RCA 301 Programmer'S Reference Manual Download

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Figure 3—Recording on Hi-Data Tape

Model 381

1 2 8 I N T E R L A C E D D A T A

T R A C K S I N E A C H

-8

Figure 1 —Recording on the Data Disc

READ-WRITE
HEAOS

128 SINGLE DATA

TRACKS IN EACH

O oO

o o

o o o

O oO

Figure 4—Recording on Paper Tape

Figure 2—Recording on the Data Record

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Summary of Contents for 301

Page 1: ...3 0 1 L Morr s CSCP LLMorris CSCW D A T A P R O C E S S I N G S Y S T E M P R O G R A M M E R S REFE RENC E M A N U A L RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA Electronic Data Processing RCA Cherry Hill Camden 8 N J 93 16 000 November 1966 ...

Page 2: ...contained herein is subject to change without notice Revisions ifiay be issued to advise of such changes and or additions Reissued June 1964 This manual has been reprinted to include all revisions through November 1966 ...

Page 3: ...er Equipment II 7 Data Record File H 7 Data Disc File H 8 3488 Unit jj g III THE COMPUTER FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION High Speed Memory III l The Basic Instruction III l Program Control HI_3 The Console 111 10 IV THE RCA 301 INSTRUCTIONS GENERAL DESCRIPTION IV 1 V DATA HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS Translate by Table A y_3 Locate Symbol Left K V 5 Locate Symbol Right L y_7 Transfer Data Left M y_9 Transfer Dat...

Page 4: ...9 Card Reader VIII 20 v Input Output Sense S VIII 21 IX INPUT OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS TAPE Tape Read Forward Normal 4 IX 3 Tape Read Forward Simultaneous 5 IX 6 vTape Read Reverse Normal 6 IX 7 Tape Read Reverse Simultaneous 7 IX 9 Tape Write Normal 8 IX 10 Tape Write Simultaneous 9 IX 12 v R ewind to BTC IX 13 Input Output Sense S IX 14 Automatic Rollback Control S IX 16 Sense Read Error S IX 17 X IN...

Page 5: ...s 5 Write Normal 8 Xy Write Simultaneous 9 xy g Input Output Sense S xv APPENDICES A RCA 301 Codes B List of Instructions g C Summary of Instructions 1 D Instruction Timing E Standard High Speed Memory Locations F I Symbols Used for N Character Counts Except in Repeat and Paper Advance F l F II Symbols Used for N Character Counts in Repeat and Paper Advance Instructions F l G Device Identification...

Page 6: ...HRSfOTPflf I I I I ...

Page 7: ...al AND and Exclusive OR A Repeat instruction permitting the next repeatable instruction to be repeated a specified number of times Automatic programming aids include RCA 301 COBOL Assembly System FORTRAN and a Scientific Interpreter An extensive library of service and maintenance routines is also available The System processes information prepared by a variety of input media for distribution to th...

Page 8: ...to 900 cards per minute The Card Reader Model 329 reads information punched in 80 column cards for transfer to the Processor Automatic translation between Hollerith card code and 301 code is provided under program control Cards may be read binarily under program control Reading is performed at a rate of up to 1500 cards per minute The Card Reader Punch Model 330 consists of an 80 column card reade...

Page 9: ... many as three of the files being written to or read from simultaneously A The Data Disc File Model 363 provides rapid random access storage in modules of 22 million alphanumeric characters Each side of a magnetic disc is divided into 1152 data tracks The contents of a complete track 1600 characters can be transferred between High Speed Memory and the Data Disc File with one instruction at a trans...

Page 10: ...r and to the Card Punch is assured by use of two separate reading stations in the Card Reader and a reading station following the punch unit in the Card Punch When reading cards in the Translate Mode of operation any non RCA 301 Card Code combination excluding Y 0 is detected trans ferred into memory as an octal 57 578 and both the Computer and Card Reader halt after the complete card image has be...

Page 11: ...er empty or output hopper full 6 Non RCA 301 card character read by the Card Reader when in the Translate Mode 7 Tape Station reading extra bits in interblock gap 8 On Line Printer paper supply low THE RCA 301 CODE The RCA 301 System employs a binary code using seven binary digits or bits to represent each RCA 301 character Of the seven bits which make up each of the characters the highest order b...

Page 12: ...numeric characters Memory Locations are addressed as follows Memory Locations Addresses Memory Locations Addresses 0000 to 9999 0000 to 9999 24000 to 24999 M000 to M999 10000 to 10999 000 to 999 25000 to 25999 NOOO to N999 11000 to 11999 A000 to A999 26000 to 26999 O000 to 0999 12000 to 12999 B000 to B999 27000 to 27999 P000 to P999 13000 to 13999 C000 to C999 28000 to 28999 Q000 to Q999 14000 to ...

Page 13: ...sts of any number of related information records and may consist of only a part of a Data Record File record or Data Disc File disc or several records or discs On magnetic tape it may consist of several tapes or any part of one tape Organization of Data on Paper Tape In the RCA 301 system characters are represented on paper tape by combinations of holes punched in rows across the tape A hole repre...

Page 14: ...TRACK S IN EACH o 8 Figure 1 Recording on the Data Disc READ WRITE HEAOS 128 SINGLE DATA TRACKS IN EACH p 25 24 23 22 2 1 2 c 0 o o O O o o O oO o o o O O o o o o o O o o o o O O o o o o O oO o Figure 4 Recording on Paper Tape Figure 2 Recording on the Data Record 1 8 ...

Page 15: ...tem the number of character positions for each item in a record is assigned in accordance with the anticipated maximum length for that item These lengths may be individually predetermined for each file but remain constant for each item within the file Fixed variable word length does provide greater flexibility than does fixed word length Data storage in a true variable length system does not have ...

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Page 17: ...e approximately 18 5 ms to be used for other operations The Card Reader Model 324 has an input hopper which has the capacity to hold 2 000 cards This hopper can be replenished while the machine is running provided the card level has not fallen below 100 cards There are two output stackers a main stacker and a reject stacker The main output stacker has a capacity of 2 400 cards The reject stacker c...

Page 18: ... in a 7 bit character being placed in HSM When punching 5 channel tape the 2 and the 2 bits of each character are stripped off after the character is called from HSM resulting in a 5 bit character being punched on tape Both reading and punching can progress simultaneously if the System has a Simultaneous Control Unit Parity is checked on all information read and on all information received at the ...

Page 19: ...800 N or S 1 160 Column 1 075 N 835 N 1 160 Column 715 N or S 600 N or S 2 120 Column 1 800 N or S 2 800 N or S 2 160 Column 1 600 N or S 2 600 N or S Buffered 1 120 Column 1 000 N or S 800 N or S 1 160 Column 1 075 N or S 835 N or S 2 120 Column 1 1 000 N or S 800 N or S 2 1 000 N or S 800 N or S 2 160 Column 1 1 075 N or S 835 N or S 2 1 075 N or S 835 N or S N Normal Mode S Simultaneous Mode Pr...

Page 20: ...truction in progress in any other mode to permit replenishment of the paper supply Thus printing on a page is completed before the operation is stopped MONITOR PRINTER The Monitor Printer is a typewriter like output device operated under program control The Tape Write Normal or Tape Write Simultaneous instructions are used for operation of this device Characters can be printed at the rate of up to...

Page 21: ...eet of magnetic tape providing a minimum of 1 200 feet of usable tape Tape unit design facilitates the manual interchange of reels Written tapes may be interchanged between individual tape stations or between units with complete compatibility Each tape station can be instructed to read in either the forward or reverse direction or to write in the forward direction Rewinding is at the rate of 90 in...

Page 22: ...d after write parity check In order to provide compatibility with the Hi Data Tape Group Model 381 each tape station will be equipped with two switches The first switch 381 will permit a tape prepared on a Model 381 Tape Station to be read on a Model 382 Tape Station The second switch is used in conjunction with the first When both are set tapes will be prepared on the Model 382 Tape Station that ...

Page 23: ...ontal inch and vertical spacing is six lines per inch The first character which is always sent to the Multiple Tape Lister is the Control Character This character supplies information to the Multiple Tape Lister concerning the tape s to be printed and paper advance The next 24 or 48 characters sent to the Tape Lister are the information characters to be printed i DATA EXCHANGE CONTROL The Data Exc...

Page 24: ...ed within related tracks of each zone on each disc surface are accessible within a single file positioning There are 108 related tracks per module for each strata Access time consists of the sum of two functions 1 moving the read write heads to the selected track and then 2 waiting for the disc to revolve to the point that the beginning of data to be read is positioned under tht heads The latter f...

Page 25: ... the unit to 16 magazines The Expansion Assembly contains a card transport mechanism and a card selection mechanism Magazines Each magazine contains two decks of 128 uniquely addressed cards Each deck of cards is contained within a separately addressable half of a magazine Addressing is independent of the relative position of the cards within each half magazine This eliminates the need for a card ...

Page 26: ...divided into 4 blocks of 650 7 bit characters each The capacity of the 3488 1 along with the expansion assembly are included below UNIT Block Band 4 Blocks Card 64 Bands Magazine 256 cards Retrieval Assembly 8 magazines Retrieval Assembly Plus Expansion Assembly 16 magazines NO OF SEVEN BIT CHARACTERS 650 2600 166 400 42 6 million 340 8 million 681 6 million Control The Model 380 channel acts as t...

