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HEAD OFFICE

：

1-17-16,NISHI-HOKIMA,ADATI-KU,TOKYO 121-0812 JAPAN

Tel.03(3850)5431/Fax.03(3850)5436

FACTORY

：

5-24-27,HOKIMA,ADATI-KU,TOKYO 121-0064 JAPAN

Tel.03(3858)3241/Fax.03(3859)1240

BRANCH OFFICE

：

1-5-16,ENOKOJIMA,NISI-KU,OSAKA 550-0006 JAPAN

Tel.06(6448)3412/Fax.06(6448)0875

．

Oct

．

2007

．

Summary of Contents for 5683

Page 1: ...MANUAL VER No 1 01 AC BRIDGE SYSTEM DYNAMIC STRAIN AMPLIFIRE MODELS ５６８３５６８４ＯＰＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＭＡＮＵＡＬ ...

Page 2: ...o condensation on the surface of the product The warranty does not apply for the case where damages or faults caused by use against instructions warnings or cautions This instrument is delivered after a thorough examination at the factory prior to shipment However please examine the product s condition and verify that no obvious shipping damage has occurred after opening the package Also examine t...

Page 3: ... This indicates a condition or practice that could result in personal injury or loss of life or may result in light injury or physical damage if this equipment is misused due to neglect of a Warning This indicates a condition or practice that could result in light injury or damage to the equipment or other property if this equipment is misused due to neglect of a Caution In order to avoid electric...

Page 4: ... using this product when there is a failure in protective grounding or protective functions Confirm that there is no failure in the protective function before using Use in Gaseous Atmosphere Never use this amplifier in a flammable or explosive atmosphere or atmosphere of steam Use in such atmosphere will result in danger to users and the amplifier Disassembling the Frame It is dangerous to remove ...

Page 5: ...e temperature and humidity rise due to direct sunlight or heaters The operating environment of the amplifier temperature 10 to 50 C humidity 20 to 85 2 Wet locations 3 Locations where salt oil or corrosive gases exist 4 Damp or dusty locations 5 Locations subject to strong vibrations 3 Cautions on power supply 1 Be careful of power voltage fluctuations Do not use the amplifier when these are likel...

Page 6: ...nsation on the surface of the product Do not use this instrument at the following locations High humidity locations Locations with direct sunlight exposure In the vicinity of high temperature heat source Location with vibrations Locations where salt water oil or corrosive gases exist ４ When using many amplifier units install fan units 5 When a case is used to accommodate amplifiers the case must b...

Page 7: ... Two years from our shipment 2 Warranty limit We will repair the defects of our product free of charge within the warranty period however this warranty does not apply in the following cases 1 Damage or faults caused by incorrect use 2 Damage or faults caused by fire earthquake traffic accident or other natural disasters 3 Damage or faults caused by a repair or modification that is carried out by s...

Page 8: ...ock Diagram of Measurement 1 2 1 5 Features of Dynamic Strain Amplifiers 1 3 2 NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF PARTS 2 1 Names and Functions of Parts on Front Panel 2 1 to 2 4 2 2 How to Set Calibration Value CAL 2 5 2 3 Indication upon Balancing 2 6 2 4 Names and Functions of Parts on Rear Panel 2 7 to 2 8 3 BEFORE MEASURING 3 1 Cable Connections 3 1 3 1 1 Input Cable Connections 3 1 3 1 2 Connections of ...

Page 9: ...3 Connection of Output to Load 4 8 4 3 1 Connection of Output to Data Recorder 4 8 to 4 9 4 4 How to Read Measured Values 4 9 to 4 10 4 4 1 Correction of Calibration CAL Values 4 10 to 4 11 4 5 Special Applications 4 12 4 5 1 Slip Ring 4 12 4 5 2 Differential Transformer 4 12 5 OPERATION THEORY 5 1 Flow of Measured Signal 5 1 6 OPTIONAL FUNCTIONS 6 1 Current Output 56 201 4 to 20 mA output unit 6 ...

Page 10: ...9 1 to 9 2 9 2 Cable List 9 3 to 9 4 9 3 Dimensional outline drowing 9 5 9 3 1 Unit 9 5 9 3 2 Panel cut sizes 9 6 9 3 3 Bench top Case 9 7 9 3 4 Rack mounting Case 9 8 9 3 5 Fan Unit 9 9 9 3 6 Bridge Box 5370 and 5373 9 10 9 3 7 Compact Bridge Box 5379 and 5380 9 11 ...

