Maker Factory ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS BOX Manual Download Page 313

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315

Fig. 3.173:

Circuit 173: Electronic NF

switch

Fig. 3.174:

Circuit 174 – Stabilizer for 1.4 V

Fig. 3.175:

Circuit 175 – Stabilizer for 2 V

Circuit 173: The functioning principle is described on page 259.

Summary of Contents for ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS BOX

Page 1: ...0 0 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 A X Y B C D E F G H I J Y E F G H I J 5 5 1 0 1 0 1 5 1 5 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 F 1 6 V 1 0 0 F 1 6 V 1 0 0 F 1 6 V 1 0 F 1 6 V F 100 F 16V 10 F 16V 10 F 16V 10 F 16...

Page 2: ...ufactured in accordance with the applicable European directives and therefore bears the CE mark The intended use is described in the instructions enclosed You are responsible for complying with applic...

Page 3: ...peration Learning by Doing is a good strategy for achieving success after all Those who are still keen on some theory and background knowledge after so many successful experi ments will find the appro...

Page 4: ......

Page 5: ...rument 21 1 2 Tips 22 1 2 1 Successful equipping 22 1 2 2 Simple bending jig 22 1 2 3 Acoustic panel 22 1 2 4 Moving coil instrument 23 1 2 5 Practical use of the circuits in home and garden 23 1 2 6...

Page 6: ...DC DC converter 83 2 26 Low regulated output voltage 88 2 27 Schmitt Trigger 91 2 28 Turn signal gentle to the eye 93 2 29 RIAA equalizer 95 2 30 Low pass 97 2 31 Quiztimer 103 2 32 Handy diode teste...

Page 7: ...2 2 60 Switch on delay 153 2 61 Low noise high impedance input amplifier 157 2 62 NOR gate 158 2 63 NAND gate 160 2 64 Mixing console 163 2 65 Electrometer 165 2 66 Simple AM Radio 167 2 67 Water alar...

Page 8: ...obe 212 2 89 Active probe 214 2 90 IR control 218 2 91 Constant voltage source 220 2 92 Class A end level 222 2 93 IR control 223 2 94 Push Pull amplifier 225 2 95 Switch off delay 226 2 96 Siren 229...

Page 9: ...mportant active components in modern electronics and also in our experimental package is the transistor It is used to amplify smaller signals and to switch currents NPN and PNP transistors differ in p...

Page 10: ...iodes Silicon diodes are common they allow current to flow only in one direction Schottky diodes do the same but their threshold voltage is lower Light emitting diodes LEDs transform electricity into...

Page 11: ...ol is on the left and for information the circuit diagram symbol of the 1N4148 silicon diode on the right the experi mental package contains two of them Fig 1 11 The component symbol is on the left an...

Page 12: ...mic capacitor on the right the experimental package contains one only Fig 1 15 The component symbol is on the left and for information the circuit diagram symbol of the 220 pf ceramic capacitor on the...

Page 13: ...agram symbol of a 1 F electrolytic capacitor on the right the experimental package contains two of them Fig 1 20 The component symbol is on the left and for information the circuit diagram symbol of a...

Page 14: ...ht the experimental package contains one only 1 1 8 Piezo element The Piezo horn is used to reproduce or generate audio signals Fig 1 25 The component symbol is on the left and for information the cir...

Page 15: ...omponent symbol of the enclosed 1 5 AA battery holder there is no individual circuit diagram symbol for this the experimental package contains two of them 1 1 12 Resistors Resistors are used to set th...

Page 16: ...ns two of them Fig 1 33 The component symbol is on the left and for information the circuit diagram symbol of the 220 resistor on the right the experimental package contains two of them Fig 1 34 The c...

Page 17: ...ntains one only Fig 1 38 The component symbol is on the left and for information the circuit diagram symbol of the 4 7 k resistor on the right the experimental package contains two of them Fig 1 39 Th...

Page 18: ...ins two of them Fig 1 43 The component symbol is on the left and for information the circuit diagram symbol of the 56 k resistor on the right the experimental package contains one only Fig 1 44 The co...

Page 19: ...symbol of the 1 M resistor on the right the experimental package contains one only Fig 1 48 Colour chart for the coding of the resistors 1 1 13 Moving coil instrument A moving coil instrument is used...

Page 20: ...rrectly You can only successfully reproduce our experiment if everything is properly connected A very handy tool that is equally small is shown in Fig 1 50 You can easily make it yourself using a stan...

Page 21: ...er than a breadboard Components and connections are then soldered together This ensures that these durable connections work properly over a long time The soldered connection to the stripboard ensures...

Page 22: ...all the schematics associated with our experiments We have very simple experiments for beginners and many circuits for the advanced Start by choosing the experiments that match your knowhow That way...

Page 23: ...g coil instrument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 1 Simple voltage measurement Experiment Once the battery is connected the moving coil instrument will deflect What is the sca...

Page 24: ...ttery is connected the moving coil instrument will deflect What is the scale of the deflection If everything is working properly the needle will move and stop roughly in the middle of the scale Again...

Page 25: ...clip connector Fig 2 3 Diode in forward current Experiment Once the battery is connected the moving coil instrument deflects full scale The Schottky diode runs in forward current current flows from th...

Page 26: ...rument is not moving The Schottky diode runs in the reverse current flow direction and no current can pass De facto one flow direction can be separated off from the other We call this process rectific...

Page 27: ...moving coil instrument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 4 Current measurement without shunt resistance Experiment Once the battery is connected the moving coil instrument will...

Page 28: ...nt with a small shunt resistance Experiment Once the battery is connected the moving coil instrument will deflect What is the scale of the deflection If everything is fine the needle will move about t...

Page 29: ...ard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 6 Current measurement with a greater shunt resistance Experiment Once the battery is connected the moving coil instrument will deflect What is the scale o...

Page 30: ...ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 7 Determining the connec tion sequence of a PNP transistor Experiment Connect the black line first Then with the red line touch the remain...

Page 31: ...bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 8 Determining the connec tion sequence of a NPN transistor Experiment Connect the red line first Then with the black line touch the remaining two transistor termina...

Page 32: ...x 100 resistor 1 x moving coil instrument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 9 PNP transistor B test Experiment If everything is wired correctly the moving coil instrument will...

Page 33: ...strument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 10 NPN transistor B test Experiment If everything is wired correctly the moving coil instrument will show a strong deflection The defl...

Page 34: ...everything is wired correctly the moving coil instrument will show a medium deflection This indicates the so called threshold voltage of the diode This voltage must have forward current at least appli...

Page 35: ...oving coil instrument will show a weak deflection This indicates the so called threshold voltage of the diode This voltage must at least have forward current applied so that current can flow through t...

Page 36: ...red correctly the moving coil instrument will show a strong deflection This indicates the so called threshold voltage of the diode This voltage must have at least forward current applied so that curre...

Page 37: ...wired correctly the moving coil instrument will show a strong deflection This indicates the so called threshold voltage of the diode This voltage must have at least forward current applied so that cur...

