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X-Stream Operator’s Manual

 

WM-OM-E Rev I

 

 

415

 

Parameter 
Settings 

When you select 

nlts

 from the

 PRML

 dialog's

 With parameter

 field (

D

RIVE 

A

NALYSIS

 

Æ

 Measure 

Æ

 Parameter Set 

Æ

 PRML

) an nlts 

Pattern Length

 field 

and pattern 

Delay

 field appear also. You can adjust the mantissa, exponent or 

number of mantissa digits using the pop-up numeric keypad. The pattern length 
should be set to the pattern period. 

Although the DDA searches for the correct pattern length, the value provided 
needs to be sufficiently close to the actual pattern length for 

nlts

 to perform the 

search. A 1 µs pattern may, for example, accept a range of 1 µs +/- 40 ns. Within 
this range, a value for 

nlts

 will be provided. Otherwise "---" appears on the screen, 

indicating that no measurement can be made.  

The pattern 

Delay

 setting is a percentage of the pattern length. The DDA will 

internally scale the delay value entered by the ratio of the pattern length calculated 
internally to the pattern entered by you. Several disk drive waveform attributes can 
be measured by using different delay values. The following table provides delay 
values to enter for the commonly used 127-bit pseudo-random sequence (x

7

 + x

3

+ 1 polynomial) when measuring various waveform attributes: 

  

Waveform Attribute 

Bit Cell 

Location 

Delay (%) 

Adjacent Location 

25.5 

20.08% 

2nd Adjacent Location 

-30.5 

-24.02% 

Initial Magnetization 

45.5 

35.83% 

Interaction Interference 

-60.5 

-47.64% 

Notes

 

The pattern 

Delay

tells the DDA where in the repeating pattern to measure NLTS. 

NLTS is calculated from the correlation coefficient at that time. Correlation is 
calculated at 3 sample times: the nearest sample time and one on each side. A 
curve fit is performed to calculate a better estimate of the true peak height. 

As described above, the 

nlts

 parameter only requires one waveform. Each 

acquisition must contain only the pseudorandom repeating sequence (PRS), not a 
servo wedge or a preamble. It does not matter where in the PRS the acquisition 
begins; its echo properties are independent of starting point. There must be at 
least two repetitions of the pattern in each acquisition. A reasonable number 
would be about 25 repetitions (32 repetitions of a 127-bit sequence should fit in a 
sector). 

NLTS requires at least 5 samples per PW50 for acceptable accuracy. More is 
better. 

Содержание DDA-3000A

Страница 1: ...LECROY X STREAM OSCILLOSCOPES O P E R AT O R S M A N U A L SEPTEMBER 2006 ...

Страница 2: ... their respective holders Information in this publication supersedes all earlier versions Specifications subject to change without notice Manufactured under an ISO 9000 Registered Quality Management System Visit www lecroy com to view the certificate This electronic product is subject to disposal and recycling regulations that vary by country and region Many countries prohibit the disposal of wast...

Страница 3: ...nty 25 Specifications 26 Vertical System 26 Max Input Voltage 27 Horizontal System 27 Acquisition System 28 Acquisition Modes 29 Acquisition Processing 29 Triggering System 29 Basic Triggers 30 SMART Triggers 30 SMART Triggers with Exclusion Technology 30 Automatic Setup 30 Probes 30 Color Waveform Display 31 Analog Persistence Display 31 Zoom Expansion Traces 31 Rapid Signal Processing 31 Interna...

Страница 4: ... For LeCroy X Stream Software 38 Virus Protection 44 SAFETY 45 Safety Requirements 45 Safety Symbols 45 Operating Environment 46 Cooling 47 AC Power Source 47 Power and Ground Connections 48 Standby Power Switch and Scope Operational States 48 Fuse Replacement 49 Calibration 49 Cleaning 49 Abnormal Conditions 50 BASIC CONTROLS 51 Front Panel Controls 51 Trigger Knobs 52 Trigger Buttons 52 Horizont...

Страница 5: ... 61 Signal Display Grid 61 Dialog Area 61 INSTALLATION 64 Hardware 64 Instrument Rear Panel 64 Software 64 Checking the Scope Status 64 Loading Software Upgrades 65 Default Settings 65 WaveMaster and WavePro 7000A Series Scopes 65 DDAScopes 66 Adding a New Option 66 RESTORING SOFTWARE 68 Using the Recovery Disk non Windows XP Scopes 68 System Recovery Windows XP Scopes 68 Recovery Procedure 68 Win...

Страница 6: ...des 88 To Display Individual Segments 89 To View Time Stamps 89 RIS Sampling Mode For Higher Sample Rates 90 Roll Mode 91 VERTICAL SETTINGS AND CHANNEL CONTROLS 92 Adjusting Sensitivity and Position 92 To Adjust Sensitivity 92 To Adjust the Waveform s Position 92 Coupling 92 Overload Protection 92 To Set Coupling 92 Probe Attenuation 93 To Set Probe Attenuation 93 Bandwidth Limit 93 To Set Bandwid...

Страница 7: ...tions 98 Trigger Modes 98 Trigger Types 98 Determining Trigger Level Slope Source and Coupling 99 Trigger Source 100 Level 100 Holdoff by Time or Events 101 Simple Triggers 102 Edge Trigger on Simple Signals 102 Control Edge Triggering 102 To Set Up an Edge Trigger 103 SMART Triggers 105 Width Trigger 105 Glitch Trigger 106 Interval Trigger 108 Qualified Trigger 112 State Trigger 115 Dropout Trigg...

Страница 8: ... Multi Zoom 128 XY Display 129 To Set Up XY Displays 129 SAVE AND RECALL 131 Saving and Recalling Scope Settings 131 To Save Scope Settings 131 To Recall Scope Settings 131 To Recall Default Settings 131 Saving Screen Images 132 Saving and Recalling Waveforms 132 Saving Waveforms 132 Recalling Waveforms 134 Disk Utilities 134 To Delete a Single File 134 To Delete All Files in a Folder 135 To Creat...

Страница 9: ...ersistence Histogram 143 Persistence Trace Range 144 Persistence Sigma 144 Histogram Parameters 145 Histogram Theory of Operation 158 Scope Process 159 Parameter Buffer 160 Capture of Parameter Events 160 Histogram Parameters XMAP and JTA2 Options 161 Histogram Peaks 162 Binning and Measurement Accuracy 163 WAVEFORM MEASUREMENTS 164 Measuring with Cursors 164 Cursor Measurement Icons 164 Cursors S...

Страница 10: ... 176 To Set Up Help Markers 177 To Turn Off Help Markers 178 To Customize a Parameter 179 From the Measure Dialog 179 From a Vertical Setup Dialog 179 From a Math Setup Dialog 179 Parameter Calculations 180 Parameters and How They Work 180 Determining Time Parameters 181 Determining Differential Time Measurements 182 Level and Slope 183 List of Parameters 184 Qualified Parameters 184 Range Limited...

Страница 11: ...Waveform Sparser 221 To Set Up Waveform Sparser 222 Interpolation 222 To Set Up Interpolation 222 Fast Wave Port 223 Fast Wave Port Setup Initial 223 Setup Case 1 224 Setup Case 2 224 Setup Case 3 224 Operational Notes 225 Example Applications 225 Header Description 229 Data Length Limitations 229 Performance 230 Choice of Programming Language 230 FFT 230 Why Use FFT 230 Improving Dynamic Range 23...

Страница 12: ...copy 247 Printing 247 Clipboard 247 File 247 E Mail 248 Aux Output 248 Date Time 248 To Set Time and Date Manually 248 To Set Time and Date from the Internet 248 To Set Time and Date from Windows 249 Options 250 Preferences 250 Audible Feedback 250 Auto calibration 250 Offset Control 250 Delay Control 250 Trigger Counter 251 Performance Optimization 251 E mail 251 Acquisition Status 252 Service 25...

Страница 13: ...ale 265 Trace Descriptors 266 Multiple Inputs and Outputs 266 Simple Excel Example 2 269 Exponential Decay Time Constant Excel Parameter Excel Example 1 273 Gated Parameter Using Excel Excel Example 2 276 How Does this Work 277 Correlation Excel Waveform Function Excel Example 3 277 Multiple Traces on One Grid Excel Example 4 279 Using a Surface Plot Excel Example 5 283 Writing VB Scripts 284 Type...

Страница 14: ...to Scripts 308 Communicating with Other Programs from a VBScript 309 Communicating with Excel from a VBScript 309 Calling MATLAB from the Instrument 311 Calling MATLAB 311 How to Select a Waveform Function Call 311 The MATLAB Waveform Control Panel 312 MATLAB Waveform Function Editor Example 312 MATLAB Example Waveform Plot 315 How to Select a MATLAB Parameter Call 316 The MATLAB Parameter Control...

Страница 15: ...eferences 337 Miscellaneous Settings 337 Hardcopy Setup 337 E mail Setup 338 Creating a Notebook Entry 338 Recalling Notebook Entries 341 Creating a Report 342 Previewing a Report 342 Locating a Notebook Entry 342 Creating the Report 343 Formatting the Report 344 Managing Notebook Entry Data 345 Adding Annotations 345 Deleting Notebook Entries 345 Saving Notebook Entries to a Folder 345 Managing t...

Страница 16: ...e 361 Sector Pulse 361 Servo Gate 362 Setting Up Zoom 363 DDA REFERENCE INFORMATION 364 Channel Analysis Concepts 364 Using the DDA s Equalization Filter 364 Selecting the Waveform Section to Be Analyzed 365 DDA Markers 367 Setting Up to Use Drive Channel Analysis 367 Which Signals to Provide 367 Choosing the Waveform Section to Be Analyzed 367 Selecting the Reference Waveform 368 Time Div Setting...

Страница 17: ...cal Parameters 383 Local Feature Parameters 385 Disk Standard Parameters 400 Disk PRML Parameters 408 Noise Parameters 417 PRML Channel Emulation 420 Why PRML 420 Principle of Equalization 421 3 dB Frequency 422 Boost at fc 422 Group Delay 423 Resampling ADC 424 Finite Impulse Response FIR 424 Phase Locked Loop PLL 424 Automatic Gain Control AGC 425 PLL and AGC 426 ML Detector 426 Viterbi Detector...

Страница 18: ...16 WM OM E Rev I BLANK PAGE ...

Страница 19: ...n found for you automatically or to search for information yourself If you want context sensitive Help that is Help related to what was displayed on the screen when you requested Help touch in the drop down menu then touch the on screen control or front panel button or knob that you need information about The instrument will automatically display Help about that control If you want information abo...

Страница 20: ...ur scope for any reason use the original shipping carton If this is not possible be sure to use a rigid carton The scope should be packed so that it is surrounded by a minimum of four inches 10 cm of shock absorbent material Within the warranty period transportation charges to the factory will be your responsibility Products under warranty will be returned to you with transport prepaid by LeCroy O...

Страница 21: ...ANY MODIFICATIONS ENHANCEMENTS NEW VERSIONS BUG FIXES OR OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT THAT LECROY PROVIDES TO YOU SEPARATELY AS PART OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT UPDATES YOU AGREE TO BE BOUND BY ANY ADDITIONAL LICENSE TERMS THAT ACCOMPANY SUCH UPDATES IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO SUCH ADDITIONAL LICENSE TERMS YOU MAY NOT INSTALL COPY OR OTHERWISE USE SUCH UPDATES THE PARTIES CONFIRM THAT THIS AGR...

Страница 22: ...ted for use on more than one computer 1 3 Limitations Except as specifically permitted in this EULA you will not directly or indirectly a use any Confidential Information to create any software or documentation that is similar to any of the Software Product or Documentation b encumber transfer rent lease time share or use the Software Product in any service bureau arrangement c copy except for arc...

Страница 23: ...he Software Product LeCroy shall have no obligation to revise or update the Software Product or to support any version of the Software Product At LeCroy s sole discretion upon your request LeCroy may provide you with support services related to the Software Product Support Services pursuant to the LeCroy policies and programs described in the Documentation or otherwise then in effect and such Supp...

Страница 24: ...ages will not be an adequate remedy if this Section 4 3 is breached and therefore either party shall in addition to any other legal or equitable remedies be entitled to seek an injunction or similar equitable relief against such breach or threatened breach without the necessity of posting any bond As used herein Confidential Information means LeCroy pricing or information concerning new LeCroy pro...

Страница 25: ...Components back to such country b to any end user who you know or have reason to know will utilize the Restricted Components in the design development or production of nuclear chemical or biological weapons or c to any end user who has been prohibited from participating in U S export transactions by any federal agency of the U S government You warrant and represent that neither the BXA nor any oth...

Страница 26: ...Software Product and the performance by you of your obligations hereunder of any jurisdiction in or from which you directly or indirectly cause the Software Product to be used or accessed 8 2 No Agency Nothing contained in this EULA will be deemed to constitute either party as the agent or representative of the other party or both parties as joint venturers or partners for any purpose 8 3 Entire A...

Страница 27: ...s as with any PC on a corporate network It is crucial that the scope be kept up to date with Windows Critical Updates and that anti virus software be installed and continually updated Visit http www lecroy com dsosecurity for more information regarding Windows Service Pack compatibility with LeCroy operating software and related matters Warranty The instrument is warranted for normal use and opera...

Страница 28: ...V div 500 MHz WavePro 7200A 10 mV div to 1 V div 2 GHz 5 mV div to 9 95 mV div 1 GHz 2 mV div to 4 99 mV div 500 MHz WavePro 7300A 10 mV div to 1 V div 3 GHz 5 mV to 9 95 V div 1 GHz 2 mV div to 4 99 mV div 500 MHz At max channel sampling rate Derates 50 MHz ºC T 30 ºC Derates 20 MHz ºC T 30 ºC Input Channels 4 Rise Time typical WaveMaster 8600A 8620A 75 ps at sample speed 20 GS s WaveMaster 8500A...

Страница 29: ...1 Mohms 2 mV to 2 V div fully variable DC Gain Accuracy 1 5 of full scale Offset Range 2 mV to 194 mV div 750 mV 195 mV to 1 V div 4 V WaveMaster DDA 5005A DDA 3000A WavePro 7000A Series 50 ohms 700 mV 2 0 to 4 99 mV div 1 5 V 5 to 100 mV div 10 V 0 102 to 1 V div 1 Mohms 700 mV 2 0 to 4 99 mV div 1 5 V 5 to 100 mV div 20 V 0 102 to 2 V div Offset Accuracy 1 5 of full scale value 1 5 of offset val...

Страница 30: ...Pro 7100A DDA 3000A 30 MHz to 1 GHz Acquisition System Single shot Sample Rate Ch 10 GS s WaveMaster 8620A 20 GS s Memory WaveMaster 8420A and 8620A Maximum Acquisition Points Ch Standard 10M VL Memory Option 32M XL Memory Option 50M WaveMaster 8400A XXL and 8600A XXL 50 Mpts Ch 100 Mpts when using 4 or 2 Ch respectively WavePro 7100A 7200A 7300A Maximum Acquisition Points Ch 4 Ch 2 Ch Standard 10...

Страница 31: ... 3000A 6 µs Acquisition Processing Averaging Summed averaging to 1 million sweeps Continuous averaging to 1 million sweeps Enhanced Resolution ERES from 8 5 to 11 bits vertical resolution Envelope Extrema Envelope floor roof for up to 1 million sweeps Triggering System Modes Normal Auto Single and Stop Sources Any input channel External ExtX10 Ext 10 or line slope and level are unique to each sour...

Страница 32: ...me out between 2 ns and 20 s Pattern Logic combination AND NAND OR NOR of 5 inputs 4 channels and external trigger input Each source can be high low or don t care The High and Low level can be selected independently Triggers at start or end of pattern SMART Triggers with Exclusion Technology Glitch Triggers on positive or negative glitches with widths selectable from 600 ps to 20 s or on intermitt...

Страница 33: ... Persistence Display Analog and Color graded Persistence Variable saturation levels stores each trace s persistence data in memory Persistence Selections Select analog color or 3 D Trace Selection Activate Analog Persistence on all or any combination of traces Persistence Aging Time From 500 ms to infinity Sweeps Displayed All accumulated or all accumulated with last trace highlighted Zoom Expansi...

Страница 34: ...1 V into 1 Mohms or TTL Volts Control Signals trigger enabled trigger out pass fail status square DC level Auxiliary Input Signal Types Select External Trigger input on front panel 1X 100 mV div 10X 1 V div 10 10 mV div Math Tools standard Display up to four math function traces F1 to F4 The easy to use graphical interface simplifies setup of up to two operations on each function trace Function tr...

Страница 35: ...eak to peak period phase rise time 10 90 20 80 level rms std deviation time level top width x minimum min x maximum max x at max x at min Standard Jitter and Timing Measurements Period level Width level Duty Cycle level Frequency level TIE level Edge level Jitter Track Jitter Trend up to 1000 points Histograms up to 1000 points Pass Fail Testing Test multiple parameters against selectable paramete...

Страница 36: ... imaginary components frequency domain parameters and FFT on up to 25 Mpts y Narrow Band power measurements y Correlation function y Interpolation y Sparse Jitter and Timing Analysis Package JTA2 This package provides jitter timing and analysis using JitterTrack time Histogram statistical and JitterFFT frequency views for common timing parameters and other useful tools y Jitter and Timing paramete...

Страница 37: ...ation function y Trend datalog of up to one million events y Histograms expanded with 19 histogram parameters and up to 2 billion events General Auto Calibration Ensures specified DC and timing accuracy is maintained for 1 year minimum Power Requirements On State WaveMaster 8620A 8420 800 watts 800 VA depending on accessories installed internal printer probes PC port plug ins etc WaveMaster 8600A ...

