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Circuit Description—Type 324

Alternate Modes of Operation

5 D IV CAL. The gain and overall operation of the

oscilloscope can be checked by switching the V O L T S /D IV

switch to 5 D IV CAL position. A t that time a square wave

is accepted from an internal Calibrator. The appearance of a

5 division square wave on the CRT is indicative of proper

operation. Its amplitude is sufficiently accurate to permit

gain calibration. A 0.5 V square wave signal from the Cali

brator is always available at the CAL O U T jack for purposes

such as calibrating an attenuator probe.

E X T H O R IZ . The horizontal beam deflection can be

controlled by an externally applied signal when the T IM E /

D IV switch is placed in the E X T H O R IZ position and the

Trig/Horiz Coupling switch is in an EXT T R IG OR H O R IZ

position. A t that time the Sweep Generator is disabled. The

CRT is unblanked and the electron beam moves to center

screen. Signals applied to the EX T T R IG OR H O R IZ

IN PU T jack pass through the Trigger Input circuit to the

Horizontal Am plifier, where they are amplified, converted

to push-pull, and applied to the CRT horizontal deflection

plates. Vertical deflection operation remains the same as

previously described.

V E R T IC A L PREAM PLIFIER < T >

Block Diagram Description

The principal sections and controls are shown on the

block diagram which is on the Vertical Preamplifier sche
matic diagram page. Signals applied to the V E R T IN PU T

connector can be AC or DC coupled into the attenuator

section by the IN PU T coupling switch. The position of the

V O L T S /D IV switch determines the amount of attenuation

the signal receives to provided the deflection factor indi
cated by the switch. One position of the switch allows

selection of a square wave signal from a built-in calibrator

unit to allow checking and calibrating of the oscilloscope

circuitry. Two different calibrator amplitudes are available.

The proper amplitude is automatically selected to present a

5 division calibration display in both positions of the X 5

V E R T G A IN switch.

The input signal is applied to one half of a dual field

effect transistor (FET) in the Source Follower circuit. The

FET provides an extremely high input impedance, and

nearly unit gain output. The second half of the FET pro

vides an offset signal which cancels any thermal or power

supply change effects upon the input FET.

The signal from the Source Follower is applied to the

First Amplifier circuit where equal but opposite polarity

signals are developed to provide a differential signal.

With the variable control in CAL position and the X 5

V E R T G A IN pushed in, the gain (push-pull output -r single-

ended input of the First Am plifier section is approximately

5. Stage gain decreases to approximately 2 when the V A R I
ABLE control is fully inserted into the circuit.

The Second Am plifier provides a gain of about 8. The

gain increases to about 40 when the X5 V E R T GAIN

switch is closed. (The deflection factor indicated by the

V O L T S /D IV switch must be divided by 5 to determine the

actual deflection factor whenever X 5 V E R T GAIN is in

effect.) The POSITION control injects a push-pull current

to change the quiescent (reference) vertical position of the

trace.

Vertical Input Circuitry

Refer to the Vertical Preamplifier schematic. The Verti

cal Input Circuitry consists of the V E R T INPUT connector

(J20), the INPUT Coupling Switch (S21), coupling capac

itor C20, resistor R21, the input attenuators and the cali

brator.

Input Coupling. With IN P U T switch S21 in AC position,

C20 blocks the DC component of the signal while per

mitting the AC component to pass to the attenuator and

preamplifier circuitry. In GND position, the switch con

nects the attenuator circuitry to ground to provide a DC

reference for adjusting the vertical DC reference position of

the trace. When switched to DC, the IN PU T switch by

passes C20 and R21, allowing both the AC and DC signal

components to be applied to the attenuator and pre
amplifier circuitry.

Vertical Input Attenuators. Eleven deflection factors

(V O L T S /D IV ) are made available through various combin

ations of five attenuator circuits and a "straight-through"

circuit. The combinations can be arrived at by connecting

the attenuators as indicated at each switching position of

S25 (V O L T S /D IV ).

In the .01 (straight-through) position, 1

and 47 pF

oscilloscope input impedance is provided by R101 and the

Preamplifier input cabling and stray capacitance. Attenu

ators are designed to maintain this same value of impedance

at the V E R T IN PU T connector, regardless of the attenuator

in use. Since each attenuator has the same input impedance

as the Preamplifier, attenuators can be connected in series

and still maintain the 1

and 47 pF impedance at the

V E R T INPUT connector. The total attenuation affecting

the signal is then equal to the product of the attenuation

factors in use.

The attenuators are voltage dividers. DC voltage division

is done soley by the resistors, while low-frequency AC sig

nals are attenuated by resistors, capacitors and stray capaci

tance. A t high frequencies the attenuation becomes largely

a function of the capacitors and stray capacitance.

3-2

Содержание 324

Страница 1: ...mmm H P H H Ii mmh j m m 1 1 h i m m m W m m H i M r y y S A nai iM rnmmsm g g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H H gllfi H i C i i Y i liiwaiisppiiifcisa i i i i p w l H i V Y p i p lU P i i i i t n V M Tektronix Inc P O Box 500 Beaverton Oregon 9 7005 070 1032 01 Phone 644 0161 Cables Tektronix 371 ...

Страница 2: ...ur area This procedure will assure you the fastest possible service Please includeHhe instrument Type and Serial or Model Num ber with all requests for parts or service Specifications and price change privi leges reserved W m M k K life k ffl V i p Copyright0 1970 by Tektronix Inc Beaverton Oregon Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved Contents of this publication may not be r...

Страница 3: ...de Panel 2 7 Right Side Panel 2 8 Rear Ranel 2 8 Bottom Panel 2 8 Accessories 2 8 First Time Operation General 2 9 Operating the Vertical Controls 2 10 Operating the Horizontal Controls 2 12 Operating the Trigger Controls 2 12 X Y Operation 2 13 Power Supply Operation 2 14 Operator s Check and Adjustment Procedure General 2 14 Preliminary 2 14 Checks Adjustments 2 14 Signal Transporting Methods Ge...

Страница 4: ...ies 3 15 High Voltage Power Supply 3 15 CRT Circuit 3 15 Low Battery Sensing Circuit 3 15 Power Pack General 3 15 Block Diagram Description 3 15 Battery Charger 3 17 Introduction 4 1 Cabinet Removal 4 1 Preventive Maintenance General Information 4 1 Cleaning 4 1 Visual Inspection 4 1 Lubrication 4 1 Transistor Checks 4 1 Recalibration 4 1 Troubleshooting Test Equipment 4 1 General Techniques 4 2 T...

Страница 5: ...ectrical Parts List Electrical Parts List SECTION 7 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS FOR MECHANICAL PARTS ACCESSORIES REPACKAGING Symbols and Reference Designators Voltage and Waveform Test Conditions Diagrams Mechanical Parts Illustrations SECTION 8 MECHANICAL PARTS LIST Mechanical Parts List Information Index of Mechanical Parts Illustrations Mechanical Parts List Accessories Parts List Abb...

Страница 6: ...wm m m ill I Y i 4 IW f v m In ii Y v Y INPUT T R IG G E R pas X 4s iO T v v v y v vv iv 2 POW R O S IT IO N AUTO japan 3 2 4 O S C IL tO S C O P E A m m r I lVWM Mil IJ 1 1 si TYPE mi ti lifesiaii p h i I I I I I r a H g p f lli pfeiY 4 i A A V H i iY V j Yx Y j y m t o I Y Y Y Y Y Y Y I i i Y v Ytotof y Y ir Y YY i v V Y m i ill S d m i i fiiii mmt WKKKKm 1 1 m gm R H Y y y y Y m m m m v A d i a...

Страница 7: ...uency Operation from an AC line also provides full or trickle charging for the internal batteries The electrical characteristics which follow are divided into two categories The instrument is checked in the Per formance Check Calibration Section against the character istics listed under Performance Requirement The following electrical characteristics apply over a calibration interval of 500 hours ...

Страница 8: ...r Sensitivity manual and automatic Internal See Fig 1 2 External See Fig 1 2 Characteristic Performance Requirement External Trigger Input RC Characteristics One megohm 2 paralleled by 62 picofarads 4 pF Maximum input voltage 300 volts DC peak AC TRIGGER control range EXT TRIG OR HORIZ ATTEN at X1 0 8 volt to 0 8 volt EXT TRIG OR HORIZ ATTEN at X10 8 volts to 8 volts HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM C...

Страница 9: ...gth At least 10 divisions External Horizontal Input Deflection Factor EXT TRIG OR HORIZ ATTEN set to X 1 20 to 30 millivolts division EXT TRIG OR HORIZ ATTEN set to X10 200 to 700 millivolts division Variable Deflec tion Factor Range 10 1 or greater Bandwidth with 5 divisions reference DC to 200 kilohertz or greater Dynamic Range At least 20 divisions 2 5 to 2 5 volts with EXT HORIZ VARIABLE fully...

Страница 10: ...25 C 55 C 40 60 50 20 C to 25 C 65 100 85 40 C 40 65 55 CATHODE RAY TUBE CRT Characteristic Performance Requirement Accelerating Potential Approximately two kilovolts Graticule Type Non illuminated internal Area Six divisions vertical by 10 divisions horizontal Each division equals 0 25 inch Resolution Vertical At least 15 lines in one division Horizontal At least 15 lines in one division Geometry...

