including execution by the Enter key The value of the execution cycl...

Page 244: ...n cycle counter in time measurement mode md On the fly interval 2 times sec Counter unit time Interrupt at step not allowed Step display mode each Counter mode hold Illegal instruction check Cmw wait time 1 s On the fly interval 0 5 times sec 2 times sec 5 Counter unit 1 time 2 cycle time 2 Interrupt at step 1 allowed 2 not allowed not allowed 1 Step display mode 1 each 2 last each 2 Counter mode ...

Page 245: ...1C63 FAMILY ASSEMBLER PACKAGE GUI utility Option Mode Setting menu item When this menu item is selected a dialog box appears allowing selection of each mode Select the mode using the check boxes or enter the number interval settings and then click OK ...

Page 246: ...elect start or cancel erasing Notes A dialog box appears to show the progress of erasing while executing To abort erasing click the Cancel button on the dialog box or press the ESC key When the execution stops the warning message shown below is displayed Warning User cancel In this case the standard peripheral circuit board cannot be used until the FPGA is erased and reprogrammed Erase time is abo...

Page 247: ...d by Seiko Epson as the data to be written without modifying the contents Also the file extension cannot be changed as it is mot Motorola S or mcs Intel HEX Specifying an illegal file results in an error and data cannot be written Error cannot open file The N option can be specified when the FPGA has been erased completely using the xfer xfers command When writing data to the FPGA that has not bee...

Page 248: ... Error addresses and data in the FPGA are displayed 0X00001 0X84 0X00002 0XAB Notes Data is verified only within the valid address range in the specified file If the FPGA contains data outside the range it is not verified Use the file provided by Seiko Epson as the data to be compared without modifying the contents Also the file extension cannot be changed as it is mot Motorola S or mcs Intel HEX ...

Page 249: ...s1 is defined the debugger displays data for 256 words from address1 xdp 0 Addr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 00000 FF 84 AB EF F9 D8 FF BB FB BB BF FB BF BF FB BF 00010 BB FB BB BF BB BF FB BB BF BF FB BB FF EE FF EE 00020 EF FE D7 FB FE EE EF EF EE EE FE EE FB FE EF EF 000E0 FF FF FF FF FB FF FF FF BD DF FB FD DF FF FF FF 000F0 FF FF BF FF FF FF FF F9 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF If both address1 a...

Page 250: ... EPSON S5U1C63000A MANUAL S1C63 FAMILY ASSEMBLER PACKAGE 8 9 21 Quit q quit Function This command quits the debugger Format q direct input mode GUI utility File Exit menu item Selecting this menu item terminates the debugger ...

Page 251: ...r brc bs bsc bsp bl bac group 3 source symbol u sc m sy group 4 file flash rom lf lo lfl sfl efl xfer xfers xfwr xfwrs xfcp xfcps xdp xdps group 5 trace coverage tm td ts tf cv cvc group 6 others com cmw rec log ma md q Type group to show group or type command to get usage of the command 1 group 1 program data register pe program enter pf program fill pm program move a as inline assemble dd data d...

Page 252: ...rror message Content of message flash memory error XXXX Writing or erasing flash memory has failed at XXXX flash ROM is protected Flash memory is protected against access format error Flash memory is not mapped Map information is not the same Map information loaded from parameter file does not match that in the parameter file verify error XXXX Verify error has occurred when data was written to fla...

Page 253: ...ds no symbol information No symbol information is available since the ABS file has not been loaded sy Number of passes out of range use 0 4095 The specified pass count for sequential break is out of range bs Number of steps out of range use 0 65535 The specified step count is out of range s n SO address out of range use 0 0x1FFF SO address is invalid od SP1 address out of range use 0 0x3FF The spe...

Page 254: ...formation definition file To ICE by debugger Mask data creation by mask data checker s1c63xxx ini zzzzzzzz fsa zzzzzzzz fdc Fig 9 2 1 Input Output Files of winfog Device information definition file s1c63xxx ini This file contains option lists for various types of microcomputers and other information Always be sure to use the files presented by Seiko Epson This file is effective for only the type o...

Page 255: ...then read the Device information definition file Startup by command input You can also start winfog from the MS DOS prompt by entering the command shown below winfog s1c63xxx ini denotes entering the return key You can specify the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini as a command option You can also specify a path When you specify the device information definition file here winfog reads...

Page 256: ...s divided into three areas as shown above Option list area Lists mask options set in the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini Use the check boxes in this area to select each option A selected option has its check box marked by Function option document area Displays the contents of selected options in the function option document format The contents displayed in this area are output to t...

Page 257: ... of the option list The Gener ate button has the same function Generate button Setup Sets the date of creation output file name and a comment included in the function option document file The Setup button has the same function Setup button Device INI Select Loads the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini The Device INI Select button has the same function This file must be loaded first be...

Page 258: ...e information definition file is selected the same file is automatically loaded the next time you start winfog Note When you load a device information definition file after setting up options all settings are reset to the default state 2 Setup Select Setup from the Tool menu or click the Setup button to bring up the Setup dialog box From this dialog box select items and enter data Setup button Dat...

