BERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES LB 444 Operating Manual Download

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04/03

347

444

Enter

Accepts the entry and moves the cur-
sor to the next input field or toggles

between two input fields.

Run

Starts or stops a measurement or
leads directly back to the display and

at the start of a measurement auto-
matically changes to the measure-

ment value display.

Clear

Clears the numerical value.

Figure 10: Function keys

enter

sk1 : General Data
sk2 : Operating Mode

sk1 sk2 more

clear run

Summary of Contents for LB 444

Page 1: ...Density Meter LB 444 Id No 32816BA2 Rev No 04 22 04 03 ...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ... 10 3 4 Evaluation Unit LB 444 10 3 4 1 General Description 10 3 4 2 Display 11 3 4 3 Keypad Function 11 3 4 4 Softkeys 11 3 4 5 Menu Structure 11 4 SOFTWARE FUNCTIONS AND SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 17 4 1 General Data 17 4 2 Operating Mode 18 4 3 Parameter 19 4 4 Product Data 22 4 5 Calibrate 23 4 6 Live Display 26 4 7 Service Menu 26 4 8 Mass Flow 26 5 INSTALLATION 27 5 1 General Safety Precautions 27...

Page 4: ...on 57 8 1 3 Two and Multi Point Calibration 59 8 1 4 Correction of Analysis Values 60 8 1 5 Checking the Calibration 62 8 2 Radiating Interference Detection 63 8 3 Automatic Measuring Time Switchover 64 8 4 Measurements of Suspensions 65 8 4 1 Calculating the Density of Individual Components 68 8 5 Correcting the Results Addition and Multiplication 69 8 5 1 Additive Constant 69 8 5 2 Multiplicatio...

Page 5: ... of the Temperature 92 12 4 Setup Protocol 93 13 DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS 95 13 1 Detectors 95 13 2 Detectors with FM Certificate 97 13 3 Mounting Device 90 for Pipe Diameter 88 9 304 mm 98 13 4 Mounting Device 90 for Pipe Diameter 21 3 76 1 mm 99 13 5 Mounting Device 30 45 100 13 6 LB 444 101 14 EX CERTIFICATES FOR EVALUATION UNIT 1 15 EX CERTIFICATE FOR THE DETECTORS 4 ...

Page 6: ...nd detector 30 Figure 15 Installation in a container 30 Figure 16 Installation in a container with horizontal flow 31 Figure 17 Installation in a container with vertical flow 31 Figure 18 Installation of water cooling 32 Figure 19 Required amount of cooling water 33 Figure 20 Cable connections at detector 35 Figure 21 Terminal connection evaluation unit rear panel 36 Figure 22 Rear view of shieldi...

Page 7: ...04 03 347 LB 444 V Operating Manual Density Meter LB 444 Revision History No Date Comments 04 22 04 03 Atex certificates LB 4430 ...

Page 8: ...ted controller and the process if it is controlled by this measuring device Radiation Protection Instructions This measuring device utilizes radioactive sources Local regulations controlling the use of radioactive sources must be followed This is the law Installation dismantling relocation maintenance testing involving the radioactive source or its shielding have to be performed by persons specifi...

Page 9: ...04 03 347 LB 444 VII ...

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Page 11: ...zards to personnel due to radioactive substances can be ruled out As prescribed by law these measuring facilities may be operated only by spe cifically licensed persons with sufficient expertise and training The hardware and software of the LB 444 system makes it easy to adapt the system to rather different measuring geometries and measuring tasks Therefore the settings and parameters of the measu...

Page 12: ...ensation TC Density measurement with temperature compensation via Pt 100 or via current input Suspension measurement with any carrier liquid Solid density and liquid density are known with or without TC Suspension measurement with water as carrier liquid Solid density is known with water temperature compensation the density of the water and the solids concentration are taken into account for tempe...

Page 13: ...tion picked up by the detector I0 Untenanted radiation µ Mass attenuation coefficient absorption coefficient in cm2 g ρ Density of absorbing material in g cm3 d Thickness of absorbing material in cm Figure 1 Principle of measurement The intensity of the radiation picked up by the detector is also dependent on the distance between source and detector As in the case of light the function involved is...

Page 14: ...n unit Figure 2 Measuring system mounted on a pipeline Different configurations and mounting devices may be required depending on the meas uring tasks the condition of the product being measured and the containers Figure 2 shows a basic setup in a pipeline with Pt 100 resistance thermometer and a 90 mounting device for density concentration and mass flow measurement 45 and 30 mounting devices are ...

Page 15: ... long distances and or if the radiation has to pass through very thick pipe or vessel walls Its half life period is 5 27 years 137 Cs is the isotope most frequently used for density measurements Its energy of 0 660 MeV is sufficient to penetrate commonly used pipe and container walls Due to the lower energy the measuring effect is better than with Co 60 Also the shielding costs for a Cs 137 source...

Page 16: ...ing by means of a shaft secured to a handle The lead filling of the cup has a cylindrical hole At one dis tinct and defined position of the handle the hole and source holder are aligned allowing the radioactive beam to reach outside via a steel cover plate This is the on position of the device At all other shaft positions the beam exit is blocked by the lead in the cup The handle which indicates t...