Страница 11: ...One hour vibration slightly in ex cess of 1 g Package drop 30 inch drop on any corner edge or flat surface MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS Characteristic Description Construction Chassis Aluminum alloy Panel Aluminum alloy with anodized fin ish Cabinet Blue vinyl coated aluminum Characteristic Description Overall Dimensions measurement at maximum points Height 4 1 5 inches 10 67 centimeters Width 8 1 2...

Страница 12: ...ers Net Weight Approximately 6 3 4 pounds 3 06 kilograms without accessories Characteristic Description Connectors VERT INPUT and EXT TRIG OR HORIZ INPUT BNC CAL OUT EXT BLANK and EXT DC POWER Banana jack AC POWER Special three pin connector com patible with the AC power cord STANDARD ACCESSORIES Standard accessaries supplied with the Type 324 are listed on the last pull out page of the Mechanical...

Страница 13: ...c Power Pack installed in the instrument Refer to the Power Supply por tion of the Specifications section in this manual or to the instrument rear panel Battery charging takes place when ever AC is applied The rate of charge is determined by the Power Pack switch which is accessible at the rear of the oscilloscope Internal Battery Powered Operation Setting the Power Pack switch to either TRICKLE C...

Страница 14: ... damp Low Line terminals High Line terminals Fuse location pull cover straight down to expose fuse align cover detents and fuse mounting base when replacing cover ir iii L r J r r m n S 1 k I D i_______ m m m m m m m m m m m m m mm f Positioning J y g ffl m m m Fig 2 1 Power Pack removal 2 2 ...

Страница 15: ...sed in the Power Pack are capable o f delivering a large am ount o f energy in a short time Rings watch bands or other metallic items which short circuit the battery can rapidly become hot enough to cause severe burns Keeping the Power Pack switch at E X T DC minimizes the number o f points in the circuitry to which the battery voltage is applied Line V oltage Conversion Fig 2 1C illustrates the l...

Страница 16: ...ring capability of the NiCd cells decreases gradually with age and the number of charge discharge cycles However the battery should provide a useful oper ating life well in excess of several hundred charge discharge cycles Storage NiCd cells can be stored either fully or partially charged Storage temperature may be between 40 C and 75 C but the self discharge rate increases with temperature At 20 ...

Страница 17: ... A f V VAR V D IV BAL R107 R597 ASTIG I VERT GAIN R110 I VERT X5 I BAL R128 E S g B B M TRACE ROTATION R592 n V H n wSm m WfflHf il8jg xr i f e V F ill pi M m m SKm i i i WMBmmm m A le panel ____ m s s g B p s ii 5 8 v x f3 g i liBM iRdM M Hii V i x A a q V s SISK v x x x Bottom w i v mmmmmmmmmrnmmm D H M M M M M M M i M M M M M M M W mmm mmm j Fig 2 3 External controls connectors and indicators ...

Страница 18: ...to CAL and the X5 HORIZ MAG is pushed in When the TIM E D IV switch is in the EXT HORIZ position and the Trig Horiz Coupling Switch is in the EXT TRIG OR HORIZ position hori zontal deflection must be provided by externally applied signals VARIABLE Potentiometer Provides continu TIM E D IV ously variable sweep rates to at least 2 5 times the calibrated set ting Extends the slowest sweep rate to at ...

Страница 19: ...UT Thumbwheel accessible through top panel Adjusts CRT electron beam for optimum display sharpness Thumbwheel accessible through top panel Controls the brightness of the CRT display IMPORTANT Battery operating time varies inversely with CRT trace in tensity Use the minimum brightness necessary for good viewing Two position slide switch When in 10X position it attenuates the EXT TRIG OR HORIZ INPUT...

Страница 20: ...rate in any power mode if the switch is in the EXT DC position and no external DC power is applied Cover Securing Located near bottom middle of rear Screw panel Counterclockwise rotation disconnects cover from oscilloscope chassis allowing chassis to be re moved through front of cover assembly Bottom Panel The following screwdriver adjustments are accessible through holes in the bottom panel The p...

Страница 21: ...ear panel It has sufficient capacity to hold the standard accessories with the exception of the manuals and the Panel Cover 2 Always operate within the oscilloscope s allowable input values which are as follows Power Source AC Power Source DC VERT INPUT EXT TRIG OR HORIZ INPUT EXT BLANK Determined by specific Power Pack installed Refer to the instrument rear panel or the Power Supply portion of th...

Страница 22: ...VERT GAIN PULL POSITION XS H0RIZ MAG p u u TYPE 32 4 OSCILLOSCOPE A S O N Y r l E K T H O N 1 x Z t OKVO JAPAN FOCUS INTENSITY T IM E D IV AUTO ACLF REJ AC AC DC EXT TRIG OR HORIZ INPUT ATTEN IX 10 X IW W fi p EXT BLANK VERT INPUT iMi A CAL OUT T l l C J DATA Fig 2 4 Control setup chart 2 10 ...

Страница 23: ...erence position The DC reference posi tion can be arbitrarily established anywhere on the CRT by adjusting the vertical POSITION control while the probe tip is grounded or the INPUT switch is at GND position 9 At the side panel connect the Type P6049 probe cable to the VERT INPUT connector Connect the probe tip to the 0 5 V square wave signal at the CAL OUT jack 10 Switch the INPUT control to DC O...

Страница 24: ...ecessary for convenient measurement Approximately 1 25 ms per cycle See Fig 2 6 1 Measure the number of divisions between identical points on successive waveforms 2 Multiply by the selected TIME DIV value to determine period time 3 Solve for the reciprocal of period time to find frequency Fig 2 6 Determining frequency 19 Slowly rotate the Horizontal POSITION control Note that any 20 per cent of th...

Страница 25: ...RIZ INPUT voltage passes through the DC value selected by the TRIGGER Level control even though the transistion is made very slowly If the signal has a DC bias the trigger point will be influenced by that bias a Slope triggering TRIGGER o_ TRIGGER o TRIGGER o 26 Switch the TRIGGER control to AUTO Note that the trace becomes unstable The trigger input becomes AC coupled whenever the TRIGGER control...

Страница 26: ...oltage of between 6 5 and 16 V using two leads equipped with banana plugs Make the proper polarity connections Re verse connections will cause Power Regulator protection fuse F501 to blow Switch the Power Pack switch to EXT DC Again note that there is no apparent change OPERATOR S CHECK AND ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE General The following characteristics of the Type 324 Oscillo scope should be checked p...

Страница 27: ...o its in position VAR V DIV BAL CHECK No trace shift occurs as the VARIABLE V DIV BAL control is rotated from limit to limit ADJUST VAR V DIV BAL control until no trace shift occurs as the VARIABLE VOLTS DIV control is rotated from limit to limit ADJUST VERT X1 GAIN to provide a 5 division square wave presentation SIGNAL TRANSPORTING METHODS General Voltage and waveform observations normally requi...

Страница 28: ... of an attenuator probe in the signal path Its effect upon AC and transients will be essentially the same as was its effect upon DC both in increasing the effective range of the oscilloscope and in reducing loading effects Circuit current can be monitored with the Type 324 Oscilloscope and a current probe One type of probe uses a device which can be clamped around or removed from the current carry...

Страница 29: ...ance Loading on test point power limit of termination Use DC blocking capacitor between source and termi nation reflections from oscilloscope input imped ance Terminated coaxial cable with coaxial attenuator be tween source and termina tion Less reflection from oscil loscope input impedance increased voltage range Reduces oscilloscope sen sitivity Coaxial cable with BNC connectors BNC coaxial atte...

Страница 30: ...ference or ground lead Reliable signal observations cannot be made unless both the oscilloscope and the unit under test are connected by a reference ground lead in addition to the signal lead See Fig 2 11 Most AC operated equipment has a common ground supplied by the AC power source circuitry This is true of the Type 324 Oscillo scope whenever the 3 wire AC line cord is connected to the oscillosco...

Страница 31: ...rcuit in Fig 2 14 A is used to demonstrate this feature A Ground loop not completed B Ground loop completed Fig 2 11 Ground loop effect Connect the reference waveform to the external trigger ing and the vertical input connectors Select negative slope external triggering and adjust the triggering and horizontal controls so that one cycle of the reference signal covers 9 divisions of horizontal trac...

Страница 32: ...r if the pulse frequency is quite low the sweep will not stretch out the area of interest enough to get a good look at it Three methods are suggested to improve viewing of the beginning of a or slope a If the viewed signal is dependent upon another signal which occurs earlier use the earlier signal to externally trigger the sweep Use the horizontal sweep rate position and magnifier controls as nec...

Страница 33: ...etition rate of the input and output pulses in a digital count down circuit The following pro cedure describes how to establish arbitrary units of measure for comparison measurements Although the procedure for establishing vertical and horizontal arbitrary units of meas urement is much the same both processes are described in detail Vertical Deflection Factor To establish an arbitrary vertical def...

Страница 34: ...MPLE Assume a reference signal amplitude of 30 volts a VO LTS DIV switch setting of 5 and the V A R I ABLE VO LTS DIV control adjusted for 4 divisions of verti cal deflection Substituting these values in the vertical conversion factor formula step 4 Vertical Conversion Factor 30 V 4 X 5 V 1 5 V 6 Measure the horizontal deflection in divisions and cal culate the period of the unknown signal using t...