Page 259: ...following limitations 1 The number of characters that can be used to specify a file name including the path is 2 048 2 The file name itself not including the extension can be up to 15 characters and the exten sion up to three characters 3 The file name cannot begin with a hyphen nor can the following symbols be used as part of directory names folder names file names and extensions The symbols show...

Page 260: ...d If the specified file exists and there is no problem with its contents the option list and the function option document areas are updated according to the contents of the file To stop loading the file click Cancel Perform steps 2 to 4 to update the file If you select Generate without changing the file name the message shown below is displayed asking you whether or not to overwrite the file Click...

Page 261: ...iption Number of characters in the file name or extension exceeds the limit Prohibited characters have been entered File name has not been entered File xxxx cannot be opened Specified device information definition file ini does not exist Specified device information definition file ini does not contain function option information Specified function option document file does not exist Contents of t...

Page 262: ...KHz Selected OPT0201 01 OPTION NO 3 INPUT PORT PULL UP RESISTOR K00 With Resistor Selected K01 With Resistor Selected K02 With Resistor Selected K03 With Resistor Selected K10 With Resistor Selected K11 With Resistor Selected K12 With Resistor Selected K13 With Resistor Selected OPT0301 01 OPT0302 01 OPT0303 01 OPT0304 01 OPT0305 01 OPT0306 01 OPT0307 01 OPT0308 01 OPTION NO 4 OUTPUT PORT OUTPUT S...

Page 263: ...options zzzzzzzz sad zzzzzzzz sdc winsog Segment assignment data file Segment option document file Function option document file zzzzzzzz ssa Segment option HEX file To ICE by debugger Mask data creation by mask data checker zzzzzzzz fdc Device information definition file s1c63xxx ini Fig 10 2 1 Input Output Files of winsog Device information definition file s1c63xxx ini This file contains option ...

Page 264: ... file as it starts Alternatively drag the device information definition file icon into the winsog exe icon to start winsog which will then read the device information definition file If a function option document file is required for setting the segment option a dialog box will appear to allow file selection In this case enter the file name including the path in the text box or choose the file fro...

Page 265: ...LY ASSEMBLER PACKAGE When winsog starts it displays the SOG window The following diagrams show a SOG window when the device information definition file has been loaded and when it has not SOG Window initial screen SOG Window after reading the device information definition file ...

Page 266: ...dresses and segment configuration vary with each type of microcomputer Fig 10 3 2 1 Window Configuration The SOG window is divided into two areas as shown above Option setup area Comprised of a display memory map a segment decode table and buttons to select pin specifications By clicking on cells in the display memory map and segment decode table you can assign display memory addresses and bits Me...

Page 267: ...he same function Load button End Terminates winsog Tool menu Generate Creates a file according to the contents of segment options set The Generate button has the same function Generate button Setup Sets the date of creation or output file name or a comment included in the segment option document file The Setup button has the same function Setup button Device INI Select Loads the device information...

Page 268: ... a file by clicking the Ref button Click OK and the file is loaded If the specified file exists and there is no problem with its contents the set up items in winsog are initialized with the loaded device information To stop loading the file click Cancel 10 3 4 Option Selection Buttons The following buttons are available in the option setup area OUTPUT Option buttons These buttons select SEG pin ou...

Page 269: ...ify the segment option document file name you want to create The file name displayed by default can be modified You can use the Ref button to look at other folders Segment Option HEX Do you make hex file Select whether to create a segment option HEX file You need to create one when you use the ICE to debug programs Segment Options HEX file When you create a segment option HEX file specify its file...

Page 270: ...ctory names folder names file names and extensions The symbols shown below cannot be used in the User s Name and Comment 3 Setting segment outputs The LCD drive circuit of an S1C63 Family chip that has had segment options set normally allows selecting the segment output and DC output for every two pins in certain types of microcomputers individually for each pin Segment output should be specified ...

Page 271: ...s unused leave it blank Selection example 4 Setting DC outputs When using SEG pins for general purpose DC output assign segments according to steps 1 and 2 described in Item 3 Setting segment outputs However output control works in such a way that the display memory assigned to COM0 is enabled while the display memory assigned to COM1 through COM3 are disabled Therefore set a memory address data b...

Page 272: ...n save the segment option settings that have not been completed as a segment assignment data file To save data select Record Save from the File menu or click the Save button Save button The dialog box shown below appears so enter a file name including the path in the text box or select a file by clicking the Ref button Clicking OK saves the current assignment data to the specified file To stop sav...

Page 273: ...ODE TABLE are updated according to the contents of the file To stop loading the file click Cancel If you want to change an assigned address clear its cell assignment using the Delete button first and then reassign a new address If you want to change a selected output mode too select the correspond ing SPEC cell and clear its selected output mode with the Delete button before reselecting a new outp...

Page 274: ...it Prohibited characters have been entered File name has not been entered File xxxx cannot be opened Specified device information definition file ini does not exist Specified device information definition file ini does not contain segment option information Specified function option document file does not exist Contents of the specified function option document file do not match device information...