Страница 38: ...n operating 2 4 grms 5 to 500 Hz 15 minutes in each of 3 orthogonal axes Shock Functional Shock 20 g peak half sine 11 ms pulse 3 shocks positive and negative in each of 3 orthogonal axes 18 shocks total Certifications CE Approved UL and cUL Listed CE Declaration of Conformity The oscilloscope meets requirements of EMC Directive 89 336 EEC for Electromagnetic Compatibility and Low Voltage Directiv...

Страница 39: ...e dip 100 short interruption Meets Performance Criteria B limits during the disturbance product undergoes a temporary degradation or loss of function of performance which is self recoverable Meets Performance Criteria C limits during the disturbance product undergoes a temporary degradation or loss of function of performance which requires operator intervention or system reset Low Voltage Directiv...

Страница 40: ...hibits users from running software on LeCroy X Stream oscilloscopes that is not relevant to measuring analyzing or documenting waveforms End User License Agreement For LeCroy X Stream Software IMPORTANT READ CAREFULLY THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA IS A LEGAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL OR ENTITY LICENSING THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT YOU OR YOUR AND LECROY CORPORATION LECROY FOR THE SOFTWARE P...

Страница 41: ... prior written consent of LeCroy The Software Product is licensed as a single product Its component parts may not be separated for use by more than one user This EULA does not grant you any rights in connection with any trademarks or service marks of LeCroy The Software Product is protected by copyright laws and international copyright treaties as well as other intellectual property laws and treat...

Страница 42: ...imilar in its expression to the Software Product including but not limited to expressions of the Software Product in other computer languages or 2 for any other act restricted by LeCroy s intellectual property rights in the Software Product Interoperability will have the same meaning in this EULA as defined in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 17 U S C 1201 f the ability of computer programs to...

Страница 43: ... the receiving party or destroy the same other than such Confidential Information as to which this EULA expressly provides a continuing right to the receiving party to retain at the time of the request Either party may only disclose the general nature but not the specific financial terms of this EULA without the prior consent of the other party provided either party may provide a copy of this EULA...

Страница 44: ... to DFARS 227 7202 The use of the Software Product or Documentation by the Government constitutes acknowledgment of LeCroy s proprietary rights in the Software Product and Documentation Manufacturer is LeCroy Corporation 700 Chestnut Ridge Road Chestnut Ridge NY 10977 USA 6 EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You agree that you will not export or re export the Software Product any part thereof or any process or s...

Страница 45: ...MAGES OF ANY KIND WHETHER UNDER THIS EULA OR OTHERWISE ARISING IN ANY WAY IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT THE DOCUMENTATION OR THIS EULA SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU THESE LIMITATIONS ARE INDEPENDENT FROM ALL OTHER PROVISIONS OF THIS EULA AND SHALL APPLY NOTWITHST...

Страница 46: ...he prior written consent of LeCroy In the case of any permitted assignment or transfer of or under this EULA this EULA or the relevant provisions will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the successors executors heirs representatives administrators and assigns of the parties hereto 8 6 Notices All notices or other communications between LeCroy and you under this EULA will be in writing and...

Страница 47: ...trument This symbol warns of a potential risk of shock hazard This symbol is used to denote the measurement ground connection This symbol is used to denote a safety ground connection This symbol is used to denote a grounded frame or chassis terminal This symbol shows that the switch is a Standby power switch When it is pressed the scope s state toggles between operating and Standby mode This switc...

Страница 48: ...nt The instrument is intended for indoor use and should be operated in a clean dry environment Before using this product ensure that its operating environment will be maintained within these parameters Temperature 5 to 40 C Humidity Maximum relative humidity 80 for temperatures up to 31 C decreasing linearly to 50 relative humidity at 40 C Altitude Up to 2 000 m Note Direct sunlight radiators and ...

Страница 49: ...ass I Cooling The instrument relies on forced air cooling with internal fans and ventilation openings Care must be taken to avoid restricting the airflow around the apertures fan holes at the sides and rear of the scope To ensure adequate ventilation it is required to leave a 10 cm 4 inch minimum gap around the sides and rear of the instrument CAUTION Do not block the ventilation holes located on ...

Страница 50: ... prohibited In Standby mode the scope is still connected to the AC supply The instrument can only be placed in a complete Power Off state by physically disconnecting the power cord from the AC supply The scope should be positioned to allow easy access to the socket outlet To disconnect the scope from the AC supply unplug the instrument s power cord from the AC outlet after the scope is placed in S...

Страница 51: ...nly a power button switch and therefore references to a sleep button are not applicable The scope can always be placed in the Standby state LED Off Power Off except for some housekeeping circuits by pressing and holding in the Standby toggle switch for approximately 5 seconds Fuse Replacement Set the scope s Standby power switch to Standby mode LED off and disconnect the power cord before inspecti...

Страница 52: ...ion is likely to be impaired if for example the instrument shows visible damage or has been subjected to severe transport stresses Proper use of the instrument depends on careful reading of all instructions and labels WARNING Any use of the scope in a manner not specified by the manufacturer may impair the instrument s safety protection The instrument and related accessories should not be directly...

Страница 53: ...gits to the left of the decimal point Press the Fine button to adjust digits to the right of the decimal point To enter exact values you can also display a keypad by touching twice inside the data entry field Then use the keypad to type in the value The Select button steps through a dialog from one control to the next Example Data Entry Field Note You can set the granularity delta of the coarse ad...

Страница 54: ... input signal meets the trigger conditions set for the type of trigger selected If the scope is already armed it will force a trigger Horizontal Knobs Delay Horizontally positions the scope trace on the display so you can observe the signal prior to the trigger time Delay adjusts the pre and post trigger time Time Division Sets the time division of the scope timebase acquisition system LeCroy s SM...

Страница 55: ...l zoom magnification factor of the selected zoom trace on the display Wavepilot Control Buttons Reset Resets the zoom factors Math Provides access to the Math setup dialog Measure Provides access to the Measure setup dialog Analysis Provides access to the Analysis setup dialogs Special Features Buttons Auto Setup Automatically sets the scope s horizontal timebase acquisition system vertical gain a...

Страница 56: ...th four input signals the signals are displayed along with four zoom traces each on its own grid This button turns off all other traces General Control Buttons Print Screen Prints the displayed screen to a file a printer the clipboard or attaches it as an e mail Select the device and format it in the Utilities Hardcopy dialog Utilities For setup of scope features including hardcopy devices and for...

Страница 57: ...trace or parameter named beside it The named trace or parameter is the one whose setup dialog you last opened This button also appears as an undo button after front panel buttons Autosetup and QuickZoom are pressed If you want to perform an Undo operation it must be the very next operation after you perform the Autosetup or QuickZoom operation Many of the menu bar buttons give you access to the sa...

Страница 58: ...56 WM OM E Rev I icon in Channels dialog zooms one trace zooms all displayed traces then Math Setup then Measure Setup then Utilities Setup ...

Страница 59: ... a step or two in accessing their dialogs For example at the bottom of the Channel Setup dialog these buttons perform the following functions Calls up the Measure menu You can then select a parameter from this menu without leaving the Channel Setup dialog The parameter automatically appears below the grid Creates a zoom trace of the channel trace whose dialog is currently displayed Calls up the Ma...

Страница 60: ...he title bar of the label are also included indicators for SinX X interpolation waveform inversion INV deskew DSQ coupling DC GND bandwidth limiting BWL and averaging AVG These indicators have a long and short form Besides channel traces math and parameter measurement labels are also displayed Labels are displayed only for traces that are turned on The title bar of the TimeBase label shows the tri...

Страница 61: ...all off Also you can position them on the waveform by dragging or by specifying an exact horizontal position To Annotate a Waveform 1 Touch the waveform you want to annotate then Set label in the pop up menu A dialog box opens in which to create the label If you are creating a label for the first time for this waveform Label1 is displayed with default text If you are modifying an existing label un...

Страница 62: ...bel Note If you want to display each trace on its own grid automatically enable Autogrid by touching Display in the menu bar then Autogrid in the drop down menu On the front panel press a channel select button such as to display the trace label for that input channel and turn on the channel To turn on a math function trace touch Math in the menu bar then Math Setup in the drop down menu Touch the ...

Страница 63: ...r that function Signal Display Grid You can set up the signal display area by touching in the toolbar then the tab The display dialog offers a choice of grid combinations and a means to set the grid intensity Dialog Area The lower portion is where you make selections and input data The dialog area is controlled by both toolbar touch buttons and front panel push buttons Similarities between functio...

Страница 64: ...62 WM OM E Rev I icon in Channels dialog zooms one trace zooms all displayed traces ...

Страница 65: ...X Stream Operator s Manual WM OM E Rev I 63 then Math Setup then Measure Setup then Utilities Setup ...

Страница 66: ...Monitor 7 RS 232 C Port 8 Ethernet Port 9 USB Port 10 USB Port 11 Line In 12 Speakers 13 Microphone 14 Ground Connector 15 External Clock Input with Grounded EMI Shield installed required when port is not in use Software Checking the Scope Status To find out the scope s software and hardware configuration including software version and ...

Страница 67: ... Follow the on screen instructions to download the software Click the Release Notes link to learn about new features and fixes Default Settings WaveMaster and WavePro 7000A Series Scopes You can reset the scope to default settings by simply pressing the Default Setup push button on the front panel This feature turns on Channel1 and Channel 2 with no processing enabled Other default settings are as...

Страница 68: ...he on screen Recall Default button Adding a New Option To add a software option you need a key code to enable the option Call LeCroy Customer Support to place an order and receive the code To add the software option do the following 1 In the menu bar touch 2 In the dialog area touch the tab 3 Touch 4 Use the pop up keyboard to type the key code Touch O K on the keyboard to enter the information 5 ...

Страница 69: ...X Stream Operator s Manual WM OM E Rev I 67 The full array of installed software and hardware options is displayed on the left side of the dialog ...

Страница 70: ... easy to perform using the instructions provided below After the recovery procedure is done you must activate Windows either by internet connection to Microsoft s Web site or by telephone For this you will need to supply the Windows Product Key number which is affixed to the rear of the scope Note The recovery process will produce a replica of the operating system and oscilloscope application soft...

Страница 71: ... I 69 4 As soon as the LeCroy logo appears on the screen press and hold down the F4 key until the recovery software logo appears momentarily 5 Then the cME console End User License Agreement is displayed Read the agreement and click Accept ...

Страница 72: ...70 WM OM E Rev I 6 The Phoenix cME Console main page is displayed Click Click here to start recover 7 The FirstWare Recover splash screen is displayed momentarily ...

Страница 73: ...This is normal and is not an indication of any malfunctioning of the recovery process 9 After the recovery is completed the X Stream software installer screen appears Click Next to continue 10 When the X Stream installation is completed reboot the scope Now you must activate Windows by internet connection to Microsoft s Web site or by telephone For this you will need to supply the Windows Product ...

Страница 74: ...grams menu 2 Select an activation method internet or phone Then click Next 3 If you elected to activate by internet enter the Activation ID Product Key number when prompted to do so then click Next Windows Activation will begin 4 If you elected to activate by phone select the country the scope is located in Then dial the number provided You will be asked to repeat over the phone the installation I...

Страница 75: ...r in the empty boxes at the bottom of the screen Click Next when you are done 5 When activation is completed an acknowledgement screen will appear Click OK 6 Check the revision levels of the X Stream software virus definitions and Windows updates Visit the vendors Web sites and download all necessary updates ...

Страница 76: ... and want to reload it touch the shortcut icon on the desktop If you minimize the application touch the appropriate task bar or desktop button to maximize it Restarting the Operating System If you need to restart the Windows operating system you will have to reboot the scope by pressing and holding in the power switch for 10 seconds then turning the power back on ...

Страница 77: ...ccupied by the CDROM drive The kit includes two hard drives which can be used interchangeably It also includes a USB CDROM for loading of new software Caution The Removable Hard Drive Is Not Hot swappable To avoid damage to the drive or the oscilloscope shut off power to the oscilloscope before you insert or remove the hard drive Ensure that the protective cover is installed over the drive at all ...

Страница 78: ...es in the menu bar then touching the Status tab of the Utilities dialog If the speed is greater than 1 GHz proceed as follows 1 Connect the external monitor to the VGA port at the rear of the instrument item 6 in the diagram 2 Plug in the monitor s power cord and apply power to the monitor 3 After boot up touch Display in the menu bar then Display Setup in the drop down menu 4 Touch the Monitor ta...

Страница 79: ...ble CD Drive option If your scope is equipped with this option follow these setup instructions to install the software Note Install the software only in scopes that have CD drive model SM CD W224EA installed 1 Connect a keyboard and mouse to the scope 2 Load the Easy CD Creator 5 Basic installation CD into the CD drive 3 Click Yes to begin installation ...

Страница 80: ...78 WM OM E Rev I 4 Select a language 5 Click Next when the Wizard appears ...

Страница 81: ...X Stream Operator s Manual WM OM E Rev I 79 6 Select Complete setup ...

Страница 82: ...n is completed the scope will need to be rebooted The install Wizard places a shortcut icon on the desktop Note If in the future it is necessary to run recovery software this Easy CD Creator 5 Basic installation software will need to be reinstalled also ...

Страница 83: ...g the BMA to SMA adapter BNC using BMA to BNC adapter 1 BMA to SMA Adapter 2 BMA to BNC Adapter 1 BMA Female Connector 2 ProLink BMA to SMA Adapter Installed 3 ProLink BMA to BNC Adapter Installed Note When connecting an active probe to the instrument be sure to use a ProLink BMA to BNC adapter item 3 in the figure Do not plug the probe directly into the front panel connector item 1 without an ada...

Страница 84: ... which can be 15 degrees off axis when being mated or unmated ProBus Interface LeCroy s ProBus probe system provides a complete measurement solution from probe tip to oscilloscope display ProBus allows you to control transparent gain and offset directly from your front panel It is particularly useful for voltage differential and current active probes It uploads gain and offset correction factors f...

Страница 85: ...higher voltage signals the AP 1M provides a 1 M input impedance path and a full scale range of 8 V It is also suitable as an interface for current probes that require a 1 M input path In addition to acting as a ProLink to ProBus adapter the AP 1M also enables a much larger offset voltage range up to 50 V The AP 1M is supplied with a PP005A passive probe Auxiliary Output Signals In addition to a ca...

Страница 86: ...ply want a 1 kHz 1 V square wave touch the button so labeled 4 If you want a specialized output touch one of the buttons under Use Auxiliary Output For 5 Touch inside the Amplitude data entry field and enter a value using the pop up numeric keypad If you want a TTL level signal touch the TTL Level checkbox The Amplitude field will accordingly become unavailable 6 If you selected Square Wave touch ...

Страница 87: ...f samples after this event occurs a number determined by the selected trigger delay and measured by the timebase The waveform s horizontal position and waveform display in general is determined using the trigger event as the definition of time zero You can choose either a pre or post trigger delay Pre trigger delay is the time from the left hand edge of the display grid forward to the trigger even...

Страница 88: ...nts for consecutive segments The instrument can capture in fine detail complicated sequences of events over large time intervals while ignoring the uninteresting periods between the events You can also make time measurements between events on selected segments using the full precision of the acquisition timebase Each individual segment can be zoomed or used as input to math functions The instrumen...

Страница 89: ...iod accounts for instances when a Num Segments miscount occurs for some reason and the scope waits indefinitely for an unforthcoming segment During that time no scope functions are accessible By means of a timeout value however the acquisition will be completed the waveform displayed and control of the scope returned to the user after the timeout has elapsed 5 Touch the Enable Timeout checkbox 6 I...

Страница 90: ...g at field and enter a starting segment number using the pop up numeric keypad Sequence Display Modes The instrument gives you a choice of five ways to display your segments y Adjacent y Waterfall cascaded y Mosaic tiled y Overlay y Perspective ...

Страница 91: ...tions loaded on your scope See specifications 3 Touch inside the Operator1 field and select Segment from the pop up menu 4 In the right hand dialog touch the Select tab 5 Touch inside the Select data entry field and use the pop up numeric keypad to select the segment you want to display Note In Persistence mode the segments are automatically overlaid one on top of the other in the display In non P...

Страница 92: ...des the necessary variation measured by the timebase to 5 ps resolution The instrument requires multiple triggers to complete an acquisition The number depends on the sample rate the higher the sample rate the more triggers are required It then interleaves these segments see figure to provide a waveform covering a time interval that is a multiple of the maximum single shot sampling rate However th...

Страница 93: ...a rate The oscilloscope rolls the incoming data continuously across the screen until a trigger event is detected and the acquisition is complete The parameters or math functions connected to each channel are updated every time the roll mode buffer is updated as if new data is available This resets statistics on every step of Roll mode that is valid because of new data Note If the processing time i...

Страница 94: ... Turn the vertical offset adjust knob directly above the channel button whose waveform you want to move vertically Or you can touch inside the Offset field and type in a value on the pop up keypad To set the vertical offset to zero touch the Zero Offset button directly below the Offset field Coupling The choices of coupling are as follows DC 50 ohms all instruments GROUND all instruments DC 1 Mohm...

Страница 95: ...n menu 2 Touch inside the Bandwidth field and select a bandwidth limit value from the pop up menu The options are Full all X Stream scopes 4 GHz WaveMaster 8600A 8500A DDA 5005A SDA 3 GHz WaveMaster 8600A 8500A 8400A 8420 DDA 5005A SDA 1 GHz WaveMaster Scopes DDA 5005A SDA 200 MHz all X Stream scopes 20 MHz all X Stream scopes Linear and SinX X Interpolation Linear interpolation which inserts a st...