Page 27: ...eading or writing to one of four bands each band containing four blocks Card Select The Card Select time 275 ms nominal 260 ms minimum 290 ms maximum is the time required to select a specific card from a magazine and place it into position to be extracted onto the raceway If at this point of time the card can be placed on the capstan it will be immediately extracted Approximately 75 ms nominal 67 ...

Page 28: ...ctivated This identification of the selected half magazine is compared with the requested address Select instruction To determine that the proper card has been selected a set of photocells are located on the track in position for reading the binary coded selection notches on the top of the card This reading is compared with the requested address Select instruction before the card is placed on the ...

Page 29: ...ly extracted a preselect of a second card can be executed The second card will not be extracted until the first card leaves the capstan If the card returning is in the raceway in position to be reloaded into the magazine the reload will be delayed until the extract is completed If the reload has been started the extraction will be delayed until the reload is completed If a card is in the return cy...

Page 30: ...um number that can be recorded is 31 x 1 024 or 31 744 All Tally operations occur before the card reaches the Read Write Head on the first pass of the card Therefore a card circulating on the capstan cannot be initialized by setting the Write Tally switch to Write the switch must be set before the card reaches the capstan The Controlling switches are as follows Up 1 Down 0 16 o o o o o Write O Tal...

Page 31: ...a Memory Register Parity Error alarm will occur and stop the Computer The HSM is constructed so that two characters 14 bits in consecutive memory locations are accessed in a single memory cycle The computer cycle is 7 microseconds this means that characters may be addressed brought into the memory register and regenerated in their original locations every 7 microseconds Each of these groups of two...

Page 32: ...n the proper registers This process is called staticizing and is accomplished in five status levels A status level lasts for seven microseconds and is a term applied to a series of pulses which open certain paths over which information can travel Each status level has a specific function In staticizing each instruction the first status level brings the first diad two characters of the ten characte...

Page 33: ... RCA 301 characters It receives the diad contents that emerge from or are to be placed in the HSM A series of Memory Output Gates permit or inhibit entrance into the Memory Register of either or both of the characters that emerge from the HSM The Interchange links the Memory Register with the Memory Address Bus It selects the proper bus or busses to which characters are transferred from the Memory...

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Page 35: ...ithmetic operation for automatic reference by a subsequent decision instruction If the result is positive the Previous Result Positive PRP flip flop is set if negative the Previous Result Negative PRN flip flop is set if zero the Previous Result Zero PRZ flip flop is set The PRI s are set in most of the arithmetic and logical instructions and in certain search and transfer operations The PRI s may...

Page 36: ...truction when repeated requires three additional status levels 21 microseconds when the contents of the NR Repeat Register exceed zero and requires one additional status level 7 microseconds when the contents of the NR Repeat Register equal zero Simultaneity in the RCA 301 System Simultaneity in the RCA 301 Computer is defined as the coincident execution of two or three instructions Simultaneity i...

Page 37: ...eous Mode but is executed in the Normal Mode If a simultaneous instruction is staticized and SMDI is not on but the system is not equipped with a Simultaneous Mode Control Unit the instruction will be skipped If a simultaneous instruction is staticized and SMDI is not on but the Simultaneous Mode is occupied the simultaneous instruction will hold off in the Normal Mode until the Simultaneous Mode ...

Page 38: ...e until the device is free Independent Operations The following operations are independent operations Band selection Track selection Rewinding tapes Paper advancing Regardless of the mode in which the instructions causing these functions are executed once any one of these functions is initiated it continues independent of the Computer The instruction then is considered by the Computer circuitry to...

Page 39: ...e full speed 160 Column Synchronous Mode reduced speed 160 Column Asynchronous Mode reduced speed 36 288 ms 100 ms Printer Buffered 120 Column Synchronous Mode 120 Column Asynchronous Mode 160 Column Synchronous Mode full speed 160 Column Asynchronous Mode full speed 160 Column Synchronous Mode reduced speed 160 Column Asynchronous Mode reduced speed 1 288 ms 60 ms Printer Buffered 120 Column Sync...

Page 40: ...nstruction 4 RDM Read Memory Allows the displaying of any diad in HSM 5 WRM Write Memory Allows the placing of a diad into two locations in HSM 6 HSMI HSM Inhibit Inhibits information from going to or coming from HSM 7 BAI Bus Adder Inhibit Adding or subtracting ability of the Bus Adder is inhibited Output of the Bus Adder is the same as the input 8 STLR Status Level Repeat Inhibits changing the c...

Page 41: ...ands d 25 is one in the MSD of one operand and 24 is a one in the MSD of the other operand and there is a carry 3 WTT attempted to write to arithmetic table HSM location 0000 0199 with WTAB reset 4 DDF Device Does Not Follow The device addressed is inoperable 5 RE Read Error An error has occurred during a read instruction or when data is transferred from HSM to the printer output buffer 6 TAE Tape...

Page 42: ...s Mode Busy 2 FB Indicates Record File Mode Busy 3 Power Off Will turn off power It is not possible to turn power on from the console This must be done at the Power Supply 4 GEN RES General Reset Resets all registers and counters and the majority of flip flops It sets up the first status level Pi 5 START Used to execute status level displayed 6 All buttons having diamond configurations are reset b...

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Page 45: ...ed in the High Speed Memory The instructions included in this group permit operational control by symbol address or count The major data handling functions operate from right to left or left to right according to the specific instruction involved Arithmetic Instructions Of the instructions in this group two are decimal and three are used to alter the bit configuration of an operand through the use...

Page 46: ... 301 System instruction times can be expressed only as a function of the number of characters involved in a given operation For example the time required to write out to tape depends on the number of characters to be written and the time required to add two numbers together depends on the number of digits in the operands The time or timing formula listed for each instruction includes staticizing t...

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Page 49: ...ansferred to the D Register as follows 22 21 and 2 bits are transferred to corresponding positions in D 25 24 and 23 bits are transferred to the 22 21 and 2 positions respectively of D2 the remaining bits in the D Register are zeros except parity bits which are generated properly The contents of B0 B D2 and D are used to address the translate table The character is read out of the translate table ...

Page 50: ...HSM after the Instruction 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 1 2 5 G C F D H 9 Final Register Contents At 4058 Bf 6300 Time 21 5 35 140 tS ...

Page 51: ... comparison proves unequal and the contents of the Memory Address Register are equal to Ai PRN is set the contents of the A Register are decremented by two and the instruction terminates 2 If this comparison proves unequal and the contents of the Memory Address Register are not equal to Ai PRP is set the contents of the A Register are decremented by two and the instruction terminates 3 If this com...

Page 52: ...peration N A Address B Address K sp 2010 2019 HSM before and after Instruction is Executed 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp Final Register Contents At 2019 Bf 2019 PR1 PRZ is set Time 14 10 56 196 s Example 3 Instruction Operation K N O HSM before and after Instruction is Executed A Address 3278 B Address 3284 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3 2 7 ...

Page 53: ...tents of the N Register 1 If this comparison proves unequal and the contents of the Memory Address Register are equal to A PRN is set the contents of the A Register are incremented by two and the instruction terminates 2 If this comparison proves unequal and the contents of the Memory Address Register are not equal to Af PRP is set the contents of the A Register are incremented by two and the inst...

Page 54: ...Instruction Operation L N HSM before and after Instruction is Executed A Address 1009 B Address 1000 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1 0 3 0 9 Final Register Content A f 1005 B 1000 PRI PRP is set T ime 14 6 56 140 xs V 8 ...

Page 55: ...gister is transferred to the HSM location specified by the B Register The contents of the A and B Registers are incremented by one the contents of the N Register are decremented by one and the cycle is repeated Final Register Contents A f A d d r e s s l o c a t i o n o n e t o t h e r i g h t o f t h e l a s t c h a r a c t e r t r a n s f e r r e d B Address location one to the right of the last...

Page 56: ...location specified by the B Register The contents of the A and B Registers are decremented by one the contents of the N Register are decremented by one and the cycle is repeated The A address and the B address will be staticized although N may equal zero Final Register Contents A f A d d r e s s o f l o c a t i o n o n e t o t h e l e f t o f t h e l a s t c h a r a c t e r t r a n s f e r r e d B...

Page 57: ... location specified by the B Register and the contents of the A and B Registers are incremented by one If the comparison proved equal the instruction terminates If the comparison proved unequal the cycle is repeated Final Register Contents A HSM address location one to the right of the specified symbol in the original area B HSM address location one to the right of the symbol in the destination ar...

Page 58: ...erred to the HSM location specified by the B Register and the contents of the A and B Registers are decremented by one If the comparison proved equal the instruction terminates If the comparison proved unequal the cycle is repeated Final Register Contents A HSM address of location one to the left of the specified symbol in the original area B f HSM address of location one to the left of the symbol...

