DF:YST BYCNHERWBB7
GJ:FKEQCNF9 GHJXBNFQNT
DYBVFNTKMYJ7
Ghjxbnfqnt bycnherwbb
Dct bycnherwbb9 rfcf.obtcz nt[ybrb ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ghfdbk
j,hfotybz c uhjvrjujdjhbntkzvb9 cktletn ghjxbnfnm gthtl
yfxfkjv hf,jns c bpltkbtv7
Cj[hfyzqnt bycnherwbb
Bycnherwbb9 rfcf.obtcz nt[ybrb ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ghfdbk j,hfotybz c
bpltkbtv9 cktletn cj[hfyznm7
Cnhjuj cj,k.lfqnt ghtljcntht;tybz
Dct ghtljcntht;tybz jnyjcbntkmyj j,hfotybz c bpltkbtv ljk;ys
cnhjuj cj,k.lfnmcz7
Dsgjkyzqnt bycnherwbb
Bycnherwbb gj =rcgkefnfwbb b j,hfotyb. c bpltkbtv ljk;ys
dsgjkyznmcz7
E[jl b cjlth;fybt d xbcnjnt
Jncjtlbybnt bpltkbt b cybvbnt cj cntys gthtl ghbdtltybtv tuj d
gjhzljr7 Yt cktletn bcgjkmpjdfnm ybrfrb[ f=hjpjktq b lheub[ xbcnzob[
chtlcnd9 bcgjkmpeqnt kbim vzure. dtnjim7
Rhtg∑;
Yt bcgjkmpeqnt ybrfrb[ chtlcnd rhtgt;f9 rhjvt htrjvtyljdfyys[
bpujnjdbntktv bpltkbz9 gjcrjkmre ythtrjvtyljdfyyst chtlcndf rhtgt;f
vjuen ghtlcnfdkznm jgfcyjcnm lkz bpltkbz7
Djlf b dkfuf
Yt bcgjkmpeqnt =nj bpltkbt d,kbpb djls7
Dtynbkzwbz
+nj bpltkbt yt ljk;yj gjvtofnmcz dyenhm nfrb[ pfrhsns[ ghjcnhfycnd9
rfr ryb;ysq irfa bkb ryb;yst gjkrb9 tckb yt bvttncz yflkt;fotq
dtynbkzwbb bkb yt cj,k.lf.ncz ghfdbkf dtynbkzwbb9 ghtlgbcsdftvst
bpujnjdbntktv7
Bcnjxybrb gbnfybz
Bpltkbt ljk;yj hf,jnfnm njkmrj jn bcnjxybrf gbnfybz nfrjuj nbgf9
rjnjhsq erfpfy yf gfcgjhnyjq nf,kbxrt bpltkbz7 Tckb ds yt pyftnt
njxyj9 rfrjuj nbgf gbnfybt d ctnb e dfc ljvf9 yfdtlbnt cghfdrb d
rjvgfybb9 cyf,;f.otq dfc =ktrnhj=ythubtq7
Pfptvktybt bkb gjkzhbpfwbz
Bpltkbt vj;tn ,snm jcyfotyj gjkzhbpjdfyysv intgctktv-flfgnthjv
gthtvtyyjuj njrf7 Bp cjj,hf;tybq ,tpjgfcyjcnb intgctkm dsgjkyty
nfrbv j,hfpjv9 xnj d[jlbn d hjptnre jlybv cgjcj,jv7 Tckb e dfc yt
gjkexbncz dcnfdbnm intgctkm d hjptnre c gthdjuj hfpf9 nj gthtdthybnt
intgctkm7 Tckb intgctkm ntv yt vtytt yt d[jlbn d hjptnre9 nj dspjdbnt
=ktrnhbrf9 xnj,s jy pfvtybk dfv hjptnre7 Yt yfheifqnt nt[ybrb
,tpjgfcyjcnb ghb drk.xtybb bpltkbz d ctnm7
Pfobnf cbkjds[ ghjdjljd
Cbkjdst ghjdjlf ljk;ys ghjrkflsdfnmcz nfr9 xnj,s jyb ,skb yt yf
[jle9 xnj,s b[ bpjkzwbz yt gjdht;lfkfcm ghtlvtnfvb vt,tkb b n7g79 ghb
=njv jcj,jt dybvfybt cktletn eltkznm ghjdjlfv9 dtleobv r hjptnrfv9 b
cktlbnm pf ntvb xfcnzvb ghjdjljd9 rjnjhst ds[jlzn bp bpltkbq7
Gthtuheprb
Yt gthtuhe;fqnt cbkjdst hjptnrb d cntyf[ rjvyfn9 f nfr;t
elkbybntkmyst ghjdjlf9 =nj vj;tn ghbdtcnb r gjhf;tyb.