Page 17: ...on by the spiral spring Pressurized air min 4 105 Pa 4 kp cm2 max 7 105 Pa 7 kp cm2 Shutter switch IP 65 max 250 V 40 VA 1 A Air quality clean as usual for pressurized air tools oil free Temperature range 5 to 60 C CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Throttle valve Pressurized air connection Spring unit Drive Shutter switch Figure 4 Shielding container type LB 744x with pneumatic locking drive Do not ope...

Page 18: ...t channel is located in an angle of 90 or 45 relative to the longitudinal axis After taking off the covering cap which is secured by a lock you may open the knurled screw and using the stay bar move the radioactive source forward OPEN or back CLOSED Locking mechanism Covering cap Lead Source position CLOSED Steel pipe Protection pipe Source position OPEN Radiation exit channel 45 90 Figure 5 Shiel...

Page 19: ...Switch CLOSED Switch OPEN Cover cap Connection for pressurized air electr signal OPEN CLOSED Figure 6 Pneumatic locking mecha nism not Ex protected Shutter switches signal the position of the sources Two versions are available a Version for use in areas not endan gered of explosion 2 Reed contacts max 250 V 40 VA 1 x for OPEN 1 x for CLOSED b Version for use in the areas endan gered of explosion 1...

Page 20: ...ct temperature The detector assembly in a sturdy stainless steel housing protects the instrument against normal ambient pollution in industrial applications The detector must not be subject to heavy mechanical stress or vibrations For more information on its function see chapter 1 The ambient temperatures must not exceed 50 C otherwise adequate cooling has to be provided see also chapter 5 2 3 3 4...

Page 21: ... they will not be lost if power failure occurs 3 4 2 Display The instrument s illuminated display comprises four lines the first three lines show the menu titles the currently selected parameters or the current measurement value The bottom line shows the current function of the respective softkey button If a measure ment is running the run status is displayed 3 4 3 Keypad Function The Density Mete...

Page 22: ...ions Numerical values increments the number marked by the cursor by 1 Moves the cursor to the left and at the end of the input field again to the start position and Scrolls forward back in a result list or in the live display Figure 9 Softkeys functions sk1 General Data sk2 Operating Mode sk1 sk2 more Relay 2 Minimum 50 Hysteresis 5 more Time constant Value 20s more HV 500 20 s HV 560 123 s HV 560...

Page 23: ...ween two input fields Run Starts or stops a measurement or leads directly back to the display and at the start of a measurement auto matically changes to the measure ment value display Clear Clears the numerical value Figure 10 Function keys enter sk1 General Data sk2 Operating Mode sk1 sk2 more clear run ...

Page 24: ...diating inter ference Delay time 20 s Maximum Rate Value 100000 cps Product selection extern intern Product select Nr 1 2 3 4 Product 1 Current input Range 0 20 mA 4 20 mA Temp Input 0 4 mA 0 C 20 mA 10 0 C With Temp Flow Signal 0 4 20 mA Temperature coeff TC 1 Value 1 2345e 03 Reference Temperature Value 30 C Current outp error current HOLD VALUE Value 12 mA Minimum Rate Value 0 cps Relais Nr 3 s...

Page 25: ... C Det Temp 28 C For Detector Reset please press sk 1 clear sk1 Measure Plateau sk2 Request Plateau sk1 sk2 Plateau measurement running IIIIIIIII HV 500 817 s HV 560 884 s HV 620 923 s done sk1 Plateau sk 2 Adj Current out sk 1 sk2 more Current 1 8 mA Offset 4123 more Current 18 mA Offset 345 more For Pt 100 Adjust please press sk2 clear sk1 Adj Cur input sk 2 Relay Delaytime sk 1 sk2 more Curr In...

Page 26: ...er PC RS 485 Printer LB 447 sk1 more PC Access Control Read only data change of data RS232 PC only sk1 Calibrate sk2 Live Display sk1 sk2 more L B 4 4 4 DENSITY 1 2345 g cm3 Value 1 2345 g cm3 Temperature 45 2 C 1 2345 g cm3 I mean 12345 cps I actual 12435 cps HV auto 745 V more Detector Temperature 47 C more ...

Page 27: ...ers can still be viewed however Password protection is revoked as soon as you enter the correct numerical value and confirm your entry with enter Date Enter the current date in the format TT MM YY The correct date is important for auto matic correction of the source activity decay Time Enter the current time in the format HH MM Time deviations have hardly any effect on the activity decay correctio...

Page 28: ...allations can be made or for measurements on large pipelines Error mode in error case Stop measurement The measurement process stops if an error occurs The error is indicated on the display Push enter to clear the error message on the display If the error has been eliminated push run to start the measurement again Continue measurement If you select continue measurement the error is displayed but t...

Page 29: ...s with Cs 137 and Co 60 for the detectors with NaI crystall Detector LB 5430 Enter 22 Isotope Co 60 Cs 137 Am 241 Cm 244 Sr 90 Kr 85 Select isotope used This entry controls decay compensation Measuring Path 0 1 to 9999 9 cm Enter measuring path in the product in cm With 90 irradiation to the pipeline axis the measuring path is equal to the internal diameter of the pipeline With irradiation angles ...

Page 30: ...l therefore be required only in exceptional cases Typical input values are between 30 and 300 s A measurement time can be preset for batch measurement Once this time is over the measurement stops automatically The shortest batch time is approx 2 s Rapid switchover OFF ON This function 1 10 of defined time constant is needed to adjust the out put signal quickly to the new value if sudden density ch...

