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Keysight Technologies N9322C, User Manual

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53

Functions and Measurements

Making Distortion Measurements

Making Distortion Measurements

This section provides information on measuring and 
identifying signal distortion.

Identifying Analyzer Generated Distortion

High- level input signals may cause analyzer distortion 
products that could mask the real distortion measured on 
the input signal. Use trace and the RF input attenuator to 
determine which signals, if any, are internally generated 
distortion products.

In this example, we use the RF output of a signal generator 
to determine whether the harmonic distortion products are 
internally generated by the analyzer.

1

Connect the signal generator to the analyzer 

RF IN

.

2

Set the source frequency to 200 MHz, amplitude to 0 dBm.

3

Set the analyzer center frequency and span:

Press 

Preset

Press 

Frequency > 400 > MHz

Press 

Span > 500 > MHz

Figure 3-16 Harmonic Distortion

Summary of Contents for N9322C

Page 1: ...This document contains references to Agilent Please note that Agilent s Test and Measurement business has become Keysight Technologies User s Guide Test Equipment Depot 800 517 8431 99 Washington Street Melrose MA 02176 TestEquipmentDepot com ...

Page 2: ... the separate agreement shall control Technology Licenses The hardware and or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accor dance with the terms of such license Restricted Rights Legend U S Government Restricted Rights Software and technical data rights granted to the fed eral government include only those rights customarily provided to e...

Page 3: ... Order List 12 Options 12 Safety Notice 13 Power Requirements 14 Power On and Check 16 Environmental Requirements 18 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 21 BSA PC software 22 Helpful Tips 23 Perform Calibration 23 Using an External Reference 24 Enable an Options 24 Firmware Upgrade 25 IO Configuration 25 Timed Power On Off 26 Power Preset Last 26 Data Securities 27 Probe Power Output 27 ...

Page 4: ... Signals Hidden by Large Signals 42 Measuring a Low Level Signal 44 Reducing Input Attenuation 44 Decreasing the Resolution Bandwidth 46 Trace Averaging 47 Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy 49 Tracking Drifting Signals 51 Making Distortion Measurements 53 Identifying Analyzer Generated Distortion 53 Third Order Intermodulation Distortion 56 Stimulus Response Transmission 59 Measuring Sto...

Page 5: ...ent 75 Making a Peak Power Measurement 79 Power Meter Settings 81 Demodulate the AM FM signal 84 Demodulating an AM Signal 84 Demodulating an FM Signal 85 Analysis the Modulated Signals 87 AM FM Modulation Analysis 87 ASK FSK Modulation Analysis 90 Measuring Channel Power 93 Files Operation 95 4 Key Reference 101 Amplitude 102 BW 106 Display 109 Enter 110 ESC 110 Frequency 111 Marker 114 Meas 119 ...

Page 6: ...r 136 Reflection Measurement 138 AM FM Modulation Analysis 140 ASK FSK Modulation Analysis 144 Peak Search 148 System 151 Span 154 Sweep 155 Limit 159 Trace 162 5 Instrument Messages 167 Overview 168 Command Errors 169 Execution Conflict 171 Device Specific Errors 173 6 Troubleshooting 177 Check the basics 178 Contact Keysight Technologies 180 ...

Page 7: ...y Menu 187 Marker Menu 188 Marker Menu 189 Measure Menu 1 of 2 190 Measure Menu 2 of 2 191 MODE Tracking Generator 192 MODE Power Meter 193 MODE AM FM Modulation Analysis 194 MODE ASK FSK Modulation Analysis 195 Name Editor Menu 196 Peak Search Menu 197 Preset System Menu 198 SPAN Menu 199 Sweep Trig Menu 200 Trace Menu 201 Index 203 ...

Page 8: ...Contents 6 ...

Page 9: ... Front Panel Overview 4 Rear Panel Overview 9 Front and rear panel symbols 10 This chapter provides a description of the Keysight N9322C spectrum analyzer and an introduction to the buttons features and functions of the front and rear instrument panels ...

Page 10: ...nnel emissions measurement Precision Frequency Reference Option PFR The optinal OCXO frequency reference provides the precise frquency measurement capability Spectrum Monitor Option MNT Provides the capability to analyze the stability of a signal over time The analyzer can be used to monitor the signal capturing performance or intermittent event over extended periods of time High Sensitive Measure...

Page 11: ...nts for test automation Time gated Spectrum Analysis Option TMG Measures any one of several signals separated in time and xxclude interfering signals Channel Scanner Option SCN provide the channel scan funtion in spectrum monitoring coverage test and band clearance Optimized Usability The analyzer provides the enhanced usability as below Socket Telnet remote control via USB and LAN port The BSA PC...

Page 12: ...ut describes the total displayed frequency range 5 Frequency activates the center frequency function and accesses the menu of frequency functions 6 Function Keys relate directly to the following main functions BW activates the resolution bandwidth function and accesses the softkeys that control the bandwidth functions and averaging Trace Det accesses the softkeys that allow you to set up the trace...

Page 13: ...lity Keys relate directly to the following utilities Preset resets the analyzer to a known state System accesses the submenu to configure a series of system settings such as ports option and languages Shift switches alternate upper blue function of the hardkeys Save File accesses the file operation submenu or activate the quick save function after pressing Shift 8 Arrow Keys The up and down arrow ...

Page 14: ...mage level is average continuous power 30 dBm or DC voltage 50 VDC The impedance is 50 W for Option TG7 15 Standby Switch switches on all functions of the analyzer To switch the analyzer off press the switch for at least 2 seconds This deactivates all the functions but retains power to internal circuits so long as the analyzer is connected to line power 16 On LED green lights when the analyzer is ...

Page 15: ... 4 Reference level Amplitude Ref Level 5 Display Line Disp Display Line 6 Time and date display System Time Date 7 RF attenuation Amplitude Attenuation 8 Marker frequency Marker 9 Marker amplitude Marker 10 Indicator S Shift R Remote Control 11 USB disk indicator The USB memory device is in use 12 Key menu title Dependent on key selection 12 11 10 6 13 14 15 4 3 2 26 25 24 18 17 21 7 9 19 20 5 1 8...

Page 16: ...er Frequency Frequency Center Freq 21 Active function block The functino in use 22 Low frequency channel Frequency LowFrqChannel 23 Sweep time rule Sweep Sweep Setup Swp Time Rule 24 Sweep type Sweep Sweep Setup Sweep Type 25 right Trigger Sweep F free run trigger V video trigger E external trigger C continuous sweep S single sweep Sweep Trigge 25 left Internal preamp Amplitude Int Preamp 26 Trace...

Page 17: ...m BNC female 6 REF OUT connector provides a frequency of 10 MHz amplitude of 10 dBm reference output BNC female 7 REF OUT connector Option PFR is an optional connector for precision 10 MHz reference from OCXO 8 AC Power Receptacle accepts a three pin line power plug 9 Power switch isolates the analyzer from the AC line power After switch on the analyzer enters into standby mode and the orange stan...

Page 18: ...ent offered for sale in Australia and New Zealand by Responsible Suppliers must be marked with the Regulatory Compliance Mark RCM Mark marks the on standby position of the switch indicates that the instrument requires AC power input indicates this product complies with the WEEE Directive 2002 96 EC marking requirements and you must not discard this equipment in domestic household waste Do not disp...

Page 19: ...y Notice 14 Power Requirements 15 Power On and Check 17 Environmental Requirements 19 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 22 Helpful Tips 23 This chapter helps you in preparing the spectrum analyzer for use and provides the information to start using the spectrum analyzer correctly ...

Page 20: ...settlement If you must return an analyzer to Keysight Technologies use the original or comparable shipping materials Options Verify if that the shipment includes your ordered options by checking the option label on the shipping container Unless specified otherwise all options are available when you order a spectrum analyzer some options are also available as kits that you can order and install act...