=ktrnhbxtcrbv njrjv7
:blrjcnb
Ybrjulf yt ghjkbdfqnt ybrfrb[ ;blrjcntq yf bpltkbt7
Cthdbc
Ybrjulf yt gsnfqntcm cfvb ghjdjlbnm cthdbc bpltkbz9 gjcrjkmre9
jnrhsdfz pfly.. gfytkm9 ds gjldthuftntcm jgfcyjcnb gjhf;tybz
dscjrbv yfghz;tybtv b lheubv jgfcyjcnzv7 Cthdbc ljk;ty ghjdjlbnmcz
rdfkbabwbhjdfyysv gthcjyfkjv7
Ntgkjdjt djpltqcndbt
+nj bpltkbt yt ljk;yj hfpvtofnmcz d,kbpb bcnjxybrjd ntgkf9 yfghbvth9
hflbfnjhjd9 gtxtq bkb lheub[ ghb,jhjd 5drk.xfz ecbkbntkb89 rjnjhst
dsltkz.n ntgkj7
Gthbjls9 rjulf ds yt gjkmpetntcm bpltkbtv
Cbkjdjq ghjdjl bpltkbz ljk;ty ,snm dsrk.xty bp ctnb9 tckb ds yt
gjkmpetntcm bpltkbtv yf ghjnz;tybb lkbntkmyjuj dhtvtyb7
Hfpvtotybt
Bpltkbt hfphf,jnfyj d yfgjkmyjv dfhbfynt9 gj=njve cnfdbnm tuj yf
gjkre bkb yf cntyl yt htrjvtyletncz7
Gjdht;ltybz9 gjckt rjnjhs[ ytj,[jlbv cthdbc
Rdfkbabwbhjdfyysq gthcjyfk ljk;ty ghjdjlbnm cthdbc bpltkbz9 tckb
F7 ,sk gjdht;l∑y cbkjdjq ghjdjl bkb hjptnrf
<7 bpltkbt gflfkj bkb yf ytuj ,skf ghjkbnf ;blrjcnm
D7 bpltkbt gj,sdfkj gjl lj;l∑v
U7 gj[j;t9 xnj bpltkbt yt aeyrwbjybhetn yjhvfkmyj bkb bpltkbt
j,yfhe;bdftn pfvtnyst bpvtytybz d djcghjbpdtltybb pderf
L7 bpltkbt hjyzkb bkb tckb ,sk gjdht;l∑y tuj rjhgec7
DF:YFZ BYAJHVFWBZ
Dfi uhjvrjujdjhbntkm cthbq JV vj;tn gjnht,kznm ,jkmijt
rjkbxtcndj =ktrnhj=ythubb9 yt drk.xfqnt tuj d hjptnrb 5c
dsrk.xfntktv bkb ,tp ytuj89 d rjnjhst e;t drk.x∑y ghjwtccjh7 Gj
djpvj;yjcnb drk.xfqnt tuj d jnltkmye. =ktrnhbxtcre. ctnm7
GHBVTnj j,ehjljdfybt rjnjhjt gjldthufkjcm bcgsnfybzv9
b d htpekmnfnt bcgsnfybq ,skj ecnfyjdktyj9 xnj jyj eljdktndjhztn
juhfybxtybzv rkfccf D wbahjds[ ecnhjqcnd9 eljdktndjhztn xfcnb !#
ghfdbk Atlthfkmyjq Rjvbccbb Cdzpb 5ARC8 CIF7 +nb juhfybxtybz
ecnfyjdktys lkz njuj9 xnj,s j,tcgtxbnm hfpevye. pfobne jn dhtlys[
djpltqcndbq ghb ecnfyjdrt ghb,jhjd d ;bks[ gjvtnj
j,jheljdfybt utythbhetn9 bcgjkmpetn b vj;tn bpkexfnm =ythub.