Page 11: ...are their lead free and battery less product design When several amplifier units are installed in a case power supply auto balancing calibration value input and key locking for all amplifier units can be made by one operation If you encounter any problem read the section for maintenance and contact with our sales representative if the problem is not solved 1 2 Amplifier Unit and Case The table blo...

Page 12: ...1 AC power cord 47326 Instruction Manual x 1 1 4 Block Diagram of Measurement The following diagram illustrates a typical measurement system that broadly covers a varie ty of factors including signal amplitude frequencies and measuring time Table1 3 List of optional devices Phenomena Sensor Instrument Recorder Analyzer Load Pressure Displacement Acceleration Torque Bridge Box Strain Gauge Strain M...

Page 13: ... range these amplifiers have high anti noise characteristics This feature is advantageous in measurement using strain a gauge Amplifier Type AC StrainAmplifier Model 5683 5684 Voltage Sensitivity 10V at 200 10 6 Strain 10V at 200 10 6 Strain Nonlinearity 0 1 FS 0 2 FS Frequency Response DC 2kHz DC 10kHz Noise 2 0 10 6 Strain p p 6 0 10 6 Strain p p Max Gain 50 000 20 000 Bridge Voltage AC Voltage ...

Page 14: ... the LED at the over voltage side blinks 3 Digital monitor Four digit 1 2 This monitor digitally displays the output voltage of OUTPUT 2 5 When OUTPUT2 level adjustment volume 18 is turned clockwise 10 000 is indicated in response to an output of 10 V In combination with 18 2 kN can be displayed as 2 000 when the transducer converting 2 kN to 10 V is used For decimal point shift refer to page 3 8 ...

Page 15: ...lancing is not performed indication of good balance ０V is made Therefore do not forget to perform balancing When the high pass filter is turned on a frequency element of 0 5 Hz or lower including DC is deleted which is the state of the offset voltage cancellation 4 Resistance balance fine tuning R FINE Turning this knob clockwise moves the output to the positive side while turning it counter clock...

Page 16: ...ing range LED This LED displays measuring range from an output of 10V 200 000µε to 10V 200µε for Model 5683 µε 10 6 strain For the measuring range for Model 5684 refer to page 3 4 Measuring Range 12 Calibration value setup knob CAL µε µε 10 6 strain First digit Second digit Third digit Fourth digit Indicated value is calculated value based on input The value can be set from 1µε to 9999µε by a step...

Page 17: ...0 300 500 Hz W B for Model 5683 Cut off frequencies 10 30 100 500 Hz 3 kHz W B for Model 5684 17 Low pass filter LED This LED indicates the cut off frequency for the low pass filter W B wideband signifies OFF for the low pass filter 18 OUTPUT2 level control volume The output voltage for OUTPUT2 5 can be controlled from the rating 10 V to 1 V Control the voltage with the attached screw driver The o...

Page 18: ...ue is based on the equivalent value for gauge factor 2 00 and one gauge configuration For strain gauge type transducer set and calculate the value based on 1mV V 2000µε Calibration value setting E g To convert Calibration value CAL from 2000µε to 5000µε Fig 2 3 Calibration value CAL The fourth digit blinks Press calibration setting knob 12 Turn calibration setting knob 12 to set the value to 5 Pre...

Page 19: ...portions enclosed by broken line are omitted executing auto balancing For how to set these functions to ON or OFF refer to page 3 8 How to Switch Special Function Setting Fig 2 5 Block diagram for balance operation or Push BAL knob Display bridge check CheckingAB line Checking BC line Checking CD line Checking DAline No disconnection or short Disconnection or short Repeatedly showing until BAL kno...

Page 20: ... bridge power voltage circuit When the amplifier is used in a stand alone always set the switch to INT When a case is used the synchronous signal is supplied through in case wiring The amplifier unit whose setting is set to be INT is the master therefore other units should be set to EXT For more details see page 3 9 Synchronization among Units 3 Bridge power voltage selection switch BV Selection o...