Page 38: ...wired correctly the moving coil instrument will show a strong deflection This indicates the so called threshold voltage of the diode This voltage must at least have forward current applied so that cur...

Page 39: ...g is wired correctly the moving coil instrument will show a medium deflection This indicates the so called threshold voltage of the diode This voltage must at least have forward current applied so tha...

Page 40: ...ors 2 x 10 F electrolytic capac itors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 17 Awesome double turn signals Experiment If everything is wired correctly the two LEDs will start flashin...

Page 41: ...2 x 100 k resistors 2 x 220 k resistors 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 18 Boring double turn signals Experiment If everything is wired correc...

Page 42: ...pen which means that one end of our two jumper wires is not connected Close or insert the jumper wire marked On for a moment The green LED light is steady on When you open the On switch again the diod...

Page 43: ...resistors 1 x 2 2 k resis tor 2 x 100 k resistors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 20 A bell with a memory Experiment If everything is wired correctly both switches are open w...

Page 44: ...stors 2 x red LEDs 2 x 1 k resistors 2 x 22 k resis tors 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 21 Flashing tail light Experiment If everything is wir...

Page 45: ...k the placement on the board again and only then connect the battery Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 2 x white LEDs not included 2 x 100 resis tors 2 x 22 k resistors 2 x 10 F electrolytic...

Page 46: ...correctly the red LED remains dark for as long as no light falls on the solar cell For example the solar cell could be placed in a south window The circuit itself could be placed in the base ment or...

Page 47: ...Free solar power is convenient only if it is always available meaning whenever there is demand not just when the sun is shining A simple approach is using batteries Whenever the sun is shining the bat...

Page 48: ...o jumpers come next Finally connect the solar cell Check the placement on the board again and only then connect the batteries Components required 1 x solar cell 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x red LED 1 x B...

Page 49: ...and only then connect the battery Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x red LED 1 x 1N4148 silicon diode 2 x 1 k resistors 2 x 100 k resis tors 1 x 10 F elec trolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard...

Page 50: ...mponents required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x red LED 1 x 1N4148 silicon diode 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 470 k resistor 1 x 10 F electro lytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery wit...

Page 51: ...x 100 k resistors 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 28 20 seconds switch off delay Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothing will...

Page 52: ...V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 29 Simple bicycle light Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothing will happen at first the yellow LED remains dark When the switch is closed the LED...

Page 53: ...x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 30 Automatic bicycle light with solar cell Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothing will happen at first the yellow LED remains dark As long as l...

Page 54: ...ector Fig 2 31 Automatic bicycle light with phototransistor Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothing will happen at first the yellow LED remains dark As long as light falls on the phot...

Page 55: ...ow con nect the circuit to the audio amplifier Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 1N4148 silicon diode 1 x red LED 2 x 220 resistors 1 x 100 k resis tor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x...

Page 56: ...them Components required 1 x 2N3904 transis tor 1 x 1N4148 silicon diode 1 x moving coil instrument 1 x 100 resistor 1 x 220 resistor 1 x 100 k resis tor 1 x 10 F elec trolytic capacitor 1 x breadboa...

Page 57: ...ng with devices that are to be connected to the mains Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 220 resistor 1 x 56 k resistor 2 x 100 nF ceramic capaci tor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip...

Page 58: ...m Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x J111 FET transistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 56 k resistor 1 x 6 8 k resistor 1 x 470 resistor 2 x 100 nF ceramic capaci tors 1 x 10 nF ceramic capacitor 1...

Page 59: ...tors 2 x 1 k resistors 2 x 10 k resistors 2 x 100 nF ceramic capaci tors 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 36 Handy continuity...

Page 60: ...ode 2 x 1 k resistors 2 x 10 k resistors 2 x 100 nF ceramic capacitors 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 37 Diode tester Experi...

Page 61: ...1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 2 x 100 nF ceramic capaci tors 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard...

Page 62: ...ts required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 2 x 100 nF ceramic capaci tors 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V batter...

Page 63: ...ansistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 2 x 10 nF ceramic capaci tors 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig...

Page 64: ...sistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 4 7 k resistor 1 x 2 2 k resis tor 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x 100 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1 x 9...

Page 65: ...1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 220 resistors 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 42 Active 8 5V battery monitor Experiment An electronic active battery monit...

Page 66: ...2 x 220 resistors 2 x 10 F electro lytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 43 Active 7 8V battery monitor Experiment An electronic active battery monitor provides inf...

Page 67: ...ing a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 100 resistor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 22 k resis...

Page 68: ...iment The Zener diode meter shows the Zener voltage of a properly functioning Zener diode by means of the moving coil meter Please note Zener diodes are connected in the reverse direction Look for Zen...

Page 69: ...es and higher Experiment The Zener diode meter shows the Zener voltage of a properly functioning Zener diode on the moving coil meter Please note Zener diodes are connected in the reverse direction Lo...

Page 70: ...rs 2 x 2 2 k resistors 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x moving coil instru ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 47 Discreet 2 2V Zener diode Experiment This circuit deli...

Page 71: ...istors 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x moving coil instrument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 48 Discreet 2 9V Zener diode Experiment This circuit delivers constant v...

Page 72: ...tors 1 x 10 k resistor 2 x 22 k resistors 1 x moving coil instrument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 49 Discreet 3 7V Zener diode Experiment This circuit delivers constant vol...

Page 73: ...x 10 k resistors 2 x 22 k resistors 1 x moving coil instrument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 50 Discreet 4 4V Zener diode Experiment This circuit delivers constant voltage...

Page 74: ...2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x 22 resistor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 220 k resis tor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V batt...

Page 75: ...omponents required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x 22 resistor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 100 k resis tor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery wi...

Page 76: ...1 x red LED 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 53 Light sensitive switch with green LED Experiment This circuit tells you whether the sensor s...

Page 77: ...istor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 54 Light sensitive switch with solar cell Experiment This circuit tells you whether the sensor surroundings are bright or dark The sensor...

Page 78: ...x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 55 Light sensitive switch with phototransistor Experiment This circuit tells you whether the sensor surroundings are bright or dark The sensor functions as pho...

Page 79: ...s 3 x 10 k resistors 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 56...

Page 80: ...00 k resistor 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x 100 F elec trolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 57 Amplifier fo...

Page 81: ...r 1 x 10 k resistor 3 x 22 k resistors 1 x 220 H fixed inductance 1 x 1 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 1 F 160V electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector 1 x moving coil inst...

Page 82: ...or 1 x 220 H fixed induct ance 1 x 1 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 10 F 160V electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 59 DC DC converter 9V to 35V with LED Experiment...

Page 83: ...tor 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 220 H fixed induct ance 1 x 1 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 10 F 160V electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector 1 x moving coil i...

Page 84: ...or 1 x 220 H fixed induct ance 1 x 1 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 10 F 160V electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 61 DC DC converter 9V to 55V with LED Experiment...

Page 85: ...x 22 k resistor 1 x 220 H fixed induct ance 1 x 1 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 10 F 160V electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 62 DC DC converter 9V to 75V Experim...