Page 21: ...if the spectrum analyzer covers are removed There are no operator serviceable parts inside To avoid electrical shock refer servicing to qualified personnel WARNING Electrical shock may result if the spectrum analyzer is connected to the power supply while cleaning Do not attempt to clean internally CAUTION Prevent damage to the instrument and ensure protection of the input mixer by limiting averag...

Page 22: ...ncluded with the analyzer Various AC power cables are available that are unique to specific geographic areas You can order additional AC power cables for use in different areas The table AC Power Cords lists the available AC power cables the plug configurations and identifies the geographic area in which each cable is appropriate The detachable power cord is the product disconnecting device It dis...

Page 23: ...a 8120 0696 AS 3112 2000 Option 901 Australia New Zealand 8120 1692 IEC 83 C4 Option 902 Continental Europe Korea Indonesia Italy Russia 8120 1521 CNS 10917 2 NEMA 5 15P Option 903 United States Canada Taiwan Mexico 8120 2296 SEV 1011 Option 906 Switzerland 8120 4600 SABS 164 1 Option 917 South Africa India 8120 4754 JIS C8303 Option 918 Japan 8120 5181 SI 32 Option 919 Israel 8120 8377 GB 1002 Op...

Page 24: ... light and the spectrum analyzer is in standby mode AC power applied 3 Press the standby switch on the front panel The On LED will light and the spectrum analyzer boots up Self initialization takes about 25 seconds the spectrum analyzer then defaults to the menu mode After power on let the spectrum analyzer warm up for 45 minutes for stabilization NOTE The front panel switch is a standby switch on...

Page 25: ...me tips to check the instrument messages 1 Check the display to see if any messages display in the status bar Press System System Info Error History to review each message Refer to Chapter 5 Instrument Messages for detailed system message descriptions 2 When you have reviewed and resolved all of the error messages press System System Info Error History Clear error queue to delete the messages 3 Cy...

Page 26: ...r Do not allow these holes to be obstructed as they allow air flow through the spectrum analyzer When installing the spectrum analyzer in a cabinet do not restrict the convection of the analyzer The ambient temperature outside the cabinet must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the spectrum analyzer by 4 o C for every 100 watts dissipated within the cabinet Cleaning Tips To prevent ...

Page 27: ...ck Do not attempt to rack mount the spectrum analyzer by the front panel handles only This rackmount kit will allow mounting of the spectrum analyzer with or without handles Refer to the following instructions when installing the rackmount kit on the spectrum analyzer 1 Remove feet key locks and tilt stands 2 Remove side trim strips and one middle screw per side ...

Page 28: ...h the spectrum analyzer to the rack using the rackmount flanges with two dress screws per side CAUTION Installing the spectrum analyzers into other racks may promote shock hazards overheating dust contamination and inferior system performance Consult your Keysight customer engineer about installation warranty and support details ...

Page 29: ...mage that can occur while using test equipment follow these guidelines 1 Before connecting any coaxial cable to the spectrum analyzer connector for the first time each day momentarily short the center and outer conductors of the cable together to eliminate any potential electrostatic charges that may exist 2 Personnel should be grounded with an approved type 1 MΩ resistor isolated ESD wrist strap ...

Page 30: ...is able to be discretely used as a spectrum monitor to display and control the trace scans simultaneously with the analyzer or a file manager to send get files between the anaylzer and PC It also provides some data analysis function for your further use For the further descrption of the BSA PC software please refer to the online help embedded in this software ...

Page 31: ... minutes before calibration When the calibration is triggered the current measurement is interrupted and a gauge displays on the LCD The gauge simply indicates calibration is in process When it is finished the interrupted measurement restarts Please refer to the operation procedures as below 1 Input a 10 MHz 0 dBn signal to EXT TRIG IN 2 Press System Service Calibration Time Base by Ext to initiat...

Page 32: ...display in the left side of the display The signal level must be in the range of 5 to 10 dBm When the reference signal is ready the instrument switches the reference from time base to the external reference Enable an Options Option license key information is required to enable product options Contact your nearest Keysight office for purchasing a license Refer to the procedures below to activate th...

Page 33: ... several minutes Once the upgrade is completed please follow the instruction to reboot IO Configuration The N9322C spectrum analyzer provides three types of IO connnection USB LAN and optional GPIB interface Press System More Port Setting to set the corresponding interface as your need USB Select USB to enable the USB connection for remote control LAN The N9322C supports LAN port connection for re...

Page 34: ...key is only vaild after the option G01 is installed Timed Power On Off Pressing System Power On Off Preset Timed Pwr On or Timed Pwr Off sets the time switch to power on off the N9322C in a user defined time and date This function requires the power supply connected Press Repeat Mode Once Everyday to set the N9322C boot up off in the pre saved time everyday The pre saved date is invalid in this mo...

Page 35: ...ely The memory erase process takes about 15 minutes During the time there must be a constant power supply to ensure the successful erase If the erase process is interrupted please reboot the instrument and erase memory again Probe Power Output The Probe Power provides power for high impedance AC probes or other accessories 15 V 12V 150 mA maximum The Porbe Power is set to off as default Press Syst...

Page 36: ...g Started South Korea Class A EMC Declaration 28 South Korea Class A EMC Declaration This equipment is Class A suitable for professional use and is for use in electromagnetic environments outside of the home ...

Page 37: ...rements 53 Stimulus Response Transmission 59 Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter 61 Channel Scanner 64 Spectrum Monitor 69 Reflection Measurement 71 Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor 74 Demodulate the AM FM signal 84 Analysis the Modulated Signals 87 Measuring Channel Power 93 Files Operation 95 This chapter provides information on the analyzer functions and specific...

Page 38: ...modify the value of the active function Knob Increments or decrements the current value Arrow Keys Increments or decrements the current value by a step unit Numeric Keys Enters a specific value Then press the desired terminator either a unit softkey or Enter hardkey Unit Softkeys Terminate enter a value with a unit softkey from the menu Enter Key Terminates an entry when no unit of measure is requ...

Page 39: ... to Factory pressing Preset triggers a factory preset condition The instrument will immediately return to the factory default instrument parameter setting When Preset Type is set to User pressing Preset triggers a user preset condition The instrument will immediately return to the user defined instrument parameter setting When Preset Type is set to Last pressing Preset triggers a last power off co...

Page 40: ... Peak Threshold 140 dBm Stop Frequency 7 GHz Peak Search Type Max Hi Sensitivity Off Continuous Pk Off Span 7 GHz Graticule On Reference level 0 dBm Y Scale On Log scale Division 10 dB Cal Out Off Int Preamp Off Probe Power Off Trace 1 Clear Write Trigger Free Run Trace 2 3 4 Blank Marker Mode Normal Sweep Time 328 5 ms Auto Marker Function Normal Sweep Continuous Marker Table Off Limit Line Off M...

Page 41: ...l and Center Frequency 1 Press Amplitude 10 dBm to set 10 dBm reference level 2 Press Frequency 30 MHz to set 30 MHz to center frequency Setting Frequency Span Press Span 50 MHz to set 50 MHz frequency span Reading Frequency and Amplitude 1 Press Peak Search to place a marker labeled 1 on the 10 MHz peak NOTE Changing the reference level changes the amplitude value of the top graticule line Changi...

Page 42: ...the knob the arrow keys or the softkeys in the Peak Search menu to move the marker The marker information will be displayed in the upper right corner of the screen Changing Reference Level 1 Press Amplitude and note that reference level Ref Level is now the active function 2 Press Marker Marker To Mkr Ref Lvl Marker 10 000000 MHz 0 43 dBm Marker Annotation NOTE Changing the reference level changes...