Страница 96: ...granularity with which the gain is incremented For example when Variable Gain is disabled the gain will increase or decrease in preset increments of 10 or 100 mV each time you touch the Up Down buttons However when Variable Gain is enabled you can increase or decrease the gain in increments as small as 1 mV depending on the scale of the waveform To Enable Variable Gain 1 Touch the descriptor label...

Страница 97: ...ted When more than one channel is turned on the first channel in numerical order with a signal applied to it is automatically set up for edge triggering You can perform an autosetup of all these functions together by simply pressing on the front panel or by touching Autosetup in the Vertical Timebase or Trigger drop down menu Dual Channel Acquisition Combining of Channels Note Does not apply to SD...

Страница 98: ...GS s sampling on each channel For 6 GHz bandwidth all four channels can be used providing 20 GS s sampling on each channel Channels can be set to allow 11 GHz and 6 GHz bandwidths at the same time as shown at left Bandwidth Number of Channels Sample Rate 11 GHz 2 40 GHz 6 GHz 4 20 GHz SMART Memory Note When the SDA 11000 is in 11 GHz mode only Fixed Sample Rate sampling is available LeCroy s SMART...

Страница 99: ...ry length and time per sample point appear below the scroll buttons 4 Touch inside the Time Division data entry field and set a time per division Note If you are currently acquiring waveforms you will notice a change in sampling rate as you select different modes 5 If you selected Sequence mode touch inside the Num Segments data entry field and enter a value using the pop up numeric keypad If you ...

Страница 100: ...orm of Width trigger Use Glitch trigger when you want to define a fixed pulse width time or time range only Glitch trigger makes no provision for voltage levels or ranges While Glitch trigger performs over the width of a pulse Interval trigger performs over the width of an interval the signal duration the period separating two consecutive edges of the same polarity positive to positive or negative...

Страница 101: ...l is specified in volts and normally remains unchanged when you change the vertical gain or offset The amplitude and range of the trigger level are limited as follows 5 screen divisions with a channel as the trigger source 400 mV with EXT as the trigger source 4 V with EXT 10 as the trigger source 40 mV with EXT 10 as the trigger source None with LINE as the trigger source zero crossing is used Co...

Страница 102: ...with EXT 10 as the trigger source or 40 mV with EXT 10 as the trigger source A logic pattern Level Level defines the source voltage at which the trigger circuit will generate an event a change in the input signal that satisfies the trigger conditions The selected trigger level is associated with the chosen trigger source Note that the trigger level is specified in volts and normally remains unchan...

Страница 103: ...rwise be limited only by the input signal the coupling and the instrument s bandwidth Select a positive or negative slope and a minimum time between triggers The trigger is generated when the condition is met after the selected holdoff time counted from the last trigger Any time between 2 ns and 20 s can be selected The delay is initialized and started on each trigger Edge Trigger with Holdoff by ...

Страница 104: ...orm features or conditions such as a positive or negative slope and hold off SMART Trigger sophisticated triggers that enable you to use basic or complex conditions for triggering Use Edge Triggers for simple signals and the SMART Triggers for signals with rare features like glitches Control Edge Triggering Horizontal Turn the Delay knob in the HORIZONTAL control group to adjust the trigger s hori...

Страница 105: ...ly set a level of zero volts touch the Zero Level button directly below the Coupling field An arrow on the left side of the grid shows the threshold position This arrow is only visible if the trigger source is displayed To Set Up an Edge Trigger Channel Setup 1 In the menu bar touch Trigger then select Trigger Setup from the drop down menu 2 Touch the Edge trigger button under the Trigger tab 3 To...

Страница 106: ...lect the holdoff by touching the Time or Events buttons Using the pop up numeric keypad enter a value and specify the unit of time Or use the up down buttons to increase or decrease the time value in increments of 200 ps Or touch one of the preset value buttons ...

Страница 107: ...00 000 events Default 1 event Min 1 event 6 Choose Positive or Negative slope SMART Triggers Width Trigger How Width Trigger Works Width trigger allows you to define a positive or negative going pulse width bounded by a voltage level above or below which a trigger will occur You can specify a pulse width and voltage range within or outside of which a trigger will occur ...

Страница 108: ...elta button to set up a nominal range plus or minus a delta value in seconds Touch inside the Nominal Width and Delta data entry fields and enter values using the pop up numeric keypads Alternatively touch the Limits button to set up a precise pulse width range Touch inside the Lower Limit and Upper Limit data entry fields and enter values using the pop up keypads Or touch the OutOfRange button an...

Страница 109: ...at the middle of a sine wave for example the width could then be considered as the half period But if the level were higher the signal s width would be considered to be less than the half period Glitch Trigger In this example triggering on a pulse width less than or equal to the width selected The broken upward pointing arrow indicates a potential trigger while the bold one shows where the actual ...

Страница 110: ... pulse Interval trigger performs over the width of an interval with the signal duration period separating two consecutive edges of the same polarity positive to positive or negative to negative Use Interval trigger to capture intervals that fall short of or exceed a given time limit In addition you can define a width range to capture any interval that is itself inside or outside the specified rang...

Страница 111: ...r occurs on the positive edge within the selected interval Interval Greater Than For this Interval Trigger generated on an interval larger than the one that you set select a minimum interval between two edges of the same slope The instrument generates the trigger on the second edge if it occurs after the set interval The timing for the interval is initialized and restarted whenever the selected ed...

Страница 112: ...bold one shows where the actual trigger occurs on the positive edge after the selected interval Interval In Range This Interval Trigger is generated whenever an interval between two edges of the same slope falls within a selected range The instrument initializes and restarts the timing for the interval whenever the selected edge occurs You can set an interval from 2 ns to 20 s ...

Страница 113: ...ken upward pointing arrow indicates a potential trigger while the bold one indicates where the actual trigger occurs on the positive edge within the selected range To Set Up Interval Trigger 1 In the menu bar touch Trigger then Trigger Setup in the drop down menu 2 Touch the Interval trigger button 3 Touch inside the Trigger On data entry field and select a source on which to trigger ...

Страница 114: ... the trigger source These are Qualified triggers For Edge Qualified triggers the default the transition is sufficient and no additional requirement is placed on the first signal For State Qualified triggers the amplitude of the first signal must remain in the desired state until the trigger occurs A qualified trigger can occur immediately after the validation or following a predetermined time dela...

Страница 115: ... With Qualified First trigger a single valid trigger is sufficient to acquire a full sequence Other than in Sequence Mode Qualified First is identical to the Qualified triggers In data storage applications the index pulse can be defined as the qualifier signal and the servo gate signal as the trigger source To Set Up an Edge Qualified Trigger 1 In the menu bar touch Trigger then Trigger Setup in t...

Страница 116: ... you select Pattern from the pop up menu touch the Pattern tab and choose a logic gate Then touch inside the State field for each channel input you want to use in the pattern and select a logic condition High or Low Select Don t Care for unused inputs For the inputs to be used touch inside each Level field and enter a voltage threshold using the pop up numeric keypad Then touch the Trigger tab aga...

Страница 117: ...he pattern must become true and remain true for a period of time or number of events that you specify to qualify the trigger See also How Qualified Triggers Work State Qualified and Wait Trigger after timeout The broken upward pointing arrows indicate potential triggers while the bold arrows show where the actual triggers occur To Set Up a State Qualified Trigger 1 In the menu bar touch Trigger th...

Страница 118: ...l field and set a voltage level using the pop up numeric keypad If you want to set a holdoff in time or events touch one of the holdoff buttons 6 Touch inside the field below the holdoff buttons and set a value using the numeric keypad Dropout Trigger Used primarily in single shot applications and usually with a pre trigger delay Dropout trigger can detect lost signals The trigger is generated at ...

Страница 119: ...igger How Logic Trigger Works Logic Trigger enables triggering on a logical combination of up to five inputs CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 and EXT The combination of inputs is referred to as a pattern There are four logic gates available AND NAND OR NOR A trigger state is either high or low high when a trigger source is greater than the trigger level threshold and low when less than it For example an AND pa...

Страница 120: ...clude in the logic pattern touch inside the State data entry field and select a logic state Low or High Select Don t Care for all other inputs 5 Touch inside the Level data entry field for each input included in the pattern and enter a voltage level threshold using the pop up numeric keypad 6 Touch the Trigger tab 7 If you want to hold off the trigger either in time or events when the pattern beco...

Страница 121: ...Aux Input trigger on a WavePro 7000A Series scope but do not input an external signal the scope will not operate To Set Up Aux Input 1 Touch Trigger in the menu bar then Trigger Setup in the drop down menu 2 Touch inside the View AUX IN on Channel 3 checkbox The Coupling field will become disabled 3 Press the Channel 3 front panel button to turn on Channel 3 and display the setup dialog 4 Perform ...

Страница 122: ...waveform may be hidden from view when the grid is placed on top To undo simply uncheck Grid on top 5 Touch the Axis labels checkbox to permanently display the values of the top and bottom grid lines calculated from volts div and the extreme left and right grid lines calculated from the timebase 6 Choose a line style for your trace solid Line or Points Sequence Mode Display To a set up Sequence Mod...

Страница 123: ...f the sampled data into 3 dimensional display maps These maps create an analog style display User definable persistence duration can be used to view how the maps evolve proportionally over time Statistical integrity is preserved because the duration decay is proportional to the persistence population for each amplitude or time combination in the data In addition the instrument gives you post acqui...

Страница 124: ...gher percentages 3 Dimensional Persistence By selecting 3d you can create a topographical view of your waveform from a selection of shadings textures and hues The advantage of the topographical view is that areas of highest and lowest intensity are shown as peaks and valleys in addition to color or brightness The shape of the peaks pointed or flat can reveal further information about the frequency...

Страница 125: ...izes the shape of the pulses Here is a wire frame view of the same waveform in which lines of equal intensity are used to construct the persistence map Show Last Trace For most applications you may not want to show the last trace because it will be superimposed on top of your persistence display In those cases turn off Show Last Trace by touching the checkbox However if you are doing mask testing ...

Страница 126: ... you want to set the same mode saturation level persistence time and last trace display for all input channels Touch the Per Trace button to set these for each input channel individually A If you selected All Locked touch one of the mode buttons B Then touch the Show last trace checkbox if you want the last trace displayed C Touch inside the Saturation data entry field and enter a whole number int...

Страница 127: ...n Saver The Windows screen saver is activated in the same way as for any PC 1 Minimize the instrument display by touching File in the menu bar then Minimize in the drop down menu 2 Touch Start down in the task bar 3 Touch Settings in the pop up menu 4 Touch Control Panel 5 Touch Display 6 Touch the Screen Saver tab Moving Traces from Grid to Grid You can move traces from grid to grid at the touch ...

Страница 128: ...splayed input channel At any time you can also zoom a portion of a waveform by touching and dragging a rectangle around any part of the input waveform The zoom trace will size itself to fit the full width of the grid The degree of magnification therefore will depend on the size of the rectangle that you create When you zoom a waveform an approximation of the zoomed area will appear in a thumbnail ...

Страница 129: ...set exact horizontal or vertical zoom factors touch inside the Horizontal Scale div data entry field and enter a time per div value using the pop up numeric keypad Then touch inside the Vertical Scale div field and enter a voltage value 5 To reset the zoom to x1 magnification touch Reset Zoom in the dialog or press the front panel zoom button To Zoom by Touch and Drag 1 Touch and drag a rectangle ...

Страница 130: ...hat you choose to include The zooms are of the same X axis section of each waveform Thus as you scroll through a waveform all included zooms scroll in unison To Set Up Multi zoom 1 In the menu bar touch Math then Math Setup in the drop down menu 2 Verify that the math function selected for each Fx position you want to include is zoom If you need to change the math function for any Fx position simp...

Страница 131: ...u bar touch Math then Math Setup in the drop down menu 2 Touch the Multi Zoom On checkbox to turn off Multi zoom XY Display Use XY displays to measure the phase shift between otherwise identical signals You can display either voltage on both axes or frequency on both axes The traces must have the same X axis The shape of the resulting pattern reveals information about phase difference and frequenc...

Страница 132: ...ust the XY grid or you can also show the input waveforms on a single or dual grid 3 Touch inside the Input X and Input Y data entry fields and select your input sources from the pop up menus The inputs can be any combination of channels math functions and memory locations ...

Страница 133: ...Setups on the scope s hard drive touch inside a SetupX data entry field and use the pop up keyboard to enter a file name Touch alongside the data entry field The file is deposited in D Internal Setups and the current date is displayed above the field To Recall Scope Settings 1 In the menu bar touch File then touch Recall Setup in the drop down menu 2 To Recall From File touch inside the Recall pan...

Страница 134: ...print in color with a white background A white background saves printer toner 6 Touch inside the Directory field and type in the path to the directory where you want the image stored using the pop up keyboard Or you can touch the browse button and navigate there 7 Touch inside the File Name field and type in a name for your image using the pop up keyboard 8 Under Include On Print touch the Grid Ar...

Страница 135: ...with the next available number in the sequence If you need to use a number in your waveform s name it is recommended that you append an alpha character at the end of the number XYZ32a for example 5 If you are saving to file touch the Data Format field and select a format type from the pop up menu If you select ASCII or Excel also touch the SubFormat field and select either Time Data or Time Ampl T...

Страница 136: ...it the search to channels math functions or memory Touch inside the Recall files from directory data entry field and enter the path using the pop up keyboard Or touch the Browse button to navigate to the file Touch inside the Next file will be recalled from data entry field and enter the path using the pop up keyboard Or touch the Browse button to navigate to the file 3 Touch Disk Utilities Use th...

Страница 137: ...tilities dialog 3 Touch inside the Current folder data entry field and use the pop up keyboard to enter the path to the folder that contains the file you want to delete Or touch the Browse button and navigate to the folder 4 Once you have located the folder touch the Empty Folder button To Create a Folder 1 Touch File in the menu bar then Disk Utilities in the drop down menu 2 Touch the Create but...

Страница 138: ... you want to print to Touch the Properties button to see your printer setup 5 Touch the icon for the layout Orientation you want portrait or landscape 6 Touch the Grid Area Only checkbox if you do not need to print the dialog area and you only want to show the waveforms and grids To Print You can print in one of three ways Press the printer button on the front panel In the menu bar touch File then...

Страница 139: ...er you want to set as the default printer then touch File Set as Default Printer Managing Files Use the instrument s utilities to create waveform files on floppy disk internal hard drive or network drives You can copy files from your hard drive to floppy disk You also can give your files custom names and create directories for them Hard Disk Partitions The instrument s hard disk is partitioned int...

Страница 140: ...t provided by LeCroy If you load any Windows XPe service packs from Microsoft please be advised that LeCroy cannot guarantee trouble free operation afterwards If the instrument powers up in Windows Safe Mode the touch screen will not function You may need a mouse or keyboard to restore normal operation Avoid modifying Control Panel settings Do not change the color resolution 24 bit or screen size ...

Страница 141: ...ore point The restore point resides on the scopes hard drive so no external storage medium floppy disk USB memory stick etc is required To Create a Restore Point 1 From the File menu minimize or Window the scope display to reveal the task bar 2 In the task bar select Start Programs Accessories System Tools System Restore 3 Touch the Create a restore point radio button then touch Next 4 In the Rest...

Страница 142: ...elect a math function location F1 to Fx The number of math traces available depends on the software options loaded on your scope See specifications to store the Trend display The Trend will be displayed along with the trace label for the math function you selected 6 Touch the newly displayed Trend math function trace label if you want to change any settings in the Trend dialog Creating a Track Vie...

Страница 143: ... button at the bottom of the dialog then from the Math selection for Track menu select a math function location F1 to Fx to store the Track display The Track will be displayed along with the trace label for the math function you selected 6 Touch the newly displayed Track math function trace label if you want to change any settings in the Track dialog ...

Страница 144: ...ated 9 In the dialog to the right touch the Histogram tab 10 Under Buffer touch inside the Values data entry field and enter a value 11 Under Scaling touch inside the Bins data entry field and enter a value from 20 to 2000 12 Touch the Find Center and Width button to center the histogram Or touch inside the Center then the Width data entry fields and enter a value using the pop up numeric keypad F...

Страница 145: ...s below the selected parameters Note For measurements set up in My Measure you can quickly display an enlarged histogram of a thumbnail histogram by touching the Histicon you want to enlarge The enlarged histogram will appear superimposed on the trace it describes This does not apply to Std Vertical or Std Horizontal measurements Persistence Histogram You can create a histogram of a persistence di...

Страница 146: ... field and enter a value using the pop up keypad Note You can use the front panel Adjust knobs to move the Slice Center line and the Slice Width boundary lines Persistence Trace Range This math operation has a field where you can enter the percent of the persistence trace population to use in creating a new waveform Persistence Sigma This math operation has a field where you can enter a scale meas...

Страница 147: ...ak is identified and the height of its highest bin population determined for a discussion on how peaks are determined see the pks parameter Description Next the populations of bins to the right and left are found until a bin on each side is found to have a population of less than 50 of that of the highest bin s A line is calculated on each side from the center point of the first bin below the 50 p...

Страница 148: ...ntified and the height of its highest bin population determined see the pks description Next the bin populations to the right and left are found until a bin on each side is found to have a population of less than xx of that of the highest bin A line is calculated on each side from the center point of the first bin below the 50 population to that of the adjacent bin towards the highest bin The inte...

Страница 149: ... would indicate the difference between the binary 1 and 0 voltage values Description The values at the center line dividing the population of peak in half of the two highest peaks are determined see pks parameter description The value of the leftmost of the two peaks is the histogram base see hbase While that of the rightmost is the histogram top see htop The parameter is then calculated as hampl ...

Страница 150: ...rameter values such as TTL voltages where hbase would indicate the binary 0 voltage value Description The two highest histogram peaks are determined If several peaks are of equal height the leftmost peak among these is used see pks Then the leftmost of the two identified peaks is selected This peak s center value the line that divides the population of the peak in half is the hbase Example ...