Page 59: ...ompared with the contents of the B Register If this comparison proves equal the contents of the A Register are incremented by one and the instruction terminates If the operation proves unequal the contents of the A Register are incremented by one and the cycle is repeated Final Register Contents A f B 1 B B Timing Total time in microseconds 7n 35 where n equals the number of locations filled Examp...

Page 60: ... V mmSmSSmHm m i nfl I V y I 4 KB V BaH i IH i t mY 4 1 f E i MSmmmmXmWm UK K 1 m i m a i i MBS iM j IP wHnHP B I Hh ASn S fif h v e K S S SKH H H B H h H l I i l l l i M B HEBNFLL H I VIR H Wt 111 P m fflw Mmm l u g M W p I ...

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Page 63: ...D of each operand When a one bit is present in the 25 position the sign is negative Otherwise it is assumed positive In the event there is a carry beyond the most significant digit MSD of the sum a one bit is placed in the 2 bit position of the MSD of the sum and the first Overflow Indicator which is present in all Processors is set In a Processor with a 40 000 character memory there may be an add...

Page 64: ...of the sum B HSM address of location one to the left of the MSD of the addend PRI PRP is set if the sum is positive PRZ is set if the sum is zero PRN is set if the sum is negative Timing Total time in microseconds 28n 49 where n is the number of characters in either operand operands must be of equal lengths If an end around condition exists 2In 14 microseconds must be added to the above Example In...

Page 65: ...t 2014 B 2019 PRI PRN is set Time End around condition 28 4 49 21 4 14 259 g s Example 3 Instruction Operation N A Address B Address 3 3356 3352 HSM before Instruction is Executed 3349 3350 3351 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3 2 6 8 5 1 HSM after the Instruction is Executed 3349 3350 3351 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3 2 6 A 7 7 First Overflow Indicator is set Final Register Contents A t 3353 B 3...

Page 66: ...of each operand When a one bit is present in the 25 position the sign is negative Otherwise it is assumed positive In the event there is a carry beyond the most significant digit MSD of the result a one bit is placed in the 24 bit position of the MSD of the result and the first Overflow Indicator which is present in all Processors is set In a processor with a 40 000 character memory there may be a...

Page 67: ...e MSD of the subtrahend PRI PRP is set if the result is positive PRZ is set if the result is zero PRN is set if the result is negative Timing Total time in microseconds 28n T 49 where n is the number of characters in either operand operands must be of equal lengths If an end around condition exists 2In 14 microseconds must be added to the above Example Instruction Operation N A Address B Address 3...

Page 68: ...t by bit with the contents of the HSM location specified by the B Register This bit manipulation is combined according to the following rules Bit in Bit in Bit in Result First Operand Second Operand Bit in Result 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 The result of the combination is placed in the HSM location specified by the A Register The contents of the A B and N Registers are decremented by one and the inst...

Page 69: ...ach Location HSM after Instruction is Executed Memory Location Bits within Each Location Final Register Contents A 1001 B 1003 T ime A Address 1003 B Address 1005 1002 1003 1004 1005 1 00 0000 0 00 0111 0 00 0001 0 01 0101 1002 1003 1004 1005 0 00 0001 1 01 0111 0 00 0001 0 01 0101 21 2 35 77 fis VI 9 ...

Page 70: ...re combined bit by bit with the contents of the HSM location specified by the B Register This bit manipulation is combined according to the following rules Bit in First Operand Bit in Second Operand Bit in Result 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 The result of the combination is placed in the HSM location specified by the A Register The contents of the A B and N Registers are decremented by one and the inst...

Page 71: ...s Executed HSM Location Bits within Each Location 1000 1 00 oooo HSM after Instruction is Executed HSM Location 1000 Bits within Each Location Final Register Contents A 0999 B f 1004 PR1 PRP is set Time 21 2 35 77 gs 1 00 0000 N 2 A Address 1001 B Address 1006 1001 1 00 1111 1002 1003 1004 1005 0 00 0111 1006 1 11 0101 1001 1 00 0101 1002 1003 1004 1005 0 00 0111 1006 1 11 0101 VI 11 ...

Page 72: ...d bit by bit with the contents of the HSM location specified by the B Register This bit manipulation is combined according to the following rules Bit in First Operand Bit in Second Operand Bit in Result 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 The result of the combination is placed in the HSM location specified by the A Register The contents of the A B and N Registers are decremented by one and the instruction is...

Page 73: ...3 1004 1005 Location 1002 Bits within 1 00 0000 0 00 0111 0 11 0010 0 01 0101 Each Location 1 00 0000 HSM after Instruction is Executed Memory 1002 1003 1004 1005 Location 1002 Bits within 0 11 0010 1 01 0010 0 11 0010 0 01 0101 Each Location 0 11 0010 Final Register Contents A f 1001 B 1003 Time 21 x 2 35 77 ps VI 1 ...

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Page 77: ...ster selected is B S or U the results are stored in the location designated by the A Register contents When the B Register is stored the B address of the instruction is not staticized and the contents of the B Register resulting from the previous instruction are stored In the case when the A Register is stored the A address and the B address are not staticized and the contents of the A Register re...

Page 78: ...HSM before Instruction is Executed 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 A B C D E HSM after Instruction is Executed 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 A 2 1 1 6 Final Register Contents A f 1003 B f 2116 T ime 49 jus VII 4 ...

Page 79: ...nstruction if one of the following sets of conditions is true N 1 and PRN is set N 2 and neither Overflow Indicator is set KfO over W N 4 and a write is in the Simultaneous Mode N 8 and the EF ED Normal Indicator is not set N and the Interrupt Indicator is not set or N and the EE ED Simultaneous Indicator is not set Standard Location STP on Transfer only Outline of Operation The N character is exa...

Page 80: ...Final Register Contents A f A j B B i Timing 49 is if a transfer of control takes place 35 is if no transfer of control takes place VII 6 ...

Page 81: ...ntents of the A and B Registers are incremented by one The contents of D2 and D are compared If the contents of D2 are greater than the contents of D PRP is set and the instruction terminates If the contents of D are greater than the contents of D2 PRN is set and the instruction terminates If the contents of D equal the contents of D the contents of the N Register are decremented by one and the cy...

Page 82: ... 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1 2 4 5 6 1 2 3 6 9 Final Register Contents A f 2003 B t 2009 PRI PRP is set Time 21 3 35 s 98 Ms Example 3 Instruction Operation Y N 4 HSM before and after Instruction is Executed A Address 3000 B Address 3005 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 4 5 7 8 5 5 7 2 Final Register Contents A f 3001 B f 3006 PRI PRN is set Time 21 1 35 56 xs V...

Page 83: ...performed if quantity being tested has not been exhausted Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of Operation The contents of the HSM diad specified by the A Register are transferred to the D Register If the quantity is 00 the Tally ends and the next instruction in sequence is executed If the quantity is other than 00 the contents of the D Register are decremented by one and stored in the ...

Page 84: ...N 0 Zero may be used to designate type of stop A Address 0000 may be used for numeric constants 0 9 B Address 0000 may be used for numeric constants 0 9 J Outline of Operation If the Simultaneous or Record File Mode is unoccupied the Computer stops immediately If either of these two modes is occupied the instruction in these modes will be executed before stopping Final Register Contents A f A B r ...

Page 85: ...d and executed disregarding the settings of the indicators During all successive executions of this instruction the A and B address will be staticized as speci e y t e indicators If the instruction following the Repeat instruction is a non repeatable instruction all successive non repeatable instructions and the next repeatable instruction are staticized as specified by the indicators and executed...

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Page 89: ...egister The following 79 characters are placed in successive locations in HSM The final character column 80 is located at A 79 In order to maintain a 600 card per minute rate a Card Read instruction in which the N character is 4 must be executed for each card read The successive card read instructions must be staticized before 100 milliseconds have elapsed Approximately 80 milliseconds are require...

Page 90: ...ing rows 3 through Y are likewise read into HSM with column 80 being placed at A i 159 The final A Register setting is A 160 Final Register Contents A t One location to the right of the last character read into HSM B t A j with BCT off B A j 80 with BCT on Timing Card Feed Rate Time in Time Free Per Minute Milliseconds For Computing 600 100 20 300 200 120 up to 200 300 Minimum 20 Minimum 1 5 Examp...

Page 91: ...cter column 80 is located at A 79 When the binary mode has been specified N K each card column is split into two groups of six bits each a parity bit is generated and added to each group and the resultant two characters are transferred successively to HSM The character represented by rows 9 through 4 in column 1 row 9 25 row 4 2 is read into HSM at the location specified by the A Register Successi...

Page 92: ...s 9 through 4 Col 1 Data Rows 3 through Y Col 1 Data Rows 9 through 4 Col 80 Data Rows 3 through Y Col 80 Data Rows 9 through 4 Col 1 Data Rows 3 through Y Col 1 Data Rows 9 through 4 Col 80 Data Rows 3 through Y Col 80 Final Register Contents A f 08 60 B t 0780 Time 66 7 milliseconds Model 324 40 5 milliseconds Model 329 VIII 6 ...

Page 93: ...generated and added to each group and the resultant two characters are transferred into HSM The character represented by rows 9 through 4 in column 1 row 9 25 row 4 2 is read into HSM at the location specified by the A Register Successive characters representing rows 9 through 4 are also read into memory with column 80 being placed at A 79 The character represented by column 1 rows 3 through Y row...