Page 21: ...r unit and case electrically The pin layout is shown as follows Other than DC power voltage supply it is possible to perform keylock auto balancing calibration value application and synchronous signal output A connection cable is available separately Amplifier Interface connector from rear side 1 CAL 2 CAL 3 BAL 4 OSC 5 GND 6 KEYLOCK 7 GND 8 DC 9 DC 7 Protective grounding terminal If 3 pin power c...

Page 22: ...ent is possible For more information on this adjustment function see page 3 7 4 If you must measure large strains or wish to reduce the voltage going entering into the transducer you can change the bridge voltage to 0 5 V Set the bridge voltage to 0 5 V using bridge voltage selection switch 3 on the rear panel Fig 3 1 Connection with bridge box and so on Bridge Box When you yank this plug out of t...

Page 23: ...e circuit Tune to your target measuring range using measuring range selection knob 8 and adjust the output to zero while no load is being applied 6 Bridge check cable length compensation and automatic balancing Turn measuring range selection knob 8 clockwise up to your target measuring range and then narrow the measuring range i e increasing sensitivity In this case the indication of measuring ran...

Page 24: ...e conductor resistance generated by the cable After the cable length compensation is made the initial balance is made and then the green LED in the middle illuminates For further fine tuning turn the BAL knob 4 clockwise or anti clockwise The adjustment range is an output of 1 V The cable length compensation data is stored in the internal memory until the BAL switch is pressed even if the power sw...

Page 25: ...le ８００００２０００００２００００５００００ Table3 1 Measurement Range of Model 5683 Range １０６ Strain １０ＶFull Scale Measurement Range ＬＥＤ Fine adjustment Knob ＢＶ０５ＶＢＶ２Ｖ５００ 1X to 2X Continuous Variable ２０００４０００５００１０００１ｋ 1X to 2X Continuous Variable ４０００８０００１０００２０００２K 1X to 2 5X Continuous Variable ８０００２００００２０００５０００５K 1X to 2X Continuous Variable ２００００４００００５０００１００００１０k 1X to...

Page 26: ...firming the cause of failure take measures to repair the failure Following repairs press the BAL knob for longer than five seconds for disconnection checking If there is no problem Good is indicated If disconnection or a short is detected there is always an error indication However the failure location may not be found depending on the number of disconnections or the disconnection conditions on th...

Page 27: ...ab S da S ab S cd S bc S da INDICATION Digital Monitor Disconnection on cable INDICATION Digital Monitor OPEn E ab E bc or E Lb E bc E cd or E Lc E cd E da or E Ld Disconnection on bridge circuit Disconnection on bridge circuit Error Indication in the case of short Error indication in the case of disconnection Disconnection on cable S ab S bc S cd S da E bc E cd E da or E Lc E Ld E ab E da or E La...

Page 28: ...nce high accuracy strain measurement is possible there are reductions in measurement time On off for cable length compensation can be switched using the dip switch on the bottom face of the amplifier See page 3 8 for more details Distance between amplifier and bridge box m Bridge Resistance ２０ｍ５０ｍ１００ｍ２００ｍ１２０Ω １２３０５８１１０３５０Ω ０４１１２１４１５００Ω ０３０７１５２９１０００Ω ０１０４０７１５ 1 Au...

Page 29: ...eover Cable length compensation function OFF Switch 1 up Off Cable length compensation function ON Switch 1 down On 1 2 3 4 ON Bridge check function Switch 2 changeover Bridge check function OFF Switch 2 up Off Bridge check function ON Switch 1 down On 1 2 3 4 ON Decimal point indication Setup through the combinations of switches 3 and 4 Displaying the decimal point of digital monitor 3 at the thi...

Page 30: ... For use under such conditions the power supply should be provided with the voltage drop taken into account or the wire diameter or cord length of the power cord should be modified B Synchronization between units When two or more amplifier units are installed in a case unit synchronization is maintained by the internal wiring inside the case and synchronization signal One amplifier should be set t...

Page 31: ...er cases should be set to EXT Note that only amplifier units with the same bridge power frequency can be installed in a case It is impossible to share a common case or synchronize between cases that have amplifiers installed with different bridge power frequencies Take notice that the bridge power frequency of Models 5683 is 5 kHz and that of Model 5684 is 25 kHz Do not set two or more units to IN...