Page 43: ...to demonstrate this comparison 1 Preset the analyzer Press Preset With Preset Type of Factory 2 Connect the rear panel REF OUT to the front panel RF IN 3 Set the analyzer center frequency span and reference level to view the 10 MHz signal and its harmonics up to 50 MHz Press Frequency 30 MHz Press Span 50 MHz Press Ampulitude 10 dBm 4 Place a marker at the highest peak on the display 10 MHz Press ...

Page 44: ...t Pk Continue pressing the Next Pk softkeys until the marker is on the correct signal peak The amplitude and frequency differences between the markers are displayed in the active function block Figure 3 2 Delta pair marker with signals on the same screen NOTE To increase the resolution of the marker readings turn on the frequency count function For more information refer to Improving Frequency Res...

Page 45: ... to demonstrate this comparison 1 Preset the analyzer Press Preset With Preset Type set to Factory 2 Connect the rear panel REF OUT to the front panel RF IN 3 Set the center frequency span and reference level to view only the 50 MHz signal Press Frequency 50 MHz Press Span 25 MHz Press Amplitude 10 dBm 4 Place a marker on the 50 MHz peak and then set the center frequency step size equal to the mar...

Page 46: ...et at the 50 MHz reference signal is at a lower frequency than the frequency range currently displayed Figure 3 3 Delta Marker with Reference Signal Off Screen The delta marker appears on the peak of the 100 MHz component The delta marker annotation displays the amplitude and frequency difference between the 50 and 100 MHz signal peaks 7 Press Marker Mode Off to turn the markers off ...

Page 47: ...cy 300 MHz Press BW 300 kHz Press Span 2 MHz A single signal peak is visible See Figure 3 5 for example Remote Standby On TG SOURCE CAL OUT 50MHz 10dBm 7 4 1 0 2 5 8 9 6 3 Back Enter M arker Peak Search M arker Auto Tune Det Display File Print BW Avg View Trace Meas MODE Sweep Trig Local Save N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz 3 0 GHz PROBE POWER RF IN 50 50VDC MAX 30dBm 1W MAX CAT Ⅱ Frequency Enter 7...

Page 48: ...Signals of Equal Amplitude 4 Change the resolution bandwidth RBW to 100 kHz so that the RBW setting is less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals Press BW 100 kHz Notice that the peak of the signal has become flattened indicating that two signals are present 5 Decrease the video bandwidth to 3 kHz Press BW Video BW 3 kHz Two signals are now visible as shown in Figure 3 6 Use...

Page 49: ...dwidth improves the resolution of the individual signals and increases the sweep time Figure 3 6 Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude For fastest measurement times use the widest possible resolution bandwidth Under factory preset conditions the resolution bandwidth is coupled to the span ...

Page 50: ...t 10 dBm Set the other source to 300 05 MHz at 70 dBm 3 Set the analyzer as follows Press Preset With Preset Type of Factory Press Frequency 300 MHz Press BW 30 kHz Press Span 500 kHz 4 Set the 300 MHz signal to the reference level Press Peak Search Press Marker Mode Mkr Ref Lvl Figure 3 7 Unresolved small signal from large signal NOTE The 30 kHz filter shape factor of 15 1 has a bandwidth of 450 ...

Page 51: ...r signal to pass through the analyzer and the smaller signals peak will then rise out of the noise floor Place a delta marker on the smaller signal Press BW 1 kHz Press Peak Search Press Marker Mode Delta Press 50 kHz Figure 3 8 Resolved small signal from large signal NOTE The 1 kHz filter shape factor of 15 1 has a bandwidth of 15 kHz at the 60 dB point The half bandwidth 7 5 kHz is narrower than...

Page 52: ...of Factory 2 Set the source frequency to 300 MHz amplitude to 70 dBm Connect the source RF OUT to the analyzer RF IN Figure 3 9 Setup for obtaining one signal CAUTION Ensure that the total power of all input signals at the analyzer RF input does not exceed 30 dBm 1 Watt Remote Standby On TG SOURCE CAL OUT 50MHz 10dBm 7 4 1 0 2 5 8 9 6 3 Back Enter M arker Peak Search Marker Auto Tune Det Display F...

Page 53: ...lay Press Peak Search Press Marker Marker To Mkr CF 5 Reduce the span to 500 kHz if necessary re center the peak Press Span 500 kHz 6 Set the attenuation to 20 dB Press Amplitude Attenuation 20 dB Figure 3 10A signal closer to the noise level Note that increasing the attenuation moves the noise floor closer to the signal level 7 To allow more of the signal power to pass through the analyzer decrea...

Page 54: ...width Resolution bandwidth settings affect the level of internal noise but have little affect on the displayed level of continuous wave CW signals Decreasing the RBW by a decade factor of ten reduces the noise floor by 10 dB 1 Refer to the procedure Reducing Input Attenuation on page 44 and follow steps 1 2 and 3 2 Decrease the resolution bandwidth Press BW and The low level signal appears more cl...

Page 55: ...ess in which each sweep of the trace returns measurement values for each point in the trace These values are then mathematically averaged with the previous sweep trace data which has been stored in the analyzer The amount of averaging is selected by choosing the number of trace sweeps to be included in the process The averaging function uses the most recent trace sweep values so that the display s...

Page 56: ... To turn averaging on toggle the softkey menu labeled Average Press BW Average On 3 Set the number of averages to 20 using the number keypad up and down arrows or the knob Press 20 Enter The averaging process smooths the viewed trace low level signals become more visible see Figure 3 13 Changes to the average number will restart the averaging process Figure 3 13Trace Averaging NOTE This is a trace...

Page 57: ... enable the 50 MHz amplitude reference signal 3 Press Frequency Auto Tune The analyzer will detect the signal peak and locate it to the center of the display Refer to Auto Tune on page 111 4 Turn the frequency counter on Press Marker Function Counter 5 Move the marker with the front panel knob half way down the skirt of the signal response Figure 3 14Using Frequency Counter NOTE The frequency and ...

Page 58: ... marker need not be placed at the exact peak of the signal response 6 To turn off the marker counter Press Marker Function Off NOTE The Frequency counter properly functions only on stable CW signals or discrete spectral components The marker power level must be greater than 40 dB above the displayed noise level NOTE When using the frequency counter function the ratio of the resolution bandwidth to...

Page 59: ...n refer to Max Hold on page 162 Use signal tracking to return a signal drifting in frequency to the center of the display The drifting is captured by the analyzer using the maximum hold function 1 Connect the signal generator to the analyzer RF IN 2 Output a signal with the frequency of 300 MHz and amplitude of 20 dBm 3 Set the analyzer center frequency span and reference level Press Preset With P...

Page 60: ...race 1 is in maximum hold mode trace 2 trace 3 and trace 4 are in store blank mode 7 Activate trace 2 and change the mode to continuous sweep Press Trace Det Select Trace Trace 2 Press Clear Write Trace 1 remains in maximum hold mode to show any drift in the signal 8 Slowly increase the frequency of the signal generator Your analyzer display should look similar to Figure 3 15 Figure 3 15Viewing a ...

Page 61: ...the input signal Use trace and the RF input attenuator to determine which signals if any are internally generated distortion products In this example we use the RF output of a signal generator to determine whether the harmonic distortion products are internally generated by the analyzer 1 Connect the signal generator to the analyzer RF IN 2 Set the source frequency to 200 MHz amplitude to 0 dBm 3 ...

Page 62: ...0 dB Press Amplitude Attenuation 0 dB 7 To determine whether the analyzer generates harmonic distortion products first display the trace data in trace 2 as follows Press Trace Det Select Trace Trace 2 Press Clear Write 8 Allow trace 2 to update minimum two sweeps then store the data from trace 2 and place a delta marker on the harmonic of trace 2 Press Trace Det View Press Peak Search Press Marker...