Страница 35: ...r 225 phase angle F Vertical to horizontal frequency ratio of 3 2 H Vertical to horizontal frequency ratio of 2 1 J Vertical to horizontal frequency ratio of 3 1 E Fig 2 15 Lissajous figures A through E X and Y inputs having same frequency but different phase angles F through J X and Y inputs having different frequencies which have a common divisor Vertical to horizontal ratio is determined by the...

Страница 36: ...manual If a term is synonymous with a preferred term its definition is restricted to the name of the preferred term 3 dB Point Half Power Point AC Coupling The condition existing when a capacitor is in The characteristics of the oscilloscope s vertical and hori serted between the signal pickoff point and the circuit to zontal amplifier circuits must be considered in XY opera which the signal is ap...

Страница 37: ...erence Position The position on the oscilloscope graticule which is occupied by the trace when the input is grounded Normally refers to the vertical circuit but also pertains to the horizontal circuit during EXT HORIZ operation Decoupling The process of removing AC signals or tran sients from the power supply voltages applied to a cir cuit Usually refers to shunting AC and transient signals to gro...

Страница 38: ... circuit Usually refers to AC or DC coupling and signal attenuation Input Impedance The combination of R C and L which a signal must supply with energy when the signal is applied to the input of a circuit Input RC Characteristics The value of capacitance and DC resistance present at the input of the oscilloscope Also referred to as input impedance Internal Triggering Using a sample of the signal p...

Страница 39: ...ated by the spot during retrace Should not be seen during normal sweep operation Ringing A damped oscillatory transient occurring in a system as a result of a sudden change of input Ripple AC superimposed on a DC level Commonly asso ciated with filtered DC power supplies Risetime The interval between the instants at which the instantaneous amplitude first reaches specified lower and upper limits I...

Страница 40: ... a change in input Transition A voltage shift commonly refers to the step function of a square wave Trigger A pulse used to initiate some function In oscillo scopes commonly refers to the signal which initiates the horizontal sweep Triggered Sweep A sweep that can be initiated only in response to a trigger as opposed to a free running sweep Triggering Level The instantaneous value of voltage of an...

Страница 41: ...g a continuous succession of triggers Whenever either a vertical signal or external triggering signal is present and has a higher frequency than the multivi brator s free running rate the multivibrator no longer free runs but becomes slaved to the triggering signal The Trigger Multivibrator output enables a Sweep Gate circuit This causes the Sweep Generator circuit to develop a linear sawtooth vol...

Страница 42: ... are developed to provide a differential signal With the variable control in CAL position and the X5 VERT GAIN pushed in the gain push pull output r single ended input of the First Amplifier section is approximately 5 Stage gain decreases to approximately 2 when the V A R I ABLE control is fully inserted into the circuit The Second Amplifier provides a gain of about 8 The gain increases to about 4...

Страница 43: ... Hz rate The multivibrator square wave output is taken from the collector of Q9 and applied to the D11 D12 switching cir cuit When Q9 is cut off D ll is back biased by the positive potential at the Q9 collector Current flows through R12 D12 and R15 to provide 0 5 V 05 V and 005 V at the tops of R17 R18 and R19 respectively When Q9 conducts D11 also goes into conduction and the voltage at the botto...

Страница 44: ...R120 divided by the effective resistance between the emitters of Q21A and Q21B The large resistor which supplies Q31 and Q32 with emitter current acts as a constant current source to aid the First Amplifier stage in creating equal and opposite push pull output signals Second Amplifier The Second Amplifier stage consists of Q41 Q42 and Q51 in the upper half and Q44 Q43 and Q61 in the lower half It ...

Страница 45: ...tages determine the Q 111 and Q 112 emitter voltages controlling the current through R160 and R 161 The majority of the R160 current divides between Q 111 and Q121 with the Q121 current setting the base voltage of Q131 The R161 current similarly determines the Q134 base voltage The emitter voltage of Q 111 and Q 112 also sets the base voltages of Q132 and Q133 respectively The resulting volt age a...

Страница 46: ... operation during non automatic internal triggering will be discussed first The output signal from the upper half of the Vertical Amplifier is connected to a contact of the Trig Horiz Coup ling switch With the switch in either internal position the signal is applied to C209 The AC component is developed across R210 and applied through R212 C212 to the junc tion of D213 D214 and Q215 Under normal c...

Страница 47: ...63 The Trig Auto Cap value is dependent upon the position of the TIM E D IV switch In AUTO TRIGGER mode the Schmitt trigger circuit becomes a free running multivibrator which will synchro nize to a triggering signal having a frequency greater than the multivibrator repetition rate In the absence of trigger ing signals from Q231 operation occurs as follows Assume that Q253 is conducting Q263 is cut...

Страница 48: ...s high input impedance and only leakage current flows in the gate circuit Refer to the tunnel diode voltage current graph in Fig 3 2 A tunnel diode switching circuit is designed to take advantage of the fact that a tunnel diode has two stable states A tunnel diode operating in its low voltage state to the left of point B will stabilize to a point on the curve which satisfies circuit voltage and cu...

Страница 49: ... D303 This current increase switches D303 to its high state where it remains because of the R303 holding current See Fig 3 3 A B and C The resulting negative gate causes D305 to cut off allowing the emitter of Q305 to go sufficiently negative for Q305 to saturate R305 current which has been flowing through D305 now flows through Q305 and R304 The collector voltage of Q305 goes negative and stops D...

Страница 50: ...me completed 1 V Next negative pulse starts new sweep Fig 3 3 Sweep Generator waveform analysis Type 324 Oscilloscope sweep rate 1 ms DIV VO LTS DIV switch set at 5 DIV CAL Waveforms obtained with Type 547 Oscilloscope and C l2 camera system deflection factor 0 5 ms div B2 is the same as B1 except that B intens by A was used to show the triggers which initiate the sweep A Time cm was set at 0 1 ju...

Страница 51: ...onditions Current from R355 flows through the Q373 base emitter junction saturating Q373 The voltage at the bottom of R355 sets the emitter of Q356 at about 0 6 V The cathode of D353 is held at about 0 V by the potential on the base of Q343 The 0 6 V across D353 and Q356 base emitter junction is not suffi cient to cause forward conduction and Q356 remains cut off The voltage at the emitter of Q363...

Страница 52: ...EXT HORIZ operation is selected by the TIM E DIV switch the Horizontal Amplifier circuit operates exactly as previously explained except that the sweep sig nal from the Sweep Generator circuit has been replaced by an externally applied signal When the EXT HORIZ VAR control is fully clockwise R334B is bypassed The external horizontal gain will decrease to 1 10 of its previous value when the control...

Страница 53: ...iers and filters it develops the following voltages and 5 8 5 11 and 100 175 and 1900 V DC and 0 6 V AC The 100 V supply is used only within the regulator circuitry and the 0 6 V AC supplies the CRT filament power Block Diagram Description Refer to the block diagram contained on the Power Regulator and CRT Circuit schematic page When the POWER switch is closed the Blocking Oscillator goes into ope...

Страница 54: ...sses Q518 during Q529 turn off time clamping one side of the N2 winding at the value of the Power Pack voltage C521 bypasses R521 to speed up on the Q529 switching action C529 and L501 perform the dual function of filter ing input pulses during AC operation and minimizing radi ation out of the power supply line C587 provides decoup ling on the reference voltage line 100 V Power Supply When Q529 is...

Страница 55: ...it 100 V appears at pin 5 whenever the oscillocope is energized Pin 9 has 0 V applied except during sweep time or external horizontal operation during which time 100 V is applied When the voltages at pins 5 and 9 are unbal anced the CRT beam is deflected into the pin 9 plate and cannot strike the CRT phosphor When 100 V is applied to both plates the deflection effect is nulled and position control...

Страница 56: ...conducts Q 6 2 1 conducts D610 stops conducting D637 and D638 Q621 stops conduct conducting 0 V 20 V 0 V 20 V 2 V 0 V 0 V 2 V 0 V 20 V 10 V 0 V 0 2 V 0 V 0 2 V 0 V 0 8 V 0 6 V Fig 3 4 Battery charger waveform analysis during full charge operation with oscilloscope OFF Ground is used as reference except for C and F Waveforms are indicative of fully charged batteries Amplitudes change with battery c...

Страница 57: ...f the rectifier is connected to the positive side of the battery and the negative side is connected through the series regulator circuit to the battery negative side There is a time interval between pulse peaks during which time D610 does not conduct See Fig 3 4 B The current from Q634 and Q636 is then shunted to ground through D637 and D638 keeping Q634 and Q636 from saturating When the half cycl...

Страница 58: ...battery reverses current flow through R615 while it supplies the oscilloscope with power The net result is that the average charge on C636 tends to decrease providing more drive to Q634 This permits more current to flow through Q617 keeping the average charge onC636et its previous value by supplying the battery with additional current to make up for that being drained between half cycles See Fig 3...

Страница 59: ...cleaning agents Protect the oscilloscope from dirt and damage by keeping it covered when not in use Soap and water should not be used on the Power Pack unless one lead from the battery pack is unsoldered and taped up The unit must be allowed to dry thoroughly before reconnecting the lead The battery compartment should be checked for dirt and corrosion during the main tenance period Corroded areas ...