Page 275: ...ILE NAME zzzzzzzz SAD File name specified by Setup USER S NAME User name specified by Setup INPUT DATE yyyy mm dd Date of creation specified by Setup COMMENT Comment specified by Setup OPTION NO xx Option number varies with type of microcomputer LCD SEGMENT DECODE TABLE SEG COM0 COM1 COM2 COM3 SPEC 0 163 162 161 1F3 S Segment data has been assigned 1 170 172 171 160 S 2 143 142 141 1E1 S mm FRE FR...

Page 276: ...e sure to use the files presented by Seiko Epson This file is effective for only the type of microcomputer indicated by the file name Do not modify the contents of the file or use the file in other types of microcomputers Nelody data file zzzzzzzz mdt This is a test format file in which the score data is written Use an editor to create this file Refer to Section 11 4 Melody Data for details Melody...

Page 277: ...n read the Device information definition file Startup by command input You can also start winmla from the MS DOS prompt by entering the command shown below winmla s1c63xxx ini denotes entering the return key You can specify the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini as a command option You can also specify a path When you specify the device information definition file here winmla reads it...

Page 278: ...ed into three areas as shown above Option list area Lists melody generator mask options set in the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini Use the check boxes in this area to select each option A selected option has its check box marked by Melody ROM option document area Displays the contents of selected options in the option document format The contents displayed in this area are output t...

Page 279: ... output file name and a comment included in the melody ROM option document file and creates a file according to the selected contents of the option list The Generate button has the same function Generate button Device INI Select Loads the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini The Device INI Select button has the same function This file must be loaded first before performing any operation...

Page 280: ...load a device information definition file after setting up options all settings are reset to the default state 2 Selecting options Select necessary options by clicking the corresponding check boxes in the option list When you change any selection item in the option list area the display in the melody ROM option document area is updated Note that when you have loaded the device information definiti...

Page 281: ...and spaces Use the Enter key to create a new line All comments should include the following information Place of business your department or section Address telephone number and facsimile number Other Technical information etc The content entered here is recorded in the COMMENT field of the melody ROM option document file When you have finished entering the above necessary items click Generate The...

Page 282: ... specified file exists and there is no problem with its contents the option list and the melody ROM option document areas are updated according to the contents of the file To stop loading the file click Cancel Perform steps 2 and 3 to update the file If you select Generate without changing the file name the message shown below is displayed asking you whether or not to overwrite the file Click Yes ...

Page 283: ...e the flow e Tempo Either one of the tempo data 1 can be selected 3 Control data The jump destinations main data numbers from the main data in which the jump bit is set are described here 4 Option data The hardware option specifications for melody output are set 11 4 2 Melody Data Creation Procedure The following flowchart shows the melody data creation procedure Write a score Execute the melody a...

Page 284: ...TEMPO 0 0 4 TEMPO 0 1 10 1 Tempo 0 of the melody No 0 m0 4 2 Tempo 1 of the m0 10 END End mark of tempo data It cannot be omitted MAIN Start mark of main data It cannot be omitted no cntl note pitch jump tempo The data order is melody data No control bit note data m0 test pitch data jump bit and tempo No from the left 0 1 7 G5 0 0 3 1 1 6 F5 0 0 4 2 1 5 D5 0 0 5 3 2 4 RR 1 0 6 4 0 3 E5 0 1 7 5 1 2...

Page 285: ...hould be described in one line Melody No should be described in ascending order 0 1 2 Tempo No should be ordered 0 and 1 as above Tempo No 1 can be omitted if only one tempo is used In this case tempo No 1 will be set to tempo data 0 Example TEMPO 0 0 3 TEMPO 1 0 7 TEMPO 1 1 5 Separate TEMPO and tempo No and between tempo No and melody No with one or more spaces or tabs return can also be used Eit...

Page 286: ...as the same pitch the current note and the next one will be played as tied notes In the above main data example two E5 at the main data No 4 and 5 will be played as one note Attack is enabled Notes will be played independently even if the next note has the same pitch Indicates a rest When the control bit is set to 2 the melody data in the line is regarded as a rest even if a pitch is specified Whe...

Page 287: ... 33 3F 48 55 5F 66 71 79 81 89 8E 94 9D Pitch data E5 F5 F5 G5 G5 A5 A5 B5 C6 C6 D6 D6 E6 F6 F6 G6 HEX data A3 A6 AD B0 B7 BA BE C2 C7 CB CC D1 D2 D7 D8 DA Reference frequenc 32 768 kHz All of the half tones should be described using pitches with a The pitch data consists of a letter that indicates a scale code and a number that indicates an octave number RR should be described for rests When spec...

Page 288: ...be omitted m0 Melody number m0 m15 0 1 4 Indicates that the m0 begins from the melody data No 0 0 5 8 Indicates that the music flow jumps from the melody data No 3 4 to the melody data No 0 4 9 13 Indicates that the second play jumps from the melody data No 3 8 to the melody data No 4 END End mark It cannot be omitted 4 Option data Options can be selected in the option list area of the MLA window ...