Page 63: ...attenuator change the analyzer is generating at least in part the distortion The MarkerΔ amplitude readout comes from two sources 1 Increased input attenuation causes poorer signal to noise ratio This causes the MarkerΔ to be positive 2 The reduced contribution of the analyzer circuits to the harmonic measurement causes the MarkerΔ to be negative Large MarkerΔ readout indicates significant measure...

Page 64: ... for determining the TOI performance of the source analyzer combination After the performance of the source analyzer combination has been verified the device under test DUT for example an amplifier would be inserted between the directional coupler output and the analyzer input Frequency Enter 7 MOD On Off RF 4 1 0 2 9 6 3 On Off Amplitude FM Utility LF Out Preset Local AM I Q File Trigger Pulse M ...

Page 65: ...he RBW until the distortion products are visible Press BW and 5 Move the signal to the reference level Press Peak Search Press Marker Marker To Mkr Ref Lvl 6 Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible Press BW and 7 Activate the second marker and place it on the peak of the distortion product beside the test signal using the Next Peak Press Marker Mode Delta Press Peak Search Next Pe...

Page 66: ...Making Distortion Measurements 58 9 Measure the difference between this test signal and the second distortion product see Figure 3 17 Press Marker Mode Delta Press Peak Search Next Peak Figure 3 17Measuring the Distortion Product ...

Page 67: ...ess Bw 3 MHz 4 Turn on the tracking generator and if necessary set the output power to 10 dBm Press Mode Tracking Generator Amplitude On 10 dBm Remote Standby On TG SOURCE CAL OUT 50MHz 10dBm 7 4 1 0 2 5 8 9 6 3 Back Enter Marker Peak Search M arker Auto Tune Det Display File Print BW Avg View Trace M eas MODE Sw eep Trig Local Save N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz 3 0 GHz PROBE POWER RF IN 50 50VDC...

Page 68: ...r input Store the frequency response in trace 3 and normalize Press Meas Normalize Store Ref 1 4 Normalize On 7 Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer and change the normalized reference position Press Meas Normalize Norm Ref Posn 8 8 Measure the rejection of the low pass filter Press Marker 370 MHz Mode Delta 160 MHz The marker readout displays the rejection of the filter at 160 MHz above the cutoff f...

Page 69: ...z low pass filter 1 To measure the response of a low pass filter connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3 20 This example uses a 370 MHz low pass filter Figure 3 20Transmission Measurement Test Setup 2 Press Preset With Preset Type of Factory 3 Set the start and stop frequencies and resolution bandwidth Press Frequency Start Freq 100 MHz Press Frequency Stop Freq 1 GHz Press Amplitude Scale Type...

Page 70: ... 4 Normalize On 7 Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer Note that the units of the reference level have changed to dB indicating that this is now a relative measurement 8 To change the normalized reference position Press Meas Normalize Norm Ref Posn 8 9 Place the reference marker at the specified cutoff frequency Press Marker Mode Delta Pair Ref 370 MHz 10 Place the second marker at 37 MHz Press Delta...

Page 71: ...Filter 12 Use the front panel knob to place the marker at the highest peak in the stop band to determine the minimum stop band attenuation In this example the peak occurs with Delta of 563 MHz The attenuation is 60 93 dB See Figure 3 21 Figure 3 21Minimum Stop Band Attenuation ...

Page 72: ... maximum 20 channels for your test You can continuously log the scanned channel data as CSV file for post processing on your PC Top Bottom N Channel Scanner Top Bottom N channel scan is used for searching the top bottom channels from specified channel range according channel power Figure 3 22 Top N Channel Scanner Measurement Please refer to the procedures below to perform a Top N channel scanner ...

Page 73: ...ss Apply to apply all the range settings If you toggle Edit Method to underline Custom it allows you to set the customer defined scan as your need Press Start Freq to set the scan start frequency Press Freq Step Size to set the frequency interval for adjacent channels Press Bandwidth to set the bandwidth of each frequency channel which is used to calculate the channel power Press Number of Chn to ...

Page 74: ...ess Edit Method Std It allows you to set the range according to the embedded communication standard such as CDMA and GSM which is used specifically in different countries Press Signal Std to load a standard file as your need Please refer to Loading a File on page 98 for details Press Chn ID to select the specific channel according to the signal standard Or press Edit Method Custom It allows you to...

Page 75: ... scanner display to review the customized scan result Press Freeze to pause the display refresh but the scan is still running You can sort the channel by ID or power in ascending or decending order Or you can press Disp Mode to toggle the display mode between bar mode and time mode Figure 3 23 Time display mode in List N channel scanner NOTE Please make sure the file catalog is set to INT or USB u...

Page 76: ...the specific distance on the road test The minimum interval distance is 1 meter The Measure Rule and Search Rule is toggled between Speed and Accuracy For each scan process the analyzer will first search and find out the available channels according to the selected scan mode Then a precise measurement will perform to get the scan result The accuracy mode in measurement rule is set as default to ge...

Page 77: ... signal and blue for noise floor The Y axis represents time with the trace from the newest sweep displayed at the bottom of the screen Earlier traces move up toward the top with each new sweep Two coupled markers allow the user to place a marker on any trace in the Spectrum Monitor and view the normal spectrum for the time of that sweep The time interval between sweeps can be adjusted and up to 15...

Page 78: ...the spectrogram will be saved into a trace or CSV data file for your future use Please refer to Loading a File on page 98 to load the saved spectrogram trace file Spectrum Monitor Audio Alert The spectrum monitor provides an audio alert with a frequency dependant on the different control parameters This alert needs two markers to specify the measure channel The Band Power of the channel specified ...

Page 79: ...p the calibration frequency range as close as possible to the actual sweep frequencies necessary for the measurements Calibrating over a larger frequency range than the actual measurement range will reduce the accuracy of the test results Calibrate with a T combo calibrator T combo calibrator This is a T shaped mechanical calibrator It consists of a calibrated open short and 50 Ω load Using the T ...

Page 80: ...on Measurement Reflection Measurement to select the Reflection Measurement Mode It allows you to set the Y axis of the graticule as return loss VSWR or reflection coefficient value Measuring Distance to Fault For this measurement an internally generated signal emits from the RF OUT port of the tester and is transmitted to the cable and antenna system DUT The tester receives and processes the signa...

Page 81: ... frequency to 50 MHz 3 Press Stop 400 MHz to set the stop frequency to 400 MHz 4 Press Calibrate to bring up the calibration process guidance Follow the instructions to perform a calibration For more information about calibration refer to Preparation on page 71 5 Remove the calibrator and connect the cable under test DUT to the RF OUT connector on the top panel of the tester The DTF measurement st...

Page 82: ...asurement accuracy For best accuracy users are recommended to perform external zeroing for input signals below 30 dBm for best accuracy CAUTION The maximum power for the RF IN port and the RF OUT port of the analyzer is 30 dBm 1 W The maximum power for the U2000 Series Power Sensor port is 25 dBm 316 mW When directly coupled to a base station the test set can be damaged by excessive power applied ...

Page 83: ...system capacity and may translate into decreased revenue for service providers Average power can be measured for the channel of interest while the base station is active All other channels should be inactive Average power is a broadband measurement If other signals are present the analyzer will also measure their power contributions Figure 3 25Connection with base station To make an average power ...

Page 84: ...calibration operation 4 Connect the power sensor to the USB port of N9322C The analyzer will recognize the power sensor automatically 5 Connect the external attenuation if required with the power sensor used 6 Connect the analyzer to the base station Connect the power sensor to the signal to be measured A typical BTS connection is after the output of the power amplifier and duplexer The connection...

Page 85: ...equency will display in the bottom line 9 Press Power Range Auto Power to toggles the measurement range between On and Off When it is set to On the power range will be adjusted automatically Use auto range when you are not sure of the power level you are about to measure When it is set to Off press Range to select the upper range or lower range The lower range uses the more sensitive path and the ...