Страница 60: ...rcuit operation and is referenced to the Schematic Diagrams The Schematic Diagrams contain volt age and resistance values and signal waveforms All specified operating conditions should be duplicated before making voltage or waveform comparisons In cases where the black numbers and blue numbers on the schematics give con flicting voltage values the blue numbers should be used NOTE Voltages and wave...

Страница 61: ...d before using it on transistors by connec ting the test leads to another multimeter C A U T I O N r y a y v A transistor s specifications should be checked to determine maximum allowable ratings before subjec ting it or associated circuits to voltage or current higher than that recommended Table 4 1 contains the normal values of resistance to expect when making an ohmmeter check on an otherwise u...

Страница 62: ...pre cautions observed in transistor troubleshooting also apply when making in circuit resistance checks Because semi conductor devices are present most resistors in the Type 324 must be disconnected before reliable resistor checks can be made Wiring Information Insulated wires in the Type 324 Oscilloscope are color coded to make wire tracing easier When it is necessary to disconnect several wires ...

Страница 63: ...are mounted in a particular way to reduce or control stray capacitance and inductance Part orientation and lead dress should duplicate the original installation Disconnect the oscilloscope from power sources and remove the Power Pack before removing or replacing components If the Power Pack is being worked on unsolder and tape up one of the leads which connect the battery to terminals M and of the...

Страница 64: ...XT HORIZ VAR at CAL Yes Sweep present in AUTO TRIGGER mode with TIME DIV at 1 ms No Trig Gen Horiz Amp No Trig Gen Yes TRIGGER o i TIME DIV y switch v No Spot present Trig Gen Sweep Gen TIME DIV switch Yes Spot at left of g ra tic u le with POSITION con trols centered Yes No Spot at right of g ra tic u le with POSITION con trols centered Yes Swp Gen Horiz Amp No Spot centered can be controlled wit...

Страница 65: ...re invaluable for protecting compo nents from heat damage leaving both hands free for solder ing A hold down aid can be made from a wooden dowel 6 to 8 inches long and 1 4 to 3 8 inch in diameter Shape one end like a pencil tip and the other end similar to a screw driver tip The wood will absorb only a minimim amount of heat from the iron but it will not guard against heat trans fer to the parts b...

Страница 66: ...sary Fig 4 5 Trigger Generator troubleshooting chart amount of solder between the iron and the wire will again aid in initial heat transfer Once solder flows between the tip and the wire the solder should be applied to the oppo site side of the wire to complete the process Do not use more solder than is necessary to make a neat and effective bond Use heat sinks between the body of components and t...

Страница 67: ... Check Trigger circuit Yes Vertical line or square wave on CRT use POSI TION controls No 0 8 V square wave present at Q343 base No Yes Yes Unblank or CRT ckt Square wave on CRT No Vertical line on CRT Yes Yes Retrace lines show Yes across 0 5 V D303 Yes 0 5 V at Q305 C Yes Z Z 5 V at Q329 E Yes No 10 mV across D303 Yes 4 0 2 V at Q305 C Yes No Vertical line on right Yes Yes 5 V sawtooth N o M i l ...

Страница 68: ...ON Sweep crowded on left of CRT Yes No No No Check CSwp Gen cktS 0440 0451 JQ453 Q457 Q460 0464 Fig 4 7 Horizontal Amplifier troubleshooting chart Vertical Preamplifier and Output Amplifier Troubleshooting Chart Initial setup VOLTS OIV at 5 DIV CAL POSITION controls in and centered TIME DIV at 1 mS TRIGGER at AUTO Trig Horiz Coupling switch at INT AC POWER ON Fig 4 8 Vertical circuit troubleshooti...

Страница 69: ...cutting after installation Insert the leads in holes and set the component to the position of the original part Reheat holes if necessary for proper insertion of the part Apply heat sinks to component leads as necessary The tips of needle nosed pliers serve as excellent heat sinks if only the component being installed needs protection Apply the iron and a small amount of solder to the connection D...

Страница 70: ... are unsoldered Low Line C Low Line connection Fuse size 0 4 A High Line connection Fuse size 0 2 A High Line Fig 4 10 Connections for 100 V and 200 V AC operation Place insulated sleeves on unused square pins after changing the con nections Transformers To remove the transformer unsolder its eight leads from the circuit board Remove the Power Pack cover plate from the opposite side by removing th...

Страница 71: ...ew cell See Fig 4 11 The cell type speci fied in the parts list must be used Other types may not function properly despite operating claims They may prove to be a hazard to the instrument and to personnel Operating time and or temperature performance may be degraded If an emergency substitution must be made the cell must be able to withstand a 180 mA charge rate The cells should then only be used ...

Страница 72: ...pped out of the heat sinks It is not necessary to unsolder the transistor leads from the cir cuit board Remove the three screws that hold the circuit board to the chassis and lift the board away from the chassis Horizontal Circuit Board Most of the circuit components on the horizontal circuit board can also be replaced without removing the circuit board However removal of the board can be easily a...

Страница 73: ...emoved The windings can be recog nized by the point at which they leave the assembly the ends can be distinguished either by lead length or by color code Do not untwist any of the paired leads VOLTS DIV TIM E D IV FOCUS and INTENSITY Control Assemblies The front castings must be loosened and swung down and forward in order to remove these controls Proceed as follows Remove the CRT and shield follo...

Страница 74: ...e 324 All Other Applications B f i Specific Applications S Q 215 Q 311 heat sink flat washer soldering lug with wire attached insulating washer lockwasher Q617 mica insulator emitter base Fig 4 13 Transistor data 4 16 ...

Страница 75: ...161 R178 s f tR 175 R 160P5 l Q112 C128 Q111 C115 1Q 102 Q101 C114 C116 C113 R155 R157 R152 R147 R146 R138 R142 jD44 R133jf D 53l R 132II R141 R131 R134 R140 R115 R130 R123 QC R117 R119 R127 R128 R592 C102 m m R104 R102 F R597 R107 R106 C101 R112 w m m w nmmt mm n rn n m n m m mrnrnrnimmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm rnmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmfmmm M M M M N H M n N M M M M I Fig 4 14 Vertical circuit board circuit comp...

Страница 76: ...rt POSITION A to center contact Vert POSITION S to Pin 3 CRT T 100 V DCPL from AL H to VARIABLE VO LTS DIV 4 1 t I to VARIABLE VO LTS DIV emitter base collector Q132 emitter base collector Q131 M to Pin 11 CRT emitter base collector Q133 N to Pin 7 CRT AH 5 V to AH Calib Atten board A l 5 V to A l Calib Atten board AG 8 5 V from M Low Voltage board K to X5 VERT GAIN switch C to vert POSITION D to ...

Страница 77: ...42 Q 440 J D 446 m R 441J IR 4 4 5 R431 R428 p IR 426 R432 Q305 Q420 Q411 Q311 R402 C402 C401 co 347 IIIM g R412 Q3171W R316 f iR 3 2 4 R438 mmm R218icv R264 mm R439 C321 R254 R260 R258 R251 R244 IR v m v a v Q215 I C241 H ife max R2381 N R232 R 210 5 Q231 ix i i mmmrnmmmmmm m m m m m rnmmm m Fig 4 16 Horizontal circuit board circuit components ...

Страница 78: ...IZ MAG L to EXT HORIZ VAR TG Coax To TE TC To T IM E D IV C to TIM E D IV A to HORIZ MAG B to HORIZ MAG 5 V from TRIGGER SLOPE U from TIM E D IV BD to horiz POSITION B E to horiz POSITION AP 5 V DCPL to AQ O to TIM E D IV TRIGGER LEVEL AN 11 V from N LOW Voltage board R to TRIGGER SLOPE Q to TRIGGER SLOPE M coax from TRIGGER COUPLING switch S201 BC shield for M S to TRIGGER COUPLING switch S201 BD...

Страница 79: ... to term 6 T601 B to term 5 T601 E to term 4 T601 F601 conn for low line operation G to emitter Q617 H to term 8 T601 T to term bat J to Power Pack sw F to term 3 T601 wire w conn for selecting low line high line operation Pin conn for high line operation GR to gnd at J16 AC POWER conn WH to GND on High Voltage bd coll Q617 BL to K from J612 U i I k s POWER sw Power Pack sw EXT DC INPUT L to Power...

Страница 80: ...d O to G Low Voltage board T t o Pin 14 CRT y to Pin 12 CRT C to Q Low Voltage board T to L Low Voltage board A to U Low Voltage board M V T to INTENSITY Q to D Low Voltage board P to C Low Voltage board Fig 4 20 High Voltage circuit board L 5 V to HT High Voltage baord E to chassis ground v P to R High Voltage board s Q 100 V from C High Voltage board C to P High Voltage board R 5 V C547 T 100 V ...

Страница 81: ...However for the most accurate results when performing a complete calibration procedure make each adjustment to the exact setting even if the CHECK is within the allowable tolerance A partial calibration is often desirable after replacing components or to touch up the adjustment of a portion of the instrument between major recalibrations To check or adjust only part of the instrument set the contro...

Страница 82: ...ommended 9 Low Frequency constant amplitude sine wave gener ator Frequency two hertz to 100 kilohertz output ampli tude variable from 50 millivolts to 16 volts peak to peak amplitude accuracy constant within 3 from two hertz to 100 kilohertz For example General Radio 1310 A Oscil lator use a General Radio Type 274QBJ Adaptor to pro vide BNC output 1If a precision voltage divider is available for u...