Page 32: ...zation cable To perform auto balancing for one unit press the BAL knob 4 for that unit F Switch for application of calibration values to all units 2 Hold down the switch to apply calibration value 2 A calibration value is set to all amplifier units This switch has priority over the calibration value application switch 14 in each amplifier unit regardless of the position of the switch This function...

Page 33: ...it the key locking status is maintained This is applicable when two or more cases are being used H Remote box The same operations are available when a small control box like in Fig 3 10 is used The BAL switch should include a locking mechanism in order to avoid erroneous operations Use a momentary switch accordingly 3 6 3 Heat Release for Case A Using standalone rack mounting case As a rack mounti...

Page 34: ...sition of fan If fan unit A may prevent upward air flows when the depth differs as shown with a slant fan unit A should be mounted directly above this position Through this fan layout fan unit A ventilates and fan unit B enhances natural convection One fan unit B should be installed for every three cases It should be mounted as close to a case as possible Number of case Number of fan unit under se...

Page 35: ...sation Prevents instability in operation Install the amplifier system in environments where acceleration of mechanical vibrations is less than 3 G 3000 rpm 0 6 mmP P Prevents damage and noise from entering the equipment Installing the amplifier system in the presence of strong magnetic or electric fields must be avoided Prevents noise from entering the equipment Installation environment for dynami...

Page 36: ...ons When incorporating one or more strain gauges into the four arms of a bridge a quarter half or full bridge configuration can be used These configurations can further be classified into same sign equivalent values different sign equivalent values and different sign constant proportional values according to the type of strain applied to the strain gauge s In addition by effectively utilizing the ...

Page 37: ...pression or bending force is applied Temperature compensation using a dummy gauge Calculated using the calibration value as it is E e Two active gauge configuration Suited for where simple tension compression or bending force is applied Temperature compensation Calculated using calibrated value x 1 1 ν or signal value x 1 1 ν E e Two active gauge configuration Detects bending strain Eliminates ten...

Page 38: ...minates bending strain Temperature compensation Calculated using calibrated value x 1 2 1 ν or signal value x 1 2 1 ν E e Ｄ Four active gauge configuration Detects bending strain Eliminates tension and compression strain Temperature compensation Calculated using calibration value x 1 4 or signal value x 1 4 E e Four active gauge configuration Backside Detects torsional strain Eliminates tension co...

Page 39: ...the bridge box in an area as close to the measurement point as possible b The bridge box may be secured with screws using the screw holes shown in Fig 4 1 as needed c Avoid installing the bridge box where it will be exposed to high humidity excessive temperature changes or strong electric and magnetic fields d When the bridge box is installed secure the interconnecting cable if possible and connec...

Page 40: ...f the cable into account This enables precision measurements without having to pay attention to the difference between the output voltage and the calibration CAL value Distance between amplifier and bridge box m Bridge Resistance 20m 50m 100m 200m 60Ω 2 4 5 8 11 0 19 9 120Ω 1 2 3 0 5 8 11 0 350Ω 0 4 1 1 2 1 4 1 500Ω 0 3 0 7 1 5 2 9 1000Ω 0 1 0 4 0 7 1 5 For information on how to correct the value ...

Page 41: ... the specifications for input connectors of strain gauges specified by the Japanese Society of Non destructive Inspection Fig 4 3 Connection of transducer to the amplifier unit Fig 4 4 Connecting Cable 2 Operating precautions on use of transducers a Unstable and loose attachment of a transducer may cause malfunctioning of the amplifier unit or noise Transducers should be securely fixed after refer...

Page 42: ... the input level of data recorders Especially with frequency modulated data recorders if an input signal greater than the allowable input level of the data recorder is applied it may be over modulated causing failure in recording To avoid this the amplifier unit is capable of displaying excessive output voltage As shown in Fig 4 5 if the input signal exceeds the threshold level approximately 10 5 ...

Page 43: ...he amplifier unit Ｒ0 １Ω Ｌ0 200 µ Error due to Voltage Dividing Circuit Ｒ1 kΩ Ｒ2 kΩ DC １kHz ２kHz ５kHz １０kHz 90 11 1 0 08 0 08 0 09 0 12 0 24 9 1 01 0 02 0 02 0 02 0 02 0 02 Table4 5 Error due to Voltage Dividing Circuit 4 4 How to Read Measured Values This section describes how to read the measured values of a waveform recorded on a data acquisition device or recorder Fig 4 7 Measured value at poin...