Page 86: ... Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor 78 10 Press Meas Meas Seup Disp Mode to set the display in meter chart or trace display the measurement result will displays on the screen as shown Figure 3 26 Power Measurement ...

Page 87: ...t the power sensor to the USB port of N9322C The sensor will automatically initialize perform zeroing While remianing connectored to the device under test and calibrate without connecting to an external source 3 Press General Setup Freq to set the frequency of the signal under test As a wideband device the power sensor has a frequency response The power sensor utilizes a complex correction algorit...

Page 88: ...et and the predefined protocol list will pop up Select the wanted item and press Preset as a terminator The related settings will be set automatically Figure 3 27 Customized Preset the U2020 Power Sensor 4 Press Meas Disp Disp Mode Trace to find the measurement results as Figure 3 28 below Figure 3 28 Peak Power Measurement Marker Readings Gate Results Pulse Parameter Results ...

Page 89: ...please press Meas Peak Setup Trace Setup to set the X and Y scale 1 Press Meas Meas Disp Dis Range to access the end points menu 2 Press Top and enter the maximum scale value using the numeric keypad Then press dBm to complete the setup 3 Press Bottom and enter the minimum scale value desired using the numeric keypad Then press dBm to complete the setup Setting Power Meter Resolution There are fou...

Page 90: ...ections of the input signal The gate is defined by a start time relative to the trigger instant and a duration Signal samples acquired during the time interval specified by the gate are used for the measurements in that gate A system of up to four independent gates is provided Set the Trigger Press Meas Peak Setup Trig Acq to set the trigger parameters listed below for the measurement gate Acqn Se...

Page 91: ...ne if the trigger event is recognized on the rising or falling edge of a signal respectively Holdoff Set the holdoff time to disable the trigger mechanism after a trigger event occurs Hysteresis Set the hysteresis to help generate a more stable trigger by preventing triggering unless the RF power level achieves the trigger level and the additional hysteresis value It can be applied to both rising ...

Page 92: ... to the RF IN connector 3 Select a frequency range on the analyzer For example the frequency range for AM broadcasts in the United States is 550 to 1650 kHz Press Frequency Start Freq 550 kHz Stop Freq 1650 kHz 4 Place a marker on the signal of interest Press Peak Search Next Right Pk or Next Left Pk 5 Set the frequency of interest to center frequency Press Marker Marker To Mkr Center 6 Change the...

Page 93: ...l is modulated at 300 MHz with FM deviation of 10 kHz and FM rate of 1 kHz 3 Set the center frequency to the center of the FM signal in this case 300 MHz Press Frequency 300 MHz 4 Set the analyzer to zero span for time domain analysis Press Span Zero Span Press Sweep Sweep Time 5 s 5 Set the resolution bandwidth to capture the full bandwidth of the FM signal Press BW 100 kHz 6 Turn on the optional...

Page 94: ...easurements Demodulate the AM FM signal 86 Listen to the FM signal Press Demod Setting Speaker Vol rotate the knob to adjust the speaker volume The headphone jack is availabe for the audio signal output alternatively ...

Page 95: ...ex or FM deviation Minimum AM modulation index or FM deviation and Minimum carrier frequency offset The user can save the waveforms with metrics for reporting as well as the set up parameters for future measurements or analysis In the following example you can use any source available such as AM FM radio as long as it has AM FM signal generation capability AM Modulation Analysis Please refer to th...

Page 96: ...lated AM depth exceeds the limits set as above Figure 3 29 AM demodulation analysis FM Modulation Analysis Please refer to the procedures below for the FM modulation analysis 1 Connect the signal generator to RF IN connector and turn on the signal generator s FM and RF output 2 Turn on the FM demodulation analysis function Press MODE Modulation Analysis AM 3 Press Frequency Carrier Freq 100 MHz to...

Page 97: ...oupling On to set the Y scale auto coupling 6 Set the FM deviation limit and turn on the limit function Press Shift Limits FreqDev UP 11 FreqDev Low 9 9 Limits on The red value in the result indicates the demodulated FM deviation exceeds the limits set as above Figure 3 30 FM modulation analysis ...

Page 98: ...ndex etc The waveform with metrics and setup parameters can be saved for reports and future Measurements In the following example you can use any source available such as your remote key of the car as long as it has ASK FSK generation capability For ASK FSK signal its Filter is Nyquist and Alpha is 0 35 ASK Modulation Analysis Please refer to the procedures below to analysis the ASK demodulation 1...

Page 99: ... state to Auto default Press Amplitude Attenuation Auto 7 Press Shift Disp Y Scale Scale Coupling On to set the Y scale auto coupling 8 Setting the ASK depth limit and turn on the limit function Press Shift Limits ASK Depth UP 71 ASK Depth Low 70 Limits on 9 Press Shift Disp Display Eye Diagram to view the eye diagram Figure 3 31 ASK Eye Diagram ...

Page 100: ...tion Press MODE Modulation Analysis FSK 3 Press Frequency Carrier Freq 100 MHz to set the carrier frequency 4 Press Meas Symbol Rate 10 ksps to set the symbol rate 5 Press Filter Setup Ref Filter Nyquist to set the filter type 6 Set the attenuation state to Auto default Press Amplitude Attenuation Auto 7 Setting the FSK deviation limit and turn on the limit Press Shift Limit FreqDev UP 85 kHz Freq...

Page 101: ...ethod known as the integration bandwidth IBW method A swept spectrum is used as the basis for this calculation Therefore it is important to set the resolution bandwidth correctly before making this measurement using the following formula Please refer to the procedures below to set a channal power measurement 1 Press Meas Channel Power to select the channel power measurement mode 2 Press Standard C...

Page 102: ...easure other channel power in the same standard Please follow the similar procedure as above to measure the channel power in the CDMA and LTE standard To measure the channel power in GSM standard the default setting is 10 MHz span 300 kHz RBW and the continuous peak search is enabled The instrument will measure the channel power after the center frequency is changed ...

Page 103: ...and power saving mode This file type is not used for test parameter setup information file extension SET Screen stores screen captures of the display file extension JPG Limits which stores data sets to determine whether a trace has exceeded preset specifications file extension LIM CSV records the trace data and available for review on PC file extension CSV Task Planner contains the user defined me...

Page 104: ...tate the knob to choose the file type you need 5 Press Enter to save the file The file will be saved immediately and File saved will be shown in the status bar Quick Saving a File Press Save to quickly save a trace or a screen to either the local memory or an external USB device depending upon the setup of the save path Refer to the steps for saving a trace screen 1 Press File Setup Qsave Type to ...

Page 105: ...e follow the steps below to create the user menu 1 Follow the file saving procedure above to save a state file in internal memory 2 Rotate the knob to highlight the saved file 3 Press Files Operation Copy to 4 Rotate the knob to highlight the folder named USER Press Browse Folder to access into this folder 5 Rotate the knob to highlight the folder named State Press Browse Folder to access into thi...

Page 106: ... planner file list 2 Rotate the knob to highlight the task planner file which you need 3 Press Recall to load the task planner file The measurement task will list in sequence 4 Press Run to initiate the measurement in sequence For the automatic task all the measurement tasks are executed automatically without interruption For the manual task the program is paused and releases a result report when ...

Page 107: ...b or arrow keys to highlight the file name you need 5 Press File Operation Copy To to access the copy submenu Chose the location for copy desitination then press Copy to copy the file immediately Deleting a File Perform the following process to delete a specific file Note that once a file is deleted from local memory it cannot be recovered 1 Press File Directory Memory Type to select the path 2 Us...

Page 108: ...Functions and Measurements Files Operation 100 ...

Page 109: ...eference This chapter describes each front panel hardkey and their associated softkeys menus The front panel key descriptions are organized alphabetically The lower level softkeys are listed as they appear in the softkey menus ...

