GASTER N 67 ÷ 107 AW
31
RU
cod. 3541A180 - 03/2011 (Rev. 00)
3.
ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȺ
3.1
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
B
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
,
ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ
.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɤ
ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɢ
/
ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
Ƚȼɋ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ
.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
.
ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȺ ɄɈɌɅȺ ȾɈɅɀɇȺ ɈɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɅəɌɖɋə ɌɈɅɖɄɈ ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆ
ɉȿɊɋɈɇȺɅɈɆ
,
ɂɆȿɘɓɂɆ
ɉɊɈȼȿɊȿɇɇɍɘ
ɄȼȺɅɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɘ
,
ɉɊɂ
ɋɈȻɅɘȾȿɇɂɂ
ɉɊɂȼȿȾȿɇɇɕɏ
ȼ
ɇȺɋɌɈəɓȿɆ
ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɆ
ɊɍɄɈȼɈȾɋɌȼȿ
ɂɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂɃ
,
ȾȿɃɋɌȼɍɘɓɂɏ ɁȺɄɈɇɈȼ ɂ ɉɊȿȾɉɂɋȺɇɂɃ ɆȿɋɌɇɕɏ ɇɈɊɆ
,
ȼ ɋɈɈɌȼȿɌɋɌȼɂɂ ɋ
ɉɊɂɇəɌɕɆɂ ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ ɌɊȿȻɈȼȺɇɂəɆɂ
.
ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɶ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɥɸɞɹɦ
,
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ
,
ɡɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
.
3.2
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɬɥɚɦ ɫ
"
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
".
Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ
,
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ
.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ
,
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
(
ɨɤɫɢɞɵ
),
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ
ɜɪɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ
.
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɵɥɶ
,
ɨɝɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢɥɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɟɞɤɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ
.
ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɸ
.
ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ
.
3.3
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ
,
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɦɟɲɤɢ
,
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɟ ɤɪɚɧɵ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
,
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ
20 °C.
B
ɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɨɦ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɨɣɬɟ
ɜɫɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɲɬɭɰɟɪɚɦ
,
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ
. 11.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
B
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɪɭɛɵ
,
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ
.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
25° Fr,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ
,
ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ
,
ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɟɧɨɤ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɫ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ
.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
(
ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ
)
ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɥɢɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
,
ɧɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
.
Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɣ
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
1
ɛɚɪ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɚɥɨ
(
ɢɡ
-
ɡɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ
)
ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ
ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ
,
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
1,5 - 2
ɛɚɪ
.
3.4
ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ
B
ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɶɬɟɫɶ
,
ɱɬɨ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
Ƚɚɡ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɭ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɪɢɫ
. 11)
ɫ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ
,
ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ
ɲɥɚɧɝɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɟɬɤɨɣ
.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɢ
ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɧ
.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
.
ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɫɟɯ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɚ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɬɪɭɛɵ
,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɢ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ
;
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɭɛɵ
.
B
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
.
3.5
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
230
ȼ
- 50
Ƚɰ
.
B
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
i
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɵ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ
.
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ
ɭɳɟɪɛ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɣ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
.
ɍɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɶɬɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ
,
ɱɬɨ ȼɚɲɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
,
ɱɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ
.
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɟ ɫ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɨɦ
,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɤɨɬɟɥ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧ
ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ
ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɚ
sez. 5.5).
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧ ɬɪɟɯɠɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
.
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ
,
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɸɫɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ
3
ɦɦ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɚɤɫ
.
ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɦ
3A.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ
(
ɎȺɁȺ
:
ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
/
ɇȿɃɌɊȺɅɖ
:
ɫɢɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
/
ɁȿɆɅə
:
ɠɟɥɬɨ
-
ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
.
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ ɢ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɩɚɧɟɥɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ
,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ
. 2.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ
,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
,
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
"
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
".
ɪɢɫ
. 2 -
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
A
Ɉɬɤɪɭɬɢɬɟ
2
ɫɚɦɨɧɚɪɟɡɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɧɬɚ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɵɲɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ
.
B
ɉɨɞɧɢɦɢɬɟ ɤɪɵɲɤɭ
,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ
;
ɫɧɢɦɢɬɟ ɤɵɲɤɭ
,
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɜ ɟɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ
.
C
Ɉɬɤɪɭɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɧɢɦɢɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
.
D
ɉɨɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ
.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
,
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
,
ɪɟɥɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɤɨɥɛɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɬ
.
ɞ
.,
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
40
ɫɦ
.
ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɠɭɯɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɪɢɫ
. 3).
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
A
ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɲɬɭɰɟɪ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
B
Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
C
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
40
ɫɦ
ɪɢɫ
. 3 -
ɉɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ
A
B
C