Page 31: ...weld seam testing etc and to avoid long response times of the control devices Select the input values such that that they will not be reached during re gular operation If this function is not important for your operation disable it by entering a pulse rate of 0 Minimum rate The measurement stops automatically as soon as the count rate supplied by the detector falls below the entered value If this ...

Page 32: ...f you have selected continue in case of error the current output operates using a wrong value corresponding to the false value Relay No 2 setup Minimum Maximum Det Temp Mass pulse Different functions can be assigned to the relay As soon as the status to be signaled Density concentration minimum or Density concentration minimum Detector temperature X C has been reached the relay is de energized If ...

Page 33: ...erature coefficient of water at different temperatures and the temperature influence which decreases with rising solids contents are taken into account In this case the next query is Reference temperature see also chapter 7 Temperature coefficient TC1 Enter linear temperature coefficient 999 999e 99 to 999 999e 99 This coefficient usually suffices for minor temperature changes of 20 C see chapter ...

Page 34: ... this parameter is not relevant sk2 Calculate Calibrate mode Select the calibration mode on lin squ cub auto see also 8 1 One point For one point calibration we only need one value pair count rate and den sity or concentration value and the absorption coefficient For common products it can be taken from the table in the Appendix and entered as coef ficient a1 Linear Linear curve fit is used if at ...

Page 35: ...lti point calibra tion Square error This value is calculated automatically for two or multi point calibration It indicates the quality of the calibration curve for the selected calibration mode The smaller the numeri cal value the better the curve fit see chapter 8 CALIBRATION This coefficient is not a criterion for selection of the best calibration mode see calibration mode auto Factor Enter a mu...

Page 36: ...tered basic time constant is used as time constant I actual Shows the actual count rate The entered basic time constant is used as time constant HV auto Shows the adjusted high voltage HV Mass Flow Actual concentration and mass flow kg h are displayed in the defaulted range Integr M t Shows the integrated mass Flow m3 h Shows the actual volume flow Stop measurement by pressing run again Select pro...

Page 37: ...ing weight Assemble the shielding just prior to taking the system into operation Secure all screws and fixing parts so that they cannot come undone during operation and the shielding cannot fall down To keep the radiation exposure of the assembling personnel as low as possible only li censed personnel who have been trained on how to handle radioactive substances are allowed to assemble or disassem...

Page 38: ...pressure is fairly high installation in pressure pipes at the foot of a standpipe If no air bubbles are to be expected in the product the suction side of the pump should preferably be used for installation to exclude air bubbles which might occur as a result of damaged pump seals Measurements on horizontal pipelines should be performed using horizontal irradiation to reduce errors caused by deposi...

Page 39: ... into the bushing RADIOACTIVE Figure 12 Outdoor installation On S or U shaped measuring paths the shielding container with source has to be installed on top and the detector at the bottom A temperature insulation consisting of glass or rock wool is not suitable as it does not ensure safe installation of the measuring system If for technical reasons temperature insulation at the measuring point is ...

Page 40: ...or temperature compensation must be measured directly next to the density measurement 5 2 2 Installation in a Container If density measurements are carried out in a container the source is installed in a special lead shielding in a protection tube inside the container Special care must be taken that the measuring path is not changed by bending the protection pipe as this would lead to signifi cant...

Page 41: ... may result in incorrect measurements For outdoor installation the measuring system must be protected from rain and direct sunshine e g by a thin sheet metal Do not expose the cables to temperatures exceeding 70 C Protect the detector against temperatures 50 C by a water cooling jacket Cable bushing and cable have to be aligned so that no water can flow along the cable into the bushing The detecto...

Page 42: ... can be installed later on the detectors First remove the lead shielding at the front as well as the distance ring After sliding over the cooling jacket screw the lead shielding on again without distance ring Water must enter from below and exit at the top Thus the cooling jacket is always filled with water ensuring good thermal insulation Shielding Water cooling Outlet Inlet Figure 18 Installatio...

Page 43: ...d diagram shows the amount of cooling water required for the detectors LB 44 LB 54 The ambient temperature was taken into consideration in calculating the required quantities but not any possible heat emission by the surrounding compo nents e g containers pipelines etc In this case a higher rate of cooling water may be required 0 50 100 150 200 250 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 Ambient temperature in C...

Page 44: ...will lead to measuring errors caused by the temperature Density changes are detected by the measurement immediately however the necessary temperature correction is de layed due to the inertia of the temperature measurement Operating the system with a rather large time constant may reduce this effect Before connecting the resistance thermometer to the detector a Pt 100 adjustment has to be performe...

Page 45: ...e maximum cable lengths between evaluation unit and detector see chapter 9 TECHNICAL DATA When installing the connection cable make sure that water cannot get into the connec tion box via the cable With ambient temperatures 70 C the installed cable has to be protected to prevent exceeding of the temperature limits of the cable Following connec tion check that the connection box is carefully closed...

Page 46: ...fe output circuit 2a 2c and the not fail safe terminals Do not remove it Refer to the wiring diagram in the appendix to this manual information regarding the connections Detector 2a 2c The detector connection circuit of the evaluation unit is designed as a fail safe device The detector includes a connection box according to protection type increased safety e and a pressure proof sealed housing acc...

Page 47: ...0mA 26a 26c Insulated current output for measured value max load 500 Ω Current input 28a 28c 0 4 20mA 28a 28c Product temperature for temperature compensation or volume flow m3 h for mass flow measurement Power Supply 30a 30c Power supply 115V 230V AC or 24 V AC DC depending on power supply unit see la bel on instrument rear panel Fuses To replace fuses you have to open the fuse holder with a scre...