Page 110: ...s normally coupled to the reference level control it reduces the power level of the input signal at the input mixer Selecting Auto re couples the attenuator Change the attenuation by using the arrow keys the knob or the numeric keypad Key access Ampiltude Attenuation Preamp On Off Option P07 Toggles the internal pre amplifier function between on and off Pressing Preamp On results in a correction b...

Page 111: ...to set 0 dB attenuation 50 dBm reference level and turn the preamplifier on It s very helpful to observe the low level signals with this settings Key access Ampiltude More Hi Sensitivity Ref Offset Adds an offset value which ranges from 327 6 dB to 327 6 dB to the displayed reference level Reference level offsets are only entered by using the numeric keypad Entering an offset does not affect the t...

Page 112: ...rocedures below to use the amplitude correction function 1 Please refer to the procedures below to create a correction file in BSA PC software a Open the PC software b Press File New Correction to access the correction file editing pop up menu c Refer to to add the pount data with frequency and amplitude offset value Figure 1 Editing correction file in PC software d When the editing is completed p...

Page 113: ... field strength measurement Key access Ampiltude More Correction Impedance 50ohm 75ohm Toggles the computational input impedance between 50ohm and 75ohm This is only software function in which sets the input impedance for unit conversions This set affects the results when the y axis unit is voltage or current units dBmV dBμV dBμA V A but does not affect the results when it is power units dBm W The...

Page 114: ...th changes the video bandwidth changes to maintain the VBW RBW ratio A mark appears next to Res BW on the display when it is not coupled To recouple the resolution bandwidth press Res BW Auto Key access BW RBW Video BW Auto Man changes the analyzer post detection filter from 1 Hz to 3 MHz using the knob or arrow keys If an invalid bandwidth is entered the analyzer chooses the closest available ban...

Page 115: ...MS or voltage averaging When trace average is on the average type is shown on the left side of the display Selecting an average type manually causes the analyzer to use that type without regard to other analyzer settings Key access BW Average Type Is Detector peak or Negative peak Is Trace Average On Is Detector Sample Is Avg Type Power Is Trace Average On Is Avg Type Power Ratio 10 Ratio 1 Ratio ...

Page 116: ... of the display Log Pwr In this Average type all filtering and averaging processes work on the voltage of the envelope of the signal This scale is good for observing rise and fall behavior of AM or pulse modulated signals such as radar and TDMA transmitters When this type of averaging is selected VAvg appears on the left side of the display There are actually four types of averaging processes with...

Page 117: ...ift Disp Display Line Activates an adjustable horizontal line that is used as a visual reference line The display line used for trace arithmetic has amplitude values that correspond to its vertical position when compared to the reference level The value of the display line appears in both the active function block and on the softkey The arrow keys knob or numeric keypad may be used to adjust the d...

Page 118: ...mainly two types of functions Clear Clears any numeric entry and cancels the active function Clears any title entry and cause the title to revert to the previous name Clears input or output overloads Clears error messages from the status line along the bot tom of the display Association with other functions Provides a permitted setting for triggering other functions such as Activates LIMIT functio...

Page 119: ...uency Auto Tune Center Freq activates the center frequency function and sets the horizontal center of the display to a specific frequency Key access Frequency Center Freq Start Freq sets the frequency starting at the left side of the graticule The left and right sides of the graticule correspond to the start and stop frequencies Key access Frequency Start Freq Stop Freq sets the frequency at the r...

Page 120: ...ding a file on page 72 for how to recall a file Key access Frequency Channel Std Freq Offset inputs a frequency offset value added to the frequency readout of the marker to account for frequency co versions external to the analyzer Offset entries are added to all frequency readouts including marker start frequency and stop frequency Offsets may only be entered using the numeric keypad Offsets are ...

Page 121: ...e baseband channel on and off When it is set to On the SSB and DANL performance will be better from 3 kHz to 12 MHz This softkey is only visible when the option BB1 has been installed and only available in Spectrum Analysis Spectrum Monitor mode Key access Frequency CF Step ...

Page 122: ...cting Auto mode moves the marker to the automatically selected trace The trace selection will search for the lowest numbered trace in the following mode order Clear write Max hold Min hold and View If there are no traces in any of these modes it selects trace 1 Key access Marker Marker Trace Mode Normal Activates a single frequency marker at the center of the active trace if not already displayed ...

Page 123: ...er and an R reference above the marker for example 1R The delta marker is identified with the marker number only Key access Marker Mode Delta Pair Span Pair Toggles the Span Pair function between the span and center markers The start marker number is indicated with a number and an R above the marker such as 1R and the stop marker is indicated with only the marker number Adjusting the span changes ...

Page 124: ...ilable in zero span To Reference Changes the reference level to the active marker value moving the marked point to the reference level top line of the graticule In Delta mode this softkey sets the reference level to the amplitude difference between the markers Key access Marker Marker To Function Accesses the marker function softkeys listed below Normal Activates the default readout mode This func...

Page 125: ...al of the above frequency Time Sets the marker readout to Time The default selection in zero span displays the time interval between a normal marker and the start of the sweep or the time of the delta marker relative to the reference marker Key access Marker More Read Out Zoom In Out Activates the marker zoom in out function which triggers a series of operation as below Save current state as a bac...

Page 126: ...annotations Key access Marker More All Off Logging Start Stop Press this softkey to start recording the marker value to a CSV file The frequency and amplitude value of the marker will be continuously recorded in the file Press this softkey Logging Stop again to stop logging and save the CSV file immediately Key access Marker More Read Out ...

Page 127: ...o be used for the measurement Center Freq Sets the center frequency of display Key access Meas Channel Power Integ BW Specifies the range of integration used in calculating the power in a channel For example set the main center channel bandwidth Note that the white frame indicates the integration bandwidth Be sure the span is set between 1 and 10 times the integration bandwidth Change integration ...

Page 128: ...ge is set to off manual press Top and Bottom to set the display range of the channel power meter Key access Meas Channel Power RRC Filter This softkey is a combined key to set the Root Raised Cosine filter state and the filter Alpha value When the filter is set to On there will be an annotation RRC ON on the display Key access Meas Channel Power Filter BW Press this softkey to set the filter bandw...

Page 129: ... the main menu of occupied bandwidth measurement including all related parameters and measurement results The occupied bandwidth function also indicates the difference between the center frequency and the center frequency of the channel This Transmit Freq Error is defined as the difference between the f1 f2 2 and the tuned center frequency of the signal Selecting a Method Press MEAS OBW Method to ...

Page 130: ...ent calculation from the OBW calculation The x dB bandwidth result is also called the emissions bandwidth EBW This sets the green frame f1 and f2 are the two cross points of the signal and the pair of vertical lines of the displayed green frame to your specified dB value below the maximum power and compute the total power in the frame The emission bandwidth is then calculated ranging from 0 1 dB t...

Page 131: ... optional 6 adjacent channels Press adjacent Chn State to turn on off each adjacent channel power display Key access Meas ACP Adjacent Channel BW Specifies the range of integration used in calculating the power in the adjacent channel Use the knob the arrow keys or the numeric keypad to set the bandwidth Key access Meas ACP Adj Chn Space Sets the space value between the center frequency of main ch...

Page 132: ...when calculating the measurement result The average will be displayed at the end of each sweep Setting Avg Number to Off disables measurement averaging Key access Meas SEM Meas Type Displays a menu to select a measurement reference type Total Pwr Ref or PSD Ref Key access Meas SEM Ref Channel Accesses the softkeys to change the reference channel settings Key access Meas SEM Total Pwr Ref When Tota...

Page 133: ...hannel Total Pwr Ref PSD Ref Auto Man Displays the type of power measurement reference selected by Measure Type Total Pwr Ref is the power in the carrier that is used as the reference in computing the relative power values for the offsets When Man is selected this can be set by the user When Auto is selected this is the measured power in the reference carrier PSD Ref is the mean power spectral den...