Page 86: ...ts required 1 x 2N3906 transistor 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 3 3 k resistor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 63 Stabilizer for 1 0 V Experim...

Page 87: ...2N3906 transistor 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 3 3 k resistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 64 Stabilizer for 1 9 V Experiment By means of...

Page 88: ...x 2N3906 transistor 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 4 7 k resistor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 65 Stabilizer for 2 5 V Experiment By means of...

Page 89: ...itt trigger is a basic circuit widely used in analogue electronics The Schmitt trigger responses at a certain voltage in our case that is 8 V and switches through the red LED turns on If the voltage a...

Page 90: ...circuit which is a basic circuit widely used in analogue electronics The Schmitt trigger responses at a certain volt age in our case that is 5 V and switches through the red LED turns on If the voltag...

Page 91: ...0 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 68 LED blinker 1 Hz Experiment Even though everything is wired correctly and the battery is installed it may take so...

Page 92: ...r 2 x 100 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 69 LED blinker 3 Hz Experiment Even though everything is wired correctly and the battery is installed it may...

Page 93: ...tors 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 22 k resistors 2 x 100 k resis tors 2 x 220 k resistors 2 x 10 nF ceramic capaci tors 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x 100 F elec trolytic capacitor...

Page 94: ...ors 1 x 470 k resistor 1 x 100 resistor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x10 F electrolytic capaci tor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 71...

Page 95: ...ic capaci tor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard Fig 2 72 RC low pass 1 5 kHz Experiment We will use electrical filter circuits among other things to suppress the noise The basic circuit that serves thi...

Page 96: ...capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard Fig 2 73 RC low pass 3 kHz Experiment We will use electrical filter circuits among other things to suppress the noise The basic circuit that serves this pur...

Page 97: ...ic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard Fig 2 74 LC low pass 3 4 kHz Experiment We will use electrical filter circuits among other things to suppress the noise A basic circuit that serves this...

Page 98: ...rolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard Fig 2 75 RC high pass 160 Hz Experiment We will use electrical filter circuits among other things to suppress the noise The basic circuit that serve...

Page 99: ...F ceramic capacitor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard Fig 2 76 RC high pass from on 1 6 kHz Experiment We will use electrical filter circuits among other things to suppress the noise The basic circuit...

Page 100: ...capacitor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard Fig 2 77 LC high pass from on 3 4 kHz Experiment We will use electrical filter circuits among other things to suppress the noise A basic circuit that serves...

Page 101: ...resistor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 78 Quiztimer 3 seconds Experiment This is a classic circuit with s...

Page 102: ...0 resis tor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 220 k resistor 2 x 10 F electro lytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 79 Quiztimer 8 seconds Experiment This is a classic circuit...

Page 103: ...00 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 80 Quiztimer 30 seconds Experiment This is a classic circuit with switch off delay If everything is wired correctly...

Page 104: ...readboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 81 Handy diode tester Experiment If everything is wired correctly you can safely go ahead and test any kind of diode The measuring current is so low...

Page 105: ...nnector Fig 2 82 Handy diode tester with moving coil instrument Experiment If everything is wired correctly you can safely go ahead and test any kind of diode The measuring current is so low that the...

Page 106: ...tor lets direct current pass through Experiment If everything is wired correctly the LED is steady lit In this case the electrolytic capacitor is reverse biased The minus terminal of the battery conne...

Page 107: ...84 Electrolytic capacitor blocking direct current Experiment If everything is wired correctly the LED flashes once During this short instance the electrolytic capacitor is being charged After that DC...

Page 108: ...omponents required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 2 2 k resistors 2 x 47 k resistors 2 x 100 nF ceramic capaci tors 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x 1000 F elec trolytic capacitor 1 x...

Page 109: ...220 nF ceramic capaci tors 1 x 10 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 86 Mosquito repeller Experiment If everything is wired correctly you...

Page 110: ...k resistor 1 x resistor see box Experi ment 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x 10 F elec trolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 87 Metronome with...

Page 111: ...rd again and only then connect the battery Components required 1 x J111 FET transistor 1 x red LED 1 x green LED 1 x yellow LED 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 88 constant cur...

Page 112: ...r 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 89 constant current with FET transistor Experiment Although everything is wired correctly nothing will happen when you connect the battery Up...

Page 113: ...diode 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 90 Constant current power source with bipolar transistor Experiment Although everything is wired correctly nothing will h...

Page 114: ...hen connect the battery Components required 1 x J111 FET transistor 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x red LED 1 x green LED 1 x yellow LED 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 91 Constant...

Page 115: ...per wires come next Check the placement on the board again and only then connect the battery Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x red LED 1 x yellow LED 1 x green LED 2 x 1 k resistors 2 x 1...

Page 116: ...ransistor 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x red LED 1 x 100 resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 220 k resistor 1 x 1 F electro lytic capacitor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with cl...

Page 117: ...0 resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 220 k resis tor 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 94 Slow LED flash Experiment...

Page 118: ...x Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 2 2 k resistors 4 x 220 k resistors 2 x 10 nF ceramic capaci tors 2 x 10 F elec...

Page 119: ...0 k resis tors 1 x 2 2 k resis tor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 96 Two LED in Waltz time...

Page 120: ...equired 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x red LED 2 x 220 k resistors 1 x 4 7 k resis tor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x moving coil instrument 1 x bre...

Page 121: ...ent for value 1 x 100 resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 98 Constant current supply for LEDs Experiment Although everything is wired correctly nothing...

Page 122: ...adboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 99 Constant current power supply for LEDs Experiment Although everything is wired correctly nothing will happen when you connect the battery Up to now...

Page 123: ...n diode 1 x 1 M resistor 2 x 22 k resistors 1 x 10 k resistor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 100 Electronic level control E...

Page 124: ...9V battery with clip con nector 1 x AA battery holder Fig 2 101 Charge circuit for AA batteries Experiment This experiment shows where else you could deploy a constant current source in a meaningful...

Page 125: ...4 7 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector 1 x AA battery holder Fig 2 102 Charge circuit for AA batteries Experiment This experiment shows where else you could deploy a constan...

Page 126: ...esis tor 1 x 4 7 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector 1 x AA battery holder Fig 2 103 Discharge circuit for AA batteries Experiment This experiment shows where else you could...

Page 127: ...4 7 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector 1 x AA battery holder Fig 2 104 Discharge circuit for AA batteries Experiment This experiment shows where else you could deploy a const...

Page 128: ...out it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x 10 resistor 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 47 k resis tor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 10 nF ceramic capaci tor 10 x 1000 F e...

Page 129: ...2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 47 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 100 nF ceramic capaci tor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x...

Page 130: ...x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 107 constant current source 1 2 mA Experiment A digital multimeter s constant current source ensures that the value of resistors can be measured In our circuit...

Page 131: ...ig 2 108 Constant current source 2 mA Experiment A digital multimeter s constant current source ensures that the value of resistors can be measured In our circuit you could use any value between 100 a...