Страница 151: ... histogram Description The center value of each populated bin is squared and multiplied by the population height of the bin All results are summed and the total is divided by the population of all the bins The square root of the result is returned as hrms Example Using the histogram shown here the value for hrms is hrms 2 87 ...

Страница 152: ...s with two primary parameter values such as TTL voltages where htop would indicate the binary 1 voltage value Description The two highest histogram peaks are determined The rightmost of the two identified peaks is then selected The center of that peak is htop center is the horizontal point where the population to the left is equal to the area to the right Example ...

Страница 153: ...1 maxp Maximum Population Definition The count vertical value of the highest population bin in a histogram Description Each bin between the parameter cursors is examined for its count The highest count is returned as maxp Example Here maxp is 14 ...

Страница 154: ... the highest population bin in a histogram Description Each bin between the parameter cursors is examined for its population count The leftmost bin with the highest count found is selected Its center value is returned as mode Example Here mode is 150 mV ...

Страница 155: ...equal or exceed xx of the population value is encountered A ratio of the number of counts needed for xx population total bin population is then determined for the bin The horizontal value of the bin at that ratio point of its range is found and returned as pctl Example The total population of a histogram is 100 The histogram range is divided into 20 bins and xx is set to 25 The population sum at t...

Страница 156: ...ht Any bin that crosses above T2 signifies the existence of a peak Scanning continues to the right until one bin or more crosses below T2 However if the bins cross below T2 for less than a hundredth of the histogram range they are ignored and scanning continues in search of peaks that cross under T2 for more than a hundredth of the histogram range Scanning goes on over the remainder of the range t...

Страница 157: ...X Stream Operator s Manual WM OM E Rev I 155 ...

Страница 158: ...difference between the value of the rightmost and that of the leftmost populated bin Description The rightmost and leftmost populated bins are identified The difference in value between the two is returned as the range Example In this example range is 2 mV ...

Страница 159: ...totp Total Population Definition Calculates the total population of a histogram between the parameter cursors Description The count for all populated bins between the parameter cursors is summed Example The total population of this histogram is 9 ...

Страница 160: ...1 The leftmost peak although higher is ranked second in area 2 The lowest peak is also the smallest in area 3 Histogram Theory of Operation An understanding of statistical variations in parameter values is needed for many waveform parameter measurements Knowledge of the average minimum maximum and standard deviation of the parameter may often be enough but in many cases you may need a more detaile...

Страница 161: ...se the x axis to show a bin s sub range value and the Y axis for the count of parameter values within each bin The leftmost bin with a non zero count shows the lowest parameter value measurements The vertically highest bin shows the greatest number of events falling within its sub range The number of events in a bin peak or a histogram is referred to as its population The following figure shows a ...

Страница 162: ...togram will be continuously updated with the last N events as new acquisitions occur If the maximum number is greater than 20 000 the histogram will be updated until the number of events is equal to N Then if the number of bins or the histogram range is modified the scope will use the parameter buffer values to redraw the histogram with either the last N or 20 000 values acquired whichever is the ...

Страница 163: ...ommon value parameter value of highest count bin leftmost bin position representing the lowest measured waveform parameter value rightmost bin representing the highest measured waveform parameter value Histogram parameters are provided to enable these measurements Available through selecting Statistics from the Category menu they are calculated for the selected section between the parameter cursor...

Страница 164: ...k Histogram Peaks Because the shape of histogram distributions is particularly interesting additional parameter measurements are available for analyzing these distributions They are generally centered around one of several peak value bins known with its associated bins as a histogram peak Example In the following figure a histogram of the voltage value of a five volt amplitude square wave is cente...

Страница 165: ... sub range in all its calculations The greater the number of bins used to subdivide a histogram s range the less the potential deviation between actual event values and those values assumed in histogram parameter calculations Nevertheless using more bins may require that you perform a greater number of waveform parameter measurements in order to populate the bins sufficiently for the identificatio...

Страница 166: ... mode Each cursor locates a point on the waveform The cursor values can be read in the descriptor label for the trace Use the Position data entry fields at the right side of the dialog to place the cursors precisely This is the difference in Y values The value can be read in the descriptor label for the trace Displays absolute and delta cursors together This gives the slope between cursors If ther...

Страница 167: ...rsors to move in unison as you adjust the position touch the Track check box to enable tracking Overview of Parameters Parameters are measurement tools that determine a wide range of waveform properties Use them to automatically calculate many attributes of your waveform like rise time rms voltage and peak to peak voltage for example There are parameter modes for the amplitude and time domains cus...

Страница 168: ...reen check mark means that the scope is returning a valid value A crossed out pulse means that the scope is unable to determine top and base however the measurement could still be valid A downward pointing arrow indicates an underflow condition An upward pointing arrow indicates an overflow condition An upward and downward pointing arrow indicates an underflow and overflow condition ...

Страница 169: ...condition in which the amplitude of the waveform cannot be determined 1 Minimize the scope display by selecting File Minimize 2 Touch the X Stream Browser desktop icon to open the browser 3 Touch the left scope icon Connect to a local X Stream DSO device in the X Stream Browser toolbar 4 Select Measure Parameter in error P1 Out Result ...

Страница 170: ...168 WM OM E Rev I 5 Read the status information in line StatusDescription ...

Страница 171: ...or any parameter that computes on every event the value displayed is equal to the number of events per acquired waveform If x waveforms were acquired the value represents x times the number of cycles per waveform Also the value is equal to the measurement of the last cycle on the last acquisition To Apply a Measure Mode 1 In the menu bar touch Measure then Measure Setup 2 Choose a Measure Mode fro...

Страница 172: ...on division on the results of two parameter measurements Alternatively you can apply math to a single parameter for example invert By customizing parameters in this way you can effectively extend the range of parameter measurements based on your particular needs Logarithmic Parameters The parameter math feature prevents multiplication and division of parameters that return logarithmic values These...

Страница 173: ...ext DC2DPOS delta clock to data previous DC2DNEG delta delay DDLY delta time at level DTLEV phase PHASE resolution RES mTnTmT shift BEES mTnTmT shift sigma BEESS mTnTmT shift sigma list BEESS Parameter Script Parameter Math In addition to the arithmetic operations the Parameter Math feature allows you to use VBScript or JavaScript to write your own script for one or two measurements and produce a ...

Страница 174: ...in the figure below P Script on the other hand is another VBScript or JavaScript that takes as input one or two parameters and performs a math operation on them to produce another parameter output The inputs to Param Script can also be math F1 Fx or memory M1 Mx traces The inputs to P Script can be the results of any parameter measurement not necessarily Param Script ...

Страница 175: ...meter for example invert just touch inside the Source1 field and select a parameter P1 to Px 6 Touch inside the Math Operator field and select a math operation from the Select Measurement menu If you select an operation that requires two input parameters the Source field will expand to two fields To Set Up Parameter Script Math 1 Touch Measure in the menu bar then Measure Setup in the drop down me...

Страница 176: ...you can then export it and save it to file Measure Gate Using Measure Gate you can narrow the span of the waveform on which to perform parameter measurements allowing you to focus on the area of greatest interest You have the option of dragging the gate posts horizontally along the waveform or specifying a position down to hundredths of a division The default starting positions of the gate posts a...

Страница 177: ...ouch the Px tab for the parameter you want to gate A mini dialog to the right of the main setup dialog opens Note If you already have the parameter of interest set up you can simply touch the parameter directly below the grid Example Parameter Readout 3 Touch inside the Start data entry field and enter a value using the pop up numeric keypad Or you can simply touch the leftmost grid line and drag ...

Страница 178: ...of an Always On checkbox to leave the Help Markers displayed after you have closed the Help Markers setup dialog You have a choice of Simple or Detailed views of the markers The Simple selection produces cursors and Measure Gate gate posts The gate posts are independently placeable for each parameter The Detailed selection produces cursors Measure Gate gate posts a label identifying the parameter ...

Страница 179: ...le The Simple selection produces cursors and Measure Gate gate posts The gate posts are independently placeable for each parameter or Detailed The Detailed selection produces cursors Measure Gate gate posts a label identifying the parameter being measured and a level indicator and hysteresis band for at level parameters Note The choice of Simple or Detailed is applied to all parameters at the same...

Страница 180: ...n to turn off Help Markers for all parameters 2 To turn off Help Markers for individual parameters touch the Px tab for the parameter in question Then uncheck the Always On checkbox When you close this dialog the Help Markers for this parameter will no longer be displayed ...

Страница 181: ...tup dialogs for that parameter appear You can then change the waveform source and other conditions of the parameter 5 If you are setting up an level parameter make selections for Level type percent or absolute Slope positive negative both and Hysteresis level 6 Touch the Gate tab and set the position of the gate posts From a Vertical Setup Dialog 1 In the Cx Vertical Adjust dialog touch the Measur...

Страница 182: ...etermine the top and base reference levels the top line corresponds to the top and the base line to the bottom centroid Figure 1 Determining Rise and Fall Times Once top and base are estimated calculation of the rise and fall times is easily done see Figure 1 The 90 and 10 threshold levels are automatically determined by the DDA 5005A using the amplitude ampl parameter Threshold levels for rise or...

Страница 183: ...s the x level Determining Time Parameters Time parameter measurements such as width period and delay are carried out with respect to the mesial reference level see Figure 2 located halfway 50 between the top and base reference lines Time parameter estimation depends on the number of cycles included within the observation window If the number of cycles is not an integer parameter measurements such ...

Страница 184: ...Measurements The DDA 5005A enables accurate differential time measurements between two traces for example propagation setup and hold delays see Figure 3 Parameters such as Delta c2d require the transition polarity of the clock and data signals to be specified ...

Страница 185: ...ising edge of the clock trigger from the first negative transition of the data signal Similarly Delta c2d 1 2 measures the time interval between the trigger and the next transition of the data signal Level and Slope For several time based measurements you can choose positive negative or both slopes to begin parameter measurements For two input parameters such as Dtime level you can specify the slo...

Страница 186: ... Noise provides a signal to noise ratio for periodic waveforms Available with DDM2 option Standard in DDA 5005A AltNCycle Alternate N Cycle Plot Timing of the transitions in the data waveform is measured for each transition and plotted as a function of the number of unit intervals over which the timing is measured The N cycle plot displays the mean or standard deviation of the edge placement in th...

Страница 187: ...o major levels triangle or saw tooth waves for example returns same value as min Standard parameter Bit Rate One over duration of one UI measured on an eye Available with SDA option Standard in SDA SDA100G and WaveExpert scopes CMACp PCI Express V TX CM ACp and V RX CM Acp Available with PCIE option Cycles Determines number of cycles of a periodic waveform lying between cursors First cycle begins ...

Страница 188: ...yclic checkbox Standard parameter cyclic Std dev Cyclic standard deviation Standard deviation of data values from mean value over integral number of periods Contrary to sdev calculation is performed over an integral number of cycles eliminating bias caused by fractional intervals Where vi denotes measured sample values and N number of data points within the periods found Choose this parameter by s...

Страница 189: ...e with ENET option Dtime level t at level Computes transition between selected levels or sources Time between transition levels of two sources or from trigger to transition level of a single source This measurement gives the time of the source 2 edge minus the time of the source 1 edge Reference levels and edge transition polarity can be selected Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels fro...

Страница 190: ...w a specified level Reference levels and edge transition polarity can be selected Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with JTA2 and XMAP options Standard in SDA100G scopes Edge level Number of edges in waveform Reference levels and edge transition polarity can be selected Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with JTA2...

Страница 191: ...ye Bit Time Duration of one UI measured on an eye Standard in SDA and WaveExpert scopes Eye Crossing Level of the crossing in an eye diagram Available with SDA and SDM options Standard in SDA SDA100G and WaveExpert scopes Eye CrossN Time of first crossing 50 level with negative edge of an eye relative to trigger or eye reference Standard in SDA and WaveExpert scopes Eye CrossP Time of first crossi...

Страница 192: ...tence Standard in SDA and WaveExpert scopes Eye Pulse Wid The width of the eye measured at mid level Standard in SDA and WaveExpert scopes Eye Q Factor Q factor measured within the eye aperture Available with SDA and SDM options Standard in SDA SDA100G and WaveExpert scopes Eye RiseTime Rise time of the mean of persistence data Standard in SDA and WaveExpert scopes Eye RMS Jit Root mean square jit...

Страница 193: ... two major levels triangle or saw tooth waves for example top and base can default to maximum and minimum giving however less predictable results Standard parameter Fall level Fall at level Duration of pulse waveform s falling edges between user specified transition levels See also Rise level Transition time for or absolute levels of all falling edges Enhanced version sets measurement calculations...

Страница 194: ...iscriminate levels from noise in data Available with JTA2 and XMAP options Standard in SDA100G and WavePro 7000A scopes FWHM Measures the width of the largest area histogram peak at half of the population of the highest peak Available with DDM2 JTA2 XMATH XWAV CAN02 SDA and XMAP options Standard in DDA 5005A SDA100G and WaveExpert scopes FWxx Measures the width of the largest area histogram peak a...

Страница 195: ...AV CAN02 SDA and XMAP options Standard in DDA 5005A SDA100G WaveExpert and sampling scopes Hist maximum Value of the highest right most populated bin in a histogram Available with DDM2 JTA2 XMATH XWAV CAN02 SDA and XMAP options Standard in DDA 5005A SDA100G WaveExpert and sampling scopes Hist Max Pop Peak with maximum population in a histogram Available with DDM2 JTA2 XMATH XWAV CAN02 SDA and XMAP...

Страница 196: ...s Hist Mode Position of the highest histogram peak Available with DDM2 JTA2 XMATH XWAV CAN02 SDA and XMAP options Standard in DDA 5005A SDA100G WaveExpert and sampling scopes Hist Pop X Population at bin for specified horizontal coordinate You can place the cursor at any bin and use either Absolute Reference or Difference cursor shape Available with DDM2 JTA2 SDM XMATH XWAV CAN02 SDA and XMAP opti...

Страница 197: ...with DDM2 JTA2 XMATH XWAV CAN02 SDA and XMAP options Standard in DDA 5005A SDA100G WaveExpert and sampling scopes Hist X peak The value of the nth highest histogram peak Applies only to histograms Available with JTA2 XMATH XWAV CAN02 DDM2 SDA and XMAP options Standard in DDA 5005A SDA100G and WaveExpert scopes Hold time Time from the clock edge to the data edge You can set levels slope and hystere...

Страница 198: ...may be moved to the left of the left cursor and first will give the location of the cursor formerly on the left now on right Standard parameter Level X Gives the vertical value at the specified x position If the x position is between two points it gives the interpolated value When the Nearest point checkbox is checked it gives the vertical value of the nearest data point Standard parameter Local b...

Страница 199: ...r Number of local features peak trough pairs Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with DDM2 option Standard in DDA 5005A Local pkpk Vertical difference between the peak and trough of a local feature lmax lmin Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with DDM2 option Standard in DDA 5005A Local tbe Time between events betwe...

Страница 200: ...d in DDA 5005A Local tmax Time of the maximum value of a local feature Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with DDM2 option Standard in DDA 5005A Local tmin Time of the minimum value of a local feature Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with DDM2 option Standard in DDA 5005A Local tot Time a local feature spends ove...

Страница 201: ...a local feature spends under a user specified percentage of its peak to trough amplitude Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with DDM2 option Standard in DDA 5005A Mathcad Produces a parameter using a user specified Mathcad function Available with XMAP and XDEV option Standard in DDA 5005A Mathcad 2001i or later must be loaded on the instrument MATLAB Produ...

Страница 202: ...ult when applied to time domain waveform or histogram of data of same waveform But with histograms result may include contributions from more than one acquisition Standard parameter Median The average of base and top values Average of Base and Top Standard parameter Minimum Measures the lowest point in a waveform Unlike base does not assume waveform has two levels Lowest value in waveform between ...

Страница 203: ...agram Available with SDA and SDM options Standard in SDA SDA100G and WaveExpert scopes Overshoot Overshoot negative Amount of overshoot following a falling edge as percentage of amplitude base min ampl x 100 Waveform must contain at least one falling edge On signals not having two major levels triangle or saw tooth waves for example may not give predictable results Standard parameter Overshoot Ove...

Страница 204: ...en highest and lowest points in waveform Unlike ampl does not assume the waveform has two levels maximum minimum Gives a similar result when applied to time domain waveform or histogram of data of the same waveform But with histograms result may include contributions from more than one acquisition Standard parameter Percentile Horizontal data value that divides a histogram so the population to the...

Страница 205: ...els from noise in data Available with JTA2 AORM ENET SDA and XMAP options Standard in DDA 5005A SDA100G and WavePro 7000A scopes Per Pulse Sym Symmetry of RZ pulse around eye aperture center Standard in SDA and WaveExpert scopes Persist Area Area under mean persistence trace Standard in SDA and WaveExpert scopes Persist Max Highest vertical value of input persistence Standard in SDA and WaveExpert...

Страница 206: ...ine and the local peak or trough Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with DDM2 option Standard in DDA 5005A PW50 Average pulse width at the 50 point between the local baseline and the local trough Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with DDM2 option Standard in DDA 5005A PW50 Average pulse width at the 50 point betwe...

Страница 207: ...nals not having two major levels triangle or saw tooth waves for example top and base can default to maximum and minimum giving however less predictable results Standard parameter Rise 20 80 Rise 20 to 80 Duration of pulse waveform s rising transition from 20 to 80 averaged for all rising transitions between the cursors Average duration of rising 20 80 transition On signals not having two major le...