Page 289: ...ame or extension exceeds the limit Prohibited characters have been entered File name has not been entered File xxxx cannot be opened Specified device information definition file ini does not exist Specified device information definition file ini does not contain melody ROM option information Specified melody data file does not exist Specified melody ROM option document file does not exist Contents...

Page 290: ... No is not 0 or 1 Tempo data The tempo data is out of the range 0 15 Errors in main data Main data No The main data No is out of the range 0 494 or not described in ascending order Control bit The control bit is out of the range 0 3 The control bit for a rest pitch data RR is not 2 or 3 The control bit at the end of a melody is not 3 Note data The note data is out of the range 0 7 Pitch data The p...

Page 291: ...0 tempo 0 1 TEMPO 0 0 8 END MAIN adr cntl note scale jump tempo m0 For Elize 0 1 7 E5 0 0 1 1 7 D5 0 0 2 1 7 E5 0 0 3 1 7 D5 0 0 4 1 7 E5 0 0 5 1 7 B4 0 0 6 1 7 D5 0 0 7 1 7 C5 0 0 8 1 5 A4 0 0 9 1 7 C4 0 0 10 1 7 E4 0 0 11 1 7 A4 0 0 12 1 5 B4 0 0 13 1 7 E4 0 0 14 1 7 G4 0 0 15 1 7 B4 0 0 16 1 5 C5 0 0 17 1 7 E4 0 0 18 1 7 E5 0 0 19 1 7 D5 0 0 20 1 7 E5 0 0 21 1 7 D5 0 0 22 1 7 E5 0 0 23 1 7 B4 0...

Page 292: ...5 0 0 39 1 5 E5 0 0 40 1 7 G4 0 0 41 1 7 F5 0 0 42 1 7 E5 0 0 43 1 5 D5 0 0 44 1 7 F4 0 0 45 1 7 E5 0 0 46 1 7 D5 0 0 47 1 5 C5 0 0 48 1 7 E4 0 0 49 1 7 D5 0 0 50 1 7 C5 0 0 51 1 7 B4 0 0 52 1 7 E4 0 0 53 1 7 E4 0 0 54 1 7 E4 0 0 55 1 7 E4 0 0 56 1 7 E4 0 0 57 1 7 E4 0 0 58 1 7 E5 0 0 59 1 7 E5 0 0 60 1 7 D5 0 0 61 1 7 E5 0 0 62 1 7 D5 0 0 63 1 7 E5 0 0 64 1 7 D5 0 0 65 1 7 E5 0 0 66 1 7 D5 1 0 D ...

Page 293: ...010101010101CB S21400002001010102010101010101010101010101BA S21400003001010101010101010101010101010101AB S21400004001010103000000000000000000000000A5 S2140001F000000000000000000000000000000000FA S804000000FB Melody main ROM HEX data S214000000E0E2E0E2E0E4E6E8AAECEEEAA4EEF0E401 S214000010A8EEE0E2E0E2E0E4E6E8AAECEEEAA4EE2F S214000020E8E4CAF1E4E8E6A0F2F4E0A6F6E0E6A822 S214000030EEE6E8E4EEEEEEEEEEEEE0...

Page 294: ...000000000000000000000000003B S2140000C0000000000000000000000000000000002B S2140000D0000000000000000000000000000000001B S2140000E0000000000000000000000000000000000B S2140000F000000000000000000000000000000000FB S21400010001010101010101010101010101010101DA S21400011001010101010101010101010101010101CA S21400012001010102010101010101010101010101B9 S21400013001010101010101010101010101010101AA S2140001400...

Page 295: ...ition file s1c63xxx ini This file contains option lists for various types of microcomputers and other information Always be sure to use the files presented by Seiko Epson This file is effective for only the type of microcomputer indicated by the file name Do not modify the contents of the file or use the file in other types of microcomputers Code ROM HEX files zzzzzzzz hsa zzzzzzzz lsa Both these ...

Page 296: ...ck on the winmdc exe icon or select winmdc from the start menu If the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini was loaded into your computer during a previous execution winmdc automatically reads the same file as it starts Alternatively drag the device information definition file icon into the winmdc exe icon to start winmdc which will then read the device information definition file Startu...

Page 297: ...n has the same function Pack button Unpack Restores files in the original format from a packed file The Unpack button has the same function Unpack button Device INI Select Loads the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini The Device INI Select button has the same function This file must be loaded first before performing any operation with winmdc Device INI Select button Help menu Version D...

Page 298: ...e dialog box shown below appears Enter a file name including the path in the text box or select a file by clicking the Ref button Click OK and the file is loaded If the specified file exists and there is no problem with its contents the set up items in winmdc are initial ized with the loaded device information To stop loading the file click Cancel Once a device information definition file is selec...

Page 299: ... at other folders Make sure the extension of the output file name is pa0 If after presenting data to Seiko Epson you present new data due to program bugs or any other reason increase the number in the last digit of the extension in increments of one For example the extension of the second file presented should be c63xxx yyy pa1 Note File name specification is subject to the following limitations 1...