Page 94: ...ailable compute time for variation in the motor speed When Reader Punch includes Early Card Read Feature Example Instruction Operation 0 HSM after Instruction is Executed 0600 0679 0680 0759 DATA FROM CARD rows 9 through 4 Col 1 Col 80 4 DATA FROM CARD rows 3 through Y Col 1 Col 80 Final Register Contents A 0760 B 0680 Time 75 milliseconds 10 milliseconds compute time unless read release option ex...

Page 95: ... automatically directs the Card Reader to place one or more cards in the read station and operates on successive characters in the following cycle The character in column one of the punched card is automatically translated from RCA Card Code to RCA 301 code and is placed in the location specified by the S Register The following 79 characters are placed in successive locations in HSM The final char...

Page 96: ...ocation specified by the S Register Successive characters representing rows 9 through 4 are also read into memory with column 80 being placed at S 79 The character represented by column 1 rows 3 through Y row 3 25 row Y 2 is read into HSM at S 80 Successive characters representing rows 3 through Y are likewise read into HSM with column 80 being placed at S 159 The final S Register setting is S j 1...

Page 97: ...ched card is automatically translated from RCA Card Code to RCA 301 Code and is placed in HSM in the location specified by the S Register The following 79 characters are placed in successive locations in HSM The final character column 80 is located at A j 79 When the binary mode has been specified N K each card column is split into two groups of six bits each a parity bit is generated and added to...

Page 98: ...sive locations in HSM The final character column 80 is located at S j 79 When the binary read mode has been specified N K each card column is split into two groups of six bits each a parity bit is generated and added to each group and the resultant two characters are transferred into HSM The character represented by rows 9 through 4 in column 1 row 9 2s row 4 2 is read into HSM at the location spe...

Page 99: ...Between Card Requests ms Without Read Release With Read Release 800 75 10 31 600 100 35 56 480 125 60 81 400 150 85 106 343 175 110 131 300 200 135 156 266 225 160 181 Allo w one millisecond of the available time for variation in the motor speed When Reader Punch includes Early Card Read Feature VIII 13 ...

Page 100: ...ncluding the locations addressed by the contents of the A and B Registers punching 80 columns to a card When the A and B Registers are equal the last card is punched and the contents of the A Register are incremented by one The card punched is read concurrently with the punching of the succeeding card to insure the accuracy of punching Final Register Contents A f Address of location one to the rig...

Page 101: ...tion of Operation Standard Location Left to right 0202 0205 Outline of Operation A start signal is sent to the Card Punch Initially and thereafter as the need arises this instruction automatically directs the Card Punch to place one or more cards in the punch station and operates on successive characters in the following cycle The Card Punch punches all the information from the HSM location addres...

Page 102: ...0 columns to a card Punching of the last card is completed when the A and B Registers are equal The contents of the A Register are then incremented by one When the binary punch mode is specified N the A Register denotes the memory location of the character to be punched in column 1 rows Y through 3 Each information bit results in a hole in the card 2 row Y 2s row 3 Successive characters representi...

Page 103: ... of the A and B Registers are transferred to the S and T Registers respectively and this instruction is executed in the Simultaneous Mode The operation of the instruction is as follows A start signal is sent to the Card Punch Punching by the Card Punch is initiated and continues until all the characters between and including the HSM locations specified by the S and T Registers are punched When the...

Page 104: ...eros 0000 Direction of Operation Standard Location Left to right 0202 0205 Outline of Operation A start signal is sent to the Card Punch Initially and thereafter as the need arises this instruction automatically directs the Card Punch to place one or more cards in the punch station and operates on successive characters in the following cycle The Card Punch punches all the information from the HSM ...

Page 105: ...s sent to the Card Punch Unit Punching by the Card Punch Unit is initiated and continues until all the characters between and including the HSM locations specified by the S and T Registers are punched Punching of the last card is completed when the contents of the S and T Registers are equal The contents of the S Register are then incremented by one The card punched is read concurrently with the p...

Page 106: ...der Model 330 Model 324 Model 329 1 Select Reader Stacker No 1 2 Select Reader Stacker No 2 3 Select Punch Stacker No 4 4 Select Punch Stacker No 8 5 Read Release Read Release Read Release 6 Punch Release f7 Read Release and Select Stacker No 1 8 Read Release and Select Stacker No 2 Punch Release and Select Stacker No 4 v sp Punch Release and Select Stacker No 8 B Address Must be zeros 0000 Outlin...

Page 107: ...selected device operating A A2 A3 Must be zeros 000 B Address HSM location of the next instruction to be executed if the condition or conditions being tested are present Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of Operation The test or tests called for by the one bits in A are performed on the device selected by N If any one of the conditions tested is present the contents of the P Register ...

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Page 111: ...hen reading other than 66 KC tape the character in the input buffer is transferred to the HSM location specified by the A Register The contents of the A Register are compared with the contents of the B Register The contents of the A Register are incremented by one If the comparison proved equal and a gap is passed in sequence PRZ is set and the instruction terminates If the comparison proved equal...

Page 112: ...ion 4 Tape on Station 1 N l A Address 2021 Direction of Tape Motion B Address 2030 A B C D E F G H I J Read Write Head in this gap before instruction Read Write Head in this gap after instruction HSM before Instruction is Executed 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 HSM after Instruction is Executed 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 A B C D E F G H I J Final Register ...

Page 113: ...ion Operation 4 Tape on Station P N P A Address 4000 Direction of Tape Movement B Address 4050 I 17BPA_TVTUBE Read Write Head in this gap before instruction Read Write Head in this gap after instruction HSM before the Instruction is Executed 4000 4050 is filled with spaces HSM after the Instruction is Executed 4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4050 1 7 B P A T V T U ...

Page 114: ...s placed in the tape buffer and this instruction operates in the following cycle When reading other than 66 KC tape the character in the input buffer is transferred to the HSM location specified by the S Register The contents of the S Register are compared with the contents of the T Register The contents of the S Register are incremented by one If a gap is passed in sequence the instruction termin...

Page 115: ...llowing cycle When reading other than 66 KC tape the character in the tape buffer is transferred to the HSM location specified by the A Register The contents of the A Register are compared with the contents of the B Register The contents of the A Register are decremented by one If the comparison proved equal and a gap is passed in sequence PRZ is set the instruction terminates If the comparison pr...

Page 116: ...at the rate of 33 3 KC if it is a Model 581 Tape Station or 66 7 KC if it is a Model 582 Tape Station Example Instruction Operation N A Address B Address 6 3 2030 2021 Tape on Station 3 Direction of Tape Motion HSM before Instruction is Executed 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 HSM after Instruction is Executed 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 A B C D E F G H I J ...

Page 117: ...struction is executed in the Simultaneous Mode This instruction sends a start signal to the input unit specified by the contents of the M Register After a gap is passed on magnetic tape the first character is placed in the input buffer and this instruction operates in the following cycle The character in the input buffer is transferred to the HSM location specified by the S Register The contents o...

Page 118: ...Register are transferred to the output unit specified by the N Register The contents of the A Register are compared with the contents of the B Register The contents of the A Register are incremented by one If the comparison proved equal the instruction terminates If the comparison proved unequal the cycle is repeated Final Register Contents A t Address of location one to the right of the last char...

Page 119: ...4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 A B C D E Tape on Station 1 Direction of Tape Motion FGHIJK YZ ABCDE SL Read Write Head in this gap before instruction Read Write Head in this gap after instruction Final Register Contents A t 4006 B t 4005 IX 11 ...

Page 120: ...ultaneous Mode This instruction sends a start signal to the output unit specified by the contents of the M Register and operates in the following cycle The contents of the HSM location specified by the S Register are transferred to the output unit specified by the M Register The contents of the S Register are compared with the contents of the T Register The contents of the S Register are increment...

Page 121: ...ying the Normal Simultaneous or Record File Mode The Computer after initiating the rewind is free to execute other instructions Format Operation N Identification character of tape station See Appendix G A Address Must be zeros 0000 B Address Must be zeros 0000 Direction of Tape Motion Reverse Final Register Contents After rewind is initiated the registers are available for use by the next instruct...

Page 122: ...both Hi Data Tape Groups A Address A0 specifies the tests to be performed as follows Device 1 Bit In Numeric Equivalent Tests Paper Tape Reader or Paper Tape Punch 100 cps High Speed Paper Tape Punch 300 cps High Speed Paper Tape Reader 1000 cps 2 1 Is the selected device inoperable Paper Tape Reader or Paper Tape Punch 100 cps High Speed Paper Tape Punch 300 cps High Speed Paper Tape Reader 1000 ...

Page 123: ...be executed if the condition or conditions being tested are present Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of Operation The test or tests called for by the one bits in A0 are performed on the device selected by N If any one of the conditions tested is present the contents of the P Register are transferred to STP and the contents of the B Register are then transferred to the P Register If n...

Page 124: ... L ABCDEF P A Address A0 Must be zero 0 Ai 4 Allow hardware rollback 8 Don t allow hardware rollback A2 A3 Must be zeros 00 B Address Must be zeros 0000 Outline of Operation The command called for by the one bits in Aj are sent to the control module selected by N If the don t allow hardware rollback option is selected the computer will halt on all read and or read after write errors If the allow h...