Страница 208: ...gnal Amplitude Symmetry of a 100Base T signal Available with ENET option SD2Skew Calculates the time skew between 2 serial data lanes Available with SDA and PCIE options Setup Time from the data edge to the clock edge Reference levels and edge transition polarity can be selected Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with JTA2 and XMAP options Standard in SDA ...

Страница 209: ...ith PCIE option SSC Track Tracks Spread Spectrum Clock Filtered track of frequency at level Available with ASDA option Std dev Standard deviation of the data between the cursors about the same as rms for a zero mean waveform Gives similar result when applied to time domain waveform or histogram of data of same waveform But with histograms result may include contributions from more than one acquisi...

Страница 210: ...Hz or Custom reference clocks You can also use a mathematically derived Golden PLL to filter low frequency jitter The cutoff frequency is user selectable Cutoff Freq 1 1 667e3 x Clock Freq Reference levels and edge transition polarity can be selected Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with JTA2 ENET SDA and XMAP options Standard in SDA100G WavePro 7000A Wa...

Страница 211: ...n D and D Available with PCIE option TxFall Fall2080 and ParamRescale to get UI Available with PCIE option TxRise Rise2080 and ParamRescale to get UI Available with PCIE option Vcross Voltage at which two signals cross That is voltage of either signal at the time when difference is zero Available with SDA and PCIE options Vdiff Used for V TX DIFFp p and V RX DIFFp p for PCI Express Available with ...

Страница 212: ...ted Hysteresis argument used to discriminate levels from noise in data Available with JTA2 USB2 EMC SDA and XMAP options Standard in SDA100G and WavePro 7000A scopes Enhanced parameter available with EMC option WidthN Width measured at the 50 level and negative slope Standard parameter X max Determines the horizontal axis location of the maximum value between the cursors Restricted to time and fre...

Страница 213: ...lect Measure then Measure Setup from the drop down menu 2 Touch a Px tab to open the setup dialog 3 Touch inside the Source field and select a source from the pop up menu 4 Touch inside the Measure field and select a parameter from the pop up menu 5 Touch the Accept tab of the right hand dialog then touch the Values In Range checkbox Depending on whether you select a vertical or horizontal paramet...

Страница 214: ...212 WM OM E Rev I Delay Parameter Find Range selected ...

Страница 215: ...alog then touch the Values Based on Waveform State checkbox 6 Touch inside the When Wform field and select the gating source 7 Touch inside the State Is field and select High or Low from the pop up menu Parameter measurements on the subject waveform will only be taken when the gating waveform is in the selected state 8 Touch inside the Level Type field and select Absolute or Percent from the pop u...

Страница 216: ... on a waveform displayed on any channel C1 to C4 or recalled from any of the four reference memories M1 to M4 To do computations in sequence you can also use math functions F1 to Fx as a source input waveform Or you can use Parameters P1 through Px For example you could set up F1 as the difference between Channels 1 and 2 F2 as the average of F1 and F3 as the integral of F2 You could then display ...

Страница 217: ...gths of cables probes or anything else that might cause timing mismatches between signals Resample a signal on one channel and adjust it in time relative to a signal on another channel To Resample 1 In the menu bar touch Math then Math Setup in the drop down menu 2 Touch a math function trace tab F1 through Fx The number of math traces available depends on the software options loaded on your scope...

Страница 218: ...Continuous Averaging For Summed averaging you specify the number of acquisitions to be averaged The averaged data is updated at regular intervals and presented on the screen On the other hand Continuous averaging the system default helps to eliminate the effects of noise by continuously acquiring new data and adding the new waveforms into the averaging buffer You determine the importance of new da...

Страница 219: ... waveforms in the continuous average gradually tends to zero following an exponential rule at a rate that decreases as the weight increases The formula for continuous averaging is new average new data weight old average weight 1 This is also the formula used to compute summed averaging But by setting a sweeps value you establish a fixed weight that is assigned to the old average once the number of...

Страница 220: ... button 6 Touch inside the Sweeps data entry field and type in a value using the pop up keypad The valid range is 1 to 1 000 000 sweeps Enhanced Resolution ERES Enhanced Resolution filtering increases vertical resolution allowing you to distinguish closely spaced voltage levels The functioning of the instrument s ERES is similar to smoothing the signal with a simple moving average filter However i...

Страница 221: ...rough of clock signals for example is determined by the fall of the dominant frequency components of the signal in the passband This is easily ascertained using spectral analysis The filters have a precisely constant zero phase response This has two benefits First the filters do not distort the relative position of different events in the waveform even if the events frequency content is different ...

Страница 222: ...it enhancement the lower the resulting bandwidth To increase vertical resolution In the example at left the lower inner trace has been significantly enhanced by a three bit enhanced resolution function To reduce noise The example at left shows enhanced resolution of a noisy signal The original trace left top has been processed by a 2 bit enhanced resolution filter The result left bottom shows a sm...

Страница 223: ...of math traces available depends on the software options loaded on your scope See Specifications 3 Touch inside the Operator1 data entry field 4 Select ERES from the All Functions or Filter group of Math functions 5 Touch the Trace On checkbox 6 Touch the ERES tab in the right hand dialog then touch inside the bits field and make an Enhance by selection from the pop up menu Waveform Copy The Copy ...

Страница 224: ...le points is best used to reconstruct straight edged signals such as square waves Sinx x interpolation on the other hand is suitable for reconstructing curved or irregular waveshapes especially when the sampling rate is 3 to 5 times the system bandwidth The instrument also gives you a choice of Cubic interpolation For each method you can select a factor from 2 to 50 points by which to interpolate ...

Страница 225: ...unction which runs in a separate process from the scope application A major benefit of FastWavePort is that your application may be implemented and more importantly debugged independently of the main application It is important to note that the transfer of the results of your processing function back into the X Stream processing stream is optional If performance is the primary goal and display or ...

Страница 226: ...Use the Visual C editor to develop and run your application Setup Case 3 This scenario assumes that you are using a compiler other than Visual C such as GNU s MinGW It should be noted that the optimizer in the GNU C Compiler GCC is less efficient than that in Visual C and will result in lower performance 1 Save your application in a text file and copy it onto memory stick or network drive 2 Using ...

Страница 227: ...1MutexProcessingComplete The Timeout field specifies the amount of time that the scope will wait for the custom processing function to complete This prevents the scope from waiting indefinitely for a potentially unforthcoming custom processing function Be careful to set this value to something reasonable which means a time that is longer by a reasonable margin than the custom processing is ever ex...

Страница 228: ...oundaries Important struct CDescHeader int descVersion header version number int flags misc flags indicating the status of input and how to treat the output int headerSize size of the header data starts immediately after the hdr int windowSize total size of the window header data int numSamples total number of samples in the input waveform int segmentIndex index of this segment usually zero when i...

Страница 229: ...ned long HEADER_SIZE 0x1000 const unsigned long MEM_MAP_FILE_SIZE 80000000 HEADER_SIZE 40MSamples or 80MBytes int main int argc char argv names based on FastWavePort1 name defined in Processor setup char szMapFileName FastWavePort1File char szMutexDataAvailableName FastWavePort1MutexDataAvailable char szMutexProcessingCompleteName FastWavePort1MutexProcessingComplete Associate shared memory file h...

Страница 230: ...Object m_hDataAvailable INFINITE print the first few bytes of the input waveform CDescHeader descHeader CDescHeader m_lpMMFile 0 short m_lpWaveform m_lpMMFile descHeader headerSize sizeof short for i 0 i 4 i printf f m_lpWaveform i descHeader verGain descHeader verOffset compute the mean of all data values while computing the abs value of the waveform in place double sum 0 0 for i 0 i descHeader n...

Страница 231: ..._dummy1 not used double verGain scale factor that relates integer sample data values to the vertical units of the waveform double verOffset vertical offset in vertical units e g Volts of the waveform double verResolution vertical resolution of the measurement system also in vertical units double horInterval scale factor that relates integer sample indices to the horizontal units of the waveform do...

Страница 232: ...als because unlike FFT conventional swept spectrum analyzers cannot handle them Spectral analysis theory assumes that the signal for transformation is of infinite duration Since no physical signal can meet this condition a useful assumption for reconciling theory and practice is to view the signal as consisting of an infinite series of replicas of itself These replicas are multiplied by a rectangu...

Страница 233: ...ese components Picket Fence and Scallop The highest point in the spectrum can be 3 92 dB lower when the source frequency is halfway between two discrete frequencies This variation in spectrum magnitude is the picket fence effect The corresponding attenuation loss is referred to as scallop loss LeCroy scopes automatically correct for the scallop effect ensuring that the magnitude of the spectra lin...

Страница 234: ...main slight attenuation will be induced Alternative functions with less attenuation Flat Top and Blackman Harris provide maximum amplitude at the expense of frequency resolution Whereas Hamming and Von Hann are good for general purpose use with continuous waveforms Window Type Applications and Limitations Rectangular These are normally used when the signal is transient completely contained in the ...

Страница 235: ...s maintained The phase information is therefore not distorted by the filtering action Record Length Because of its versatility FFT analysis has become a popular analysis tool However some care must be taken with it In most instances incorrect positioning of the signal within the display grid will significantly alter the spectrum Effects such as leakage and aliasing that distort the spectrum must b...

Страница 236: ... contained in the 0 term The first half of the spectrum Re Im from 0 to the Nyquist frequency is kept for further processing and doubled in amplitude R n 2 x Rn_0 n N 2 I n 2 x In__0 n N 2 5 The resultant waveform is computed for the spectrum type selected If Magnitude is selected the magnitude of the complex vector is computed as Steps 1 5 lead to the following result An AC sine wave of amplitude...

Страница 237: ... accumulated spectra The total is normalized by the number of spectra and converted to the selected result type using the same formulas as are used for the Fourier Transform Glossary This section defines the terms frequently used in FFT spectrum analysis and relates them to the oscilloscope Aliasing If the input signal to a sampling acquisition system contains components whose frequency is greater...

Страница 238: ... FFT is equivalent to passing the time domain input signal through N 2 filters and plotting their outputs against the frequency The spacing of filters is Delta f 1 T while the bandwidth depends on the window function used see Frequency Bins Frequency Bins The FFT algorithm takes a discrete source waveform defined over N points and computes N complex Fourier coefficients which are interpreted as ha...

Страница 239: ...he available window functions is applied The best reduction is provided by the Blackman Harris and Flattop windows However this reduction is offset by a broadening of the main lobe of the filter Number of Points The FFT is computed over the number of points Transform Size whose upper bounds are the source number of points and by the maximum number of points selected in the menu The FFT generates s...

Страница 240: ...r of points of the decimated source waveform and k is the time index The table of Coefficients of Window Functions lists the coefficients am The window functions seen in the time domain are symmetric around the point k N 2 Coefficients of Window Functions Window Type a0 a1 a2 Rectangular 1 0 0 0 0 0 Hanning Von Hann 0 5 0 5 0 0 Hamming 0 54 0 46 0 0 Flattop 0 281 0 521 0 198 Blackman Har ris 0 423...

Страница 241: ...rd This is commonly encountered in filtering operations like enhanced resolution The missing data points are replaced by data values whose amplitudes are interpolated to fit between the last data point and th first data point in the record This guarantees that there is not a first order discontinuity in the filled data Since the data at the end of the record is filled data it is advisable to selec...

Страница 242: ...ean 1 SD mean 3 SD In Dual Parameter Compare mode your X Stream scope gives you the option to compare to each other parameter results measured on two different waveforms You can set your test to be true if Any waveform or All waveforms fit the criterion stipulated by the comparison condition Your setup is conveniently shown in the Summary box of the Qx dialog For example Mask Tests You have the ch...

Страница 243: ...ing by selecting one or all of the following stop audible alarm print image of display emit pulse save waveform The selection Pulse causes a pulse to be output through the Aux Out connector at the front of the scope This pulse can be used to trigger another scope You can set the amplitude and width of the pulse as described in Auxiliary Output Signals Depending on your scope model you can configur...

Страница 244: ... is connected to a local or network printer See Printing 9 If you want to save your waveform automatically touch the Save Setup This will take you out of the current dialog and will open the Save Waveform dialog See Saving and Recalling Waveforms 10 Test your Pass Fail conditions by touching the Force Actions Once button Press the Clear All button to quickly uncheck all checkboxes if you want to c...

Страница 245: ...Condition menu you also have the choice of setting the limit by means of the statistical buttons at the bottom of the ParamCompare dialog Comparing Dual Parameters 1 Touch Analysis in the menu bar then Pass Fail Setup in the drop down menu 2 Touch a Qx tab a setup dialog for that position will open 3 Touch inside the Condition field in the main dialog and select DualParamCompare 4 Touch inside the...

Страница 246: ...mension of the parameter that you are testing For example if you are testing a time parameter the unit is seconds 9 If you chose either WithinDeltaPct or WithinDeltaAbs from the Condition menu touch inside the Delta field and enter a value Mask Testing 1 Touch Analysis in the menu bar then Pass Fail Setup in the drop down menu 2 Touch a Qx tab a setup dialog for that position will open 3 Touch ins...

Страница 247: ...the file name or browse to its location 8 If you want to make a mask from your waveform touch the Make Mask tab 9 Touch inside the Ver Delta and Hor Delta fields and enter boundary values using the pop up numeric keypad 10 Touch the Browse button to create a file name and location for the mask if you want to save it 11 Touch the Gate tab then enter values in the Start and Stop fields to constrain ...

Страница 248: ...l events or errors only This log can be invaluable when you are creating and debugging remote control applications To Set Up Remote Communication If you are connecting the scope to a network first contact your Information Systems administrator If you are connecting the scope directly to your PC connect a GPIB or Ethernet cable between them 1 In the menu bar touch Utilities then Utilities Setup in ...

Страница 249: ... the Grid Area Only checkbox if you do not need to print the dialog area and you only want to show the waveforms and grids 5 Touch the Print Now button File Choose File if you want to output the screen image to storage media such as floppy drive or hard drive When outputting to floppy disk be sure to use a preformatted disk To Print to File 1 In the menu bar touch Utilities then Utilities Setup in...

Страница 250: ...ith the image 6 Touch the Grid Area Only checkbox if you do not need to print the dialog area and you only want to show the waveforms and grids 7 Touch the Print Now button Aux Output Refer to Auxiliary Output Signals Date Time The instrument gives you the choice of manually setting the time and date or getting it from the Internet If you elect to get the time and date from the Internet you need t...

Страница 251: ...own menu 3 Touch the Date Time tab 4 Touch the Set from Internet button To Set Time and Date from Windows 1 In the menu bar touch Utilities then Utilities Setup in the drop down menu 2 Touch the Date Time tab 3 Touch the Windows Date Time button 4 Use the Time Date Properties window to configure the time including time zone ...

Страница 252: ...er keep the vertical offset level indicator stationary when Div is selected or to have it move with the actual voltage level when Volts is selected The advantage of selecting Div is that the waveform will remain on the grid as you increase the gain whereas if Volts is selected the waveform could move off the grid Note Regardless of whether you select Volts or Div the Offset shown in the channel se...

Страница 253: ... or averaging is used giving higher priority to waveform acquisition at the expense of display update rate The choices are presented as a spectrum with highest values at the extremes 1 In the menu bar touch Utilities then touch Preferences in the drop down menu 2 Touch one of the optimization icons E mail Before you can send e mail from the scope it must first be configured 1 In the menu bar touch...

Страница 254: ...ds Test mail from name of scope s email address Acquisition Status For each general category of scope operation you can view a summary of your setups These dialogs are not accessible through the Utilities menu but are instead accessed from the menu bar drop down menus The categories are as follows Vertical select Channels Status from drop down menu Timebase select Acquisition Status from drop down...

Страница 255: ...ll be prompted to touch the center of a small cross in 5 key locations on the touch screen Because sufficient accuracy cannot be achieved using your finger use a stylus instead for this procedure The calibration has a ten second timeout in case no cross is touched To avoid parallax errors be sure to place your line of sight directly in front of each cross before touching it ...

Страница 256: ... normal waveform You can program the scope yourself The instrument does not just provide connectivity with data downloads to other programs It provides true customizable interaction with these other programs and allows you to truly customize the scope to do the exact job you want it to do The advantages to this are many You can use the standard processing power of the instrument to do most of your...

Страница 257: ...gments which need not be aligned in the two input waveforms Examples Example 1 Simple math functions using VBScript WaveOut is the waveform being returned to the instrument F1 in this case WaveIn is the input waveform C1 in this case You can see that the F1 result is displayed on the scope and can be processed further Example 2 Another simple math function using VBScript Example 3 below doesn t us...

Страница 258: ...e golden sine F2 above Frequency 3000000 0 Frequency of real data SampleTime InResult HorizontalPerStep Omega 2 0 3 1416 Frequency SampleTime Amplitude 0 15 Amplitude of real data For K 0 To LastPoint newDataArray K Amplitude Sin Omega K Next OutResult DataArray True newDataArray Data in volts OutResult DataArray is the waveform returned to the scope and displayed on the scope as the F2 waveform ...

Страница 259: ...was not able to probe the desired clock signal The only probing point available was the output differential clock signal C2 However that clock was a factor of 10 slower than the clock embedded in the data signal C3 By using a VBScript to create a clock waveform of the appropriate frequency waveform F1 the customer was able to display and measure data clock skew using a LeCroy instrument function a...

Страница 260: ...nced resolution has been applied It was created using instrument functions The lower trace is the first lobe of the FFT display But with a logarithmic frequency scale Click here for the VBScript In addition to VBScripting MATLAB Mathcad or Excel can also be used to generate a result The F1 trace shown below in Example 6 was calculated in MATLAB F1 WformOut from C1 WformIn1 and C2 WformIn2 The same...

Страница 261: ...examples above illustrate only the capability to use VBScript and MATLAB The instrument with the LeCroy XMAP software option allows you to use Excel Mathcad MATLAB and VBScript in this manner Of course you will need to load Excel Mathcad or MATLAB in the scope VBScript ...