Page 44: ...ount is as follows irrespective of the bridge supply voltage Calibration Strain Calibration Physical Amount 2000 10ｰ6 strain 1kN 1 1kN 1000 10ｰ6 strain 1kN 1 2 500N 500 10ｰ6 strain 1kN 1 4 250N 200 10ｰ6 strain 1kN 1 10 100N Table4 6 The formula is as follows Calibration value of physical amount x Rated capacity The physical amount can be calculated as follows Calibration value of physical amount 2...

Page 45: ...match the quarter bridge configuration 3 Where the distance from the bridge box to the amplifier unit is long If the cable from the bridge box or a transducer to the amplifier unit is long the bridge supply will drop due to the conductor resistance of the cable This causes errors between the bridge output voltage and the CAL value For obtaining the voltage drop rate refer to Bridge Voltage Drop Ra...

Page 46: ...ber of bridges are limited The input impedance of this amplifier unit is very high thereby enabling measurement with less interference between channels If multi channel measurement is to be conducted it is necessary to install a separate bridge power voltage 4 5 2 Differential Transformers Differential transformers are generally designed to provide high sensitivity Because differential transformer...

Page 47: ...two output systems the output of OUTPUT1 is displayed on a level meter while the output of OUTPUT2 is displayed on a digital monitor The output of an oscillator is also isolated by a transformer and fed to the isolation side and then used as bridge power supply ＥＢＡＣＤ Bridge Check Cable Length Compensation Calibration Voltage Generator Resistance Unbalance Adjusting Circuit Capacitance Unbalanc...

Page 48: ...of the output voltage varies from positive to negative the output current starts decreasing from 4 mA to approximately 0 mA This 4 20 mA output unit can be built into the body of this product if requested upon the delivery order with extra cost To add this current output option to the already purchased product contact our sales representative since your product needs to be modified Separately char...

Page 49: ...When an amplifier unit is connected to a case the protective grounding terminal case protective grounding terminal grounding terminal of batch power supply connector are connected and have the same potential The grounding wire should have AWG16 wire material and connected with a screw Always connect the grounding wire to ground 6 2 4 Caution on Rack mount Case A rack mount case is a case that is u...

Page 50: ...age between input and output 1 5kVAC for one minute Fig 7 1 Check Item Chart 1 Power Supply Voltage Range DC Power Supply Voltage 10 30V AC Power Supply Voltage 85 132V 50 or 60 Hz WARNING Does the green LED of level meter 2 turn on After adding the dummy resistor to the bridge box set the measurement range selection knob 8 to OFF After that turn to the direction of 200 to perform bridge balancing...

Page 51: ...rift with time Press the surface of the strain gauge softly Then does the level of level meter 2 move Yes Remove the strain gauge and paste a new strain gauge Set the measuring range to OFF using measuring range selection knob 8 OFF illuminates on measuring LED 11 Disconnect the bridge circuit from the amplifier unit and then measure the isolation resistance of the bridge circuit No Does the isola...

Page 52: ... fuse slow blowing for DC power supply fuse When replacing be careful of AC and DC 6 When installing fuse holder use a flat blade screw driver When pushing the fuse keep the fuse holder slit to be vertical to the amplifier unit Fig 7 5 dotted line and then press deeply and turn clockwise by 90 degree 7 Confirm that the fuse holder is fully installed in the amplifier unit as Fig 7 2 Also confirm th...

Page 53: ...led fuse 100 VAC 200 VAC 100 mA 0334 3006 can therefore be used for both supply voltages 4 Attach the amplifier cover so that the slit of the amplifier cover matches to the frame of the amplifier unit 5 Fasten the screws of upper face 6 When using 200 VAC power supply use optional AC power cord 200 V Fig 7 8 0311 5112 OFF 100V 200V Fig 7 8 AC Power cord for 200V Front Panel Rear Panel Fig 7 6 Fig ...