Page 48: ...surement The volume current signal can be supplied via ter minals 28a 28c Temperature compensation is possible only via Pt 100 con nected to the detector 26 External product selection If you want to install external product selection both digital inputs have to be used so that 4 different products can be selected Digital input 1 DI 1 18a 18c Digital input 2 DI 2 20a 20c 21 Product DI 1 DI 2 1 0 0 ...

Page 49: ...ht to release catch of locking handle Turn handle by 180 so that the arrow is pointing towards OPEN AUF OPEN ZU CLOSED Figure 22 Rear view of shielding container type LB 744 Remove key and arrest locking handle by pushing in the cylinder Protect lock from dirt by attaching the protective cover A special protection cap can be supplied for applications in heavy duty environments dirt corrosion etc ...

Page 50: ...ain and secure it with a padlock Figure 23 Locking mechanism with knurled nut Version with spring pin Open padlock and turn pro tective cap until it can be ta ken off Open fastening screw Pull out spring pin and push source locking lever toward the front in OPEN position until the spring pin engages Firmly tighten locking screw again Attach protection cap again and secure it with a padlock Shieldi...

Page 51: ...y Setting only if needed see also Software Functions and System Configuration Push done to return to menu group 2 Push sk2 to select Operating Mode menu and more to select parameters Select Config Instrument with and confirm with enter Density measurement with or without TC Pt 100 or current input Mass flow measurement with or without TC Pt 100 Select radiation measure to irradiate the product Sel...

Page 52: ... the selected cali bration method For more information on the calibration methods see chapter 8 CALIBRATION One point calibration has to be performed if only one value pair is available or the value pairs are close together Enter an absorption coefficient as a1 value for common prod ucts this value may be taken from the table in the Appendix The calculation formulas for other products are listed i...

Page 53: ... the linear line This becomes evident only during measurement and is only required when the absorption coefficient is too small or too big If necessary enter an Offset for additive correction of the measured values to offset the straight line on the Y axis With TC display of temperature corrected density values Push done to return to submenu group Data Calculate Push run to start measurement For l...

Page 54: ...ram calculates the linear absorption coefficient and displays it as Result a1 The calculated zero count rate I0 is displayed Depending on the selected calibration mode the program calculates the following coeffi cients and displays them Coefficient a1 a2 a3 and the square error If necessary enter a factor for multiplicative correction of the measured values If necessary enter an Offset for additiv...

Page 55: ...ard Push enter to reset error message Enter correct password 6 4 3 Error Messages during Calibration Error no Message Cause Notes Remedy 10 Not calibrated Calibration incomplete Perform calibration 36 Missing ca lib points Not enough points entered for selected calibration mode Enter further calibration points or select another calibration mode 37 Curve not clear System could not calculate a clear...

Page 56: ...cable resistance too high detector faulty evaluation unit faulty Replace cable or use bigger wire cross section Replace evaluation unit 8 Measurement stopped Measurement process stopped via digital input or measurement stopped because count rate threshold has been exceeded or not reached Open digital input Disable count rate thresholds to identify fault 9 Detector temperature 80 C Detector tempera...

Page 57: ... too low Measurement is stopped when this error occurs and has to be restarted by pushing the run button Measurement is not stopped Relay Failure is de energized Error temperature measurement Temperature input faulty see Temperature Compensation and Service Instructions Power failure 1 month Enter New Date After a long period of power failure you have to check and if necessary correct the date to ...

Page 58: ... instrument is not in operation With sub zero temperatures empty the water cooling To start operation of the measuring system 1 Open radiation exit channel 2 Turn instrument on 3 Put water cooling in operation again if it was disabled 4 If instrument has been disabled for more than one month the error message Power failure 1 month is displayed In this case enter the date and time again in the Gene...

Page 59: ... the product temperature as current signal 0 20 mA The respective operating mode is selected in the Config Instrument Operating Mode menu If the temperature is measured using the resistance thermometer Pt 100 a linearization of the Pt 100 curve is carried out The range of the current signals is entered in the Pa rameter menu parameters Current input range and Temp limit values 7 2 Monitoring the T...

Page 60: ...With minor temperature changes approx 20 C it suffices in most cases to enter the linear coefficient 7 4 Temperature Compensation in Suspensions The characteristic temperature curve of water is used for measurement of suspensions with water as carrier liquid Proceed as follows In the Calibrate menu select the function Suspension measure and Water TC Then you just have to enter the reference temper...

Page 61: ...hange C C C ion Concentrat change Density C C ρ ρ ρ ρC1 Density at average temperature and minimum concentration in measuring range ρC2 Density at average temperature and maximum concentration in measuring range Example ρC1 at 20 C and 20 HCl 1 0979 g cm3 ρC2 at 20 C and 30 HCl 1 1493 g cm3 00514 0 30 20 1493 1 0979 1 3 cm g C ρ The temperature coefficient TC for the unit is calculated as follows ...

Page 62: ... ϑ1 ϑ2 TC1 c Take actual density value ρ2 from table d Calculate TC2 TC 2 2 1 2 2 2 ϑ ϑ ρ ρ e Enter calculated value TC2 as temperature coefficient TC2 Example Ethanol concentration 30 reading in g cm3 relative to 10 C 1st temperature coefficient in range 10 20 C 3 1 10 59 0 20 10 9540 0 9599 0 TC Input value TC1 5 9e 04 Calculate nominal value ρ2 of density calculated using the calculated TC1 at ...