Страница 262: ...anguage and graphics are provided What is VBS VBS is a programming language but you don t write it in a special environment such as C or Visual Basic you write it within your own application In the instrument a few clicks or button pushes will get you into an editing panel where you can write what you want You cannot crash the scope or in any other way interfere with its workings because the syste...

Страница 263: ...X Stream Operator s Manual WM OM E Rev I 261 ...

Страница 264: ... you can introduce scaling factors If the transducers are non linear you can correct for that too You can also transform horizontal scales and vertical scales by manipulating the data Logarithmic scales in amplitude and frequency are often required Squaring and taking square roots are needed in certain applications Here is a picture showing some graphs related to white noise showing ways of detect...

Страница 265: ...ifications Excel returns a waveform Using a parameter P1 through Px The number of parameters available depends on the software options loaded on your scope See Specifications Excel returns a parameter In both cases one call to Excel can use two separate waveforms as input Notes Excel has a calculation algorithm of 64 000 points 32 000 if you have created a chart in Excel Therefore make sure that y...

Страница 266: ...all you will see a dialog at the right of the screen allowing you to control the zoom Excel properties linking cells and scale of the output trace from Excel Entering a File Name If you uncheck the New Sheet checkbox you can enter the file name of an existing file Create Demo Sheet Calls up a default Excel spreadsheet Add Chart Adds charts of your waveforms to Excel You can go into Excel and creat...

Страница 267: ...strument panel has been pasted over the Excel sheet There are three arrays of data for the three waveforms up to two inputs and one output There are corresponding small arrays of information about each trace Scale Setting the Vertical Scale The vertical scale of the output waveform from Excel may be set in three ways Automatic For each acquisition the instrument fits the waveform into the grid Man...

Страница 268: ...ument parameter functions or waveform functions that call Excel you will find that they all refer to the same spreadsheet by default Thus your spreadsheet can use the data from several waveforms and you can derive many different combinations of output parameters and waveforms including some of each from your spreadsheet You only have to be careful about the positioning of your cell ranges within t...

Страница 269: ...imple Excel Example 1 In this example we use Excel to invert or negate a waveform The first figure shows a part of the screen The upper trace is the original signal The lower is the result from Excel The dialog is the one that controls the location of the data in the Excel worksheet The input data are in columns A and B though only the first is used and the output is in column C All have been set ...

Страница 270: ...he headers for the three waveforms These are the set of numbers that provide the description of the scope settings such as vertical scale and offset and number of samples In this figure the panel has been pasted onto the Excel sheet for comparison ...

Страница 271: ...This is the only action needed in Excel and can be seen in the next figure Simple Excel Example 2 In this example we use Excel to invert or negate a waveform The first figure shows a part of the instrument screen The upper trace C1 is the original signal The lower trace F1 is the result calculated in Excel and displayed on the screen ...

Страница 272: ...n C All have been set to start at row 2 which allows for a header in row 1 To create this waveform you would simply do the following 1 Ensure that your acquisition has no more than 64 kpts the Excel calculation limit 2 Choose a function and select ExcelMath as Operator1 for the function Excel will open automatically in the background ...

Страница 273: ...1 3 Choose File Minimize from the menu bar to minimize the instrument display and open the Excel program 4 Create your formula for each data point in column A in this case our formula for cell C2 is A2 copied for the entire column as shown here ...

Страница 274: ...rns the calculated data back to the display as the chosen F trace This Excel calculated trace can have further measurements or math calculations performed on it if desired You can also create a chart of the data in Excel automatically and view the data there Simply press the Add Chart button in the instrument s Excel dialog and a chart of the input top chart and Excel calculated output bottom char...

Страница 275: ...Decay Time Constant Excel Parameter Excel Example 1 This example calculates the time constant of an exponentially falling pulse such as the light output of a phosphor The first figure shows a typical pulse including pseudo random noise generated by a VBScript ...

Страница 276: ...the time constant TC2 using the portion of the trace where TC1 has negligible effect This was done using Function F1 which is not a part of the measurement process For the actual measurement Parameter P1 was set up as an Excel call In Excel the selected portion of the trace was converted to logarithms and the Excel function SLOPE was used as shown here ...

Страница 277: ...see the input data in column B with a time scale in A created using the contents of cell F9 Horizontal Per Step The logarithmic data are in column D with the time scale repeated in C The output appears in cell H3 using the formula 1 SLOPE D21 D51 C21 C51 ...

Страница 278: ...widths Randomize Timer Randomize Timer was used in both scripts to ensure that successive acquisitions produced different data Script F1 generates pulses with widths that are multiples of a set clock period F2 generates one pulse in the first half of the time window and one pulse in the second half Both pulses are constrained to coincide with the clock pulses of F1 F1 and F2 are used here only as ...

Страница 279: ...rm has 500 points the last point will be read into A510 The same holds true for F2 and column B since F2 is assigned as Source2 and data is defined to write into column B starting with cell B10 To create the gating function in column C the cell C10 was given the following formula IF B10 B9 A 4 1 C9 C9 This was copied down the column Column D the output column is simply A C The output was defined a...

Страница 280: ...n the VBScript to ensure that the two traces differed and that subsequent acquisitions differed Functions F1 and F2 are included only to simulate signals and are not part of the measurement process which is performed by F3 This example used the CORREL Array1 Array2 function of Excel as depicted below ...

Страница 281: ... WM OM E Rev I 279 Multiple Traces on One Grid Excel Example 4 This example shows how you can place multiple traces in one picture with only two operations in an Excel sheet Depicted below is an example from an Excel spreadsheet ...

Страница 282: ...y simple First the waveform is transferred to an Excel spreadsheet by means of an instrument Excel call Second two operations are needed in Excel placing a simple formula in one cell and copying that formula into a range of cells Depicted below is the required Excel formula ...

Страница 283: ... cell B134 The traces repeat at intervals of 250 cells Let us call this interval R If we require a horizontal displacement D then in cell CN we write B N R D In this example D is 10 Finally we may want a vertical displacement V and we write B N R D V In this example V is 0 02 D and V can be zero if required as depicted below All that remains is to copy the formula to the required range of cells ...

Страница 284: ...282 WM OM E Rev I ...

Страница 285: ...X Stream Operator s Manual WM OM E Rev I 283 Using a Surface Plot Excel Example 5 ...

Страница 286: ...our setup it has your current scripts embedded in it Therefore it is a good idea to save your setup frequently It is worth saving the script separately as well because it is saved in a suitable format for printing or off line editing with Notepad Note that in both these examples the input data are referred to as InResult DataArray You can also write InResult1 DataArray and InResult2 DataArray whic...

Страница 287: ... calculates the root mean square of the input waveform Note that a trace of nominal length 1000 has data from 0 to 1001 The 1001st point is not visible so you normally use points 0 to 1000 giving 1001 points and 1000 intervals between points startData 0 endData InResult Samples LastPoint endData 1 because the last point is invisible ReDim newArray InResult Samples to store the results unscaledData...

Страница 288: ...s If you try to set the output values to something illegal you may find that a part of the trace retains the values from a previous acquisition If you try to set something outside the bounds of an array or you make some other error or something overflows or you ask for something impossible such as log 13 the instrument tells you the line number and the nature of the problem Other types of error ma...

Страница 289: ... directly to individual elements of these arrays You have to use your own arrays in this example unscaledData and newDataArray You are not allowed to write statements like the following Y InResult DataArray 17 OutResult DataArray 257 Z Some parts of the default script must not be changed because they are a part of the interface These are highlighted in the following script TODO add your custom cod...

Страница 290: ...parameter result into newValueArray 0 As with the arrays of the Waveform Script you cannot refer directly to elements of the input and output arrays You may not write something like OutResult ValueArray 0 P Note that the unit of the parameter is displayed as the same as the vertical unit of the trace even if you have squared the data for example unless you change the unit yourself The default para...

Страница 291: ...ed mode To continue a comment on to another line another quotation mark is required on the new line Variable Types VBS supports the following variable types Integer signed 16 bit value in the range 32768 to 32767 Long signed 32 bit value in the range 231 to 231 1 Single real number or floating point number Double real number or floating point number Boolean Boolean or logical value String string o...

Страница 292: ...ample Example_Name If you have to introduce constants give them sensible names just like variables For example do not write _If RMS 23169 Then OutputY Y Its meaning may not be obvious to someone else It is better to write something like this FullScale 32767 RootTwo Sqr 2 0 MaxRMS FullScale RootTwo If RMS MaxRMS Then But to keep your scripts fast leave definitions like this outside your loops Gener...

Страница 293: ...s of dealing with these types of problem One is to prevent it happening by making suitable tests before the calculation is performed The other is to let it happen and use an error handling routine This will be discussed later Normally in VBScript you will know the range of the data since all the incoming data are by definition integer unscaled data or real scaled data and they must fit into the sc...

Страница 294: ...efore any other operations are performed Use brackets to force the result you want and also to clarify a calculation A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 90 B OR C AND D OR E B 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B OR C AND D OR E C 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 130 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 250 B OR C AND D OR E D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 85 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 95 B OR C AND D OR E E 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 15 F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 7 315...

Страница 295: ...d and clarity The construction GoTo LabelledStatement is available in many languages including VBA but not in VBS GOTO is not allowed in VBS IF Then Else End If A very simple example If A 0 Then B Sqr A Take the square root of A if A is not negative If A B C D Then E F G H_ No End Is needed if all on one line If you need to perform a longer procedure make this construction If A 0 Then B Sqr A C 32...

Страница 296: ...Boolean logic statements which can take the values True or False You may even see things like If A Then B which means that if A is True B gets done In the first example if A is negative we might want to write something like this If A 0 Then B Sqr A Else B 0 End If and in fact you can make some very complex constructions using If as in the examples below If A 0 Then If A 1 Then Z 17 Else_ Z 31 End ...

Страница 297: ... Then VBScripting4 If A 3 Then VBScripting5 If A 1 Then VBScripting6 Be very careful when testing for equality There will be no trouble with Integers Long Integers and Strings but Real numbers are different Because they have so many significant digits values that should be equal may differ minutely after a computation It is safer with Real numbers to test using a tolerance band File for this examp...

Страница 298: ...mes that the value of N has already been set Case Else is included to cover other cases whether foreseen or not It should always be included This is very much neater than a string of Ifs and Elses but remember you cannot use Select Case unless you are sure of exact equality which allows you to compare integers and strings only You cannot put Case 5 for example File for this example SelectCase Xls ...

Страница 299: ...or example if some kind of problem is looming such as the logarithm of a negative number For this case you can use If Then Exit Do To make a pause of 10 seconds you can write NewTime Timer 10 0 Do Loop Until Timer NewTime where Timer is a clock function in the PC which has a resolution of one second Example file for these constructions DoLoops Xls While Wend This is similar to Do While Loop You ca...

Страница 300: ...it you can use Exit For For example For K 0 To Total If HistogramBin K 0 Then Exit For AnyVBScripting Next It is possible to make a For loop with steps greater than 1 as in the following example in which K takes the values 3 7 11 15 83 For K 3 To 82 Step 4 AnyVBScripting Next K You may place loops inside one another nested loops but they must all use different control variables Example For K 0 To ...

Страница 301: ...oating point Chr Create a character from an integer in range 0 to 255 Cint Convert a value to nearest integer in the range 32768 to 32767 Clng Convert a value to nearest long integer in the range 231 to 231 1 Close Close a file Cos Make the cosine of an angle expressed in radians Csng Convert a number to single precision floating point Cstr Convert a variable to a string Exp Raise e to the power o...

Страница 302: ...some characters at the right end of a string Rnd Make a random real number in the range from 0 0 to 1 0 Rtrim Remove spaces from right hand end of a string Sin Make the sine of an angle expressed in radians Sqr Make the square root of a positive number Str Make a string from a numerical value Timer Time since midnight in seconds with a resolution of one second Trim Remove leading and trailing spac...

Страница 303: ... system CDbl CDbl A calculates a double precision real variable equal to A CInt Cint A calculates the integer value nearest to A which can be any acceptable VBS number Cint 7 4 7 Integers are signed 16 bit values in the range 32767 to 32767 CLng CLng A calculates the nearest long integer to the value A Long integers are signed 32 bit values in the approximate range 21 5 M to 21 5 M Cos Cos A calcu...

Страница 304: ...be quicker if you test the principles on a shorter trace at first Note that the pseudo random number generator is reset at the start of a script If you want a different set of pseudo randoms every time put Randomize Timer in the program to be run once before any pseudo randoms are generated You can use this instruction to re seed the generator at any time during execution Do not put the final stat...

Страница 305: ...by a suitable amount Providing the memory length is not too short the compaction algorithm will give the effect of a thicker trace The lengths of the output trace and the input trace need not be the same You can even make the output trace longer than the input trace but you will need to unzoom it to see it all This feature can be used to avoid compaction problems with non linear horizontal scales ...

Страница 306: ...alues In fact if you deliberately recalculate only a part of a trace you can have a mixture of new and old values In the figure below is a type of error message that you may see if one of your calculations has tried to set a value outside the range 32768 to 32767 It takes extra time to guard against this but unless you are sure that it will not happen you need some kind of check In the example on ...

Страница 307: ...f pseudo random statistical values If these belong to a distribution that in principle has an infinite range or a finite range which is wider than the signed 16 bits allowed check each value If a value falls outside the range you could set it to the maximum or generate another example You can however use one of the following On Error Resume Next followed by some code that may make some attempt to ...

Страница 308: ...annot do with the normal instrument functions Here are some possibilities Create a new function that acts on waveform values Create a new parameter Create a new form of non linear vertical scale Create a new form of non linear horizontal scale Move some or all data horizontally including reflections Combine data to form digital filters Show several function results side by side Show several functi...

Страница 309: ... Time shift of input waveform on grid in units of horizontal scale OutResult HorizontalOffset Double precision Time shift of output waveform on grid in units of horizontal scale InResult HorizontalPerStep Double precision Time between successive samples in the input waveform OutResult HorizontalPerStep Double precision Time between successive samples in the output waveform InResult HorizontalUnits...

Страница 310: ...VARIANT newVal Details in BSTR strDetailsIID out retval VARIANT pVal Status out retval VARIANT pVal Status in VARIANT newVal ExtendedStatus out retval VARIANT pVal ExtendedStatus in VARIANT newVal StatusDescription out retval BSTR pVal StatusDescription in BSTR newVal DataArray in defaultvalue TRUE BOOL arrayValuesScaled in defaultvalue LEC_ALL_DATA int numSamples in defaultvalue 0 int startIndex ...

Страница 311: ...rticalOffset in double newVal VerticalMinPossible out retval double pVal VerticalMinPossible in double newVal VerticalMaxPossible out retval double pVal VerticalMaxPossible in double newVal VerticalUnits out retval BSTR pVal VerticalUnits in BSTR newVal Communicating with Other Programs from a VBScript The ability of The instrument to communicate with other programs opens up immense possibilities ...

Страница 312: ...D K Next Once the data are in Excel any Excel functions can be applied to the data The results can be returned to the VB script For K 0 To LastPoint NDA K ExcelApp ActiveSheet Cells ExcelRow K ExcelColumnB Next Transferring data cell by cell is very slow so it is better to do a block transfer ...

Страница 313: ... See Specifications MATLAB returns a waveform Using a parameter P1 through Px MATLAB returns a parameter In both cases one call to MATLAB can use two separate waveforms as input providing much greater computing power than is available by calling MATLAB from a VBScript Note If you do not place a semicolon at the end of a line MATLAB will show the calculated value in the result window significantly ...

Страница 314: ...el like this Touch Find Scale to make your output fit the grid or use the text boxes to choose a scale MATLAB Waveform Function Editor Example By touching Edit Code you can reach the MATLAB Editor where you will see the default waveform function If you are familiar with MATLAB you might prefer to launch MATLAB and create a MATLAB function that performs your task Your program in the instrument coul...

Страница 315: ... can be useful during development and debugging Any line without a semicolon will produce a visible MATLAB Response From this panel you can save your code load a previous code and edit your function A powerful feature of MATLAB is that you can refer to an entire waveform as a vector The two input waveforms are WformIn1 and WformIn2 while the output is WformOut You can also refer to individual samp...

Страница 316: ...314 WM OM E Rev I WformOut 233 377 WformIn 100 244 This very simple example adds a rescaled copy of Channel 2 to a copy of Channel 1 and then rescales the result ...

Страница 317: ...X Stream Operator s Manual WM OM E Rev I 315 MATLAB Example Waveform Plot If you touch the MATLAB Plot checkbox you will see a MATLAB plot like this one ...

Страница 318: ...LAB parameter call in Select Measurement menu The MATLAB Parameter Control Panel Once you have invoked a MATLAB parameter call a mini dialog to the right of the main dialog will appear You can touch the MATLAB Plot checkbox if you want to see a plot in MATLAB as well as getting ...

Страница 319: ...t channel 1 and the result would be shown in the MATLAB Response pane for an amplitude of 0 15 volt You can load an existing MATLAB program using the Load Code button and you can save the current program using the Save Code button If you are familiar with MATLAB you might prefer to launch MATLAB and create a MATLAB function that performs your task Your program in the instrument could then be a one...

Страница 320: ... Rev I MATLAB Example Parameter Panel The next example calculates the ratio of the number of data points that are above a given level to the number of points below the level in this case one half of the amplitude ...

Страница 321: ...X Stream Operator s Manual WM OM E Rev I 319 Further Examples of MATLAB Waveform Functions Negate the input signal ...

Страница 322: ...320 WM OM E Rev I Square the input signal Create pulses from a sinusoid Create pulses at the zero crossings of the signal ...