Page 134: ...n 3 515 4 000 30 00 26 00 26 00 Couple 30 00 30 00 1 D On 4 000 8 000 1000 00 30 00 13 00 13 00 Couple 30 00 30 00 1 33 E On 8 000 12 500 1000 00 13 00 13 00 Couple 30 00 30 00 1 Table 2 Offsets Limits Defaulted for W CDMA 3GPP Mobile Station Measurementsa Offset Start Freq MHz Stop Freq MHz Res BW kHz Abs Start dBm Abs Stop dBm Rel Couple Rel Start dBc Rel Stop dBc Meas BW A On 2 515 3 485 30 00 ...

Page 135: ...Couple 40 00 40 00 Couple 1 Table 4 Offsets Limits Defaulted for 802 11b Radio Standarda Offset Start Freq MHz Stop Freq MHz Abs Start dBm Abs Stop dBm Rel Start dBc Rel Stop dBc Meas BW A On 11 00 22 00 10 00 10 00 30 00 30 00 1 B On 22 00 50 00 30 00 30 00 50 00 50 00 1 C Off 50 00 70 00 30 00 30 00 50 00 50 00 1 D Off 70 00 90 00 30 00 30 00 50 00 50 00 1 E Off 90 00 100 00 30 00 30 00 50 00 50...

Page 136: ...sed in measuring the offset pair When set to Auto the Res BW are used When set to Man the allowed range is 1 kHz to 1MHz Key access Meas SEM Offset Limits Abs Start To enter an absolute level limit at Start Freq for the currently selected offset ranging from 200 00 to 50 00 dBm with 4 significant digits Key access Meas SEM Offset Limits More Abs Stop Couple Man To enter an absolute level limit at ...

Page 137: ...asurements Relative Sets the limit test to show Fail if one offsets spectrum emission mask measurement results is larger than the corresponding limit for Rel Start and or Rel Stop Abs AND Rel Set the limit test to show Fail if one offset s spectrum emission mask measurement results is larger than both the corresponding limit for Abs Start and Abs Stop and the limit for Rel Start and Rel Stop Abs O...

Page 138: ...cess Mode Tracking Generator Amptd Step Sets the step size of the power level range of the tracking generator The default setting is one vertical scale division when in a logarithmic amplitude scale Key access Mode Tracking Generator CAUTION Power level sensitive devices connected to the tracking generator output may be accidentally damaged This is because the actual source amplitude will be great...

Page 139: ...zed reference level even if the value of the normalized reference level is changed This function remains in effect on all subsequent sweeps until it is turned off The normalize function is most useful for applying correction data to a trace while making a stimulus response measurement with a tracking generator For example connect the cables and a thru line in place of the device to be measured bet...

Page 140: ...ut affecting the instrument gain or attenuation settings This allows the displayed trace to be moved without decreasing measurement accuracy The normalized reference position is indicated with a character on the left side of the display and a character on the right side of the display Ref Trace View Blank Allows you to view or blank the reference trace on the display NOTE When in the Tracking Gene...

Page 141: ...G the result showned in screen is the power sensor s measurement result When it is set to Peak the result shown in screen is the power sensor s gate measurement result Key access Mode Power Meter Zeroing Accesses the associated Zeroing submenu Key access Mode Power Meter Zeroing Makes a Zero operation of the power sensor The U2000 Series USB Power Sensors have their sensor calibration tables store...

Page 142: ...en internal and external When this type is set to EXT pressing Zero will bring up a message which indicates the external signal need be pulled out This setting is not affected by the preset in Power Meter menu Key access Mode Power Meter Zero Cal Disp Range Accesses the associated Disp Range submenu Key access Mode Power Meter Meas Disp Auto Range Toggles the auto range function between On and Off...

Page 143: ...1 through 4 represents 1 0 1 0 01 and 0 001 dB respectively The default value is 3 Key access Mode Power Meter Dis Mode Meter Chart Changes the display mode between Meter and Chart The default mode is Meter Key access Mode Power Meter Meas Setup Chart View Accesses the Chart View submenu This soft key is disabled when the measurement is in process or if the display mode is set to Meter This submen...

Page 144: ...te Interval Enables you to set the interval of time to update data to 1 or more seconds Or you may set it to automatically determine the Update Interval that provides the maximum data collection speed A data sample is taken every time interval for display on the spectrogram Increasing the update time allows data capturing over a longer period of time in the spectrogram Key access MODE Spectrum Mon...

Page 145: ...spectrogram or both trace and spectrogram Key access MODE Spectrum Monitor File Logging Accesses the submenu for spectrogram file operation Start Stop Save This softkey allow you to start or stop the automatic save function Once the spectrogram measurement frames reached the file size set in the File Size a file SPE or CSV will be automatically saved and the spectrogram measurement will restart Ke...

Page 146: ...tude scale automatically to include the peak and valley level in graticule Key access Amplitude Auto Scale Calibrate This softkey activates the calibration process for the measurement Key access Frequency Calibrate Cal Type This softkey toggles the calibration type between full span calibration and selected span calibration Full span calibration runs an open short load calibration across the full ...

Page 147: ...Data Only the activated trace is viewable The trace memory is not viewable Memory Only the trace in memory is viewable Data Memory The trace both activated and in memory is viewable Key access Trace Data Mem Disp Mode This softkey allows you to set the Y axis of the graticule as return loss VSWR or reflection coefficient value Key access Meas Disp Mode IIM On Off This softkey toggles IIM between o...

Page 148: ... for the signal to be analyzed The measurement accuracy will be impacted if this value isn t set precisely Key access Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis Filter Setup Accesses the Filter setup submenu for further configuration Key access Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis View Accesses the submenu to select four display mode Symbol displays the binary symbol in full screen window Meas Filter Selects the Me...

Page 149: ...nu to configure the X scale parametes Scale Div sets the number of symbols in one division Ref Value sets the starting value in term of times at the reference position Ref position sets the display reference position to either Top Ctr center or Bottom The Ext Gain is set to add the external gain to the test result If the Auto scale key is set to on these parameters are adjusted automatically accor...

Page 150: ...he trigger polarity to positive negative Trig Delay Allows you to set and turn on or off a delay during which the analyzer will wait to begin a sweep after receiving an external trigger signal Key access Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis More Limits Set a limit value to warn you if the measured value exceeds the value specified here The test reuslt will be in purple if this reslut exceeds the corresp...

Page 151: ...nt count number when a single sweep function triggers Key access Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis More CarrFreq Step Changes the step size for the center frequency function Once a step size has been selected and the center frequency function is activated the arrow keys change the center frequency by the step size value The step size function is useful for finding harmonics and sidebands beyond the c...

Page 152: ...e ASK FSK Modulation Analysis Filter Setup Accesses the Filter setup submenu for further configuration Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis View Accesses the submenu to select four display mode Symbol displays the binary symbol in full screen window Waveform displays the signal waveform ASK Error displays the ASK error Eye Diagram Displays the Eye diagram Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation ...

Page 153: ...n one division Ref Value sets the starting value in term of times at the reference position Ref position sets the display reference position to either Top Ctr center or Bottom The Ext Gain is set to add the external gain to the test result If the Auto scale key is set to on these parameters are adjusted automatically according to the measurement result Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis M...

Page 154: ...rigger polarity to positive negative Trig Delay Allows you to set and turn on or off a delay during which the analyzer will wait to begin a sweep after receiving an external trigger signal Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis More Limits Set a limit value to warn you if the measured value exceeds the value specified here The test reuslt will be in purple if this reslut exceeds the correspon...