Страница 83: ...M ANCE ______ volt 4 Adjust 5 Volt Power Supply CAL page 5 11 OUT Voltage R552 REQUIREMENT 0 500 volt 2 5 millivolts at CAL OUT jack with Q9 removed PERFORM ANCE ______ volt REQUIREMENT 5 volts 0 1 volt output from 5 Volt Supply PERFORM ANCE ______ volts 5 Adjust 5 V o lt Power Supply R566 page 5 11 REQUIREMENT 5 volts 0 1 volt PERFORM ANCE ______ volts 6 Check Remaining Power Supplies page 5 11 S...

Страница 84: ...141 R142 18 Check Vertical Deflection Accuracy page 5 16 REQUIREMENT Voltage range at the collectors of Q132 and Q133 centered about 50 volts as the verti cal POSITION control is rotated throughout its range REQUIREMENT Vertical deflection factor within 3 of VO LTS DIV switch indication PERFORMANCE Correct incorrect PERFORMANCE All correct incorrect list exceptions 12 Check Adjust Astigmatism R597...

Страница 85: ...re than 3 dB at two hertz PERFORMANCE Correct incorrect 28 Check Adjust Magnified Registration page 5 20 R432 R438 REQ U IR EM ENT Less than one division shift of marker at center vertical line when X5 HORIZ MAG switch is pulled out PERFORMANCE division shift Performance Check Calibration Type 324 29 Check Adjust Normal Timing R404 page 5 21 REQUIREMENT Correct timing within 0 24 division over cen...

Страница 86: ...ns of Trig Horiz Coupling switch PERFORMANCE Correct incorrect 39 Check External Horizontal Bandwidth page 5 26 REQUIREMENT Not more than 3 dB at 200 kilo hertz PERFORMANCE 3 dB point______megahertz 40 Check External Blanking page 5 26 R E Q U IR E M E N T Five volt positive signal blanks trace PERFORMANCE Correct incorrect 41 Check High Frequency Triggering Operation page 5 26 REQUIREMENT Stable ...

Страница 87: ...complete cycle 10 divisions PERFORMANCE divisions REQUIREMENT Correct amplitude at CAL OUT jack and in the 5 DIV CAL position of the VOLTS DIV switch PERFORMANCE C o rre c t______ incorrect______ COMPLETE PERFORMANCE CHECK CALIBRATION PROCEDURE General The following procedure is arranged so the Type 324 can be calibrated with the least interaction of adjust ments and reconnection of equipment A pi...

Страница 88: ...ION Midrange X5 VERT GAIN Pushed in Triggering Controls TRIGGER AUT0 Trig Horiz Coupling INT TRIG AC EXT TRIG OR HORIZ 1X ATTEN side panel 3 Begin the performance check with step 8 Preliminary Procedure for Complete Calibration 1 Remove the cabinet from the Type 324 see Section 2 Horizontal Controls TIM E D IV VARIABLE Horizontal POSITION X5 HORIZ MAG 1 ms CAL Midrange Pushed in 2 Remove the high ...

Страница 89: ...OWER OFF c Connect the precision DC voltmeter across R615 see Fig 5 2 The positive lead of the voltmeter should be connected to the bottom of R615 Be sure the nega tive lead of the voltmeter is isolated from ground NOTE Power supply voltage and ripple tolerances given in steps 1 through 8 are typical values provided as guides to correct instrument operation and are not in s tru m e n t s p e c ifi...

Страница 90: ...ly board see Fig 5 3 for a meter reading of 1900 volts i Change the variable DC power supply output volt age between 6 volts and 16 volts Also set the INTENSITY control fully clockwise at 6 volts and fully counterclockwise at 16 volts 2 If the precision 2 kV voltage divider is available for use with the precision DC voltmeter it should be used for this step Fig 5 3 Location of high voltage test po...

Страница 91: ...ision DC voltmeter and replace Q9 f Connect the precision DC voltmeter from the 5 volt test point point AE Horizontal board see Fig 5 4B to chassis ground g CHECK Meter reading 5 0 volts 0 1 volt h INTERACTION May affect operation of all cir cuits within the Type 324 5 Adjust 5 V olt Power Supply O a Connect the precision DC voltmeter from the 5 volt test point point AF Horizontal board see Fig 5 ...

Страница 92: ...est oscilloscope as necessary to make each measurement e Disconnect the test oscilloscope TABLE 5 1 Power Supply Ripple and Regulation Supply Maximum Ripple Output voltage tolerance regulation 5 V o lt 10 millivolts 0 1 volt 5 Volt 10 millivolts 0 1 volt 8 5 Volt 20 millivolts 0 75 volt 11 Volt 200 millivolts 2 2 volt 100 Volt 200 millivolts 5 0 volt 175 Volt 750 millivolts 14 volt f Change the va...

Страница 93: ...l bracket behind the front panel d CHECK Trace shift less than 1 5 division verti cally PERFORMANCE CHECK O NLY Adjustment accessible through cutout in bottom o f cabinet can be adjusted as part o f performance check Fig 5 5 Location of vertical adjustments Vertical board g Recheck step 9 If readjustment is necessary re check this step also 11 Adjust Deflection Plate DC Level PERFORMANCE CHECK O N...

Страница 94: ...k generator Type 184 to the VERT INPUT connector with the 42 inch BNC cable d Set the time mark generator for one millisecond markers e If necessary set the TRIGGER control for a stable display f CHECK Markers should be well defined within the areas indicated in Fig 5 6A with optimum setting of focus control PERFORMANCE CHECK O NLY Adjustm ent accessible through cutouts in bottom o f cabinet can b...

Страница 95: ...just Limit Centering O a Set the VOLTS DIV switch to 5 DIV CAL b Position the bottom of the display to the first graticule line below the center horizontal line c Reduce the display to exactly two divisions with the VARIABLE VOLTS DIV control d Position the top of the display to the top hori zontal line of the graticule e CHECK Compression reduction in amplitude not to exceed 0 1 division f Positi...

Страница 96: ...rol settings VOLTS DIV 01 INPUT AC c Center the display about the center horizontal line with the vertical POSITION control d CHECK Rotate the VARIABLE VO LTS DIV con trol fully counterclockwise Display must be reduced to TABLE 5 2 Vertical Deflection Accuracy VOLTS DIV switch setting Standard amplitude calibrator output Vertical deflection in divisions Maximum error for 3 accuracy divisions 01 50...

Страница 97: ...Due to Input Current a Test equipment required for steps 21 through 46 is shown in Fig 5 7 b Change the following control settings INPUT GND X5 VERT GAIN Pulled out c Install the calibration shield 067 0622 00 on the Type 324 d Position the trace to the center horizontal line with the vertical POSITION control e CHECK Set the INPUT switch to DC Trace shift should be negligible 0 085 division maxim...

Страница 98: ...er on the CRT display If necessary readjust C113 C114 R152 and C115 C116 R155 about the same am ount in the same direction for optimum square corner on the CRT display if major readjustment of these capacitors is necessary repeat the entire step j CHECK Test oscilloscope display for flat bottom on square wave Fig 5 8 A Location of high frequency compensation test points and adjustments Vertical bo...

Страница 99: ...position Fig 5 1OB shows the location of the variable capacitors h Disconnect all test equipment and remove the cali bration shield TABLE 5 3 VO LTS DIV Compensation VO LTS DIV switch setting Attenuator compensated Adjust for Square Corner optimum Flat Top 01 j M i Compensate P6049 Probe 02 r2 C78B r C78A 05 5 1 C79B 1 C79A Remove external 10X attenuator from generator 1 M0 C23B C23A 2 Check If ou...

Страница 100: ...dB Point a Connect the low frequency constant amplitude gener ator to the VERT INPUT connector through the 42 inch 50 ohm BNC cable and the 50 ohm BNC termination b Change the following control settings INPUT AC X5 VERT GAIN Pushed in TIME DIV 2 s c Set the low frequency generator for a four division display centered on the graticule at a reference fre quency of one kilohertz d Without changing th...

Страница 101: ...g Regis 2 Fig 5 11 A Typical CRT display showing correct normal timing B Location of magnifier registration and normal sweep timing adjustments Horizontal board b Set the time mark generator for one millisecond markers k Pull the X5 HORIZ MAG switch out use bracket behind panel c Set the TRIGGER control for a stable display in the variable positive slope area I CHECK First marker should be within ...

Страница 102: ...is check for each two division portion of the sweep within the center eight divisions of the graticule k INTERACTION Check steps 30 through 35 30 Check Variable Time Division Control Range a Set the time mark generator for 10 millisecond markers b Set the TRIGGER control for a stable display in the variable positive slope area c Position the markers to the far left and right verti cal lines of the...

Страница 103: ...cule lines reposition the display slightly with the horizontal POSITION control if necessary f Position a marker to the second vertical line g CHECK Marker within 0 1 division within 5 of the fourth vertical line h Position the marker nearest the third vertical line exactly to that line i CHECK Marker within 0 1 division within 5 of the fifth vertical line j Continue this check for each two divisi...

Страница 104: ...btained 34 Check Normal Sweep Timing Accuracy a Push in the X5 HORIZ MAG switch b CHECK Using the TIM E D IV switch and time mark generator settings given in Table 5 4 check normal TABLE 5 4 Normal Sweep Timing Accuracy T IM E D IV Time mark CRT display Allowable error switch generator markers for given setting output division accuracy 1 ys 1 ys 1 0 32 division 2 ys 1 ys 2 within 4 5 ys 5 ys 1 10 ...