Страница 323: ...e Create a MATLAB function using any text editor and save it as a MATLAB m file by giving it a name of the form Filename m Call the function using the MATLAB math editor or the MATLAB parameter editor as appropriate A simple example is shown below function out negatewf wf1 NEGATEWF changes the sign of all the data out wf1 ...

Страница 324: ...322 WM OM E Rev I ...

Страница 325: ...so allows you to recall VBScripts that can set up all or part of the scope and do many other things Another more powerful feature is the PlugIn which allows you to add your own ActiveX controls to a setup These controls are powered by routines written in Visual Basic With ActiveX controls you can create your own user interfaces to suit your own preferences A large number of interactive devices are...

Страница 326: ...ally each time the scope is powered up Editing a CustomDSO Setup File If the file does not exist touch the Edit button a dialog will appear for you to create the file If the file does already exist the Edit button enables you to modify it The Edit button allows you to edit the file that is named in the Setup file to recall field and not the file of the setup that the instrument is currently in unl...

Страница 327: ...SO ActionEnable1 True 1166 CustomDSO ActionScript1 c LeCroy XStream CustomDSO C lss 1167 CustomDSO ActionEnable1 False 1168 CustomDSO ActionScript1 c LeCroy XStream CustomDSO A lss 1169 CustomDSO ActionEnable1 False The text in green following a single quotation mark is a VBS comment and causes no action The text in red contains the path and name of the setup file associated with the numbered butt...

Страница 328: ... 6 dso Acquisition TriggerMode Auto You can add to this fragment any commands you need CustomDSO PlugIn Mode This is the mode in which CustomDSO really shows its power You can insert any ActiveX control or graph Creating a CustomDSO PlugIn Follow these steps to create an example Visual Basic PlugIn 1 Start a new VB project Select ActiveX Control from the New tab 2 Resize the control A In the Prope...

Страница 329: ...pplication app Acquistion TriggerMode Stopped End Sub Double click on the Auto button In the resulting code window insert code to make the following subroutine Private Sub AutoButton_Click Dim app as Object Set app CreateObject LeCroy XStreamApplication app Acquistion TriggerMode Auto End Sub 5 Test the Component in Internet Explorer This is an optional but very useful step because you can test yo...

Страница 330: ...to your exact requirements Among the most useful properties are the following Height Width BackColor Name Caption You can gain access to the properties of your objects by Clicking View Properties Positions and sizes of objects can be changed from View Object by dragging the object or one of its handles You can insert any available control into your plug in The basic control set is shown in a toolb...

Страница 331: ...tool box To gain access to it right click in the tool box at left but not on an icon You will see this menu Now select the Microsoft Tabbed Control as shown below and click on Apply The control will be added into the toolbox at the left of the screen where you can double click on it as usual ...

Страница 332: ...I The new control is shown below arrow The system is very versatile and you can place controls on the tabs of the Tabbed Control Look in the properties window to see how you can customize your tabs as illustrated below ...

Страница 333: ...he example assumes that the instrument is in dual grid mode and that there are at least two visible traces The routine looks for the visible traces in the order C1 C4 F1 Fx The number of math traces available depends on the software options loaded on your scope See Specifications and it exchanges the first two it finds whenever the button is pressed Note that arrays of objects can be constructed a...

Страница 334: ...traces on the grids Do trace trace 1 If t trace View True Then views views 1 If t trace UseGrid YT1 Then t trace UseGrid YT2 Else t trace UseGrid YT1 End If End If Loop Until trace 12 Or views 2 Show the parity of the last swap If Command1 Caption Swap A Then Command1 Caption Swap B Else Command1 Caption Swap A End If Dim TextString As String TextString Text1 Text Dim TextValue As Integer TextValu...

Страница 335: ...value Here is the result after seven swaps The counting method could be useful in any routine where numerous operations such as triggers have to be performed In fact the caption of the button could have been used to show the number of operations ActiveX offers a large range of standard controls including list boxes for selection from a list and picture boxes for drawing graphs and charts ...

Страница 336: ...example The first figure has been truncated on the right side These examples were made with two different instrument setups in the second the FFT was zoomed vertically The graph has a red line to represent the theoretical envelope for the peaks This has great potential for testing the transmission characteristics of amplifiers and filters since the output can be compared with a theoretical curve F...

Страница 337: ... Samples 1 Make it a round number Calculate the horizontal scale LogSamples Log Samples XScale Samples LogSamples Set the scale using DSO variables Dim Top Bot As Single Top WM Math F1 Out Result VerticalFrameStop Bot WM Math F1 Out Result VerticalFrameStart Picture1 Scale 0 Top Samples Bot Dim Wave Wave WM Math F1 Out Result DataArray Dim Black White Blue Red As Long Black 0 White HFFFFFF Blue HF...

Страница 338: ...gX LogX OldWave Y Next X End Sub Here is an example showing a simple one pole roll off compared to a curve Control Variables in CustomDSO The simplest way to select variables for use in CustomDSO is to use LeCroy s X Stream Browser ...

Страница 339: ...l You can choose which notebook to use for your entries and label the notebook by project or user If the scope is shared among several users for example or used for different projects the data can be kept separately Similarly hardcopy reports can be stored in different folders Preferences You should set your preferences before creating notebook entries Miscellaneous Settings You can elect to name ...

Страница 340: ...l report record Touch the checkbox to enable the extra report segments Touch the Configure E Mail button to set the recipient address and server information Creating a Notebook Entry 1 Touch File in the menu bar then Create Notebook Entry in the drop down menu A dialog box is displayed in which to enter a title and comments for the entry By default the entry is titled with the current date and tim...

Страница 341: ...ch screen Once you click off you can drag your note anywhere on your waveform The circle tool enables you to create a circle around a waveform feature that you want to point out Once you click off the circle is drawn and you can drag it anywhere on the screen The arrow tool enables you to draw lines with arrowheads for callouts You can rotate these lines through 360 degrees and drag them to any lo...

Страница 342: ... When you have chosen a custom color touch Add to Custom Colors the color will appear in the Custom Colors palette Then touch the color to enable it and touch OK The next object that you create will be in that color If you want to erase a drawing object touch it to select it then touch Erase Selected Touch Erase All to erase all drawn objects and text ...

Страница 343: ...d time to return it to its original fixed location Touch Done when you are finished annotating the notebook entry The name of the entry will appear in the list box in the LabNotebook dialog You can now create a hardcopy report of it and email or print it out Recalling Notebook Entries After a notebook entry is made you can recall it at any time The recall includes waveforms and scope settings ...

Страница 344: ...will not be preserved when traces are recalled using flashback d Cumulative Measurements Any measurements that are on when the Lab Notebook entry is created are not saved individually in the database other than being embedded in the hardcopy image This means that when flashback is used the measurements will be recomputed using the waveform data that was recalled Normally this will not pose a probl...

Страница 345: ...ens 2 Touch inside the Day Month and Year fields and enter a date Or touch inside the Keyword field and enter a keyword or phrase 3 Touch Find Now Only the entries fitting the date or keyword criteria will now appear in the list box Creating the Report 1 Select a notebook entry in the list box ...

Страница 346: ...ies Preferences Formatting the Report LeCroy provides a default report format template however you can use your own format including company logo 1 Touch the Advanced tab 2 Touch inside the Directory field and navigate to a folder to contain the reports 3 Touch the Browse button next to Template to navigate to an existing report format that you want to use Or touch inside the Template field and en...

Страница 347: ...ibed in Creating a Notebook Entry Deleting Notebook Entries 1 Touch the LabNotebook tab 2 Touch the Delete All button to clear the database or Select a notebook entry in the list box then touch the Delete button to discard just that one entry Saving Notebook Entries to a Folder You can save notebook entries to a folder other than the default 1 Touch the tab bearing the name of the notebook entry 2...

Страница 348: ...e you want to work on Touch Compact to reduce the size of a database This function defragments the notebook after a large amount of entries have been deleted Insert a memory stick into a USB port then touch Backup to send the database to the external media To Start a New Database Touch the Start New button The name of the notebook database will be incremented by 1 ...

Страница 349: ...in the drop down menu DDA Specifications Additional DDA Triggers Sector Pulse Triggers on the nth sector pulse 1 to 50 after index Index and sector pulse polarity and sector pulse number are selectable Servo Gate Triggers on the nth servo gate after index and every mth thereafter Index and servo gate pulse polarity are selectable PES Trigger Triggers on Position Error Signal PES exceeding an adjus...

Страница 350: ...shift overwrite pulse width 50 pulse width 50 pulse width 50 resolution track average amplitude track average amplitude track average amplitude Correlation function Trend datalog of up to one million events Histograms expanded with 19 histogram parameters and up to 2 billion events Automated DDA Measurements ACSN local base local baseline separation local maximum local minimum local number local p...

Страница 351: ... and locate data errors and the instruments that analyze the channel signals It is therefore difficult to capture the signal that may be responsible for an error at the same point in time at which the error occurs If an error is repetitive its signal can be captured and viewed But if the error is intermittent capturing it at the correct time may be impossible Unknown Sectors Another obstacle is th...

Страница 352: ...el It can also do the following Filter and display the head signal with automatic or selectable settings for 3dB cutoff and boost Select head signal sections to be viewed by byte number Provide a display of PRML target levels annotated on the head signal trace to provide an intuitive visual indication of head signal quality Identify head signal locations of the poorest quality from a PRML standpoi...

Страница 353: ...the equalized annotated head signal will be viewed You can scroll through the head signal in the traditional time sequential mode using the Auto Scroll feature which provides hands free scrolling at a rate and in the direction that you specify You can select which part of the head signal is to be displayed by byte number This is particularly useful if a data error is known to exist at a particular...

Страница 354: ...sues is an automatic comparison method that adjusts for spindle speed variations and identifies where the two signal differences are the greatest In the case of intermittent problems comparisons should be made continuously until a difference greater than a selected threshold is seen This is just what the Analog Compare feature provides With Analog Compare you select a head signal to act as the ref...

Страница 355: ... to locate a problem in a wedge signal for example the same complications are encountered as with Channel Analysis with similar solutions Noise Analysis Disk noise parameters enable parameter measurements of media signal to noise msnr residual electronics signal to noise rsnr and the ratio of media to residual signal to noise m_to_r The calculation of all three parameters is based on the distribut...

Страница 356: ...hift NLTS Jitter period at level Setting Up Channel Emulation Drive Analysis Setup 1 Press the DDA s front panel Drive Analysis button The disk drive dialogs appear 2 Touch the Drive Analysis tab 3 Touch the Channel Emulation button The Channel Emulation setup checkboxes buttons and data entry fields appear 4 Touch inside the Head Signal field and select a signal source from the pop up menu The ch...

Страница 357: ... with a SAM value below a user specified level When this occurs acquisition will be stopped and you can directly view the locations below the selected SAM threshold This mode of operation is particularly useful for capturing intermittent errors 10 Touch inside the SAM Threshold data entry field and enter a value from 0 to 2 using the pop up numeric keypad See SAM in PRML Channel Emulation then tou...

Страница 358: ...ouch inside the Worst Error field and enter a value from 1 to 100 using the pop up numeric keypad Channel Setup 1 Touch the Channel Setup tab The Channel Setup buttons and data entry fields appear 2 Touch inside the Signal Type field and make a selection from the pop up menu ...

Страница 359: ... field and make a selection from the pop up menu In general PR4 and EPR4 use d 0 2 3 1 7 encoded E2PR4 uses d 1 5 Touch inside the Run Length Limit k field and enter a value from 0 to 99 using the pop up numeric keypad 6 Touch inside the Bit Cell Time field and enter a value from 1 00 ns to 1 00 µs using the pop up numeric keypad Then press the Measure Bit Cell Time button See Principle of Equaliz...

Страница 360: ... Frequency field and enter a value from 1 0 MHz to 800 MHz using the pop up numeric keypad See 3 dB Frequency in PRML Channel Emulation then touch Back to complete this setup 11 Touch inside the Boost field and enter a value from 0 to 13 dB using the pop up numeric keypad See Boost at fc in PRML Channel Emulation then touch Back to complete this setup 12 Touch inside the Group Delay field and ente...

Страница 361: ...d select positive or negative polarity 8 Touch the Store Head Reference button 9 Touch the Specify Region checkbox to specify a start and end time if desired This may be necessary if you are not using Read Gate If you are not using Read Gate the Analysis Region must start with a preamble for VCO synchronization Then touch inside the Start and End data entry fields and enter starting and ending tim...

Страница 362: ...rence and is normally present in the head signal in every block just after Read Gate goes true it is recommended that Read Gate be used If Read Gate is not present the entire waveform will be used unless the Analyze Region cursors are enabled 7 If for Read Gate you selected other than none Touch inside the Gate Polarity field and select positive or negative polarity 8 Touch the Setup for Single Fr...

Страница 363: ...lue from 100 ns to 100 µs 5 Touch inside the Read Gate Source field and select an input channel or external source from the pop up menu 6 Touch inside the Read Gate Polarity field and select positive or negative polarity from the pop up menu 7 Touch inside the Read Gate Level field and enter a value using the pop up numeric keypad Sector Pulse Sector Pulse triggers on the specified nth sector star...

Страница 364: ...lected Servo Gate pulses starting after the Index mark To set it up proceed as follows 1 Press the DDA s front panel Drive Analysis button The disk drive dialogs appear 2 Touch the Disk Triggers tab 3 In the Disk Trigger Types menu touch Servo Gate The Servo Gate data entry fields appear 4 Touch inside the After index wait x servo gates field and enter a value from 0 to 999 using the pop up numeri...

Страница 365: ...meric keypad 5 If you want to increase or decrease your horizontal or vertical zoom in small increments touch the Var checkbox in the right hand dialog to enable variable zooming Now with each touch of the zoom control buttons the degree of magnification will change by a small increment To zoom in or out in large standard increments with each touch of the zoom control buttons leave the Var checkbo...

Страница 366: ...A needs to know where the data field starts You must specify the number of bytes between the VCO Synch field and the data field The DDA can then determine the location of the first byte of data If the channel analysis method selected is Channel Emulation the DDA will perform PRML channel emulation to determine the location of problems in the data field Often there is a delay between the end of val...

Страница 367: ... it is important by means of the Analyze Region cursors that the beginning of the head signal section analyzed be very near the beginning of VCO Synch The following figures show the areas of the waveform to be analyzed with the different combinations of the Analyze Region cursors or Read Gate or both enabled The Analyze Region cursors if enabled generally specify the outer most boundaries of the d...

Страница 368: ... Read Gate is not available only the area of the Head Signal within the region is analyzed as shown in Case 3 Case 3 Only the area within the Region is analyzed If neither the markers nor Read Gate are enabled the entire Head Signal is analyzed Case 4 ...

Страница 369: ...signals are to be provided to the DDA What waveform section or sections will be analyzed What will be used as the reference waveform What trigger and time div settings should be used Which Signals to Provide The following is an overview of the signals that can be used by the DDA Head Signal The drive head signal is the only signal the DDA requires The drive head signal can either be the signal aft...

Страница 370: ...e Analog Compare can handle one block of data of any length up to the maximum that can be acquired and stored by the DDA It is the most computationally intensive error find method so its use on maximum length waveforms will not be typical Another indirect constraint on waveform size arises if Read Gate is used If the source of Read Gate is set to something other than NONE Read Gate will break the ...

Страница 371: ... read the data of interest If you can manually initiate a read operation of the desired data this is easy trigger on the leading edge of Read Gate and every time the data is read the DDA will trigger Wait for the channel analysis to be done the instrument rearms if no problems are found before performing another read A precaution should be taken if more than a single Read Gate block of data is to ...

Страница 372: ... how much time a byte occupies and to set the 3 dB frequency of the DDA s equalizing filter if enabled It should be set correctly for the zone being read it does not need to be set on each read within the same zone Changing the bit cell time changes the filter s 3 dB frequency The filter s settings should therefore be updated or trained after the bit cell time has been changed If the filter is on ...

Страница 373: ...med that the quality of the head signal is strongly correlated to the bit error or errors in nonreturn to zero NRZ data Head signal sections that produce incorrect NRZ data are much more likely to be marginal when analyzed by the Viterbi detector The most marginal sections are the first flagged by Channel Emulation as having the worst SAM See Channel Emulation Without Reference for a full descript...

Страница 374: ...erence starts by finding the beginning of the sector The algorithm looks at the head signal beginning at the Read Gate true transition or analyze region start if Read Gate is not available and tries to synchronize to the VCO Synch pattern in order to establish sampling phase and expected sample levels To accomplish this it is required that VCO Synch Pattern be set correctly and that the Bit Cell T...

Страница 375: ...ampling clock as well as adjustment of the AGC automatic gain control Most commonly the VCO Synch is 2T a transition every other bit cell Bit Cell Time is used as a starting estimate of the VCO Synch signal If the value is not known and the VCO Synch field is at the beginning of the area to be analyzed touching the Measure Bit Cell Time button will determine it automatically Ignore Last n Samples ...

Страница 376: ...ence to keep SAM values are associated with the sample leaving the Viterbi detector s trellis that is the sample about which the final decision is being made The SAM includes the effect of all previous samples in the block and of the following samples that are already in the trellis Near zero SAM values are due to distortions in the shape of the head signal Problems causing distortions which Chann...

Страница 377: ...rectly aligned The data is then passed through the emulated channel where it is appropriately sampled The sampled output enters the Viterbi detector which chooses the sequence of bits history that is the most likely when the new bit due to this sample is appended SAM is the margin between keeping and rejecting the correct state in the sequence at any point Channel Emulation without reference essen...