Page 125: ...Indicator is sensed and found set Standard Location STP on transfer only Note The A0 and A3 options cannot be used in combination Therefore an IOS instruction should be used for setting the Programmed Control Switch and another IOS instruction should be given for the test function Outline of Operation The Programmed Control Switch is set ON or OFF by the proper bit setting in A3 The test called fo...

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Page 128: ...X ry V ...

Page 129: ...l cause 120 characters to be printed regardless of the printer model B2 v2 This will cause 160 characters to be printed on the 160 column printer B3 Has the function of indicating the type of paper advance as follows Type of Paper Advance No Paper Advance 0 Paper Advance Using N Register as count 1 V Vertical Tab using tape loop pVi i 2 Page change using tape loop p t t TO 3 Direction of Operation...

Page 130: ...acters to be printed since a complete line of print and paper advance to the next print line is accomplished during each revolution of the print drum The letter A is always the first character for which HSM is scanned and the period is the last The Asynchronous Mode permits all 64 characters on the print drum to be printed 120 or 160 characters per line in one full revolution and paper advance occ...

Page 131: ...del Buffered Printer B2 0 This will cause 120 characters to be printed regardless of the printer model B2 2 This will cause 160 characters to be printed on the 160 column printer B3 Has the function of indicating the type of paper advance as follows Type of Paper Advance B3 No paper advance 0 Paper advance using N Register as count 1 Vertical Tab using tape loop 2 Page Change ilsing tape loop 3 A ...

Page 132: ...inted The one bits are then used to trigger the corresponding print hammers The contents of the T Register are again transferred to the S Register a new character is read from the translate table and another scan is begun There are two modes of operation Synchronous and Asynchronous The Synchronous Mode permits only 47 characters to be printed since a complete line of print and paper advance to th...

Page 133: ...s set through completion of the last scan It is also set when the printer cover is open 2 2 4 Is the low paper flip flop set Has end of paper supply passed the low paper photocell 24 Is the paper advancing A1 A2 A3 Must be zeros 000 B Address HSM location of the next instruction to be executed if the condition or conditions being tested are present Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of...

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Page 135: ...INPUT OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS DATA RECORD FILE INPUT OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS DATA RECORD FILE XI l ...

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Page 137: ...urned to the cage The desired record is then placed on the turntable and the indicated band selected 1 A The band selected is one of the two on the upside of the record on the turntable If the B address is even the first band will be selected if odd the second band will be selected A Address Must be zeros 0000 B Address B0 must be zero 0 B1 B2 B3 designate band 000 to 511 Outline of Operation Band...

Page 138: ...ght data record positions from selection point b fast speed from nine to 64 data record positions from selection point Use straight line inter polation for interim positions on table C Additional timing information 1 To select band on opposite side of data record on turntable head at ready to head at ready 3 4 sec 2 To select adjacent band of data record on turntable and return head to ready 0 9 s...

Page 139: ...will be returned to the cage The desired record is then placed on the turntable and the indicated band selected 1 A J The band selected is one of the two on the upside of the disc on the turntable If the B address is even the first band will be selected if odd the second band will be selected A Address Must be zeros 0000 B Address B0 must be zero 0 B3 B2 and B designate band 000 to 511 Outline of ...

Page 140: ...ght data record positions from selection point b fast speed from nine to 64 data record positions from selection point Use straight line inter polation for interim positions on table C Additional timing information 1 To select band on opposite side of data record on turntable head at ready to head at ready 3 4 sec 2 To select adjacent band of data record on turntable and return head to ready 0 9 s...

Page 141: ...block is terminated on counting of 900 characters B2 0 count or EB recognition If EB sensed before 900 characters have been read stop transfer from this cell If 900 count reached before an EB sensed stop transfer from this cell B3 addresses cells 1 through 10 with cell 1 specified by zero and cell 10 specified by 9 Direction of Operation Standard Location Left to right in HSM STA 0212 0215 Outline...

Page 142: ...rate 2 500 char sec 1 Transfer time per cell characters and gap 0 4 sec e Return read write arm to ready position data record stays on turntable B Even but band select instruction does not follow within 0 4 sec Band select N 2 1 0 9 sec 2 Return data record from turntable to record storage wheel a Read write arm on data record Bx Odd 1 6 sec b Read write arm in ready position 1 84 sec The computer...

Page 143: ...B recognition If EB sensed before 900 characters have been read stop transfer from this cell If 900 count reached before an EB sensed stop transfer from this cell B3 addresses cells 1 through 10 with cell 1 specified by zero and cell 10 specified by 9 Direction of Operation Left to right Outline of Operation Initially this instruction is staticized in the Normal Mode If the Simultaneous Mode is fr...

Page 144: ...te 2 500 char sec 1 Transfer time per cell characters and gap 0 4 sec e Return read write arm to ready position data record stays on turntable Bx Even but band select instruction does not follow within 0 4 sec Band select N 2 1 0 9 sec 2 Return data record from turntable to record storage wheel a Read write arm on data record B Odd L6 sec b Read write arm in ready position 1 8 sec The computer is ...

Page 145: ... B2 specifies whether EB sensed or not B2 1 block is terminated on counting of 900 characters B2 0 count or EB recognition If EB sensed before 900 characters have been written stop transfer into this cell If 900 count reached before an EB sensed stop transfer into this cell B3 addresses cells 1 through 10 with cell 1 specified by zero and cell 10 specified by 9 Direction of Operation Left to right...

Page 146: ...ate 2 500 char sec 1 Transfer time per cell characters and gap 0 4 sec e Return read write arm to ready position data record stays on turntable Bj Even but band select instruction does not follow within 0 4 sec Band select N 2 1 0 9 sec 2 Return data record from turntable to record storage wheel a Read write arm on data record Bj Odd 1 6 sec b Read write arm in ready position 1 84 sec The computer...

Page 147: ...n stop transfer to this cell If 900 count reached before an EB sensed stop transfer to this cell B3 addresses cells 1 through 10 with cell 1 specified by zero and cell 10 specified by 9 Direction of Operation Left to right Outline of Operation Initially this instruction is staticized in the Normal Mode If the Simultaneous Mode is free and the SMDI button is not on the contents of the NOR N A and B...

Page 148: ...ate 2 500 char sec 1 Transfer time per cell characters and gap 0 4 sec e Return read write arm to ready position data record stays on turntable B Even but band select instruction does not follow within 0 4 sec Band select N 2 1 0 9 sec 2 Return data record from turntable to record storage wheel a Read write arm on data record Bx Odd 1 6 sec b Read write arm in ready position 1 84 sec The computer ...

Page 149: ...EB sensed before 900 characters have been written stop transfer from this cell If 900 count reached before an EB sensed stop transfer from this cell B3 addresses cells 1 through 10 with cell 1 specified by zero and cell 10 specified by 9 Direction of Operation Left to right in HSM Outline of Operation Initially this instruction is staticized in the Normal Mode If the Record File Mode is free the c...

Page 150: ...ate 2 500 char sec 1 Transfer time per cell characters and gap 0 4 sec e Return read write arm to ready position data record stays on turntable Bt Even but band select instruction does not follow within 0 4 sec Band select N 2 1 0 9 sec 2 Return data record from turntable to record storage wheel a Read write arm on data record Bj Odd 1 6 sec b Read write arm in ready position 1 84 sec The computer...

Page 151: ...nsed before 900 characters have been written stop transfer to this cell If 900 count reached before an EB sensed stop transfer into this cell B3 addresses cells 1 through 10 with cell 1 specified by zero and cell 10 specified by 9 Direction of Operation Left to right in HSM Outline of Operation Initially this instruction is staticized in the Normal Mode If the Record File Mode is free the contents...

Page 152: ...ate 2 500 char sec 1 Transfer time per cell characters and gap 0 4 sec e Return read write arm to ready position data record stays on turntable Bt Even but band select instruction does not follow within 0 4 sec Band select N 2 1 0 9 sec 2 Return data record from turntable to record storage wheel a Read write arm on data record Bt Odd 1 6 sec b Read write arm in ready position 1 84 sec The computer...

Page 153: ...ic Equivalent Tests 2 1 Is the selected device inoperable 21 2 Is the selected device reading or writing 22 4 Is a record on the turntable of the selected Data Record File Aa A2 A3 Must be zeros 000 B Address HSM location of the next instruction to be executed if the condition or conditions being tested are present Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of Operation The test or tests calle...

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Page 155: ...A DISC FILE XII INPUT OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS DATA DISC FILE p a TRAC C S j Tto k g 0 GC7C TfcfiC fc f c e U e i f j s s c r c v t hi tc a ta f u fe W H H 2 F iu 4 M ACHfWt 4 v t ywgr F 2 4 t KS M 5 1 1 0 h o r H o d w W TftA T4 XII 1 ...

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Page 157: ... B2 B3 designate the track address which can range from 000 to 127 All read write heads within a Data Disc File are positioned concurrently so that 108 zones per module are accessible by the execution of one Track Select instruction If this instruction contains a bit in the B0 24 position and the selected Data Disc File is busy in the Simultaneous Mode the Simultaneous Instruction being performed ...