Page 300: ...fied in the device information definition file by their default file names Modify the file name displayed by the following procedure a Click in the list box to select the file name to be modified b Click the Ref button to select another folder and then enter a file name Modify all the listed file names The extensions cannot be changed 4 Click the Unpack button to execute unpacking When winmdc has ...

Page 301: ...hecksum does not match Data is large Greater than ROM size Data is small Smaller than ROM size Start mark is incorrect End mark is incorrect Model name shown at the beginning of data is incorrect Display Message Message Message Message Message Message Message Message Message Message Table 12 4 3 List of Function Option Data Error Messages Message Option data error Illegal model name Option data er...

Page 302: ...K CR 60KHz Special Reset Selected OPT0101 03 OPTii01 02 EOF END Function option end mark AROM Melody address ROM HEX data start mark S1C63xxxyyy MELODY ADDRESS ROM Master slice model name S214000000 zzzzzzzz mdc S804000000FB END Melody address ROM HEX data end mark TROM Melody tempo ROM HEX data start mark S1C63xxxyyy MELODY TEMPO ROM Master slice model name S214000000 S214000010 zzzzzzzz mdc S804...

Page 303: ...N NO jj zzzzzzzz mdc CHANGE MELODY IN OPERATION MODE CHANGE SELECTED OPTjj01 01 OPTkk01 01 EOF END Melody option end mark SEGMENT Segment option start mark S1C63xxx SEGMENT OPTION DOCUMENT Vx xx Model name version FILE NAME zzzzzzzz SDC USER S NAME INPUT DATE 2000 9 1 COMMENT OPTION NO mm zzzzzzzz sdc LCD SEGMENT DECODE TABLE SEG COM0 COM1 COM2 COM3 SPEC 0 000 001 002 003 S 1 020 021 022 023 S nn ...

Page 304: ......

Page 305: ...S1C63 Family Assembler Package Quick Reference ...

Page 306: ...ster Stack pointer 1 Stack pointer 2 Extension register Data register B A Flags Z C I E Zero flag Carry flag Interrupt flag Extension mode flag 1 Zero 0 Non zero 1 Carry borrow 0 No carry 1 Enabled 0 Disabled 1 Extended mode 0 Normal mode Address 0xFFFF 0x0140 0x013F 0x0111 0x0110 0x010F 0x0101 0x0100 0x00FF 0x0000 CMOS 4 bit Single Chip Microcomputer S1C63 Family Assembler Package Quick Reference...

Page 307: ...FF 00imm8 8 bit absolute addressing with imm8 or the contents of the specified memory 0x0000 0x00FF FFimm8 8 bit absolute addressing with imm8 or the contents of the specified memory 0xFF00 0xFFFF SP1 SP1 16 bit stack specification or the contents of the stack address SP2 SP2 4 bit stack specification or the contents of the stack address Immediate Data immN N bit unsigned immediate data N 2 4 6 or...

Page 308: ...F imm4 X A X B X imm4 X Y X Y Y Y 1 X A X X 1 X B X X 1 X imm4 X X 1 X Y X X 1 X Y X X 1 Y Y 1 Y A Y B Y imm4 Y X Y X X X 1 Y A Y Y 1 Y B Y Y 1 Y imm4 Y Y 1 Y X Y Y 1 Y X Y Y 1 X X 1 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed A 00imm8 A FFimm8 B 00imm8 B FFimm8 00imm8 A 00imm8 B 00imm8 imm4 FFimm8 A FFimm8 B FFimm8 imm4 Symbol Clk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 ...

Page 309: ... B B Y B B Y Y Y 1 X X A X X B X X imm4 X X A X X 1 X X B X X 1 X X imm4 X X 1 Y Y A Y Y B Y Y imm4 Y Y A Y Y 1 Y Y B Y Y 1 Y Y imm4 Y Y 1 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed A 00imm8 A FFimm8 B 00imm8 B FFimm8 A A 00imm8 A A FFimm8 B B 00imm8 B B FFimm8 00imm8 00imm8 A 00imm8 00imm8 B 00imm8 00imm8 imm4 FFimm8 FFimm8 A FFimm8 FFimm8 B FFimm8 FFimm8 imm4 Symbol Clk 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 ...

Page 310: ... 1 X X B C X X 1 X X imm4 C X X 1 Y Y A C Y Y B C Y Y imm4 C Y Y A C Y Y 1 Y Y B C Y Y 1 Y Y imm4 C Y Y 1 A A A A A B A A imm4 A A X A A X X X 1 A A Y A A Y Y Y 1 B B A B B A B B imm4 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed A A 00imm8 C A A FFimm8 C B B 00imm8 C B B FFimm8 C 00imm8 00imm8 A C 00imm8 00imm8 B C 00imm8 00imm8 imm4 C FFimm8 FFimm8 A C FFimm8 FFimm8 B C FFimm8 FFimm8 imm4 C A ...