Page 132: ...109 Constant current source 5 7 mA Experiment A digital multimeter s constant current source ensures that the value of resistors can be measured In our circuit you could use any value between 100 and...

Page 133: ...trolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 110 Hawaiian guitar Experiment If everything is wired correctly you will hear a melodic sound once the batt...

Page 134: ...trolytic capaci tor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 111 Glass breakage detector Experiment If everything is wired correctly...

Page 135: ...x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 112 Glass breakage detector Experiment If everything is wired correctly the small signals of the Piezo element which in our case represents a micro phone will be...

Page 136: ...and only then connect the battery Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 220 resistor 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 10 k resistors 2 x 100 k resistors 3 x 10 nF ceramic capaci tors 3 x 10 F electrolyti...

Page 137: ...the Piezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 2N3906 transistor 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 1 x 100 resist...

Page 138: ...ct the battery Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x red LED 3 x 1 k resis tors 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 220 k resistor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9...

Page 139: ...breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 116 On button with sensor Experiment Although everything is wired correctly nothing will happen when you connect the battery the LED remains dark...

Page 140: ...k resistor 3 x 1 k resistors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 117 Off button with sensor Experiment If everything is wired correctly the red LED will turn on once the battery...

Page 141: ...r 1 x BAT 85 Schottky diode 1 x red LED 4 x 1 k resis tors 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 4 7 k resistor 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 10 nF ceramic capaci tor 2 x 100 nF ceramic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x batter...

Page 142: ...x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 4 7 k resistor 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 10 nF ceramic capacitor 2x 100 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x moving coil instru ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2...

Page 143: ...10 F electro lytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 120 Electronic level control Experiment An electronic level control is used to determine the weakening of an audi...

Page 144: ...oment The red LED is steady lit If you open the Tab On switch again the diode will continue to glow The circuit is so responsive that it is enough to bridge the two bare wire ends of the switch with a...

Page 145: ...The moving coil instrument shows a full scale deflection If you open the Tab On switch again the deflection stays the same The circuit is so responsive that it is enough to bridge the two bare wire en...

Page 146: ...re to be connected to the mains you can now connect the transformer Components required 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 1 x 22 k resistor 2 x 10 F electro lytic capacitors 1 x breadboard Fig 2 123 Voltage d...

Page 147: ...ytic capacitors 1 x breadboard Fig 2 124 Voltage quadrupler with moving coil instrument Experiment If everything is wired correctly you can safely go ahead and connect a low power AC voltage source Id...

Page 148: ...arger for AA battery Experiment If everything is wired correctly you can safely go ahead and insert the NiMH battery into the AA battery holder When full sunlight falls on the solar cell the battery i...

Page 149: ...red correctly you can safely go ahead and insert a NiMH battery into each of the two AA battery holders However charging will start only starts if each AA battery holder contains a battery When full s...

Page 150: ...r 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x 47 k resistor 2 x 100 k resis tors 3 x 220 k resistors 1 x 1 M resistor 3 x 10 nF ceramic capacitors 1 x 100 nF ceramic capacitor 2 x 10 F el...

Page 151: ...ed 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x BAT85 Schottky diode 1 x red LED 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 220 k resis tors 1 x 10 F elec trolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 128 Switc...

Page 152: ...ansistors 1 x BAT85 Schottky diode 1 x red LED 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 220 k resistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 10 F electro lytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 129 2 seco...

Page 153: ...2N3904 transistors 1 x BAT85 Schottky diode 1 x red LED 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 220 k resis tors 1 x 100 F elec trolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 130 4 seconds s...

Page 154: ...sistors 1 x BAT85 Schottky diode 1 x red LED 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 220 k resistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 100 F elec trolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 131 15 seco...

Page 155: ...nents required 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x J111 FET transistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 3 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 100 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 10 F electrolytic...

Page 156: ...p connector Fig 2 133 NOR gate with LED Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothing will happen at first Both switches are open the LED is off The potential at the exit is high The follow...

Page 157: ...ents required 2 x 2N3904 transis tors 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 1 x 4 7 k resis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x moving coil instru ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 134 NOR gate w...

Page 158: ...jumper wires followed by the jumpers which serve as switches shown dashed For your guidance we have labelled the switches with high E1 low E1 and high E2 low E2 Check the placement on the board again...

Page 159: ...k PC contains tens of thousands of those gates The circuit diagram for this experiment is shown in Chap 3 Fig 3 135 Circuit 136 NAND gate with moving coil instrument Setup information Install the tran...

Page 160: ...moving The following table also called truth table shows what will happen now at the different switch states Input 1 Input 2 Output Moving coil instrument low low high no motion high low high no moti...

Page 161: ...111 FET transistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 4 7 k resistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 100 nF ceramic capaci tor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 137 Input level Mixing console Experimen...

Page 162: ...0 k resistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 1 F electrolytic capaci tor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 138 output circuit mixing conso...

Page 163: ...Experiment If everything is wired correctly switch to charge The red LED is dark The ceramic capacitor is charged in no time This means that the capacitor s electrodes have accumulated as many electro...

Page 164: ...ing coil instrument Experiment If everything is wired correctly switch to charge The moving coil instrument needle is not moving In no time the ceramic capacitor is fully charged This means that the c...

Page 165: ...ixed induct ance 2 x 100 nF ceramic capacitors 1 x ceramic capacitor see Experiment for value 1 x 1 F electro lytic capacitor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capaci tor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V b...

Page 166: ...ransistors 1 x red LED 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 10 k resis tor 2 x 220 k resistors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 142 Water level alarm with LED Experiment Even if everything is...

Page 167: ...rument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 143 Water level alarm with moving coil instrument Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothing will happen at first But if y...

Page 168: ...1 x 2N3904 transis tor 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 2 x red LED 1 x 1 k resistor 3 x 10 k resistors 2 x 22 k resistors 2 x 10 F electro lytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con necto...

Page 169: ...lytic capacitors 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x battery 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 145 Simple signal tracker with Piezo element Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothin...

Page 170: ...trument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 146 Simple signal tracker with Piezo element Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothing will happen at first But only if...

Page 171: ...re complements a signal tracker to form a small measuring system for NF circuits The broad band spectrum generated ranges from 2 kHz up into the HF range If you are familiar with the relevant safety g...

Page 172: ...like to connect an CNC milling machine or one of the unrivalled practical PSION pocket computers s3mx or s5mx this present circuit can help to overcome connection issues If connected to the pins RxD r...

Page 173: ...t 150 Simple tone generator 1 kHz Setup information Install the transistor the five resistors and the three ceramic capacitors and the electrolytic capacitor as shown in Fig 2 150 The thirteen jumper...

Page 174: ...lectrolytic capacitor as shown in Fig 2 151 The thirteen jumper wires come next Last but not least connect the Piezo element Check the placement on the board again and only then connect the battery Yo...

Page 175: ...the Piezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 47 resistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 2 x 4 7 k resistors 1 x 220 k...

Page 176: ...x red LED 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 220 H fixed induct ance 1 x 100 pF ceramic capacitor 1 x 220 pF ceramic capacitor 1 x 1 nF ceramic capaci tor 1 x 10 nF ceramic ca...