Страница 105: ...ith the 42 inch BNC cable c Set the standard amplitude calibrator for a five volt square wave output d Connect the 10X probe to the input connector of the test oscilloscope e Set the test oscilloscope for a vertical deflection factor of 0 05 volt division 0 5 volt division at 10X probe tip at a sweep rate of 0 5 millisecond division Adjust the triggering controls when necessary to provide a stable...

Страница 106: ... b Connect the low frequency generator to the VERT INPUT connector through the 42 inch cable and the BNC T connector c Set the low frequency generator for a five division display five volt positive peaks at 100 kilohertz d Connect the output of the BNC T connector to the EXT BLANK jack with the six inch BNC to banana plug patch cord e CHECK CRT display for blanking of a portion of each cycle of th...

Страница 107: ...iz Coupling switch set to INT TRIG AC and ACLF REJ TRIGGER control may be adjusted as necessary to obtain a stable display r Set the TRIGGER control to AUTO s CHECK Stable CRT display is presented with the Trig Horiz Coupling switch set to INT TRIG AC and ACLF REJ t Change the following control settings Trig Horiz Coupling EXT TRIG OR HORIZ AC X5 HORIZ MAG Pushed in u Set the constant amplitude ge...

Страница 108: ... Horiz Coupling switch set to EXT TRIG AC and DC e Turn the TRIGGER control clockwise to the vari able positive slope area f CHECK Stable CRT display can be obtained with the Trig Horiz Coupling switch set to EXT TRIG AC and DC TRIGGER control may be adjusted as neces sary to obtain a stable display g Turn the TRIGGER control clockwise to the vari able negative slope area h CHECK Stable CRT displa...

Страница 109: ...e until a stable display is obtained in the negative slope area g CHECK CRT display starts on the negative slope of the waveform see Fig 5 14B h Set the TRIGGER control to AUTO i CHECK CRT display starts on the negative slope of the waveform Fig 5 14 A Typical CRT display when checking positive slope triggering B Typical CRT display when checking negative slope triggering 45 Check Trigger Control ...

Страница 110: ...ive seg ment of the square wave between four and six divisions duty cycle 40 to 60 j Change the following control settings VO LTS DIV 1 INPUT DC TIM E D IV 5 ms VARIABLE CAL k Connect the 1X probe to the INPUT connector 46 Check Calibrator Operation a Change the following control settings I Position the probe tip so it is in contact with the CAL OUT jack VO LTS DIV INPUT TRIGGER Trig Horiz Couplin...

Страница 111: ...lystyrene EMC electrolytic metal cased prec precision EMT electrolytic metal tubular PT paper tubular ext external PTM paper or plastic tubular molded F 1 focus and intensity RHB round head brass FHB flat head brass RHS round head steel FHS flat head steel SE single end Fil HB fillister head brass SN or S N serial number Fit H5 fillister head steel S or SW switch h height or high TC temperature co...

Страница 112: ...ng information in your order Part number instrument type or number serial or model number and modification number if applicable If a part you have ordered has been replaced with a new or improved part your local Tektronix Inc Field Office or representative will contact you concerning any change in part number 000 00 X 000 0000 00 Use 000 0000 00 SPECIAL NOTES AND SYMBOLS Part first added at this s...

Страница 113: ...No CHASSIS LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY Ciuuit Board Assembly VERTICAL Circuit Board Assembly HORIZONTAL Circuit Board Assembly HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY Circuit Board Assembly VOLTS DIV SWITCH Circuit Board Assembly BATTERY PACK 6 3 6 5 C 11 6 17 6 19 6 21 ...

Страница 114: ...I ...

Страница 115: ... 0 5 pF C206 281 0060 01 2 8 pF Var Cer C208 283 0602 00 53 pF Mica 300 V 5 C209 283 0068 00 0 01 pF Cer 500 V C221 290 0136 01 2 2 nF Elect 20 V C223 283 0067 00 0 001 pF Cer 200 V 107 C250 290 0136 01 2 2 pF Elect 20 V C270A 290 0459 00 10 pF C270B 290 0183 01 1 pF Elect 35 V 107 C270C 290 0450 00 0 1 iF Elect 35 V C330A1 1 pF C330C1 295 0134 00 0 01 pF Timing capacitor assembly C330D1 0 001 pF ...

Страница 116: ...71 02 t 470 n 1 4 W 5 R206 322 0621 30 900 kfi 1 4 W Prec 1 R208 321 0617 30 111 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R246 311 0687 00 50 k l Var R330A 322 0481 01 1 MO 1 4 W Prec 1 2 R330B 322 0481 01 l Mn 1 4 W Prec 1 2 R330C 322 0610 01 500 kn 1 4 W Prec 1 2 R330D 321 0414 31 200 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 2 R330E 321 0385 31 loo kn 1 8 W Prec 1 2 R330F 321 0756 31 50 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 2 R333 315 0123 01 12 kn 1 4 W 5 R334A B 3...

Страница 117: ...62 0896 00 Rotary TIME DIV S335 260 1114 00 Rotary TIME DIV S435 260 0904 00 Slide X5 H0RIZ MAG S501 260 0903 00 Slide POWER Electron Tube V590 154 0519 00 CRT Standard Phosphor LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY Circuit Board Assembly 670 0882 00 Complete Board Capacitors Tolerance 20 unless otherwise indicated C50I 290 0460 00 10 pF Elect C507 290 0453 00 1 iF Elect C540 283 0679 00 0 02 fxF Mica C543 290...

Страница 118: ...0 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4152 D560 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4152 D561 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4152 D565 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4152 Fuse F501 159 0098 00 1 6 A 250 V Fast Bio Induetors L501 108 0590 00 40 p H L541 108 0591 00 10 uH L551 108 0588 00 110 xH L559 108 0588 00 110 L560 108 0589 00 7 pH L569 108 0588 00 110 pH Transistors Q555 151 0304 00 2SC318A...

Страница 119: ...r 4 M R553 321 0289 30 io kn 1 8 W Prec l R555 321 0305 30 14 7 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R562 315 0472 01 4 7 kn 1 4 W 5 R564 321 0337 30 31 6 kn 1 8 W Prec R565 321 0304 00 14 3 kn 1 8 W Prec R566 311 0635 00 1 kn Var 4 CM R567 321 0325 30 23 7 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 7 R568 315 0912 02 9 1 kn 1 4 W 5 R570 315 0102 01 l kn 1 4 W 5 4 O l R571 321 0273 00 6 81 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R572 315 0431 01 430 n 1 4 W 5 VERTICAL...

Страница 120: ... pF Cer 500 V C120 283 0235 00 0 05 pF Cer 50 V 100 0 C121 283 0068 00 0 01 pF Cer 500 V C122 283 0068 00 0 01 pF Cer 500 V C123 281 0724 00 0 3 pF C124 283 0059 00 1 pF Cer 25 V 80 20 C125 283 0059 00 l pF Cer 25 V 80 20 C126 283 0004 00 0 02 pF Cer 150 V C127 283 0243 00 1 pF Cer 500 V 10 C128 283 0230 00 470 pF Cer 500 V C129 283 0237 00 0 1 pF Cer 25 V 80 20 C130 283 0230 00 470 pF Cer 500 V C...

Страница 121: ...Replaceable by 1N4152 D51 152 0062 00 Silicon IN914 D52 152 0062 00 Silicon 1N914 D53 152 0062 00 Silicon 1N914 D54 152 0062 00 Silicon IN914 D101 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4152 D102 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4152 D593 152 0281 00 Zener IN969B 400 mW 22 V 5 Inductor L101 108 0587 00 5 6 mH Transistors Oil 151 1010 00 Silicon FET N channel junction Dual Q21 151 0232 00 Silicon...

Страница 122: ...2 151 0304 00 151 0219 00 Silicon PNP 2SC318A TO 18 Replaceable Q143 Resistors R101 151 0304 01 Resistors are fixed composition 107 unless otherwise indicated 322 0481 01 1 M fl 1 4 W by 2N4250 2SC318A checked Prec 1 2 R102 R103 R104 315 0104 02 315 0101 01 321 0069 30 100 kn ioo n 51 i n 1 4 W 1 4 W 1 8 W Prec 5 5 1 R105 321 0245 30 3 48 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R106 321 0245 30 3 48 kfi 1 8 W Prec 1 R107...

Страница 123: ... R131 321 0263 30 5 36 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R132 321 0263 30 5 36 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R133 315 0202 01 2 kn 1 4 W 5 R134 321 0181 30 750 n 1 8 W Prec 1 R135 321 0103 30 115 n 1 8 W Selected nominal value R136 315 0123 01 12 kn 1 4 W 5 R137 315 0392 01 3 9 kn 1 4 W 5 R138 321 0285 30 9 09 kn 1 8 W Prec i R139 321 0285 30 9 09 kn 1 8 W Prec n R140 321 0309 00 16 2 kn 1 8 W Prec n R141 311 0607 00 10 kn Var R...

