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67
ANNEX C
Coefficients of the Fuels and Formulas
The following chart, lists the coefficients of the memorised fuels, used for calculating losses and efficiencies.
Details of the coefficients of the fuels:
• CO2 t : The value of CO
2
generated by combustion in stoichiometric condition, i.e. without excess Oxygen
and therefore maximum.
•
A1, B : Also please have a look at the Siegert formulas from the European standard EN50379 - 1 (in the
following).
A1 is the parameter in the Siegert Formula when the O
2
measurement is available.
NOTE: For the US the A1 parameter is the same as the 'European' A1 BUT divided by 2
.
Flue gas heat losses are calculated from measured oxygen content according to the relationship:
Flue gas heat losses are calculated from measured carbon dioxide content according to the relationship:
• CO conv : Conversion coefficient from ppm to mg/KWh. It can be expressed as a function of the gas density
(CO in this case) and the volume of the dry smoke.
• NO conv : Same as CO conv, but for NO.
• NOx conv : Same as CO conv, but for NOx.
• SO
2
conv : Same as CO conv, but for SO
2
.
• PCI : Potere Calorifico Inferiore. Italian for LHV (Lower Heating Value).
• PCS : Potere Calorifico Superiore. Italian for HHV (Higher Heating Value).
• m H2O : Mass of the air produced (per each Kg of fuel) in the combustion in stoichiometric condition.
• m Air : Mass of the air needed for combustion in stoichiometric condition.
• V g.d. : Volume of dry smokes produced in the combustion.
Air index is calculated with the formula:
λ=21/(21 -O
2
)
, where O
2
is the oxygen residual concentration in the combustion smokes.
Air excess is calculated with the formula:
e=( λ -1)*100
q
A
= (t
A
- t
L
) x
21
21 - O
2
+ B A1
q
A
= (t
A
- t
L
) x
CO
2
t
CO
2
+ B
A1
Coefficients for calculating combustion efficiency
Fuel A1 USA B CO2t
(%)
PCI
(KJ/Kg)
PCS
(KJ/Kg)
M air
(Kg/Kg)
M H
2
O
(Kg/Kg)
V dry gas
(m
3
/Kg)
Natural Gas 0,0280 0,0090 11,70 50050 55550 17,17 2,250 11,94
Propane 0,0277 0,0073 13,70 45950 49950 15,61 1,638 11,11
#2 Oil 0,0305 0,0066 15,70 42900 45700 14,30 1,136 10,34
#4 Oil 0,0306 0,0066 15,80 41100 43500 13,80 0,973 10,06
#6 Oil 0,0346 0,0048 16,00 39800 42197 13,61 0,981 9,97
Diesel 0,0305 0,0066 15,70 42900 45700 14,30 1,136 10,34
Wood/Pellets 8% 0,0354 0,0071 19,01 18150 19750 6,02 0,660 4,58
Bagasse 0,0395 0,0219 20,45 6950 8834 2,50 0,779 1,93
Coal 0,0320 0,0000 18,60 31400 32300 10,70 0,370 8,14
Biogas 0,0353 0,0091 17,33 17800 19800 6,08 0,830 4,55
Bio - Fuel 5% 0,0305 0,0066 15,70 42600 45400 14,22 1,133 10,64
Butane 0,0277 0,0073 14,00 45360 49150 15,38 1,548 10,99