Page 177: ...x 2N3904 transis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 2 x 2 2 k resistors 1 x 22 k resistor 2 x 100 k resistors 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip...

Page 178: ...sistor 1 x 100 resistor 2 x 2 2 k resistors 1 x 22 k resistor 2 x 100 k resistors 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig...

Page 179: ...stors 1 x 22 k resistor 2 x 100 k resistors 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 156 LF phase shifter 180 degrees Ex...

Page 180: ...bout it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 22 k resistor 2 x 100 k resistors 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F ele...

Page 181: ...sensitivity of the Piezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 220...

Page 182: ...the Piezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x...

Page 183: ...of the Piezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 220 k resistor 2...

Page 184: ...the Piezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 220 k resistor 1 x...

Page 185: ...the Piezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x...

Page 186: ...of the Piezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 100 k resistor...

Page 187: ...1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x green LED 1 x 1 k resistor 4 x 22 k resistors 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x 100 F electrolytic capaci tor 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1...

Page 188: ...in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x green LED 1 x 10 k resistor 4 x 22 k resistors 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x 100 F electrolytic capaci tor 1 x Piezo element 1 x br...

Page 189: ...r 1 x 22 k resis tor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 166 FET lie detector with LED indicator Experiment Our circuit is a simple DC voltage detector As long as...

Page 190: ...ving coil instru ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 167 FET lie detector with moving coil instrument Experiment Our circuit is a simple DC voltage detector As long as the two...

Page 191: ...k resis tor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 168 FET lie detector with LED indicator Experiment Our circuit is a simple DC voltage detector As long as the two...

Page 192: ...ing coil instru ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 169 Lie detector with moving coil instrument Experiment Our circuit is a simple DC voltage detector As long as the two sens...

Page 193: ...1 x J111 FET transistor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 220 k resistor 2 x 10 nF ceramic capac itors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 170 Buffer amplifier for magnetic loop antenna Experi...

Page 194: ...k resistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 171 Buffer amplifier for condenser microphone Exper...

Page 195: ...2 x 2N3904 transistors 2 x 10 k resistors 2 x 22 k resistors 1 x 10 pF ceramic capacitor 1 x 100 pF ceramic capacitor 1 x 1 nF ceramic capaci tor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig...

Page 196: ...1N4148 silicon diode 2 x 10 k resistors 2 x 22 k resistors 1 x 1 M resistor 2 x 10 F electro lytic capacitors 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 173 Electronic AF switch Experim...

Page 197: ...ed 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 100 resistor 1 x 220 resistor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 174 Stabilizer for 1 4 V Experimen...

Page 198: ...ed 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 470 resistor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 175 Stabilizer for 2 V Experiment This circuit is u...

Page 199: ...required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 3 x 1 k resistors 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 176 Stabilizer for 3 6 V Experiment This circuit is used to g...

Page 200: ...1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 470 resistor 3 x 1 k resistors 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 177 Stabilizer for 4 4 V Experiment This circuit is us...

Page 201: ...1 x 2N3904 transistor 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 178 Stabilizer for 5 2 V Experiment This circuit is...

Page 202: ...nsistor 2 x 10 k resistors 2 x 22 k resistors 1 x 1 nF ceramic capaci tor 2 x 10 nF ceramic capacitors 1 x 100 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 220 H fixed induct ance 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip...

Page 203: ...10 k resistors 2 x 22 k resistors 3 x 1 nF ceramic capaci tors 1 x 100 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 220 H fixed inductance 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 180 HF generator 420 kHz...

Page 204: ...the battery Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x red LED 1 x 2 2 k resistor 2 x 10 k resis tors 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 181 Simple 7 5V bat...

Page 205: ...ponents required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x red LED 2 x 2 2 k resistors 2 x 10 k resis tors 1 x 22 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 182 Simple 8 2V battery monitor E...

Page 206: ...about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x J111 FET transistor 1 x 1N4148 silicon diode 2 x 22 k resistors 2 x 220 k resistors 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 1 F electrolytic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic...

Page 207: ...mains you can now connect the audio amplifier Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x BAT85 Schottky diode 1 x red LED 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip...

Page 208: ...Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x BAT85 Schottky diode 1 x 220 resis tor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x moving coil instru ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector F...

Page 209: ...ement by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 2 x 2 2 k resistors 2 x 220 k resistors 2 x 1 nF ceramic capacitor 1 x 1 F...

Page 210: ...hen connect the battery Components required 2 x 2N3904 transis tors 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 1 x green LED 1 x red LED 3 x 1 k resistors 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip conn...

Page 211: ...ly then connect the battery Components required 2 x 2N3904 transis tors 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 3 x 1 k resis tors 1 x 2 2 k resis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con n...

Page 212: ...by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x J111 FET transistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 4 7 k resistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 10 nF ceramic capaci...

Page 213: ...uired 1 x J111 FET transistor 1 x BAT85 Schottky diode 3 x 2 2 k resistors 1 x 4 7 k resistor 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 10 nF ceramic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors 1 x moving coil instrument 1...

Page 214: ...e or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x J111 FET transistor 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 1 M resistor...

Page 215: ...or 1 x J111 FET transistor 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 1 x BAT85 Schottky diode 1 x 1 k resistor 2 x 2 2 k resistors 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 1 M resistor 1 x 100 nF ceramic capacitor 2 x 10 F electrolyti...

Page 216: ...required 1 x IR diode 1 x 4 7 k resistor 1 x 10 F electro lytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 193 Simple IR trans mitter Experiment You can connect an mp3 player...

Page 217: ...required 1 x PT331C phototransis tor 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x 10 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x Piezo ele ment 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 194 Simple IR receiver Experiment You...

Page 218: ...stor 1 x red LED 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x resistor see Experiment for value 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 195 constant voltage source Experiment Our circuit ensures a constant...

Page 219: ...1 x resistor see Experiment for value 1 x moving coil instrument 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V bat tery with clip connector Fig 2 196 constant voltage source Experiment Our circuit ensures a constant voltage...

Page 220: ...ing a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 220 resistor 2 x 22 k resistors 1 x 47 k resistor 2 x 10 F electrolytic capacitors...

Page 221: ...ry Components required 1 x IR diode 1 x 1 k resis tor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 198 Infrared transmitter Experiment If everything is wired correctly the IR diode emits a...

Page 222: ...ircuit together with this one on a shared bread board This allows you to align the IR diode and the phototransistor facing each other so that the infrared light travels directly into the phototransist...

Page 223: ...ment by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 2N3906 transis tor 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 1 x 100 resis tor 1 x 220 r...

Page 224: ...required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x red LED 2 x 1 k resistors 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 10 k resis tor 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 201 1 secon...

Page 225: ...equired 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x red LED 2 x 1 k resis tors 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 202 3 seconds switch off delay...

Page 226: ...1 x 100 k resistor 1 x 100 F electrolytic capacitor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 203 7 seconds switch off delay Experiment Even if everything is wired correctly nothing will...