Page 158: ...d Module Zone 1 000 to 107 2 108 to 215 3 216 to 323 4 324 to 431 Direction of Operation Standard Location Left to right in HSM STA 0212 0215 Outline of Operation A start signal is sent to the Data Disc File and the contents of the sector specified by the B address are transferred to the Data Disc File Buffer and from the buffer to the HSM location designated by the A Register Transfer is effected...

Page 159: ...ation one to the right of the last character put in memory B f B 1 Timing Characters are read at the rate of 32 KC Five milliseconds are required to read one sector The average time to get to the designated sector is 25 milliseconds file latency ...

Page 160: ...y DDF Simultaneous Instruction A B C D E F G H I Bu B2 B3 specify zone from which data is to be read Module Zone 1 000 to 107 2 108 to 215 3 216 to 323 4 324 to 431 Direction of Operation Left to right in HSM Outline of Operation Initially this instruction is staticized in the Normal Mode If the Simultaneous Mode is free and the SMDI button is not on the contents of the NOR N A and B Registers are...

Page 161: ...ultaneous Mode the Simultaneous Instruction being performed will be terminated on the next transfer of data to or from the file The new instruction will then be executed in the normal manner Final Register Contents S t Ad dress of HSM location one to the right of the last character transferred into memory T f B j Timing Characters are read at the rate of 32 KC Five milliseconds are required to rea...

Page 162: ... Simultaneous Instruction A B C D E F G H I Bj B2 B3 specify zone to which data is to be written Module 1 2 3 4 Direction of Operation Left to right in HSM Zone 000 to 107 108 to 215 216 to 323 324 to 431 Outline of Operation The contents of the HSM diad specified by the A Address are transferred to the Data Disc File Buffer and from the buffer to the specified sector The contents of the A Registe...

Page 163: ...Timing Characters are written at the rate of 32 KC Five milliseconds are required to write one sector The average time to get to the sector designated is 25 milliseconds file latency ...

Page 164: ... 8 9 Will Override Any DDF Simultaneous Instruction A B C D E F G H I B B2 B3 specifies zone to which data is to be written Module Zone 1 000 to 107 2 108 to 215 3 216 to 323 4 324 to 431 Direction of Operation Left to right in HSM Outline of Operation Initially this instruction is staticized in the Normal Mode If the Simultaneous Mode is free and the SMDI button is not on the contents of the NOR ...

Page 165: ... transfer of data to or from the file The new instruction will then be executed in the normal manner Final Register Contents S f Address of HSM location one to the right of the last character transferred from memory T f B Timing Characters are read at the rate of 32 KC Five milliseconds are required to write one sector The average time to get to the sector is 25 milliseconds file latency XII 11 ...

Page 166: ...evice busy This indicator is set during track selecting reading and writing to the Data Disc File 2 2 4 Is the track select complete 23 8 Has incorrect parity been read Aj A2 A3 Must be zeros 000 B Address HSM location of the next instruction to be executed if the condition or conditions being tested are present Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of Operation The test or tests called f...

Page 167: ...CHANGE CONTROL 0 SfcA I oo O loS Vi AS B ATto 5 D A1 1 Sm looo 1 s s 8 O PW fx Tt fc if S teoc I c o S fg r vE Ar i V 4 A L L 0 M Io oo srpeo TWA SiO a3 OKC to B B Sji ooo 1 1 Oi 1 A OP Eft Sy 4ooo 2 I e S i s w C V TBAFVSM T y o pr 4 j 1 o o o I S 9 3 ftr N T R A M S F r n C u NT It A B vv fk 2 T SH f ooo I C S I t A i w t RA M rr Mo 5 1 F Y S A iva s f r J d 1 ia 4 W H E N A B XIII 1 ...

Page 168: ...x m v C M Safe P ivS 1 v H I H n h w m t m8H 1 H H J I pk m n m r s i f s f e s S B S w i 4 V I J 1 a P mm mm m i 88 mWB fp ii ...

Page 169: ...llowing exceptions 1 The PRI s are not affected 2 The EF ED Normal Indicator is not affected 3 When this instruction is staticized a flip flop is set in the sending computer which when sensed will indicate that this computer is in the receiving mode 4 All characters received by the Data Exchange Control are checked for correct parity If a character with incorrect parity is received octal 57 is sub...

Page 170: ...ing exceptions 1 The EF ED Simultaneous Indicator is not affected 2 When this instruction is staticized a flip flop is set in the sending computer which when sensed will indicate that this computer is in the receive mode 3 All characters received by the Data Exchange Control are checked for correct parity If a character with incorrect parity is received octal 57 is substituted for it and placed in...

Page 171: ...d This address must be even Direction of Operation Left to right Outline of Operation Same as the Tape Write Normal instruction for tape pg IX 10 with the following exceptions 1 When this instruction is staticized a flip flop is set in the receiving computer which when sensed will indicate that this computer is in the transmitting mode 2 This instruction is terminated by AB equality When it is ter...

Page 172: ...d This address must be even Direction of Operation Left to right Outline of Operation Same as the Tape Write Simultaneous instruction for tape pg IX 12 with the following exceptions 1 When this instruction is staticized a flip flop is set in the receiving computer which when sensed will indicate that this computer is in the transmitting mode 2 This instruction is terminated by AB equality When it ...

Page 173: ...to be executed if the test condition is met Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of Operation This instruction after staticizing will perform the test If the tested condition is met the contents of the P Register are transferred to STP and the contents of the B Register are transferred to the P Register This instruction is both a command and a test to the Data Exchange Control It is used...

Page 174: ... to be executed if the condition or conditions being tested are present Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of Operation The test or tests called for by the one bits in A0 are performed on the device selected by N If any one of the conditions tested is present the contents of the P Register are transferred to STP and the contents of the B Register are then transferred to the P Register ...

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Page 177: ... The contents of the HSM location specified by the A Register are transferred to the Lister storage buffer The contents of the A Register are compared with the contents of the B Register The contents of the A Register are incremented by one If the comparison proved equal the instruction terminates If the comparison proved unequal the cycle is repeated Final Register Contents A f Address of locatio...

Page 178: ...nd this instruction is executed in the Simultaneous Mode This instruction sends a start signal to the Multiple Tape Lister and operates in the following cycle The contents of the HSM location specified by the S Register are transferred to the Lister storage buffer The contents of the S Register are compared with the contents of the T Register The contents of the S Register are incremented by one I...

Page 179: ... the supply bins 24 Is paper being advanced Al5 A2 A3 Must be zeros 000 B Address HSM location of the next instruction to be executed if the condition or conditions being tested are present Standard Location STP on transfer only Outline of Operation The test or tests called for by the one bits in A0 are performed on the device selected by N If any one of the conditions tested is present the conten...

Page 180: ...WWH H i i w m H H J V fi t y v if i Hk I ...

Page 181: ...INPUT OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS RANDOM ACCESS COMPUTER EQUIPMENT XV INPUT OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS RANDOM ACCESS COMPUTER EQUIPMENT xv i ...

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Page 183: ...option will be ignored 23 0 Card Select includes block select information 23 1 Block Select only When this option is taken it always refers to the card on the capstan Block selection will bypass any card preselect information stored in the unit 2 0 Not used must always be zero 25 0 Not used must always be zero A3 2 21 I 22 Magazine number 1 to 16 magazines binary notation 00002 to 11112 23 2 0 25 ...

Page 184: ... or Preselect is permissible only when the specific unit indicates that a Block Select is permissible A Block Select with no card on the capstan will set the illegal operation bit The 32 unserviced revolutions bit remains set if a 32 unserviced revolutions condition is present Whenever one of the 3488 units completes its card or block selection the 8 10ms select complete indication of the device w...

Page 185: ... wherever desired Reads will automatically terminate after block 255 When A B Equality is reached data transfer and the read instruction are terminated the Normal Mode and channel are freed however the 3488 unit remains busy with the read until the interblock gap is reached When the interblock gap is reached the Test for read or ivrite busy indicator is reset and a Block Preselect if any is execut...

Page 186: ...quality is reached data transfer and the Read instruction are terminated the Simultaneous Mode and the channel are freed however the 3488 unit remains busy with the read until the interblock gap is reached When the interblock gap is reached the Test for Read or Write busy indicator is reset and a Block Preselect if any is executed Whether the card stays on or leaves the capstan after a read is ter...

Page 187: ...e write is not in full block multiples the remainder of the last block is filled with spaces Note that the mode becomes free prior to the completion of the read after write check This is true even when the A B Equality is reached on the 650th character of the last block Because of this the Input Output Sense for a read after write error can not follow a Write instruction it must always be preceded...

Page 188: ...ompletion of the write of the last block of the band the block address is incremented by one and if necessary the heads are repositioned When this occurs the instruction is not terminated The write continues when the next block is in position under the heads When A B Equality is reached a Write Simultaneous does not terminate If the write is not in full block multiples the remainder of the last bl...