Page 311: ... A Y C A A Y C Y Y 1 B B A C B B B C B B imm4 C B B X C B B X C X X 1 B B Y C B B Y C Y Y 1 X X A C X X B C X X imm4 C X X A C X X 1 X X B C X X 1 X X imm4 C X X 1 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed B B 00imm8 B B FFimm8 00imm8 00imm8 A 00imm8 00imm8 B 00imm8 00imm8 imm4 FFimm8 FFimm8 A FFimm8 FFimm8 B FFimm8 FFimm8 imm4 A A 00imm8 C A A FFimm8 C B B 00imm8 C B B FFimm8 C 00imm8 00imm...

Page 312: ...Y B Y Y Y 1 X A X B X imm4 X A X X 1 X B X X 1 X imm4 X X 1 Y A Y B Y imm4 Y A Y Y 1 Y B Y Y 1 Y imm4 Y Y 1 00addr6 00addr6 1 00addr6 00addr6 1 B N s adjust B A C B N s adjust B X C Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed FFimm8 FFimm8 A C FFimm8 FFimm8 B C FFimm8 FFimm8 imm4 C A 00imm8 A FFimm8 B 00imm8 B FFimm8 00imm8 A 00imm8 B 00imm8 imm4 FFimm8 A FFimm8 B FFimm8 imm4 B N s adjust B 00...

Page 313: ... s adjust X 0 C X X 1 Y N s adjust Y B C Y N s adjust Y 0 C Y N s adjust Y B C Y Y 1 Y N s adjust Y 0 C Y Y 1 X N s adjust X 1 X N s adjust X 1 X X 1 Y N s adjust Y 1 Y N s adjust Y 1 Y Y 1 X N s adjust X 1 X N s adjust X 1 X X 1 Y N s adjust Y 1 Y N s adjust Y 1 Y Y 1 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed B N s adjust B FFimm8 C 00imm8 N s adjust 00imm8 B C 00imm8 N s adjust 00imm8 0 C ...

Page 314: ...X X A X X 1 X X B X X 1 X X imm4 X X 1 Y Y A Y Y B Y Y imm4 Y Y A Y Y 1 Y Y B Y Y 1 Y Y imm4 Y Y 1 A A A A A B A A imm4 A A X A A X X X 1 A A Y A A Y Y Y 1 B B A B B B Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed A A 00imm8 A A FFimm8 B B 00imm8 B B FFimm8 00imm8 00imm8 A 00imm8 00imm8 B 00imm8 00imm8 imm4 FFimm8 FFimm8 A FFimm8 FFimm8 B FFimm8 FFimm8 imm4 A A 00imm8 A A FFimm8 Symbol Clk 1 1 1...

Page 315: ... Y Y 1 A A A A A B A A imm4 A A X A A X X X 1 A A Y A A Y Y Y 1 B B A B B B B B imm4 B B X B B X X X 1 B B Y B B Y Y Y 1 F F imm4 X X A X X B X X imm4 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed B B 00imm8 B B FFimm8 00imm8 00imm8 A 00imm8 00imm8 B 00imm8 00imm8 imm4 FFimm8 FFimm8 A FFimm8 FFimm8 B FFimm8 FFimm8 imm4 A A 00imm8 A A FFimm8 B B 00imm8 B B FFimm8 00imm8 00imm8 A 00imm8 00imm8 B 0...

Page 316: ...A X A X X X 1 A Y A Y Y Y 1 B A B B B imm4 B X B X X X 1 B Y B Y Y Y 1 X A X B X imm4 X A X X 1 X B X X 1 X imm4 X X 1 Y A Y B Y imm4 Y A Y Y 1 Y B Y Y 1 Y imm4 Y Y 1 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed FFimm8 FFimm8 A FFimm8 FFimm8 B FFimm8 FFimm8 imm4 A 00imm8 A FFimm8 B 00imm8 B FFimm8 00imm8 A 00imm8 B 00imm8 imm4 FFimm8 A FFimm8 B FFimm8 imm4 Symbol Clk 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1...

Page 317: ...Y 0 D3 D2 D1 D0 C Y Y 1 A C D3 D2 D1 D0 C B C D3 D2 D1 D0 C X C D3 D2 D1 D0 C X C D3 D2 D1 D0 C X X 1 Y C D3 D2 D1 D0 C Y C D3 D2 D1 D0 C Y Y 1 A C D3 D2 D1 D0 C B C D3 D2 D1 D0 C X C D3 D2 D1 D0 C X C D3 D2 D1 D0 C X X 1 Y C D3 D2 D1 D0 C Y C D3 D2 D1 D0 C Y Y 1 BA XL BA XH BA YL BA YH BA EXT BA SP1 BA SP2 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed 00imm8 C D3 D2 D1 D0 0 FFimm8 C D3 D2 D1 D0...