Page 227: ...iezo element by using a sound plate or even a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x 100 resistor 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 22 k re...

Page 228: ...only then connect the battery Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x 22 resistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip connector Fig 2 205 Discrete...

Page 229: ...n a sound box Read more about it in Chap 1 2 3 Components required 2 x 2N3904 transistors 1 x 2N3906 transistor 1 x 22 resistor 1 x 1 k resistor 1 x 2 2 k resistor 1 x 10 k resistor 2 x 10 F electroly...

Page 230: ...then connect the battery Components required 2 x 2N3904 transis tors 2 x 1N4148 silicon diodes 1 x red LED 3 x 1 k resistors 1 x 10 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2...

Page 231: ...ollowed by the jumpers which serve as switches shown dashed For your guid ance we have labelled the switches with high E1 low E1 and high E2 low E2 Check the placement on the board again and only then...

Page 232: ...of those gates The circuit diagram for this experiment is shown in Chap 3 Fig 3 208 2 99 Active Zener diode Circuit 209 Active Zener diode 4V Setup information Install the two transistors and the six...

Page 233: ...Fig 2 210 The ten jumper wires come next Check the placement on the board again and only then connect the battery Components required 1 x 2N3904 transistor 1 x 2N3906 transistor 2 x 1 k resistors 2 x...

Page 234: ...x 2N3906 transistor 2 x 1 k resistors 2 x 10 k resistors 1 x 100 k resistor 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 211 Active 7 4V Zener diode Experiment This circuit delivers const...

Page 235: ...iezo ele ment 1 x breadboard Fig 2 212 Simple detector receiver Experiment A detector receiver is a bedrock in radio technology This receiver circuit was already used a 100 years ago It signature is t...

Page 236: ...tor receiver is the bedrock in radio technology This receiver circuit was already in use more than 100 years ago Its signature is that no battery is needed for operation Receiver and headphone are mer...

Page 237: ...pacitor 1 x 220 H fixed induct ance 1 x Piezo element 1 x breadboard 1 x 9V battery with clip con nector Fig 2 214 Detector receiver with amplifier Experiment A detector receiver is the bedrock in rad...

Page 238: ...watch the behaviour of the red LED You should test both polarization directions If the electrolytic capacitor is reverse biased the red LED will flash briefly and then remains off If forward biased t...

Page 239: ...n to zero If forward biased the needle shows a more or less strong deflection This behaviour shows that the capacitor is working If in both cases the needle moves and returns to zero or shows a deflec...

Page 240: ...f water that is the separation of water molecules into the two components hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrical energy Fill a glass with tap water and build the circuit as described above As soon...

Page 241: ...instrument and the solar cell We are using two wires with bare ends as electrodes which we dip in a glass filled with water Check the placement on the board again and only then expose the solar cell...

Page 242: ...tap water and build the circuit as described above As soon as the solar cell is exposed to strong light gas bubbles flow up the electrode Hydrogen gas is generated at the electrode connected to the ne...

Page 243: ...ic circuits and understand how to realize your own circuit ideas In that case you would need the schematics and that s why we have illustrated and provided brief explanations to the circuits used in o...

Page 244: ...etermining the connection sequence of a PNP transistor with a greater shunt resistance Fig 3 8 Circuit 8 Determining the connec tion sequence of a NPN transistor Fig 3 9 Circuit 9 PNP transistor B tes...

Page 245: ...licon diode Fig 3 12 Circuit 12 Threshold voltage Schottky diode Fig 3 13 Circuit 13 Threshold voltage red LED Fig 3 14 Circuit 14 Threshold voltage green LED Circuit 11 16 Current in a diode flows in...

Page 246: ...its 17 and 18 The two transistors T1 and T2 are switching each other on or off with a time delay This is caused by the collector potential of T2 that controls the base current of T1 to C1 and vice ver...

Page 247: ...if a button is activated The LED turns on when the connection is made At that moment R4 blocks transistor T1 Upon releasing the button a small amount of holding current flows through R3 and on to the...

Page 248: ...250 Fig 3 20 Circuit 20 A bell with a memory Fig 3 21 Circuit 21 Flashing tail light Circuits 21 and 22 The functioning principle is described on page 248...

Page 249: ...251 Fig 3 22 Circuit 22 Flashing bicycle light Fig 3 23 Circuit 23 Simple solar light Fig 3 24 Circuit 24 Solar light with battery...

Page 250: ...C1 charges fully when button S1 is activated R2 and R3 are used to discharge the e cap For as long as the capacitor voltage remains above the threshold voltage of the transis tors T1 and T2 remain sw...

Page 251: ...253 Fig 3 27 Circuit 27 4 seconds switch off delay Fig 3 28 Circuit 28 20 seconds switch off delay...

Page 252: ...ar cell Circuit 30 T1 blocks if the solar cell is not supplying power due to darkness R2 triggers T2 to switch through and LED1 turns on However T1 becomes conductive in a bright environment and the s...

Page 253: ...ght with phototransistor Fig 3 32 Circuit 32 Simple peak VU meter with LED Circuit 31 When it is dark the phototransistor PT1 blocks R1 is switched via T1 LED1 turns on Bright ambi ent light turns the...

Page 254: ...antenna amplifier for antennas with longer wires Circuits 32 and 33 The audio signal is rectified by D1 and delivered to the base of T1 If the threshold is exceeded T1 is electrically conductive LED1...

Page 255: ...257 Fig 3 35 Circuit 35 LM antenna amplifier for short wire antennas Fig 3 36 Circuit 36 Handy continuity tester Fig 3 37 Circuit 37 Diode tester...

Page 256: ...High pass from on 2 5 kHz Circuit 38 40 AC resistance of a capacitor behaves inversely proportional to frequency If the frequency increases the AC resistance drops By means of different capacity value...

Page 257: ...ircuit 40 Electronic level control with large control range Circuit 41 FET transistor T1 functions as T2 emitter resistor The operating point of T1 defines therefore the gain of T2 The operating point...

Page 258: ...260 Fig 3 42 Circuit 42 Active 8 5V battery monitor Fig 3 43 Circuit 43 Active 7 8V battery monitor...

Page 259: ...5 Meters for 4 7 V Zener diodes and higher Circuits 45 and 46 The two transistors ensure that current of 5 mA flows through the Zener diode Z regard less of the voltage value of the Zener diode The mo...

Page 260: ...262 Fig 3 46 Circuit 46 Meters for 1 5 V Zener diodes and higher Fig 3 47 Circuit 47 Discreet 2 2V Zener diode...

Page 261: ...263 Fig 3 48 Circuit 48 Discreet 2 9V Zener diode Fig 3 49 Circuit 49 Discreet 3 7V Zener diode...

Page 262: ...rcuits 51 and 52 The collector of T1 delivers a feedback to the base of T1 via C1 If T1 is conductive also T2 is switched through But the time delay causes C1 to block T1 Likewise T2 is then blocked V...