Page 63: ...product you want to measure you can calculate it using the method described below This requires that calibration with at least two value pairs has already been performed at reference temperature Fill measuring path with the product to be measured The density should be about the average value of the requested measuring range Disable temperature compensation instrument configuration without TC Start...

Page 64: ...oefficient with temperature compensation enabled in crease the product temperature by at least 40 to 50 C From the resulting change in reading and the associated temperature change one then calculates the square coefficient TC2 TC 2 2 1 D A 2 ϑ ϑ ρ ρ ρA Actual density value table value or lab value at this temperature ρD Displayed density value ϑ1 Original temperature in our example 10 C ϑ2 Temper...

Page 65: ... 23 4 2711 1 363 10 0 0 0 Calibration points should be distributed fairly evenly over the entire measuring range Some calibration points may lie outside the measuring range e g water How ever calibration with all points lying outside the measuring range is not advisable 8 1 1 Calibration Modes The calibration mode has to be entered in the Calibrate menu submenu Calculate Five calibration modes are...

Page 66: ...he entire measuring range has been covered evenly by several at least 3 cali bration points the measurement is run in concentration Bx or another unit which is not in linear proportion to the density Calibrate mode 4 Select curve fit with linear square and cubic coefficients cub if the same conditions exist as for calibrate mode 2 but at least 4 value pairs are available and the actual measurement...

Page 67: ...irradiation Crystal size 40 35 25 25 50 50 All crystal sizes Absorption coefficient µ 0 0664 0 06 0 057 Co 60 Frontal irradiation µ 0 0478 Lateral irradiation µ 0 0403 For other units the absorption coefficients have to be converted as follows µ µ µ ρ ρ ρ ρ x C C C max min max min ρ Example 1 Isotope Cs 137 Crystal 40 35 frontal irradiation ρmax 1 098 g cm3 Cρmax 20 ρmin 1 045 g cm3 Cρmin 10 µ 0 0...

Page 68: ...on is also advisable if only calibration points with very minor density differences can be recorded for in this case minor errors in the lab or during sampling will significantly affect the curve One point calibration may later be supple mented and improved by additional cali bration points Figure 25 Influence of absorption coefficients on one point calibration cps a b Calibration points Density i...

Page 69: ... the same as with one point calibration see 6 2 2 Calibration For multi point calibration the respective values should be entered in the Product Data menu submenu item Current Output Limits 0 9 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 Density in g ccm cps Figure 27 Example of multi point calibration You need not observe a rising or falling order when entering sample values However p...

Page 70: ...mperatures With constant concentrations but different temperatures during reading in of the pulses one may get the same lab values different density values and therefore different count rates To avoid calibration errors the product temperature is stored as well When calculating the calibration curve the entered laboratory value is corrected by means of the tempera ture coefficient This correction ...

Page 71: ... ϑM reference temperature TC1 temperature coefficient The display always relates to ρM Example Temperature coefficient 0 5 10 3 ρM in g cm3 ϑP in C ϑM in C ρ C in g cm3 1 30 75 70 1 2975 1 32 70 70 1 3200 1 35 65 70 1 3750 Since in this case correction has already been done manually temperature compensation must be turned off and then on again in the instrument configuration ...

Page 72: ... 0 Coefficient a3 0 Factor 1 Offset 0 Square error 0 If other values should be displayed check your calibration or the data you have entered Multi Point Calibration Absorption coefficients and thus the curve function are calculated from the value pairs entered At the same time a factor square error will be calculated only if more than three value pairs were entered indicating how well the calculat...

Page 73: ... run or externally via the digital input Note Enter n 5 to rule out false alarms with sufficient statistical safety The mathematical correlation shows that the distance from the alarm threshold is dependent upon the re spective mean pulse rate Im For calculation it holds Sigma I s Example Count rate Im 300 cps n 6 IS Im n m I IS 300 6 300 404 cps Thus an alarm is signaled as soon as IS exceeds the...

Page 74: ...agram below Response 3 2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97 0 20 40 60 80 100 T in s Display and output signal in 1 Density value 2 Signal trend with 3 Signal trend without automatic switchover of time constant Figure 28 Response When rapid switchover is in effect the measurement first works with the defined basic time constant If sudden density changes occur which exceed the ...

Page 75: ...ed unit of measure For calculation of the calibration curve the values entered under b through d will be con verted into g cm3 Through conversion a correct characteristic line can be obtained for suspensions already with one or two calibration points Values with the units b to d are internally converted into g cm3 in order to obtain the curvature of the characteristic curve Figure 29 Density of su...

Page 76: ... density in g cm3 Concentration in ρ ρ ρ ρ L C C L S 1 ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ L L s C s s Concentration in o Be For ρ 1 For ρ 1 n 3 144 3 144 ρ n 3 144 3 144 ρ n Be Strictly speaking the formulas for g l and concentration in apply only to suspensions For solutions or liquid mixtures large deviations may occur when the measurement in volves larger ranges The diagram on the next page shows how the density meas...

Page 77: ...rsion in selected unit Display Current output Measurement Enter data in Be 3 Conversion into g cm Be or or or Calculate calibration curve Measured values in g cm 3 or or or 3 g cm Temperature correction Temperature correction Figure 30 Conversion scheme ...