Страница 124: ...R165 315 0562 01 5 6 to 1 4 W 57 R166 315 0101 01 ioo a 1 4 W 57 R167 321 0113 30 147 Q 1 8 W Prec n R168 321 0233 30 2 61 to 1 8 W Prec n R169 321 0113 30 147 n 1 8 W Prec 1 R170 315 0105 01 i Mn 1 4 W 5 R171 316 0156 00 15 Mn 1 4 W R172 315 0621 01 620 n 1 4 W 57 R173 315 0562 01 5 6 kn 1 4 W 57 R174 321 0401 30 147 to 1 8 W Prec i R175 315 0113 01 ii to 1 4 W 57 R176 315 0202 01 2 to 1 4 W 57 R...

Страница 125: ...283 0229 00 220 pF Cer 50 V 107 C317 290 0136 01 2 2 nF Elect 20 V C321 290 0134 02 22 pF Elect 15 V 207 07 C322 283 0237 00 0 1 pF Cer 25 V 807 207 C330B3 295 0134 00 0 1 pF Timing capacitor assembly C330E C330F 283 0675 00 281 0093 01 82 pF 5 5 18 pF Mica Var Cer 300 V 1 C342 283 0234 00 0 001 pF Cer 50 V C359 290 0136 01 2 2 pF Elect 20 V C361 283 0236 00 0 01 pF Cer 50 V C362 283 0233 00 0 002...

Страница 126: ...46 00 Silicon 200 mW 40 V low leakage 0342 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4L52 0343 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4152 D350 152 0449 00 D351 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by IN4152 0353 152 0449 00 0422 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4I52 D442 152 0127 00 Zener 1N755A 400 roW 7 5 V 5 0446 152 0185 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N4152 Transistors Q215 151 1038 00 FET 2SK 12 0 Q231 ...

Страница 127: ...PNP TO 18 2N4122 2SC318A checked 2SC318A checked Q457 Q460 Q464 Q470 151 0233 00 Silicon NPN TO 5 2SC805 151 0220 00 S ilicon PNP TO 18 2N4122 151 0228 00 S ilicon PNP TO 5 Tek Spec 151 0220 00 Silicon PNP TO 18 2N4122 Q473 151 0233 00 S ilicon NPN TO 5 2SC805 Q480 151 0220 00 Silicon PNP TO 18 2N4122 Q484 151 0228 00 S ilicon PNP TO 5 Tek Spec Resistors Resistors are fixed composition 10 unless o...

Страница 128: ... 0100 01 10 fi 1 4 W 5 R293 315 0100 01 io a 1 4 W 5 R301 315 075 03 750 n 1 4 W R303 321 0253 30 4 22 kfl 1 8 W Prec 17o R304 315 0153 02 15 kfl 1 4 W 57c R305 321 0273 30 6 81 kfl 1 8 W Prec 1 7 o R307 321 0113 30 147 f l 1 8 W Prec 17 R308 321 0257 30 4 64 k fl 1 8 W Prec 1 7 R310 3 1 5 0 2 2 1 0 1 220 a 1 4 W 5 R311 3 1 5 0 6 8 2 0 1 6 8 kfi 1 4 W 57o R313 3 1 5 0 1 5 3 0 2 15 kfi 1 4 W 57o R3...

Страница 129: ... 321 0268 30 6 04 kn 1 8 W Prec 17 R402 311 0635 00 1 kn Var R403 321 0331 30 27 4 kn 1 8 W Prec 17o R404 311 0607 00 10 kn Var R410 315 0561 02 560 n 1 4 W 5 R411 321 0257 30 4 6 4 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R412 311 0635 00 1 kn Var R413 3 2 1 0 2 2 3 0 0 2 0 5 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R414 3 2 1 0 2 5 7 3 0 4 6 4 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R415 3 2 1 0 1 7 7 3 0 681 n 1 8 W Prec 1 R423 3 2 1 0 2 7 7 3 0 7 5 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R...

Страница 130: ...R450 315 0332 02 3 3 kft 1 4 W 57 R451 315 0242 02 2 4 kft 1 4 W 57 R452 322 0481 00 1 M ft 1 4 W Prec 17 R460 315 0303 02 30 kft 1 4 W 57 R461 315 0304 01 300 kft 1 4 W 57 R462 315 0201 01 200 f t 1 4 W 5 R463 315 0133 01 13 kft 1 4 W 57 R464 315 0105 01 1 M ft 1 4 W 57 R465 315 0102 01 1 kft 1 4 W 5 R470 322 0481 00 1 M ft 1 4 W Prec 17 R471 322 0481 00 1 M ft 1 4 W Prec 17 R472 321 0331 30 27 4...

Страница 131: ...3 0151 00 0 01 pF 7 section assembly 283 0151 00 0 01 pF 7 section assembly 283 0013 00 0 01 pF Cer 1000 V 283 0013 00 0 01 pF Cer 1000 V 283 0013 00 0 01 pF Cer 1000 V 283 0013 00 0 01 pF Cer 1000 V 283 0105 00 0 01 pF Cer 2000 V 283 0059 00 1 pF Cer 25 V 283 0068 00 0 01 pF Cer 500 V Semiconductor Device Diodes DC DC 80 20 80 2 0 D516 D517 D523 D525 D528 D531 D533 D541 D543 D575A N 152 0185 00 S...

Страница 132: ...2 02 3 3 kfl 1 4 W 5 R517 315 0432 01 4 3 kQ 1 4 W 5 R521 315 0272 02 2 7 kfl 1 4 W 5 R522 315 0103 02 10 ko 1 4 W 5 R528 321 0066 30 47 5 kfl 1 8 W Prec 1 R529 315 0113 01 11 kfl 1 4 W 5 R535 321 0410 30 182 kfl 1 8 W Prec 1 R569 301 0156 00 15 M fl 1 2 W 5 R572 315 0432 01 4 3 kfl 1 4 W 5 R575 301 0186 00 18 M fl 1 2 W 5 R576 301 0186 00 18 M fl 1 2 W 5 R577 301 0186 00 18 M fl 1 2 W 5 R578 301 ...

Страница 133: ...2 nF Elect 20 V 290 0450 00 0 1 fxF Elect 290 0136 01 2 2 jiF Elect 20 V 281 0093 01 5 5 18 pF Var Cer 281 0091 01 2 8 pF Var Cet 281 0600 00 35 pF Cer 281 0093 01 5 5 18 pF Var Cer 281 0091 01 2 8 pF Var Cer 283 0597 01 470 pF Mica 300 V 281 0093 01 5 5 18 pF Var Cer 281 0091 01 2 8 pF Var Cer 281 0091 01 2 8 pF Var Cer 281 0093 01 5 5 t8 pF Var Cer 281 0093 01 5 5 18 pF Var Cer 281 0091 01 2 8 p...

Страница 134: ...W 5 R9 3 1 5 0 8 2 2 0 1 8 2 kn 1 4 W 5 R12 3 2 1 0 3 1 3 3 0 1 7 8 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R13 3 2 1 0 3 1 7 3 0 1 9 6 kn 1 8 W Prec i o R15 3 2 1 0 3 3 7 3 0 3 1 6 kn 1 8 W Prec 1 R17 3 2 1 0 2 8 4 3 0 8 8 7 kn 1 8 W Prec 17 R18 3 2 1 0 1 8 3 3 0 787 n 1 8 W Prec 1 R19 3 2 1 0 1 2 5 3 0 196 n 1 8 W Prec 1 R23C 3 2 1 1 3 8 9 3 1 i n kn 1 8 W Prec 1 2 R24B 3 2 2 0 6 2 4 0 1 990 kn 1 4 W Prec 1 2 R24C 3 2 ...

Страница 135: ... V 150 V 6 V Semiconductor Device Diodes D605 152 0107 00 Silicon Replaceable by 1N647 D610A B C D D637 152 0447 00 152 0008 00 Germanium D638 152 0008 00 Germanium D649 152 0166 00 Zener 1N753A 400 mW 6 2 V 5 Fuses F601 159 0097 00 0 4 A Fast Bio 100 V operation F601 159 0100 00 0 2 A Fast Bio 200 V operation Connectors P601 131 0552 00 Motor base J611 136 0139 00 Socket j banana jack assembly J6...

Страница 136: ...composition 10 unless otherwise indicated e R605 315 0472 01 4 7 kfl 1 4 W 57a R615 308 0463 00 0 3 0 3 W w w n R619 315 0100 01 10 fi 1 4 W 5 R620 315 0102 01 1 kfi 1 4 W 5 R623 315 0471 02 470 n 1 4 W 5 R630 315 0272 02 2 7 kfi 1 4 W 57o R633 321 0445 00 422 kfi 1 8 W Prec 17 a R635 315 0752 01 7 5 kQ 1 4 W 57o R637 315 0102 01 1 kfi 1 4 W 57e R638 315 0102 01 1 kfi 1 4 W 5 7 R639 315 0152 01 1 ...

Страница 137: ...efer to diagram number indicated in diamond Refer to waveform number indicated in hexagon Connection soldered to circuit board Connection made to circuit board with intercon necting pin Blue line encloses components located on circuit board BT Battery Q C Capacitor fixed or variable P D Diode signal or rectifier R DS Indicating device lamp S F Fuse RT J Connector stationary portion T L Indicator f...

Страница 138: ...DIV 01 VARIABLE CAL INPUT GND Vertical POSITION Midrange X5 VERT GAIN Pushed in Triggering Controls TRIGGER AUTO Trig Horiz Coupling INT TRIG AC EXT TRIG OR HORIZ 1X ATTEN side panel Horizontal Controls TIME DIV 1 ms VARIABLE CAL Horizontal POSITION Midrange X5 HORIZ MAG Pushed in CRT Controls FOCUS Adjust for well defined display INTENSITY Midrange Power Controls 324 Conditions Applied voltage Si...