Page 54: ...ithin 1 0 10 6 strain RANGE 500 Without FINE BV 2V Maximum input range Model 5683 200 000 10 6 strain BV 0 5V RANGE 20k FINE 2 5 Model 5684 500 000 10 6 strain BV 0 5V RANGE 50k FINE 2 5 Voltage sensitivity Model 5683 10 V 200 10 6 strain input Model 5684 10 V 500 10 6 strain input Measurement range change Model 5683 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 10 6 strain 2 BV in value OFF Model 5684 500 1k 2k 5k 10...

Page 55: ...F by pressing the key lock button approximately for one second Except CAL switch and BV selection switch Setting value saving Saving the value in flush memory Can be held without back up battery Resistance to vibration 29 4m s2 50Hz X Y Z 10 minutes for each and conforming to MIL STD 810F 514 5C 1 Withstand Voltage Insulation resistance Model 5683 1 kVAC 1 minute between each input terminal A B C ...

Page 56: ...00 1000 10000 W B 2kHz 500Hz 300Hz 100Hz 30Hz 10Hz Frequency Characteristics of Model 5683 Amplitude dB 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 500Hz W B 2ｋHz 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 W B 500Hz 300Hz 100Hz 30Hz Phase Properties of Model 5683 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 500Hz W B 2kHz Phase Delay Degree ...

Page 57: ...z 100Hz 30Hz 10Hz Frequency Characteristics of Model 5684 600 0 500 0 400 0 300 0 200 0 100 0 0 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Phase Delay Degree W B 10kHz 3kHz 500Hz 100Hz 30Hz 10Hz Phase Properties of Model 5684 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 500Hz 3kHz W B 10kHz 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 500Hz 3kHz W B 10kHz ...

Page 58: ...ld Red Output Black Common Length 2m Metal BNC alligator clip Red Black Models 5683 5684 amplifiers unit Attached as standard One piece Output Cable TYPE 47226 Length 2m Metal BNC Metal BNC Output Cable TYPE 0311 5022 Length 1m Metal BNC Banana plug Output Cable TYPE 0311 5174 Length 2m Double banana plug Metal BNC For RA connection Output Cable TYPE 0311 5200 Length 2m Insulated BNC Metal BNC For...

Page 59: ...eter of cable Φ10 Core wire 1 25mm2 Junction Cable TYPE 47230 Ａ BV Ｂ Input Ｃ BV Ｄ Input Ｅ Shield Length 10m External diameter of cable Φ9 6 Core wire 0 5mm 2 Extension Cable TYPE 47231 Ａ BV Ｂ Input Ｃ BV Ｄ Input Ｅ Shield Length 25m External diameter of cable Φ9 6 Core wire 0 5mm2 Sync Cable TYPE 56 402 Connector ＣＡＬＣＡＬＢＡＬＯＳＣＧＮＤＫＥＹＬＯＣＫＧＮＤＤＣＤＣ Length 1 8m D Sub9pin male D Sub9pin male Straigh...

Page 60: ...９ 5 9 3 Dimensional Outline Drawing 9 3 1 Unit ...

Page 61: ...９ 6 9 3 2 Panel Cut Sizes Square Hole ...

Page 62: ...９ 7 9 3 3 Bench top Case TYPE Ａ B 4CHBench Top Case 56 104 262 6 236 6CHBench Top Case 56 106 362 6 336 8CHBench Top Case 56 108 462 6 436 ...

Page 63: ...９ 8 9 3 4 Rack mounting Case Rack Rail Elongate Hole ...

Page 64: ...９ 9 9 3 5 Fan Unit Fan 8CH Rack mounting Case Fan Unit Case ...

Page 65: ...９ 10 9 3 6 Bridge Box 5370 and 5373 Attachment Hole ...

Page 66: ...９ 11 9 3 7 Compact Bridge Box 5379 and 5380 ...

Page 67: ......

Page 68: ...d without prior notice HEAD OFFICE 1 17 16 NISHI HOKIMA ADATI KU TOKYO 121 0812 JAPAN Tel 03 3850 5431 Fax 03 3850 5436 FACTORY 5 24 27 HOKIMA ADATI KU TOKYO 121 0064 JAPAN Tel 03 3858 3241 Fax 03 3859 1240 BRANCH OFFICE 1 5 16 ENOKOJIMA NISI KU OSAKA 550 0006 JAPAN Tel 06 6448 3412 Fax 06 6448 0875 5 Oct 2007 ...

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