Страница 378: ...e bit sequence was made with considerable certainty will appear in the DDA error list If the threshold is greater than zero all the places where Channel Emulation calculates the bit sequences will differ and some places close to making an error small positive margin will be included in the error list If Read Gate is present it does not necessarily go false immediately after the last byte of valid ...

Страница 379: ...e VCO Synch field is required for Channel Emulation with Reference and is normally present in the head signal in every block just after Read Gate goes true it is recommended that Read Gate be used If Read Gate is not present the entire waveform will be used unless the Analyze Region cursors are enabled Read Gate Polarity Typically Read Gate is a positive true signal However there are drives that u...

Страница 380: ...e normalized msd exceeds the user set Analog Threshold an error will be recorded on the error list the position of the maximum difference in the reference and the head signal is recorded If the difference remains above threshold for more than the length of an encoded byte a new error is recorded at each byte Errors are ordered in the error list from largest to smallest difference Analog Compare re...

Страница 381: ...ze VCO Synch at the beginning of its analysis region for both the reference and the head signal If Read Gate is available it should be able to do that If Read Gate is not available the Analyze Region cursors can be turned on and the start marker positioned near the beginning of a VCO Synch field This also will let Analog Compare analyze the VCO Synch field and align reliably If Read Gate is not av...

Страница 382: ...t basically match Local Feature Concepts Overview The term local feature computation indicates that a parameter computed on a waveform is determined only by information in the immediate vicinity of a specified feature of that waveform The DDA defines a local feature as a waveform peak followed by a trough like this However it is not the opposite a trough followed by a peak The diagram below shows ...

Страница 383: ...locating the peak If a following waveform sample is found to be higher than the first by an amount greater than the hysteresis setting a peak is said to exist Any sample lower than the reference value made prior to determination of a peak s existence is used as a new reference point When a waveform rises by an amount that is more than the hysteresis compared to the lowest prior waveform sample the...

Страница 384: ...en the local baseline is set halfway between the extremes of the local feature s peak and trough If baselines can be identified on both falling and rising slopes the local feature baseline is an average of the two baselines and 1 bsep is the distance between them If the local feature is the last to be identified before arriving at the end of the region being analyzed it will not be possible to ide...

Страница 385: ...fied trough to peak TPBase Local Baseline Baseline Separation yes yes average of PTBase TPBase PTBase TPBase yes no PTBase 0 no yes PTBase 0 no no midpoint of local peak and trough 0 Setting Hysteresis Hysteresis must be set for all local parameters The determining factors for a hysteresis value are 1 The maximum peak to peak noise in the waveform 2 The minimum local feature amplitude The value sh...

Страница 386: ...time between peaks ltbt local feature s time between troughs ltmn time of local feature s minimum value ltmx time of local feature s maximum value ltot local feature s time over a threshold ltpt time between local feature peak to trough lttp time between trough to following peak ltut local feature s time under a threshold Note The DDA s variable hysteresis setting is essential to identifying peak ...

Страница 387: ...lines for all local features between the parameter cursors is displayed as lbase For histograms each individual baseline value for all local features between the parameter cursors is provided Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 388: ... a local baseline is displayed for all local features between the parameter cursors For histograms each individual baseline separation value for all local features between the parameter cursors is provided Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions E...

Страница 389: ...he parameter cursors is determined and the average value is displayed as lmax For histograms the maximum value of each local feature between the parameter cursors is provided Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 390: ... cursors is determined and the average value is displayed as lmin For histograms the minimum value of each local feature between the parameter cursors is provided Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 391: ...mber of local features between the parameter cursors is determined and displayed as lnum One value of lnum each sweep is provided for histograms Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 392: ...rmined for all local features in a waveform and the average is displayed as lpp Provided for histograms is the peak to peak value of each local feature between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 393: ... are defined as either peaks or troughs The average time between successive events in a waveform is displayed as ltbe Provided for histograms is the time between each successive event between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical div...

Страница 394: ...ssive local feature peaks is determined and its value displayed as ltbp Provided for histograms are the times between successive peaks for all peaks between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 395: ...between successive troughs is determined and its value displayed as ltbt Provided for histograms are the times between successive troughs for all troughs between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 396: ... waveform after the left parameter cursor is determined The time is returned as ltmn Provided for histograms are all times for local feature minimums between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 397: ...rst local feature in a waveform after the left parameter cursor is determined and returned as ltmx Provided for histograms are all times for local feature maximums between the cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 398: ...feature peaks and troughs is displayed as ltpt Provided for histograms are the times between peak trough pairs for all local features between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus prompts you for a hysteresis setting which allows you to set the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions Example ...

Страница 399: ...t of the peak to trough height is then determined The average for all local features in a waveform is displayed as ltot Provided for histograms is the time spent over the threshold by each local feature between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus displays hysteresis and level percent menus The associated fields allow you to set values in those m...

Страница 400: ...peak is displayed as lttp Provided for histograms are the times between trough and following peak for all local features between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus displays hysteresis and level percent menus The associated fields allow you to set values in those menus a specified number of vertical divisions or a percentage of the peak to peak ...

Страница 401: ...percentage of this height is determined and the average for all the waveform s local features is displayed as ltut Provided for histograms is the time spent under the threshold by each local feature between the parameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter from the Measure menus displays hysteresis and level percent menus The associated fields allow you to set values in those menus...

Страница 402: ...eform Discrete Fourier Transform DFT owrt overwrite pw50 pulse width of peaks at 50 amplitude from baseline pw50 pulse width of positive peaks at 50 amplitude from baseline pw50 pulse width of negative peaks at 50 amplitude from baseline res resolution taa track average amplitude taa track average amplitude of positive peaks from baseline taa track average amplitude of negative peaks from baseline...

Страница 403: ...cle in an acquired waveform Description For each cycle in a waveform p lv determines the time from the beginning of the cycle as defined by a user specified threshold and slope to the end of the cycle as shown in the diagram below Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter accesses a dialog to set hysteresis level and slope A hysteresis value defines the hysteresis in divisions That is a voltage ...

Страница 404: ... the frequency selected if the waveform trace displayed by the DDA is 960 x 1 frequency or more in length i e the trace is equal to or longer than 960 cycles of a waveform at the selected frequency Otherwise the bin width is 100 integer trace length 1 frequency where integer designates discarding any fractional portions in the result Thus if the waveform trace is 48 5 times longer than 1 frequency...

Страница 405: ...s in the result Thus if the waveform trace is 48 5 times longer than 1 frequency then the bin width will be 100 48 2 1 of the selected frequency A Blackman Harris window is applied to the input data to minimize leakage effects The net result is that nbpw will provide excellent results even if frequency changes occur due to spindle speed variations If the actual frequency differs from the specified...

Страница 406: ...the associated knob The owrt results are presented in dB All averaging including statistics and trend average is performed on linear units Average results are converted to dB Note In typical use it is preferable to use nbpw to measure the LF waveform and then the residual LF in the HF separately instead of the owrt parameter Overwrite is the difference between the nbpw readings in dB There are two...

Страница 407: ...ameter cursors Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter displays a hysteresis dialog for setting the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions pw50 Pulse Width 50 Definition The average pulse width measured at the 50 point between the local feature baseline and the local feature trough Description All local features between the parameter cursors for an input waveform are iden...

Страница 408: ...low frequency waveform Description res returns as a percentage the ratio of track average amplitude see taa parameter description for a low frequency LF and high frequency HF waveform res taa LF taa HF 100 Parameter Settings Selecting this parameter displays a hysteresis dialog for setting the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions taa Track Average Amplitude Definition The a...

Страница 409: ...etting the hysteresis value to a specified number of vertical divisions taa Track Average Amplitude Definition The average local baseline to peak amplitude for all local features Description All local features between the parameter cursors for an input waveform are identified The local baseline to peak amplitude is determined for each feature and the average is returned as taa Provided for histogr...

Страница 410: ...measurements See NLTS description Correlation Theory of Operation The DDAs correlation function measures the correlation between one section of a waveform and other sections of the same waveform having the same length or between a section and sections of equal length belonging to another waveform When the correlation is performed on the same waveform it is called an auto correlation If the shape o...

Страница 411: ...o DC offset of the input waveforms in the correlation function Essentially the correlation waveform function takes a section of the first waveform and calculates how it correlates with an equal length section of a second waveform using different starting points in the second waveform This can be visualized as taking a section of waveform 1 sliding it over waveform 2 and calculating the correlation...

Страница 412: ...t to determine Using the period as a starting point the DDA performs an auto correlation and looks for an auto correlation peak at the period At the top of the peak the pattern repeats The DDA locates the top and notes the corresponding time so that it can determine the period Then it recalculates the auto correlation using this period The value of the auto correlation at the period peak R is used...

Страница 413: ...the code checks for a reasonable peak The correlation at the center position must be 0 9 or the parameter computation is canceled This is done without the benefit of the parabolic fit but the intent is only to make sure of a reasonable peak The total number of cycles in the acquisition does not affect the ACSN result for a stationary signal Note that horizontal scale and the Max Sample Points entr...

Страница 414: ...B 8 75E 8 7 26 57 dB 1 000E 7 8 26 47 dB 1 125E 7 9 26 41 dB 1 250E 7 10 26 30 dB As ACSN readings get higher small amounts of noise cause greater changes in dB This is because high readings mean correlation was very close to 1 Examples Correlation ACSN 9995 33 0 dB 9990 30 0 dB 9985 28 2 dB 9980 27 0 dB 9975 26 0 dB 9970 25 2 dB ...

Страница 415: ... length chunk of the input waveform with a second pattern length chunk starting from the beginning of the input waveform at the delay value In order to correctly calculate nlts the disk drive waveform must be a pseudorandom sequence that will create an echo in an auto correlation calculation corresponding to the non linear transition shift Typically this waveform is a 127 bit pattern based on an x...

Страница 416: ...414 WM OM E Rev I ACSN Pattern Repetitions nlts Standard Deviation 26 dB 2 0 44 10 0 28 25 0 20 23 dB 2 0 59 10 0 32 25 0 26 20 dB 2 0 65 10 0 42 25 0 28 17 dB 2 1 08 10 0 57 25 0 35 ...

Страница 417: ...ent delay values The following table provides delay values to enter for the commonly used 127 bit pseudo random sequence x7 x3 1 polynomial when measuring various waveform attributes Waveform Attribute Bit Cell Location Delay Adjacent Location 25 5 20 08 2nd Adjacent Location 30 5 24 02 Initial Magnetization 45 5 35 83 Interaction Interference 60 5 47 64 Notes The pattern Delay tells the DDA where...

Страница 418: ...lue to look at when determining write precomp since the PRS is a lot like real data The fifth harmonic method is not sensitive to amplitude asymmetry Its drawbacks are If the fifth harmonic is small noise will tend to inflate the value read for 20 dB SNR it may not be possible to read below 10 nlts Amplitude loss due to partial erasure will contribute to the fifth harmonic about as much as actual ...

Страница 419: ...uency sector based data pattern The single frequency data will be sampled at the peaks maxima zero crossings and troughs minima Any deviations from the ideal sample points will be a result of noise By performing multiple reads random noise can be quantified With this measurement the non repeating residual electronics noise level can be derived by rsnr m_to_r can be applied to any single frequency ...

Страница 420: ...widths continue to decrease msnr will get worse Although advanced head technology i e MJR and GMR can increase the head signal output for a given track width the effect of media noise on the head signal is also increased so there is no improvement in msnr As track widths decrease msnr will continue to increase despite greatly improved head technology By using single frequency data the algorithm is...

Страница 421: ...ribution of the media noise has been calculated the rsnr is then calculated by rsnr 20 log v0 p σr Parameter Settings After specifying the location of the Head Signal and the optional Read Gate selection of rsnr is automatic after you touch the Noise Analysis button Touch the Setup for Single Frequency button to initialize the measurement m_to_r MSNR to RSNR Ratio Definition Provides a media signa...

Страница 422: ...etic poles with two orientations possible along the track store the bits as 0 and 1 When the drive reads the head detects the transition from one pole to another as bit 0 to bit 1 for instance If such transitions are far away or low density the drive will see isolated pulses But to increase density the pulses can be made shorter and placed closer together or kept wide but overlapping While the fir...

Страница 423: ...curs or else it becomes impossible to separate it from the head signal Since the head signal is typically noisy and contains pulses that are not quite the desired shape the DDA provides an equalization filter to reduce much of the noise and reshape the pulses before it processes the waveform This filter is a digital implementation of a seven pole two zero equiripple filter When you are using the f...

Страница 424: ... cell This is not a hard limit but performance will degrade with fewer than five samples per bit cell Alternatively you can adjust the filter settings manually 3 dB Frequency This is the actual 3 dB frequency of the filter In most implementations of frequency cutoff fc the 3 dB point if Boost is 0 dB and group delay is 0 is controlled by you It is understood that the real 3 dB frequency will be hi...

Страница 425: ...erfectly flat group delay The non flatness increases with the ratio of 3 dB frequency to sampling rate and with boost The DDA requires 5 samples per bit cell which means that the 3 dB frequency will be 10 of sampling rate If this requirement is met group delay should be sufficiently flat E2PR4 is especially sensitive to non flat group delay For E2PR4 especially if the 5 samples per bit cell requir...

Страница 426: ...on the taking of readback signal samples at exact focus positions Shifting the clock slightly from the correct position is enough to distort sample values A clock recovery circuit Phase Locked Loop PLL adjusts the phase of the oscillator based on the value of the phase error This is usually done in a feedback circuit The phase error function is calculated in the phase detector circuit and is equal...

Страница 427: ...ue is taken the level looked for by the emulation is increased The screen below shows an example of phase and gain steering To start the AGC we must find the maximum and minimum levels in the VCO Synch and then initialize the levels to be searched Thus if the pulses are exactly the desired shape then 1 and 1 will be where expected with the other levels symmetrically spaced in between Note that the...

Страница 428: ...quence with the minimum distance maximum likelihood is selected as the detection result Viterbi Detector Trellis The Viterbi detector is a state machine consisting of two distinct parts states and transitions While state is the current magnetization of the disk and some history memorization of the latest states transition relates the current state to the next state For the detector only two possib...

Страница 429: ...encoded pattern written to the disk head analog signal The limitation on the minimum number of 0 s provides transition separation to avoid pulse crowding RLL codes are characterized by four parameters referenced as m n d k y modulation code maps m user bits NRZ data into n encoded bits head analog signal y n is always bigger than m because n smaller than m would mean data is compressed on the disk...

Страница 430: ...nfirming message is displayed The message disappears after approximately 10 seconds Loading Your UDT File Remotely To call the UDT file when operating the instrument remotely use remote command DD_LOAD_UDF filename where filename full qualified path to the UDT file for example C Lecroy myudf General Rules and Error Messages All lexical elements should be separated by white space Lexical elements i...

Страница 431: ...w changes of relative spacing it starts analyzing each VCO sync field assuming symmetry and perfect spacing In the DDA this value is 0 12 for PR4 EPR4 and E2PR4 If this keyword is not seen its value remains unchanged If this value is never set the default is 0 12 possible error messages AGC_GAIN must be 0 and 0 125 keyword KEYWORDS_VERSION arguments 1 required yes possible error messages Keywords ...

Страница 432: ...iod change of the emulated PLL due to steering from one sample The value is a fraction of a bit cell time The DDA uses 0 06 for PR4 and EPR4 and 0 04 for E2PR4 If this keyword is not seen its value remains unchanged If this value is never set the default is 0 04 possible error messages MAX_PHASE_ADJ must be 0 and 0 1 bit cells keyword NORMALIZED_LEVELS arguments see note below required no Notes 1 ...

Страница 433: ...and 1e 9 for E2PR4 If this keyword is not seen its value remains unchanged If it has never been set since power on the default is 1e 9 Notes about the PLL loop We steer our software PLLs phase proportional and period integral with coefficients phase_steering_gain and spacing_steering_gain They are used like this spacing correction phase error spacing_steering_gain phase correction phase error phas...

Страница 434: ...t least one STATE specification must be seen or the parse is considered failed 3 In some cases one or both of the transitions to a state may not be valid that is they are disallowed due to encoding constraints In such a case use the value 100 as the previous state from for that transition this is recognized as disallowing the transition Any other value outside of 0 to STATES minus one is declared ...

Страница 435: ... yes Notes This is the ratio of the nominal 1 sample level to the peak height of the VCO sync pattern This is used in our emulated channel s acquisition of the proper sampling phase and levels For example using a 2T sync pattern PR4 has levels 1 1 1 1 and the peaks are significantly higher For PR4 the DDA uses 0 7854 for this value For EPR4 a 2T pattern is 0 1 0 1 so the peaks are 1 and 1 For EPR4...

Страница 436: ...CROSS_TO_SAMPLE is 0 for EPR4 For E2PR4 a 2T pattern gives 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 there are two samples between zero crossings and the first sample after a zero crossing is one quarter of the distance to the next zero cross just as for PR4 Therefore ZERO_CROSS_TO_SAMPLE is 0 25 for E2PR4 possible error messages ZERO_CROSS_TO_SAMPLE must be 0 and 0 5 Example File An example of a user definition equivalent...

Страница 437: ...667 STATE 14 7 0 15 0 33333 STATE 15 7 0 33333 15 0 LEVELS 7 TOP_LEVEL_AS_FRACTION_OF_PEAK 1 06045 nominal 1 peak height in vco sync field For 2T NORMALIZED_LEVELS 1 66667 33333 0 33333 66667 1 PLL_PROP_GAIN 1e 9 PLL_INTEG_GAIN 4e 11 MAX_PHASE_ADJ 0 04 STEERING_LATENCY 6 TRELLIS_LENGTH 81 AGC_GAIN 0 12 MAX_LEVEL_ADJ 20 833e 3 ZERO_CROSS_TO_SAMPLE 0 25 Fraction of zero cross spacing End of file ...

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