Page 189: ... note 3 Option 1 2 1 Test for parity error read after write error or preamble error 21 2 Test for inoperability note 4 22 4 Test for card released due to exceeding 32 unserviced revolutions 23 8 Test for illegal operation or magazine absent note 5 24 Test for block 255 exceeded without A B Equality Option 2 2 1 Test for specified block not within 6 8ms from heads note 6 21 2 Test for single bit co...

Page 190: ...d after this attempt the unit becomes inoperable and the sense bit inoperable is set 5 If an attempt is made to select a card from a magazine position that does not contain a magazine an illegal operation sense indication is set This indication is not received until 50ms after the Select instruction is terminated At that time the 8 10ms bit of the specific device is reset This condition can be cle...

Page 191: ... before Read or Write At time detected Option 1 A023 1 Illegal Operation Next Read or Write Select 4 Card released prior to Read Write due to 32 unserviced revolutions At time detected Option 1 A022 1 32 Unserviced Revolutions When uncon ditional Card Removal com mand is1 given 5 Preamble Error At time detected Option 1 A02 1 Parity Next Read or Write Instruction is terminated immedi ately 6 Parit...

Page 192: ...ecuted the extraction will be held off until the 32 Rev bit is cleared 4 Address Verification error on Card selected Address Verification error on Card pre selected No instruc tion being executed Option 1 A02 1 Inoperable Manual Reset Manual Reset Card released to magazine Becomes inoperable when extract is attempted 5 Card Absent No instruc tion being executed Option 1 A02 1 Inoperable Manual Res...

Page 193: ...pstan At time detected Option 1 A023 1 Illegal Operation Next Read Write or Select 4 Card released due to exceeding 32 unserv iced revolutions At time detected A0 Option 1 22 1 23 1 Illegal Operation and 32 Revolu tions Next Read Write or Select 32 Revolution Indicator is cleared by issuing an unconditional Card Removal Block Select not permis sible is set when this occurs 5 Block Select not permi...

Page 194: ... is on capstan At time detected Option 1 A024 1 Inoperable Manual Reset If possible the card will leave the capstan when the unit goes in operable 4 Read or Write executed with no card on capstan or on the way and no 32 Revolution indica tion Read or Write with no card on capstan and no 32 Rev indicator will result in a Silent Death condition The instruction will stay staticized until a card reach...

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Page 196: ...er 0 0 0 10 11 1 1 1 0 10 0 1 1 At the rate of 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 11 1 1 Open Parenthesis 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 10 1 1 Close Parenthesis 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Not used Ampersand 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 A A 1 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 B B 1 0 1 0 0 10 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 C C 0 0 1 0 0 11 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D D 1 0 1 0 10 0 0 1 0 10 11 1 1 E E 0 0 ...

Page 197: ... 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 Asterisk 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 End Data ED 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 End File EF 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Not used Quotation Mark ft 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Virgule J 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 S S 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 T T 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 U U 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 V V 1 1 1 0 1...

Page 198: ...l 4 RFN Tape Read Forward Normal Data Exchange Control 5 RFS Tape Read Forward Simultaneous 5 RFS Tape Read Forward Simultaneous Data Exchange Control 6 RRN Tape Read Reverse Normal 7 RRS Tape Read Reverse Simultaneous 8 TWN Tape Write Normal 8 TWN Tape Write Normal Data Exchange Control 8 TWN Print Tape Normal Multiple Tape Lister 9 TWS Tape Write Simultaneous 9 TWS Tape Write Simultaneous Data E...

Page 199: ... K LSL Locate Symbol Left L LSR Locate Symbol Right M DL Transfer Data Left N DR Transfer Data Right DSL Transfer Data by Symbol Left P DSR Transfer Data by Symbol Right ARITHMETIC IN STRUCTONS ADD Add Q OR Logical OR m inus SUB Subtract T AND Logical AND U EXO Exclusive OR DECISION AND CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS R RPT Repeat V REG Store Register W CTC Conditional Transfer of Control X TA Tally Y COM Co...

Page 200: ...vertical tab using tape loop Bo 3 page change using tape loop Print Paper Advance Simultaneous Number 0 14 of lines to advance paper if Bo 1 Also selects Printer unit and mode Must be zeros 0000 Address of data to be printed from HSM excluding Bo Bo MSD of address Bi even print odd do not print Bo Unbuffered Printer Bo 0 causes 120 or 160 charac ters to be printed depending on the printer model Bu...

Page 201: ...ration left to right 120 or 160 characters printed if B is even Print is done first if applica ble Unbuffered Printer Paper Advance is com pletely independent of computing Buffered Printer Printing and Paper Advance are accom plished off line Operation left to right The record will be selected independent of computer operation A r HSM address of location one to the right of last character transfer...

Page 202: ...uction 2 of Bo 1 permits over ride of any Data Disc File Simultaneous instruction Bi B Bo specifies zone to be read from G Block Read Record Simultaneous 2s 22 2 2 selects number of blocks to be read 24 0 selects first file 24 1 selects second file HSM address where first character is to be placed Bo Must be zero 0 Bi odd record returned to cage after operation Bi even record stays on turntable an...

Page 203: ... under con trol of record file mode only A r A i B t B i Yes Operation left to right A i HSM address one to the right of last character read B t B 1 Yes Operation left to right A t HSM address one to the right of last character read B t B i Operation left to right S i HSM address one to the right of last character read T r B i Operation left to right S r HSM address one to the right of last charac...

Page 204: ...3 22 21 2 bit of Bo designates 1st sector to be written 24 of Bo 0 prevents override of Data Disc Simultaneous instruction 2 of Bo 1 permits override of Data Disc Simultaneous instruction Bi B2 Bj specifies zone to be written to J Transfer Symbol to Fill Selected Symbol Leftmost HSM address to be filled Rightmost HSM address to be filled K Locate Symbol Left Selected Symbol Leftmost HSM address to...

Page 205: ...arched are equal to N A f B B r B i Yes Yes Operation right to left PRI s set as follows PRN if first character not equal to N PRZ if all characters are equal to N PRP if non symbol is located after a character equal to N is found If a character is found not equal to N A f HSM address one to right of that character If all characters searched are equal to N A B i B i B i Yes Operation left to right...

Page 206: ...st be zeros 00 B Must be zeros 0000 A s Sense Read Error Function 1 M Ao Ai Aa Must be zeros 000 A3 1 Set Read Error Sense Enhancement OFF A3 2 Set Read Error Sense Enhancement ON Must be zeros 0000 Function 2 M first Control 318 S second Control 319 A Aa Aa Must be zeros 000 Ao 4 sense for read parity error HSM address of the next instruction to be executed if the condition being tested is presen...

Page 207: ...o left PRN is set if the result is all zeros otherwise PRP is set A r HSM address one to the left of MSD in result B r HSM address one to the left of MSD in second operand Yes Operation right to left A r HSM address one to the left of MSD in result B r HSM address one to the left of MSD in second operand Yes Store A only A r A i 2 if B P S or U are stored A t A r of previous instruc tion if A is s...

Page 208: ... be tested HSM address of next instruction if quan tity has not been exhausted Y Compare Left Number 0 44 of char acters to be compared HSM address of left most character of first operand HSM address of leftmost character of second operand 0 Card Read Normal Model 323 Selects card reader and reading rate HSM address of first character read from punched cards Must be zeros 0000 0 Card Read Normal M...

Page 209: ...he right of last character compared in first operand B r HSM address one to the right of last character compared in second operand Operation left to right A r HSM address one to the right of last character read into HSM B r A i BCT off B r A i 80 BCT on Operation left to right A r HSM address one to the right of last character read into HSM B r A i translate mode B r A i 80 binary mode Operation l...

Page 210: ...f last character to be punched 4 Tape Read Forward Normal Specifies Tape Station Paper Tape Reader or Interrogating Typewriter HSM address of first character to be read HSM address of last character to be read 4 Tape Read Forward Normal Data Exchange Control H first u nit I second unit HSM address of first diad to be read even HSM address of last diad to be read even 5 Tape Read Forward Simultaneo...

Page 211: ... the right of last character read B B Yes Operation left to right Instr terminated on AB equality A t B i f 2 Instr terminated by receipt of terminate signal A f A i the number of characters transferred 2 B r B i B t B i Operation left to right ED EF Simultaneous Indicator set if an ED or EF alone is read from mag tape S r HSM address one to the right of last character read T f B Yes Operation lef...

Page 212: ...e Simultaneous Data Exchange Control H first unit I second unit HSM address of first diad to be transferred even HSM address of last diad to be trans ferred even 9 Print Tape Simultaneous Multiple Tape Lister minus HSM address of first character to be sent to buffer HSM address of last character to be sent to buffer Record File Mode Read 2s 2 2 2 selects number of blocks to be read 25 24 selects F...

Page 213: ...eration left to right A i Address of location one to the right of the last character printed B r B i Operation left to right Tape motion forward S r HSM address one to the right of last character written punched or typed T i B i Operation left to right S B 2 T t B Operation left to right S t Address of location one to the right of the last character printed T t B Operation left to right U f HSM ad...