Page 78: ...ity with solutions on the other hand the density of the relevant components often has to be calculated from table values Enter the density of the carrier liquid or the density of the attendant component mostly water at average temperature reference temperature as liquid density a Table values are available as concentration density ρ ρ ρ ρ S L L C C 1 C Concentration in weight percent 100 for examp...

Page 79: ...uld only be used for minor corrections Otherwise we recommend doing a re calibration An additive constant can be entered at Offset a multiplication factor at Factor Calibrate menu submenu Calculate 8 5 1 Additive Constant The value stored under Offset is added to the density value calculated on the basis of the count rate This allows a parallel shift of the calibration curve Example Measuring rang...

Page 80: ...e data under Offset and Factor Example For 1 1 g cm3 the indicated value is correct instead of 1 2 g cm3 the reading should show 1 25 g cm3 Input value for Factor 3 3 3 3 actual actual nominal nominal g cm 1 1 g cm 1 2 g cm 1 1 g cm 1 25 L H L H F 1 5 Input value for Offset K Lnominal Lactual F 1 1 g cm3 1 1 g cm3 1 5 g cm3 0 55 H upper value of the measuring range in g cm3 L lower value of the me...

Page 81: ...ed dialog Languages German English Data editing possible only after password entry Time constant 0 5 9999 s with automatic reduction to 1 10 of the values in case of sudden density changes can be turned off Adjustable response threshold for time constant switch over Automatic decay compensation For 241 Am 137 Cs 60 Co 244 Cm 85 Kr and 90 Sr Inputs Outputs Detector terminal Ex II 2 G EEX ib II B or...

Page 82: ...r 44 5 Stability 0 1 Protection type Ex II2G EEx ib d IIC T6 or EEx de IIc T6 IP 65 LB 5401 Scintillation counter with NaI Tl crystal 25 25 40 35 50 50 or 44 5 Stability 0 1 Protection type IP 65 Housing Stainless steel housing Pt 100 input at detector For measurement of the product temperature 2 wire ex protection EEX ib IICT6 zero adjustment via software temperature range 20 to 200 C Cable entra...

Page 83: ...IB Lmax 0 15 mH 1 8 mH Cmax 344 nF 507 nF Detector list Type Crystal l in mm Weight kg Operation code Ex protection For isotope LB 4441 01 25 25 18 0 LB 4441 02 40 35 18 0 LB 4441 03 50 50 18 0 Cs 137 Co 60 LB 4430 150 150 54 22 LB 4451 06 44 5 6 2 Yes Am 241 LB 5441 01 25 25 18 0 No LB 5401 02 40 35 18 0 No LB 5401 03 50 50 18 0 No LB 5430 150 150 52 22 No Cs 137 Co 60 LB 5481 06 44 5 6 2 No Am 2...

Page 84: ... cases and after consultation with Berthold To perform a Total Reset turn the instrument off then push the Clear button while you turn the instrument on All entered date will be deleted and the default values restored Error code list No Problem Cause 1 Rate Overflow Count rate 520000cps 2 No Detector Rate Error in detector or during transmission 3 Wrong HV HV 500V or 1500V outside control range 6 ...

Page 85: ...ctor interrupted Check cable to detector No pulse rate Error code 2 Detector is faulty Replace detector Shielding not open or not properly opened Check lock and secure it in OPEN position Pulse rate too low Alignment of useful beam toward detector not correct Correct and optimize alignment Container installations in radiation path Offset irradiation level Wall deposits in container Remove wall dep...

Page 86: ...een repaired As long as the shielding does not show any significant mechanical damage or strong cor rosion the built in source will be protected Refer to the radiation protection guidelines in chapter 11 to check or replace the source The Cs 137 sources which are typically used for density measurements have a service life of 30 years and more For safety reasons we recommend replacement after 15 ye...

Page 87: ...Det Temp 28 C Counts 3210 s For Detector Reset please press sk 1 clear sk1 sk1 Measure Plateau sk2 Request Plateau sk1 sk2 more Plateau measurement running IIIIIIIII HV 500 817 s HV 560 884 s HV 620 923 s done sk1 Plateau sk 2 Adj Current out sk 1 sk2 more Current 1 8 mA Offset 4123 more Current 18 mA Offset 345 more For Pt 100 Adjust please press sk2 clear sk1 Adj Cur input sk 2 Relay Delay time ...

Page 88: ... for the test is disabled To do this select Density without TC After completion of the test reset the test count rate to 0 I O Test Output Current To use this function the measurement must not be in the RUN mode To test the connected instruments you can set any output current between 0 and 22 mA View input current Shows the current measured at the current input Relay 1 2 3 The relays can be switch...

Page 89: ... invisible to the naked eye These flashes of light release electrons from the light sensitive cathode photo cathode of the photomultiplier This electron current is amplified via a dynode system resulting in an electrical impulse at the photomultiplier output for each light flash The high voltage required for operation of the photomultiplier is generated in the elec tronic unit The scintillation co...

Page 90: ...r actual operating conditions Select Plateau Measure Plateau in the Service menu Upon completion of the plateau measurement you may invoke the function Request Pla teau to display the value pairs HV steps count rate The detector works properly if a clear plateau is visible the position of the plateau is ir relevant Figure 31 Plateau curve Plot the count rate vs the high voltage as shown in the dia...