Page 318: ...SP2 SP2 1 SP2 1 F SP2 SP2 1 SP1 1 4 3 SP1 1 4 X SP1 SP1 1 SP1 1 4 3 SP1 1 4 Y SP1 SP1 1 A SP2 SP2 SP2 1 B SP2 SP2 SP2 1 F SP2 SP2 SP2 1 X SP1 4 3 SP1 4 SP1 SP1 1 Y SP1 4 3 SP1 4 SP1 SP1 1 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed X imm16 imm8 set in EXT is used as high order 8 bits Y imm16 imm8 set in EXT is used as high order 8 bits X X imm16 imm8 set in EXT is used as high order 8 bits Y Y...

Page 319: ...P2 1 SP1 1 4 3 SP1 1 4 PC 1 SP1 SP1 1 PC imm6 imm6 0100H 013FH PC SP1 4 3 SP1 4 SP1 SP1 1 PC SP1 4 3 SP1 4 SP1 SP1 1 PC PC 1 PC SP1 4 3 SP1 4 SP1 SP1 1 X i3 0 X 1 i7 4 X X 2 PC SP1 4 3 SP1 4 SP1 SP1 1 F SP2 SP2 SP2 1 Halt Sleep No operation PC PC 1 Extended function when LDB EXT imm8 is executed PC PC sign16 1 sign16 32768 32767 1 If C 1 then PC PC sign16 1 sign16 32768 32767 1 If C 0 then PC PC s...

Page 320: ...odels other development software tools are provided for the part indicated as S1C63xxx Development Tool and Steps 3 and 5 For details refer to the tool manual associated with each specific model S1C63xxx Development Tool Work Bench wb63 Assembler as63 file MS Preprocessed source file s Linker lk63 file O file LST Object file s Assembly list file s file ALS Absolute list file Cross reference file f...

Page 321: ...can be opened in the edit window area Project window This window shows the currently opened work space folder and lists all the source files in the project with a structure similar to Windows Explorer Double clicking a source file icon opens the source file in the Edit window Output window This window displays the messages delivered from the executed tools in a build or assemble process Double cli...

Page 322: ...ates a new document source header or project Open button Opens a document source header or project Save button Saves the document in the active Edit window to the file The file will be overwritten Save All button Saves the documents of all Edit windows and the project information to the respective files Cut button Cuts the selected text in the Edit window to the clipboard Copy button Copies the se...

Page 323: ...dow Replace Ctrl H Replaces the specified words in the active Edit window Go To Ctrl G Jumps to the specified line or label in the active Edit window The file names listed in this menu are recently used source and project files Selecting one opens the file File menu Standard Bar Shows or hides the standard toolbar Status Bar Shows or hides the status bar Output Window Opens or closes the Output wi...

Page 324: ...d You cannot close workspace while a build The project close command or work bench is in progress terminate command is specified while the build Select the Stop Build command before closing task is being processed Would you like to build it The debugger invoke command is specified when the build task has not already been completed Short Cut Key List Ctrl N Creates a new document Ctrl O Opens an ex...

Page 325: ...ame statements par Dummy parameters endm ifdef name Conditional assembling statements 1 name defined statements 1 is assembled else name undefined statements 2 is assembled statements 2 endif ifndef name Conditional assembling statements 1 name undefined statements 1 is assembled else name defined statements 2 is assembled statements 2 endif code Declares the start of a CODE section data Declares ...

Page 326: ...of symbol symbol The symbol is already defined Symbol name length limit The symbol name length has exceeded the limit symbol name length limit exceeded Token length limit token length limit exceeded The token length has exceeded the limit Unexpected character name An invalid character has been used Unknown label label Reference was made to an undefined label Unknown mnemonic name A nonexistent ins...

Page 327: ...Illegal file name FILE NAME The file name is incorrect Illegal file name FILE NAME specified with The file name specified with the option is incorrect option option Illegal ICE parameter at line line number of The ICE parameter file contains an illegal parameter FILE NAME setting Illegal object FILE NAME The input file is not an object file in IEEE 695 format Illegal option option An illegal optio...

Page 328: ...nd file FILE NAME Data cannot be written to the file Illegal file name FILE NAME specified with The specified hex file name is incorrect option option Illegal ICE parameter at line line number of The ICE parameter file contains an illegal parameter setting FILE NAME Illegal file name FILE NAME The specified input file name is incorrect Illegal option option An illegal option is specified Illegal a...

Page 329: ...ad Cannot write file kind file FILE NAME Data cannot be written to the file Illegal file name FILE NAME specified with The specified output source file name is incorrect option option Illegal file name FILE NAME The specified input file name is incorrect Illegal HEX data format The input file is not a Motorola S format file Illegal option option An illegal option is specified Out of memory Cannot ...

Page 330: ... efficiency in the debugging tasks Windows Start up Command Usage Usage db63 exe parameter file name startup options Options command file specifies a command file comX X 1 4 com port default com1 b baud rate 2400 4800 9600 default 19200 38400 Source window Displays programs with unassemble codes source codes or disassemble and source codes Register window Displays register values and monitor data ...

Page 331: ...word location Search Label pull down list box Moves the source display to the selected label location Controls on Source window Debugger db63 2 Development Tools Menus Load File Reads an object file in the IEEE 695 format into the debugger Load Option Reads a program or optional HEX file in Motorola S format into the debugger Flash Memory Operation Reads writes data from to the Flash memory or era...