Page 263: ...ock Fig 3 53 Circuit 53 Light sensitive switch with green LED Circuit 53 No current flows through LED1 while it is dark T1 and T2 are blocked LED2 remains dark As soon as light falls on LED1 current f...

Page 264: ...h phototran sistor Circuit 54 The solar cell delivers no current while it is dark T1 and T2 are blocked LED1 remains dark The solar cell converts light into electricity which in return puts T1 and T2...

Page 265: ...267 Fig 3 56 Cir cuit 56 Audio limiter Fig 3 57 Circuit 57 Amplifier for a storm detector...

Page 266: ...wired to work as a pulse generator Thus L1 connects and disconnects to the battery via T2 again and again Each time L1 is magnetically charged The induced voltage pulse is carried to electrolytic capa...

Page 267: ...269 Fig 3 60 Circuit 60 DC DC converter 9V to 35V with coil moving instrument Fig 3 61 Circuit 61 DC DC converter 9V to 55V with LED...

Page 268: ...or 1 0 V Circuit 63 65 If the output voltage drops T2 receives less control voltage thus becomes less conductive This increases the control current of T1 and consequently T3 The higher current flow th...

Page 269: ...271 Fig 3 64 Circuit 64 Stabilizer for 1 9 V Fig 3 65 Circuit 65 Stabilizer for 2 5 V...

Page 270: ...rcuit 67 Schmitt trig ger circuit with 2V hysteresis Circuits 66 and 67 The different values of R2 and R4 achieve different levels of voltage drops via R3 in the states On or Off The difference betwee...

Page 271: ...d 69 the output is fed back to the base of T1 via R1 R2 and C2 ensure the time delay If T2 is electrically conductive the feedback ensures that T1 also switches through Then T2 begins to block That in...

Page 272: ...274 Fig 3 70 Circuit 70 Riaa equal izer Fig 3 71 Circuit 71 low noise preamplifier Fig 3 72 Circuit 72 RC low pass 1 5 kHz...

Page 273: ...cuit 76 RC high pass from on 1 6 kHz Fig 3 77 Circuit 77 RC high pass from on 3 4 kHz Circuit 72 77 AC resistance of a capacitor behaves inversely proportional to the frequency If the frequency increa...

Page 274: ...9 Circuit 79 Quiztimer 8 seconds Circuit 78 80 Button S1 is used to fully charge the electrolytic capacitor C1 C2 At R2 discharge occurs For as long as the capacitor voltage exceeds the threshold volt...

Page 275: ...277 Fig 3 80 Circuit 80 Quiztimer 30 seconds Fig 3 81 Circuit 81 Handy diode tester...

Page 276: ...82 Handy diode tester with moving coil instrument Fig 3 83 Circuit 83 Electrolytic capacitor lets direct current pass through Fig 3 84 Circuit 84 Electrolytic capacitor blocks direct current Fig 3 85...

Page 277: ...on transistor Circuit 86 The functioning principle is described on page 248 Circuit 87 If the voltage at the emitter of T2 reaches ignition level the unijunction transistor switches abruptly through C...

Page 278: ...Fig 3 89 Circuit 89 Constant current power source with FET source with FET transistor transistor Fig 3 90 Circuit 90 Constant current power Fig 3 91 Circuit 91 Constant current power source with bipo...

Page 279: ...Fast LED flash Circuit 92 The functioning principle is described on page 248 Circuits 93 and 94 The time delayed feedback from the output collector T2 to the input base T1 to elec trolytic capacitor...

Page 280: ...282 Fig 3 94 Circuit 94 Slow LED flash Fig 3 95 Circuit 95 Fog horn Circuit 95 The functioning principle is described on page 248...

Page 281: ...283 Fig 3 96 Circuit 96 Two LED in Waltz time Fig 3 97 Circuit 97 A needle fidgets in waltz time Circuits 96 and 97 The functioning principle is described on page 248...

Page 282: ...t current power supply for LEDs Fig 3 100 Circuit 100 Electronic level control Circuits 98 and 99 The flat output characteristics of the emitter to ground circuit ensure that diode current will not de...

Page 283: ...285 Fig 3 101 Circuit 101 Charge circuit for AA batteries Fig 3 102 Circuit 102 Charge circuit for AA batteries Fig 3 103 Circuit 103 Discharge circuit for AA batteries...

Page 284: ...for AA batteries Fig 3 105 Circuit 105 Whistle buoy Circuit 105 and 106 Capacitor C1 ensures the time delayed feedback from the output T1 emitter to the input base T2 The two transistors switch each o...

Page 285: ...urrent source 1 2 mA Fig 3 108 Circuit 108 Constant current source 2 mA Circuit 107 to 109 The flat output characteristics of the emitter to ground circuit ensure that the current flow ing through R3...

Page 286: ...awaiian guitar Circuit 110 Capacitor C1 ensures the time delayed feedback from the circuit output collector T2 to the input base T1 The extend of the time delay defines the pitch and is set with R1 By...

Page 287: ...289 Fig 3 111 Circuit 111 Glass breakage detector Fig 3 112 Circuit 112 Glass breakage detector Fig 3 113 Circuit 113 Trill gen erator...

Page 288: ...cuit 115 Flicker ing light Circuit 114 In a push pull amplifier the two power amp transistors are sharing the job T2 takes over all half waves with the higher voltage T3 manages the half waves with th...

Page 289: ...Circuit 117 Off button with sensor Circuit 116 and 117 The FET transistor T1 in the circuit has a very high input resistance Thus the very low conductivity of human skin is enough to turn on the tran...

Page 290: ...292 Fig 3 118 Circuit 118 HF watch dog with LED indicator Fig 3 119 Circuit 119 HF watchdog with moving coil instrument...

Page 291: ...hus the degree of damping is adjusted by means of the control voltage Circuit 121 and 122 Activating Tab on turns on T2 and T3 LED1 is lit A holding current flows through R3 to the base of T2 The stat...

Page 292: ...23 Circuit 123 Voltage doubler with moving coil instrument Circuit 123 and 124 Each half wave charges C1 or C2 depending on its sign With the next charge the voltage of C1 plus the rectified half wave...

Page 293: ...3 124 Circuit 124 Volt age doubler with moving coil instrument Fig 3 125 Circuit 125 Solar charger for AA battery Fig 3 126 Circuit 126 Solar charger for two AA batteries Fig 3 127 Circuit 127 Electro...

Page 294: ...129 Circuit 129 2 seconds switch on delay Circuit 128 to 131 The electrolytic capacitor C1 is charged via R1 Depending on the values used this process can vary in length Once the threshold voltage of...

Page 295: ...297 Fig 3 130 Circuit 130 4 seconds switch on delay Fig 3 131 Circuit 131 15 seconds switch off delay...

Page 296: ...t 132 High impedance pre amplifier Fig 3 133 Circuit 133 NOR gate with LED Circuit 133 and 134 The output is turned on if either T1 or T2 and if both transistors are turned on That is the typical beha...

Page 297: ...g coil instru ment Fig 3 135 Circuit 135 NAND gate with LED Circuit 135 and 136 The output turns on if input 1 and input 2 are both turned to high In all other cases the output is not switched through...