hflbjxfcnjn9 b d ckexft9 tckb jyj ecnfyfdkbdftncz b bcgjkmpetncz yt d
cjjndtncndbt c bycnherwbzvb9 nj vj;tn jrfpsdfnm dhtlyjt djpltqcndbt
yf hflbjcdzpm7 Ntv yt vtytt9 ytn ufhfynbb njuj9 xnj gjvt[b d ytrjnjhs[
ghb,jhf[ yt gjzdzncz7 Tckb =nj j,heljdfybt dspsdftn gjvt[b d ghb∑vt
hflbj- bkb ntktgthtlfx9 xnj vj;tn ,snm j,yfhe;tyj ghb drk.xtybb bkb
dsrk.xtybb j,jheljdfybz9 gjkmpjdfntk. htrjvtyletncz gjgsnfnmcz
ecnhfybnm gjvt[b9 ghbvtybd jlye bkb ytcrjkmrj bp cktle.ob[ vth6
•
bpvtybnm yfghfdktyyjcnm bkb vtcnjyf[j;ltybt fyntyys9
•
edtkbxbnm hfccnjzybt vt;le bpltkbtv b ghb∑vybrjv9
•
drk.xbnm bpltkbt d hjptnre9 d[jlzoe. d ctnm9 jnkbxye. jn njq9 d
rjnjhe. drk.x∑y ghb∑vybr9
•
j,hfnbnmcz pf rjycekmnfwbtq r lbkthe bkb r jgsnyjve ntkt- bkb
hflbjnt[ybre7
DYBVFYBT
Lkz ghtljndhfotybz jgfcyjcnb gjhf;tybz =ktrnhbxtcrbv njrjv
•
ghb drk.xtybb intgctkz d hjptnre lj rjywf dcnfdkzqnt ibhjrbq
rjynfrn d ibhjre. ghjhtpm
•
yt cybvfqnt hti∑njr9 rjnjhst pfobof.n utythfnjhs rjkt,fybq7
+njn uhjvrjujdjhbntkm bvttn =ktrnhjyyst c[tvs9 cvjynbhjdfyyst
d rjhgect9 b gj=njve tuj yt cktletn hfcgjkfufnm d,kbpb bcnjxybrjd
ntgkf9 nfrb[9 rfr gtxb bkb hflbfnjhs7 Dj bp,t;fybt jgfcyjcnb
gj;fhf bkb gjhf;tybz =ktrnhbxtcrbv njrjv9 yt hfpvtofqnt
bpltkbt d,kbpb bcnjxybrjd dkf;yjcnb9 nfrb[9 rfr bcgfhbntkmyst
j[kflbntkb djple[f bkb edkf;ybntkb djple[f9 f nfr;t
ghtlj[hfyzqnt bpltkbt jn lj;lz7
Ytpfdbcbvj jn hfcgjkj;tybz uhjvrjujdjhbntkb dctulf ljk;ys
cnjznm dthnbrfkmyj9 lbyfvbrfvb dgth∑l7 +rcgkefnfwbz
uhjvrjujdjhbntkz d byjv gjkj;tybb d ntxtybt lkbntkmyjuj
dhtvtyb vj;tn ghbdtcnb r gjdht;ltyb.9 rjnjhjt yt gjlkt;bn
ufhfynbqyjve htvjyne7
Ytrjnjhst ntktdbpjhs jcj,tyyj xedcndbntkmyj r
=ktrnhjvfuybnysv gjkzv7 Tckb e dfituj ntktdbpjhf yf,k.lftncz
bcrf;tybt wdtnf gjckt ecnfyjdrb uhjvrjujdjhbntkz9 gjghjcne
gjcntgtyyj edtkbxbdfqnt hfccnjzybt vt;le ntktdbpjhjv b
uhjvrjujdjhbntktv lj nt[ gjh9 gjrf yjhvfkmysq wdtn yt
djccnfyjdbncz7
UFHFYNBB PF GHTLTKFVB CIF B
RFYFLS
D .hblbxtcrjv jnyjitybb ufhfynbb yf bpltkbz vjuen jnkbxfnmcz d
hfpys[ cnhfyf[ lheu jn lheuf7 Pf byajhvfwbtq jnyjcbntkmyj
JUHFYBXTYYJQ UFHFYNBB yf bpltkbt d dfitq cnhfyt
j,hfofqntcm r dfitve lbkthe7
DF:YFZ BYAJHVFWBZ6 Gj;fkeqcnf9 cj[hfyzqnt rjhj,re b
egfrjdjxyst vfnthbfks yf bpltkbt yf njn ckexfq9 tckb dfv ghbl∑ncz
jnghfdkznm tuj d wtynh gj j,cke;bdfyb.7
≥
VBHF:÷9 ≥VBHF:÷ kjuj9 ≥Lkz ;bdjuj ghtlcnfdktybz Dfitq
;bpyb÷9 ≥BC-cthbb÷ b ≥FGB frctccefhs zdkz.ncz af,hbxysvb
vfhrfvb Vt;leyfhjlyjq Rjhgjhfwbb Felbj Ghjlernjd7 ≥Ljk,b÷9
≥Ljk,b Ghj-Kjl;br÷ b ≥Ljk,b Wbahjdjt Jrhe;tybt÷ zdkz.ncz
af,hbxysvb vfhrfvb Ljk,b Kf,jhfnjhbb9 WNC zdkztncz af,hbxyjq
vfhrjq Wbahjds[ Ntfnhfkmys[ Cbcntv9 Byrjhgjhfwbtq7
26
Bycnherwbz lkz gjkmpjdfntkz
Jvybgjkfh