Page 91: ...o the values 1 8 mA and 18 mA by incrementing or dec rementing the numerical value on the display Adjust current input Target value Actual value Adjustment of input current Feed current of 1 8 mA Confirm display with enter RUN appears on the display the adjustment is running Push more to stop the ad justment and continue with the next item Then feed 18 mA current and confirm with enter and push mo...

Page 92: ...as Its typical color is white A yellowish to brownish coloring is a sign of thermal overload and indi cates that the crystal has to be replaced The surrounding white reflecting layer must not be damaged You can only check the photo multiplier for glass breakage or other me chanical damage Other faults cannot be identified by visual checks alone However if the crystal does not show any faults a bad...

Page 93: ...lier and twist both compo nents several times counter clockwise If you have to replace a component apply 1 or 2 drops of silicone oil on the mating faces of the new and old component It may also suf fice to press the new component against the mating face of the old one and to turn it several times Reassemble parts properly Just as after replacement of a complete detector the calibration should be ...

Page 94: ...source decay correction 1 Perform steps 2 to 7 for the count rates read in at calibration date 1 2 Enter the value recorded at a later time count rate density temperature 3 Enter current date 4 Stop measurement process by pushing run again 5 Start calibration process select calibration more with enter and then push more 6 Start measurement again with run Example Calibration point Count rates Densi...

Page 95: ...ection The Radiation Safety Officer will monitor handling of the radiometric measuring system and if necessary formalize safeguards and any special precautions applicable to a given establishment in formal procedural instructions which in special cases may serve as a basis for radiation protection guidelines These may stipulate that access to the vessel shall only be permitted after the active bea...

Page 96: ... with the duration of the radiation exposure Conclusion Any work in the vicinity of radiometric measuring system has to be prepared carefully and organized such that it can be carried out in the shortest time possible Having the proper tools handy is of particular importance Shielding SHIELDING The shielding effect is provided by the shielding material surrounding the source As the shielding effec...

Page 97: ...rement have been converted into SI units The old units are also included in the following explana tions 1 Activity Radiation is emitted as a result of nuclear disintegration The higher the number of these nuclear transformations the higher the activity Unit of measure is the Becquerel Bq 1 Bq being equal to 1 decay per second The old unit Curie Ci is sometimes still being used The following correl...

Page 98: ...kness nec essary to reduce the intensity of a certain type of radiation to half its original value The following table lists the half value thickness of some materials Half value thickness layer in mm Isotope Material Co 60 Cs 137 Water 157 110 Concrete 68 47 Steel 20 14 Lead 14 7 The attenuation factor s can be calculated from the half value thickness Example Activity 9250 MBq 250 mCi 137 Cs Shie...

Page 99: ...een exposed to higher levels of radiation If you suspect such a severe malfunction inform the Radiation Safety Officer immediately He will then investigate the situation immediately and take all necessary provisions to prevent further damage and to avoid more exposure of the operating staff to radiation The Radiation Safety Officer has to make sure that the measuring system is no longer in operati...

Page 100: ...n coefficients were calculated for average concentrations Depending on the resolution behavior these values may differ with other concentrations Absorption coefficients in cm2 g Unit of measurement Product g cm3 conc Conc in g l Whole milk 0737 00018 000017 Skim milk 0737 000027 000295 Whey 0737 000294 0000254 Sugar solution 0657 00044 000021 Hydrochloric acid HCl H2O 0608 0003 000025 Sulfuric aci...

Page 101: ... 2 9300E 03 30 25 6 0000E 04 1 5720E 00 1 2150E 01 8 0000E 03 10 75 5 3800E 04 1 1960E 00 1 1160E 01 4 1450E 02 30 75 5 7600E 04 1 6610E 00 1 3330E 01 4 4380E 02 Sugar solution 10 20 0 0002377 0 621 0 05748 0 000823 30 20 0 000341 0 908 0 07144 0 001245 50 20 0 000436 1 196 0 0794 0 001488 70 20 0 000518 1 457 0 0855 0 00355 10 50 0 000472 1 247 0 1167 0 00339 30 50 0 000582 1 395 0 1111 0 00302 5...

Page 102: ...852 79 0 97425 20 0 99823 50 0 98807 80 0 97183 21 0 99801 51 0 98761 81 0 97120 22 0 99779 52 0 98715 82 0 97057 23 0 99755 53 0 98668 83 0 96993 24 0 99731 54 0 98621 84 0 96929 25 0 99706 55 0 98673 85 0 96864 26 0 99680 56 98524 86 0 96799 27 0 99653 57 0 98475 87 0 96734 28 0 99625 58 0 98425 88 0 96668 29 0 99597 59 0 98375 89 0 96601 30 0 99567 60 0 98324 90 0 96534 31 0 99536 61 0 98272 91...

Page 103: ... Measuring path cm Measure mode Time constant s Rapid switchover ON OFF Σ for radiating interference 0 10 Count rate limit min cps Count rate limit max Cps Current temperature input 0 20mA or 4 20mA 0 4 mA C 20 mA C Current out for density or conc 0 20mA or 4 20mA 0 4 mA 20 mA Current output error Hold Value 0 22mA Relay 2 setup Min or Max Hysteresis 0 10 Relay 3 setup Min or Max Hysteresis 0 10 S...