Страница 139: ... 7 012 0089 00 8 T03 0O33 O0 346 0051 00 016 0113 00 070 1032 00 1 VIEWING HOOD 1 CABLE ASSEMBLY power 6 foot 1 PROBE PACKAGE P6049 1 COVER panel 1 ADAPTER 3 to 2 wife 1 FILTER light smoke gray 1 CORD patch BNC to banana 6 inch red T ADAPTER BNC to b inding post 1 STRAP ASSEMBLY not shown 1 ACCESSORY PACK not shown 2 MANUAL instruction notshown 324 OSCILLOSCOPE ...

Страница 140: ...C p N b M fr H fK lflifM M i ...

Страница 141: ...are must be purchased separately unless otherwise specified PARTS ORDERING INFORMATION Replacement parts are available from or through your local Tektronix Inc Field Office or representative Changes to Tektronix instruments are sometimes made to accommodate improved components as they become available and to give you the benefit of the latest circuit improvements developed in our engineering depar...

Страница 142: ... INDEX OF MECHANICAL PANTS ILLUSTRATIONS TITLE Lowtiun reverse Nile of I Fig ra 1 M chamcat Figure C tatufcl Figure 3 Accessaries MnrtmnMi ArnpMnr Vagram Power Modutolur CtiT Giimil Oinyrsm Power FueA Digram iL ...

Страница 143: ...4 WASHER lock internal 2 1 SHIELD electrical 7 8 9 10 210 0046 00 1 RESISTOR variable resistor includes 1 WASHER flat 1 NUT metric mounting hardware not included w resistor 1 WASHER lock internal 0 261 ID x 0 40 inch OD 11 214 1001 00 1 376 0069 00 1 12 354 0319 00 1 13 376 0046 00 1 14 354 0251 00 1 213 0048 00 4 15 384 0683 00 1 16 210 0012 00 1 17 210 0840 00 1 18 210 0590 00 1 SPRING detent CO...

Страница 144: ...rdware not included w shield WASHER lock 4 split NUT hex 4 40 x 0 188 inch RESISTOR variable resistor includes WASHER flat NUT metric mounting hardware not included w resistor WASHER lock internal 0 261 ID x 0 40 inch OD SPRING detent COUPLING shaft extension 0 125 to 0 125 inch coupling includes RING coupling w detent notch COUPLING plastic RING coupling SETSCREW 4 40 x 0 125 inch HSS SHAFT ext e...

Страница 145: ... not included w resistor 1 WASHER lock internal 0 261 ID x 0 40 inch OD 1 COUPLING shaft extension 0 125 to 0 125 inch coupling includes 2 RING coupling 1 COUPLING plastic 4 SETSCREW 4 40 x 0 125 inch HSS mounting hardware not included w switch 1 WASHER lock internal 0 375 ID x 0 50 inch 0D 1 WASHER flat 0 39 ID x 0 562 inch OD 1 NUT hex 0 375 32 x 0 437 inch x 0 062 inch thick 1 KNOB lever gray I...

Страница 146: ...RACKET slide switch mounting hardware not included w bracket 2 WASHER lock internal 4 2 NUT hex 4 40 x 0 188 inch 260 0904 00 211 0079 00 1 SWITCH slide 5 X VFRT MAG mounting hardware not included w switch 2 SCREW 2 56 x 0 188 inch PHS 260 0904 00 211 0079 00 337 0997 00 1 SWITCH slide 5 X HORIZ GAIN mounting hardware not included w switch 2 SCREW 2 56 x 0 187 inch PHS 1 SHIELD slide switch not sh...

Страница 147: ...5 SOCKET transistor 3 pin square 89 136 0183 00 2 SOCKET transistor 3 pin 90 136 0235 00 2 SOCKET transistor dual 91 136 0252 00 12 SOCKET pin connector 93 337 1005 00 1 SHIELD electrical 93 337 0975 00 2 SHIELD electrical mounting hardware not included w circuit board assembly 94 211 0116 00 3 SCREW sems 4 40 x 0 312 Inch PHB 95 670 0885 00 1 CIRCUIT BOARD ASSEMBLY H V POWER SUPPLY circuit board ...

Страница 148: ... transistor 3 pin square CONNECTOR square pin CONNECTOR square pin angled BATTERY BOX ASSEMBLY battery box assembly includes WASHER flat 0 125 ID x 0 25 inch OD WASHER lock internal 4 LUG solder SE 4 NUT hex 4 40 x 0 188 inch CLAMP cable 0 093 inch PLATE battery box inside INSULATOR mounting hardware not included w insulator SCREW 4 40 x 0 25 inch PHS PLATE battery box outside mounting hardware no...

Страница 149: ...OR mica 142 211 0510 00 2 SCREW 6 32 x 0 375 inch PHS 143 210 0811 00 2 WASHER fiber shouldered 6 144 210 0802 00 2 WASHER flat 0 15 ID x 0 312 inch OD 145 210 0202 00 1 LUG solder SE 6 146 210 0006 00 1 WASHER lock internal 6 147 210 0407 00 2 NUT hex 6 32 x 0 25 inch 148 214 1390 00 1 HEAT SINK transistor 149 348 0055 00 1 GROMMET plastic 0 25 inch diameter 348 0031 00 1 GROMMET plastic 0 156 in...

Страница 150: ...h 4 NUT keps 4 40 x 0 25 inch 337 1274 00 211 0101 00 210 0801 00 210 0201 00 210 0406 00 210 0586 00 1 SHIELD electrical high voltage box mounting hardware not included w shield 1 SCREW 4 40 x 0 25 inch 100 csk FHS 1 WASHER flat 0 125 ID x 0 25 inch OD 1 LUG solder SE 4 1 NUT hex 4 40 x 0 188 inch 3 NUT keps 4 40 x 0 25 inch 348 0067 00 348 0055 00 337 0984 00 211 0008 00 1 GROMMET plastic 0 312 ...

Страница 151: ...ECTOR coaxial 1 contact BNC with hardware mounting hardware not included w connector 1 LUG solder 0 375 inch 2 SOCKET banana jack charcoal mounting hardware for each not included w socket 1 WASHER insulating 1 LUG solder 0 25 ID x 0 437 inch OD SE 1 NUT hex 0 25 32 x 0 375 inch 1 CONNECTOR coaxial insulating 1 contact BNC with hardware 1 BINDING POST ASSEMBLY binding post assembly includes 1 BINDI...

Страница 152: ... board assembly 3 SCR0J sems 4 40 x 0 312 inch PHB 214 0757 00 211 0040 00 1 HEAT SINK mounting hardware not included w heat sink 1 SCREW 4 40 x 0 25 inch BH plastic 214 1354 00 337 1279 00 670 0882 00 388 1548 00 136 0220 00 136 0183 00 352 0100 00 361 0008 00 4 HEAT SINK w hardware 1 SHIELD transformer 1 CIRCUIT BOARD ASSEMBLY LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY circuit board assembly includes 1 CIRCUIT BO...

Страница 153: ...67 0084 00 1 HANDLE 6 334 1431 00 1 TAG identification 7 129 0148 02 2 POST metallic 6 32 tap 8 386 1339 00 2 PLATE brake friction inner 9 386 1331 00 2 PLATE brake friction outer 10 210 1053 00 4 WASHER spring tension 11 200 0819 00 2 COVER handle brake 12 132 0084 00 2 SPACER plastic 0 45 dia x 0 05 13 213 0179 02 2 SCREW cap 6 32 threads 14 213 0170 00 1 THUMBSCREW cabinet mounting hardware not...

Страница 154: ...I ...

Страница 155: ...mmediately into printed manuals Hence your manual may contain new change information on following pages A single change may affect several sections Sections of the manual are often printed at different times so some of the information on the change pages may already be in your mOnual Since the change information sheets are carried in the manual unfit ALL changes are permanently entered same duplic...

Страница 156: ...I ...

Страница 157: ...STANDARD ACCESSORIES COBRCCTtnW r m 4 n taM srai ass altXO l 5 i 1iui ro r 3 l I MANUAL tiiAttut lIan tnut shan t I HA inuon C operwtnts a n M a u a i U 7 0 UE UO m y i ...

Страница 158: ...I ...

Страница 159: ...ST CORRECTION VERTICAL C ircu it Board Assembly fSflSUBE TO z m 283 0675 01 82 pl Mica iOO v z m 283 0675 01 82 pK Mica 300 V HORIZONTAL C ircu it Board Assembly CriAN CE TO C330I 283 0675 01 82 pF Mica 300 V M14 559 371 ...

Страница 160: ...I ...

Страница 161: ...UPPLY C i r c u i t R oatd A ssem bly ciAMse t o t 53l 2 9 0 0 4 5 1 0 1 0 1 5 iF l i l e c c C5JU 2 9 0 0 4 5 3 0 1 1 jj F E l e c t LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY C i r c u i t Board A ssem bly chA mui Tin CJj4j 2 9 0 0 4 5 4 0 1 4 7 pF 1 6 0 V M 1 4 5 6 3 3 7 1 ...

Страница 162: ...I ...

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