Page 298: ...300 Fig 3 136 Circuit 136 NAND gate with moving coil instrument Fig 3 137 Circuit 137 Input level Mixing console...

Page 299: ...t 139 Electrometer with LED Circuit 139 and 140 The two transistors configured as Darlington pair feature a very high input resistance This creates a high voltage drop even at very small input current...

Page 300: ...302 Fig 3 140 Circuit 140 Electrometer with moving coil instrument Fig 3 141 Circuit 141 Simple AM Radio...

Page 301: ...303 Fig 3 142 Circuit 142 Water level alarm with LED Fig 3 143 Circuit 143 Water level alarm with moving coil instrument Circuit 142 and 143 The functioning principle is described on page 301...

Page 302: ...304 Fig 3 144 Circuit 144 Telephone monitor for analogue telephone systems Fig 3 145 Circuit 145 Simple signal tracker with Piezo element...

Page 303: ...305 Fig 3 146 Circuit 146 Simple signal tracker with moving coil instrument Fig 3 147 Circuit 147 Simple signal injector Fig 3 148 Circuit 148 Simple RS 232C monitor...

Page 304: ...ace Fig 3 150 Circuit 150 Simple 1kHz tone generator Fig 3 151 Circuit 151 Simple 100Hz tone generator Circuit 150 to 152 An RC phase shifter chain C1 to C3 R4 and R5 forms a time delayed feedback fro...

Page 305: ...307 Fig 3 152 Circuit 152 Simple tone genera tor 10 kHz Fig 3 153 Circuit 153 Oscillating circuit tester Fig 3 154 Circuit 154 NF phase shifter 10...

Page 306: ...ase shifter 180 Circuit 154 to 156 The electrolytic capacitor C2 and R5 together form a phase shifter A phase shifted signal is thus shifted from the output collector T1 to the input emitter T1 There...

Page 307: ...309 Fig 3 157 Circuit 157 Headphone amplifier with Piezo element Fig 3 158 Circuit 158 Needle pulse generator 60 Hz Fig 3 159 Circuit 159 Needle pulse generator 150 Hz...

Page 308: ...3 161 Circuit 161 Needle pulse generator 2 kHz Circuit 157 to 163 T1 and T2 form a sensitive bistable amplifier A feedback is triggered with C1 C2 The time delay is determined by the combination R1 C...

Page 309: ...311 Fig 3 162 Circuit 162 Needle pulse generator 4 kHz Fig 3 163 Circuit 163 Needle pulse generator 5 kHz Fig 3 164 Circuit 164 Jimi Hendrix sound generator...

Page 310: ...312 Fig 3 165 Circuit 165 Guitar Distortion Fig 3 166 Circuit 166 FET lie detector with LED indicator Fig 3 167 Circuit 167 FET lie detector with moving coil instrument...

Page 311: ...h moving coil instrument Circuit 166 to 169 By means of the FET input level or a Darlington pair amplifier a DC amplifier with very high input resistance is implemented Exposed to stressful situations...

Page 312: ...314 Fig 3 170 Circuit 170 Buffer amplifier for magnetic loop antenna Fig 3 171 Circuit 171 Buffer amplifier for condenser microphone Fig 3 172 Circuit 172 Simple HF generator without inductor...

Page 313: ...315 Fig 3 173 Circuit 173 Electronic NF switch Fig 3 174 Circuit 174 Stabilizer for 1 4 V Fig 3 175 Circuit 175 Stabilizer for 2 V Circuit 173 The functioning principle is described on page 259...

Page 314: ...r for 4 4 V Fig 3 178 Circuit 178 Stabilizer for 5 2 V Circuit 174 to 178 A stable voltage divider R1 R2 R3 creates a stable base bias for transistor T1 Constant current thus flows through the load re...

Page 315: ...317 Fig 3 179 Circuit 179 HF generator 150 kHz Fig 3 180 Circuit 180 HF generator 420 kHz...

Page 316: ...voltage divider The lower battery voltage is fed to the base of T2 At threshold voltage is fed to base T2 T2 turns on T1 is blocked LED1 is off if and for as long threshold voltage is exceeded batter...

Page 317: ...319 Fig 3 183 183 Audio Fade in and Fade out Fig 3 184 Circuit 184 Peak level display with LED Fig 3 185 Circuit 185 Peak level display with moving coil instrument...

Page 318: ...320 Fig 3 186 Circuit 186 Acoustic conti nuity tester Fig 3 187 Circuit 188 Active TTLCMOS probe with moving coil instrument Circuit 186 The functioning principle is described on page 248...

Page 319: ...321 Fig 3 188 Circuit 188 Active TTLCMOS probe with moving coil instrument Fig 3 189 Circuit 189 Simple active probe with Piezo element...

Page 320: ...2 Fig 3 190 Circuit 190 Simple active probe with moving coil instrument Fig 3 191 Circuit 191 Simple active probe with Piezo element Fig 3 192 Circuit 192 Simple active probe with moving coil instrume...

Page 321: ...323 Fig 3 193 Circuit 193 Simple IR transmitter Fig 3 194 Circuit 194 Simple IR receiver Fig 3 195 Circuit 195 constant voltage source Fig 3 196 Circuit 196 constant voltage source...

Page 322: ...324 Fig 3 197 Circuit 197 Class A amplifier with Piezo element Fig 3 198 Circuit 198 Infrared transmitter Fig 3 199 Circuit 199 Infrared receiver...

Page 323: ...n free push pull output stage for Piezo element Fig 3 201 Circuit 201 1 seconds switch on delay Circuit 200 The functioning principle is described on page 290 Circuit 201 to 203 The functioning princi...

Page 324: ...326 Fig 3 202 Circuit 202 3 seconds switch on delay Fig 3 203 Circuit 203 7 seconds switch on delay...

Page 325: ...327 Fig 3 204 Circuit 204 Piercing siren sound with Piezo element Fig 3 205 Circuit 205 Discrete Operational ampli fier...

Page 326: ...328 Fig 3 206 Circuit 206 Discrete Operational ampli fier with Piezo element Fig 3 207 Circuit 207 NOR gate with LED Circuit 207 The functioning principle is described on page 298...

Page 327: ...nctioning principle is described on page 299 Circuit 209 to 211 The level of Zener voltage is monitored at the base of T2 T1 will reduce current if voltage drops The voltage drop via R2 decreases the...

Page 328: ...330 Fig 3 210 Circuit 210 Discreet 5 2V Zener diode Fig 3 211 Circuit 211 Discreet 7 4V Zener diode...

Page 329: ...ig 3 212 Circuit 212 Simple detector receiver Fig 3 213 Circuit 213 Improved detector receiver Fig 3 214 Circuit 214 Detector receiver with amplifier Fig 3 215 Circuit 215 Capacitor test with LED indi...

Page 330: ...332 Fig 3 216 Circuit 216 Capacitor test with moving coil instrument Fig 3 217 Circuit 217 Generating hydrogen Fig 3 218 Circuit 218 Generating hydrogen...

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