Page 214: ...f leftmost character to be trans ferred HSM address of destination of first character Add Number 0 44 of char acters in each operand HSM address of LSD of augend and sum HSM address of LSD of addend Subtract Number 0 44 of char acters in each operand HSM address of LSD or minuend and difference HSM address of LSD subtrahend Halt 0 zero may be used to designate type of stop 0000 zero may be used fo...

Page 215: ...stination area Yes Yes Operation right to left with the sign in the zone bit 2s of LSD PRI s set as follows PRP if sum is f PRZ if sum is 0 PRN if sum is A r HSM address one to left of MSD of sum B r HSM address one to the left of MSD of addend Yes Yes Operation right to left with the sign in the zone bit 25 of LSD PRI s set as follows PRP if result is f PRZ if result is 0 PRN if result is A r HSM...

Page 216: ...63 4 363 5 b 105 125 145 145 c 150 160 185 185 a To initiate selection b Average selection time c Maximum selection time E Band Select Record File Mode a 21 Bj 14 B2 42 b 3 1 a To initiate selection b Average time to perform Band Selection Band located on record 32 positions from turntable F Block Read Record Normal a 2 5 KC b 400 c 3 04 d 1 6 a Character transfer rate b Inter cell gap time and re...

Page 217: ...or Write Disc Simultaneous a 25 b 32 KC a Average File Latency b Character transfer rate J Transfer Symbol to Fill 7n 35 n no of locations filled K Locate Symbol Left l4n 56 n no of characters searched L Locate Symbol Right I4n 56 n no of characters searched M Transfer Data Left I4n 35 n no of characters transferred N Transfer Data Right l4n 35 n no of characters transferred P Transfer Data by Sym...

Page 218: ... min d 900 cards min e 1500 cards min a If N 4 T T Model 323 b If N M c Card Reader Punch d Card Reader Model 324 e Card Reader Model 329 2 Card Punch Normal a 100 cards min b 200 cards min5 c 250 cards min a Model 334 Punch b Model 336 Punch c Card Reader Punch 3 Card Punch Simultaneous a 100 cards min b 200 cards min c 250 cards min a Model 334 Punch b Model 336 Punch c Card Reader Punch 4 Tape ...

Page 219: ... KC a Rate of Hi Data Tape Model 381 b Rate of Hi Data Tape Model 382 c Rate of reading Paper Tape d Rate of model 581 station e Rate of model 582 station 8 Tape Write Normal a 10 KC b 30 KC c Up to 300 char sec d 33 3 KC e 66 7 KC f Up to 10 char sec a Rate of Hi Data Tape Model 381 b Rate of Hi Data Tape Model 382 c Rate of punching Paper Tape d Rate of model 581 station e Rate of model 582 stat...

Page 220: ... Time to return record to cage Record File Mode Write a 2 5 KC b 400f c 3 04J d 1 6 a Character transfer rate b Inter cell gap time and write a cell c Average time to begin writing to fifth cell of a band d Time to return record to cage Rewind to BTC Less than 180 Time to rewind full tape Input Output Control 42 Transfer Data by Symbol Left I4n 49 n no of characters to be transferred Add a 28n 49 ...

Page 221: ...storage of address 0206 0209 Arithmetic Temporary storage of address 0212 0215 STA 0216 0219 STP 0222 0225 Standard Location for Storing P in a Repeat Instruction Model 303 Processor 9900 9977 Print Table 9978 9999 Reserved Model 304 Processor 1900 1977 Print Table 1978 1999 Reserved Model 305 Processor Z900 Z977 Print Table Z978 Z999 Reserved ...

Page 222: ...4 U 2 2 13 C 24 M 35 V 3 3 14 D 25 N 36 W 4 4 15 E 26 O 37 X 5 5 16 F 27 P 38 Y 6 6 17 G 28 Q 39 Z 7 7 18 H 29 R 40 EB 8 8 19 I 30 41 comma 9 9 20 minus 31 42 10 21 J 32 S 43 44 ISS APPENDIX F ll SYMBOLS USED FOR N CHARACTER COUNTS IN REPEAT AND PAPER ADVANCE INSTRUCTIONS N Count Symbol N Count Symbol N Count Symbol N Count Symbol 0 0 4 4 8 8 12 1 1 5 5 9 9 13 2 2 6 6 10 space 14 3 3 7 7 11 ...

Page 223: ...Uni t Card Reader Model 323 324 329 or Reader Unit Model 330 24 bit 0 Card Punch Model 334 or Punch Unit Model 330 0 zero Card Punch Model 336 1 2 4 Paper Tape Reader 8 Paper Tape Punch 9 On Line Printer 24 bit 0 24 bit 1 Monitor Printer 7 Data Disc File Track Select R Z Read Write 24 bit 0 24 bit 1 Data Record File Record File Control Band Select 24 bit 0 24 bit 1 Read W rite 24 bit 0 24 bit 1 Re...

Page 224: ...r 9963 1963 Z963 Close Parenthesis 9924 1924 Z924 U Letter 9964 1964 Z964 Quote 9925 1925 Z925 V Letter 9965 1965 Z965 10 Sub 10 9926 1926 Z926 W Letter 9966 1966 Z966 Open Parenthesis 9927 1927 Z927 X Letter 9967 1967 Z967 Close Bracket 9930 1930 Z930 Y Letter 9970 1970 Z970 Semicolon 9931 1931 Z931 Z Letter 9971 1971 Z971 Greater Than 9932 1932 Z932 CR Credit Symbol 9972 1972 Z972 r Divide 9933 ...

Page 225: ... 0 1 4 49 0 1 0 1 1 5 49 0 1 1 0 1 6 49 0 0 0 1 1 25 0 0 1 0 2 25 0 0 1 1 3 25 0 1 0 0 4 25 0 1 0 1 5 25 0 1 1 0 6 25 1 0 0 1 7 25 1 0 1 0 8 25 1 0 1 1 9 25 at LU 1 1 0 0 10 25 i VI _J 111 CL 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 11 12 1 2 25 25 49 l s 0 0 1 1 1 3 49 0 1 0 0 1 4 49 0 1 0 1 1 5 49 0 1 1 0 1 6 49 1 0 Q 1 1 7 49 1 0 1 0 1 8 49 1 0 1 1 1 9 49 1 1 0 0 1 10 49 1 1 0 1 1 11 49 1 1 1 0 1 12 49 24 0 25 ...

Page 226: ...nt Pos ition 24 Character To Character Character To Character Be Printed In HS M Be Printed In HS M 0 0 B 0 1 1 C 1 2 2 D 2 3 3 F 3 4 4 L 4 5 5 M 5 6 6 R 6 7 7 S 7 8 8 T 8 9 9 X 9 Period Period Y Period Comma Comma jut Lozenge Comma Number Number CR Credit Number Equal Equal Asterisk Equal Minus Minus Plus Minus Space Space Space Space 1 2 ...

Page 227: ...ed to raise a group of 8 cards one of which will be extracted to the capstan on the 3488 Random Access Computer Equipment Band An addressable area on the Data Record File A band is a spiral groove around the record with a storage capacity of 9000 characters Each band contains 10 cells of 900 characters each Band The recording surface on a 3488 card comprised of two parallel tracks and containing f...

Page 228: ...w A condition that occurs when there is no longer room on a 3488 card for the information being processed Card Punch A mechanism which punches cards An automatic card punch punches cards according to a stored program Card Reader A mechanism that reproduces the information on cards in another form usually electrical signals Card Stacker A mechanism that stacks cards after they have passed through a...

Page 229: ...HSM locations Each diad begins with an even decimal address and ends with the next consecutive odd address Digit One of the n symbols of integral value ranging from 0 to n 1 inclusive in a scale numbering of base n Examples of various types of digits are Binary Digits are 0 to 1 Octal Digits are 0 through 7 Decimal Digits are 0 through 9 Direct Address The specific label assigned by the machine de...

Page 230: ...blocks or other units of data High Speed Memory Magnetic core storage in the Computer in the RCA 301 System See also Storage High Speed Memory HSM Location A unit of magnetic core storage High Speed Memory which can store hold remember one RCA character See Address HSM High Speed Memory i Used as subscript to denote initial Indirect Address The address of a memory location whose contents contain t...

Page 231: ... an operand Memory See Storage Message The data relative to a single item to be processed For example all data relative to a single inventory item is a message See Record Microsecond A millionth of a second Millisecond A thousandth of a second Mnemonic Code A pseudo code in which information usually instructions is represented by symbols or characters which are readily identified with the informat...

Page 232: ... program areas Contains the file ID and a description of the program area Random Access Access to storage under conditions in which the next position from which information is obtained or to which it is delivered is in no way dependent on the previous one RCA Character See the RCA 301 Code Appendix Record A record consists of one or more related items with the amount of information in a record bei...

Page 233: ...Index File ID and address of data file description Data File Description Description of a data file Number of characters per record number of blocks per bucket and record type On Line Catalogue Record of the locations of all magazines on line Magazine Serial Number Index Serial numbers of all magazines in the System Magazine Description Description of all files including the allocated areas System...

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Page 235: ...d STZ i T J t A p r TTqpe Deivc i L J I 1 G_ F O N _ _ O u I p y f 7 e i o o n p i uj e To o u r p e j C eu ...

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RCA 301, Programmer'S Reference Manual

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