Page 104: ...cps Density Lab values Date Temperature C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Calculation Parameter Range Value Calibrate mode one lin squ cub auto Result a1 Zero count rate Io Coefficient a1 Coefficient a2 Coefficient a3 Square error Factor Offset Density TC ...

Page 105: ...Weight approx kg LB 5441 01 32732 25 25 X 18 LB 5441 02 32733 40 35 X 18 LB 5441 03 32734 50 50 X 18 LB 4441 01 32717 25 25 X X 18 LB 4441 02 32718 40 35 X X 18 LB 4441 03 32719 50 50 X X 18 EEx de IIc T6 EEx de ib II C M 16 for cable 7 10 mm M 12 for cable 4 6 mm WITH water cooling ...

Page 106: ...04 03 347 LB 444 96 LB 4430 LB 5430 2 8 0 0 18 0 320 0 20 0 202 0 247 0 105 0 LB 5430 449 LB 4430 530 LB 4430 LB 5430 Weight 54 kg 52 kg Ex protected Ex II2G EEx ib d IIC T6 EEx de IIc T6 Nein ...

Page 107: ...04 03 347 LB 444 97 13 2 Detectors with FM Certificate Type Ident Crystal a b Weight approx kg LB 4441 01 FM 33965 25 25 86 25 18 LB 4441 02 FM 33966 40 35 76 35 18 LB 4441 03 FM 33972 50 50 41 50 18 ...

Page 108: ...42 812 141 3 374 300 218 200 270 362 780 850 168 3 374 300 250 200 270 362 812 882 219 1 374 300 310 200 270 362 872 942 273 374 300 368 200 270 362 930 1000 304 374 320 402 200 270 362 964 1034 305 590 320 400 200 270 362 962 1032 318 590 320 413 200 270 362 975 1045 323 8 590 320 419 200 270 362 981 1051 355 6 590 320 451 200 270 362 1013 1083 406 4 590 320 501 200 270 362 1063 1133 457 2 590 32...

Page 109: ...04 03 347 LB 444 99 13 4 Mounting Device 90 for Pipe Diameter 21 3 76 1 mm ...

Page 110: ...70 146 390 375 139 7 196 406 375 70 146 460 558 139 7 196 490 558 76 1 152 396 375 146 206 416 375 76 1 152 470 558 146 206 506 558 82 5 160 404 375 152 4 214 424 375 82 5 160 485 558 152 4 214 519 558 88 9 168 412 375 159 224 434 375 88 9 168 500 558 159 224 537 558 95 174 418 375 165 1 232 442 375 95 174 510 558 165 1 232 551 558 101 6 181 424 375 168 3 236 446 375 101 6 181 552 558 168 3 236 55...

Page 111: ...04 03 347 LB 444 101 13 6 LB 444 19 module Installation in 19 rack Installation in wall housing ...

Page 112: ...04 03 347 LB 444 102 ...

Page 113: ...04 03 347 LB 444 103 ...

Page 114: ...04 03 347 LB 444 104 ...

Page 115: ...gehäuse wall mounted cabinet 1 2 3 4 19 18 20 25 6 7 8 9 10 11 IN IN IN 12 26 27 28 13 14 15 16 17 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 49 36 50 51 56 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 57 58 59 45 46 47 60 61 62 48 63 64 65 Relais Für eigensichere Installationen EEx ib Kabeladern mit 10 mm Schrumpfschlauch überziehen 10 mm long heat shrink sleeving must be used to comply with the EEx ib safety certification Digitale Eingän...

Page 116: ...2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 26a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 26c 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 28a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 28c 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 30a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 30c 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2...

Page 117: ...04 03 347 LB 444 1 14 Ex Certificates for Evaluation Unit ...

Page 118: ...04 03 347 LB 444 2 ...

Page 119: ...04 03 347 LB 444 3 ...

Page 120: ...04 03 347 LB 444 4 15 Ex Certificate for the Detectors ...

Page 121: ...04 03 347 LB 444 5 ...

Page 122: ...04 03 347 LB 444 6 ...

Page 123: ...04 03 347 LB 444 7 ...

Page 124: ...04 03 347 LB 444 8 ...

Page 125: ...t Output 22 Current output error 22 Current output limits 22 D Data transfer 37 Date 17 Density measurement 5 with temperature compensation 18 without temperature compensation 18 Detector 3 4 10 82 Connection 35 Detector connections 35 Detector list 73 Detector software 17 Digital input 37 Display 11 Dose rate 86 E Electrical connections 35 Electronics unit 79 Emergency Instructions 89 Encapsulate...

Page 126: ... 21 Modem 18 Mounting device 4 Multiplication factor 70 Multi point calibration 25 43 59 O Offset 25 69 One point calibration 24 25 55 57 Operating settings 17 Operating temperature 53 Outdoor installation 29 P Password 17 PC 37 PC connection 18 Photomultiplier 79 Pipeline 4 Pipeline axis 19 Plateau measurement 79 Pneumatically operated lock 7 Power on 40 Power supply 4 11 37 Print parameter 17 Pr...

Page 127: ...easurements 23 28 65 System configuration 17 System Version 17 T Technical data 71 Temp Input 21 Temperature coefficient for water 23 Temperature coefficient TC1 23 Temperature coefficient TC2 23 Temperature coefficients 50 91 Temperature compensation 23 30 Temperature compensation via current input 18 21 Temperature compensation via Pt100 18 Temperature insulation 29 Temperature measurement 49 Te...

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BERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES LB 444, Operating Manual

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