Page 332: ...s the Command window Program Unassemble Source Display Mix Mode Opens or activates the Source window and displays the program from the current PC address in the display mode selected from the sub menu items Data Dump Opens or activates the Data window and displays the data memory contents from the memory start address Register Opens or activates the Register window and displays the current values ...

Page 333: ...Specify stack area bl Display all break conditions bac Clear all break conditions Program display u addr Unassemble display sc addr Source display m addr Mix display Symbol information sy keyword keyword a List symbols Load file lf file name Load IEEE 695 format absolute object file lo file name Load Motorola S format file Flash memory FPGA operation lfl p d f s m p d f s m Load data from Flash me...

Page 334: ... type error The specified symbol type program data is incorrect Command warning Break address already exists Attempt is made to set an already set break address Identical break address input Input command contains identical address round down to multiple of 4 Watch data address is invalid User cancel Command is aborted by the user Verify error FPGA verify error ICE status Break by PC break Break c...

Page 335: ...ntents of selected options in the function option document format The contents displayed in this area are output to the function option document file When you change any selected item in the option list area the display in this area is immediately updated Option list area Lists mask options set in the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini Use the check boxes in this area to select each o...

Page 336: ...al character Prohibited characters have been entered Please input file name File name has not been entered Can t open File xxxx File xxxx cannot be opened INI file is not found Specified device information definition file ini does not exist INI file does not include FOG Specified device information definition file ini does not contain information function option information Function Option documen...

Page 337: ...a Comprised of a display memory map a segment decode table and buttons to select pin specifications By clicking on cells in the display memory map and segment decode table you can assign display memory addresses and bits Selects LCD segment output Selects DC complementary output Selects DC Pch open drain output Selects DC Nch open drain output Selects segment common shared output Clears selected s...

Page 338: ...d Specified device information definition file ini does not exist INI file does not include SOG Specified device information definition file ini does not contain information segment option information Function Option document file Specified function option document file does not exist is not found Function Option document file Contents of the specified function option document file do not match do...

Page 339: ...ocument area Displays the contents of selected options in the option document format The contents displayed in this area are output to the melody ROM option document file When you change any selected item in the option list area the display in this area is immediately updated Option list area Lists melody generator mask options set in the device information definition file s1c63xxx ini Use the che...

Page 340: ... file does not include MLA Specified device information definition file ini does not contain information melody ROM option information Melody Data file is not found Specified melody data file does not exist Melody ROM Option document Specified melody ROM option document file does not exist file is not found Melody ROM Option document Contents of the specified melody ROM option document file do not...

Page 341: ...in data No 0 1 2 494 max END End mark of main data CONTROL Start mark of control data m0 Melody No m0 m15 0 m0 starts from a a b c d 0 Jump from d to a a b c d 4 Jump from d to e e f g h i END End mark of control data Sample melody Data Tempo data Jump bit Melody Assembler winmla 3 Development Tools Tempo data 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tempo 30 0 32 0 34 0 36 9 40 0 43 6 48 0 53 3 Tempo data 8 9 10 11 12 13...

Page 342: ...ent file zzzzzzzz mdc zzzzzzzz mdc zzzzzzzz sdc zzzzzzzz hsa c63xxx yyy paN Mask Data Checker winmdc 1 Development Tools Outline The Mask Data Checker winmdc checks the format of the code data ROM HEX files generated by the HEX converter hx63 and the option document files generated by the function option generator winfog segment option generator winsog and melody assembler winmla and create a file...

Page 343: ...s included Hex data error Too many data in one line Too many data entries exist in one line Hex data error Check sum error Checksum does not match Hex data error ROM capacity over Data is large Greater than ROM size Hex data error Not enough the ROM data Data is small Smaller than ROM size Hex data error Illegal start mark Start mark is incorrect Hex data error Illegal end mark End mark is incorre...

Page 344: ...llès SPAIN Phone 34 93 544 2490 Fax 34 93 544 2491 ASIA EPSON CHINA CO LTD 23F Beijing Silver Tower 2 North RD DongSanHuan ChaoYang District Beijing CHINA Phone 64106655 Fax 64107319 SHANGHAI BRANCH 4F Bldg 27 No 69 Gui Jing Road Caohejing Shanghai CHINA Phone 21 6485 5552 Fax 21 6485 0775 EPSON HONG KONG LTD 20 F Harbour Centre 25 Harbour Road Wanchai Hong Kong Phone 852 2585 4600 Fax 852 2827 43...

Page 345: ...ursuit of Saving Technology Epson electronic devices Our lineup of semiconductors liquid crystal displays and quartz devices assists in creating the products of our customers dreams Epson IS energy savings ...

Page 346: ...p www epson co jp device S1C63 Family Assembler Package S5U1C63000A Manual EPSON Electronic Devices Website ELECTRONIC DEVICES MARKETING DIVISION First issue August 1997 Printed August 2001 in Japan B L M ...

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