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Editing a hard-disk sound file by moving pointers, without altering in any way the digital audio
data originally recorded to disk.
NORMALIZING
A specialized gain-related process that makes the best use of a digital system's dynamic range by
automatically determining the amount of gain required to increase the level of the highest
amplitude signal to its full-scale amplitude value, and then increasing the level of the selected
region or entire file by this gain ratio.
OCTAVE
The most basic musical interval, and the second harmonic of the natural scale, which represents a
doubling of frequency.
The diatonic scales in the western harmonic system have 8 notes to the octave, hence the name.
There are 12 semi-tones to an octave and in some middle-eastern scales, 24 quarter-tones.
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE
A mic that outputs signals received from all incident angles at the same (or nearly equal) level.
OSCILLATOR
In modern musical terms, an oscillator is a component that originates a signal. The period of an
oscillator is the time it takes to oscillate, or repeat. The period is also referred to as frequency or
pitch. The classic analog synthesizers had regular periodic oscillator shapes such as Sine, Triangle,
Pulse, Ramp, and Saw. They also sometimes had a special non-periodic oscillator called noise.
Although not technically an oscillator because it does not repeat a pattern, the noise oscillator
generates semi-random values within a certain frequency.
PHANTOM POWER
Power for a condenser mic that comes directly from the console through balanced mic cables by
supplying a positive DC supply voltage of 48V (usually) to both conductors (pins 2 & 3) with
respect to pin 1. This voltage is distributed through identical value resistors so that no differential
exists between the two leads; therefore, the voltage is electrically invisible to the alternating audio
signal. The DC circuit is completed by connecting the negative side of the supply to the cable's
grounding shield.
PLUG-IN
Plug-ins are audio processing modules. They are usually of the VST or DX format. They are usually
third party external DLLs that will usually take an input stream and produce output streams. In the
case of music software this generally takes the form of an instrument, such as a synth or sampler,
or an effect processor, such as a reverb or compressor.
POLAR PATTERN
A polar graph of the sensitivity of a microphone at all angles of sound incidence relative to the
sensitivity on-axis.
POLYPHONIC
The capability of an electronic musical instrument to output multiple notes at one time.
PRESET
A collection of Instruments and/or Audio Effect chains with unique settings for each plugin in the
preset.
PRESET GROUP
User defined group of Presets contained within a Bank.
PUNCH-IN PUNCH-OUT
Open Labs MiKo LXD Production Station Manual
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