Page 155: ...count number when a single sweep function triggers Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis More CarrFreq Step Changes the step size for the center frequency function Once a step size has been selected and the center frequency function is activated the arrow keys change the center frequency by the step size value The step size function is useful for finding harmonics and sidebands beyond the cu...

Page 156: ... No Peak Found error message will appear on the display Key access Peak Search Next Left Peak Next Right PK Moves the marker to the next peak to the right of the current marker position The signal peak must exceed the peak threshold value by the peak excursion value If there is no peak to the right the marker will not move and the No Peak Found error message will appear on the display Key access P...

Page 157: ...here are other signals on screen near the same amplitude one of them may be found instead Signals near 0 Hz cannot be maintained effectively This function is intended to maintain the marker on signals with a frequency that is changing and an amplitude that is not changing Key access Peak Search Continuous PK Peak Table Peak Table Displays a list of up to ten signal peaks that is updated at the end...

Page 158: ...marker peak does not recognize signals less than peak excursion value above the noise floor To correct this when measuring signals near the noise floor reduce the excursion value To prevent the marker from identifying noise as signals reduce the noise floor variance less than the peak excursion value by reducing the video bandwidth or by using video averaging Key access Peak Search More Peak Thres...

Page 159: ...when the analyzer is turned on Power On set to Preset recalls the analyzer settings previously with the Preset function Power On set to Last recalls the analyzer settings when the analyzer is turned off by the front panel power switch Preset Type Selects User or Factory preset settings User Pressing Preset recalls the analyzer settings defined by Save User Preset Factory Pressing Preset recalls th...

Page 160: ...t Refer to Instrument Messages on page 167 for details Service Accesses the submenu to set the service settings as below Key access System More Service Calibration Accesses the submenu to calibrate the time base of the analyzer load default values for the alignment system Upgrade Enables the firmware upgrade process once the USB disk with the firmware upgrade package plug connected Prev Page Next ...

Page 161: ...able licensing for individual options A user may not turn off an option using this system Once an option has been licensed for a given analyzer it cannot be transferred to a different analyzer Port Setting Access the submenu to set the ports as below Key access System More Port Setting Ip Config Toggles the IO port between USB LAN and GPIB option for remote control Probe Power Provides power for h...

Page 162: ...al graticule division divide the frequency span by 10 Span Enter the span frequency range value Key access Span Full Span Changes the span to full span showing the full frequency range of the analyzer Key access Span Zero Span Changes the frequency span to zero In this mode the current center frequency is displayed in the time domain the x axis is displayed in units of time like a conventional osc...

Page 163: ...nalyzer selects the optimum shortest sweep time ranging from 10 ms to 1000 s The auto selection is determined by three measurement settings Frequency Span The selected Resolution Bandwidth The selected Video Bandwidth Note that changing one of the three factors above will change the sweep time The sweep time is in direct ratio to frequency span and is in reverse ratio to the selected resolution ba...

Page 164: ... triggered Pressing Preset When Preset Type is set to Factory sets the sweep mode to continuous sweep Key access Sweep Single Sweep When the analyzer is in continuous sweep mode and not in a measurement mode MEAS Measure Off pressing Sweep Single Sweep will change the sweep setting to single sweep It will then begin a sweep after the trigger conditions are met If the analyzer is already in single ...

Page 165: ...ay The analyzer triggers when the input signal exceeds the trigger level at the left edge of the display Change the trigger level by using the arrow keys the knob or the numeric keypad External Activates the trigger condition that will start a sweep when the external voltage connected to EXT TRG IN on the rear panel passes through approximately 2 volts The external trigger signal must be a 0 V to ...

Page 166: ...p time rule to ensure the measurement accuracy Speed sweep time rule provides a fast measurement function that decreases the sweep time Using Fast Sweep will decrease the measurement accuracy Key access Sweep Sweep Setup Sweep Type Swept FFT This softkey toggles the Sweep Type between swept mode and FFT mode This FFT mode is only available when RBW is set to 1 kHz 3 kHz or 10 kHz Key access Sweep ...

Page 167: ...fines the limit to be edited as an upper or lower limit An upper limit will indicate a fail if trace 1 exceeds this limit A lower limit will indicate a fail if trace 1 falls below the limit Key access Shift Limit Limit 1 2 Limit On Off Toggles the limit line function to on or off The limit points must exist before the limit function can be turned on Either Limit or Margin as well as Test must be t...

Page 168: ...or off Use Margin to set a limit line offset for the selected limit line Either Limit or Margin as well as Test must be turned on for a limit test to work Key access Shift Limit Limit 1 2 Edit Accesses the submenu to edit the limit point and also accesses the limits table Use arrow keys to move between the rows in the limits table New limit segments will only be applied after close the editor Pres...

Page 169: ...nes if the current point being edited is to be connected to the previous point Pressing this key toggles the Connected value between Yes and No Key access Shift Limit Limit 1 2 Edit Delete Point Deletes the current point in the limit line Pressing this key will delete the point immediately Key access Shift Limit Limit 1 2 Edit Delete Limit Deletes the current limit set Pressing this key will delet...

Page 170: ...Updates the trace point value if a new maximum level is detected in successive sweeps Key access Trace Det Max Hold Min Hold Retains the minimum level for each trace point of the selected trace Updates each minimum trace point if a new minimum level is detected in following sweeps Key access Trace Det Min Hold View Holds and displays the amplitude data of the selected trace The trace register is n...

Page 171: ... each bucket Average displays the power average in the bucket Sample displays the instantaneous level of the signal at the center of the bucket represented by each display point Positive Peak displays the max of the signal in the bucket Negative Peak displays the min of the signal in the bucket The detector in use is indicated on the left side of the display A will appear next to it if the detecto...

Page 172: ...tinues with each new sweep averaged in with a weight of and the old average reduced by multiplying it by To turn averaging off press Average Number Off Key access Trace Det More Average Number On Off Average measures the average value of the amplitude across each trace interval bucket When Average is selected Avg appears on the left corner Sample Sample detection is used primarily to display noise...

Page 173: ...riable A B and C or a display line for variable A and B for the trace calculation A B C Turn this softkey on to calculate variable A minus variable B The result will display as variable C when all the variables is set to on This function and A B C can not be set to on simultaneously A B C Turn this softkey on to calculate variable A plus variable B The result will display as variable C when all th...

Page 174: ...Key Reference Trace 166 ...

Page 175: ...Instrument Messages 167 5 Instrument Messages Overview 168 Command Errors 169 Execution Conflict 171 Device Specific Errors 173 ...

Page 176: ...alyzer corrected the setting automatically press System System Info Errors History to read the specific descriptions of those messages Example In this example a failure explanation is generally included with each error to further define its meaning The instrument messages in this guide are listed numerically 1 330 Self test failed Code A self test failure occurred Explanation in manual Message Num...

Page 177: ...or The parser was expecting a separator and encountered an illegal character 104 Data type error The parser recognized a data element that is not allowed 108 Parameter not allowed More parameters were received than expected for the header For example the ESE common command only accepts one parameter so receiving ESE 0 1 is not allowed 109 Missing parameter Fewer parameters were received than requi...

Page 178: ... suffix This message is used when the device cannot detect more specifics described for errors 131 to 139 131 Invalid suffix The suffix does not follow the syntax described in IEEE 488 2 or the suffix is inappropriate for the device 134 Suffix too long The suffix contained more than 12 characters 138 Suffix not allowed A suffix was encountered after a numeric element which does not allow suffixes ...

Page 179: ...ts entered Indicates that a legal program data element of block expression or string type was received that contained more data than the device could handle due to memory or related device specific requirements 224 Illegal parameter value An attempt was made to select a user file that contains 0 bits Select another user file that contains at least 1 bit 241 Hardware missing Missing device hardware...

Page 180: ...ages Execution Conflict 172 330 Self test failed A self test failure occurred Report this error to Keysight Technologies 340 calibration failed An expected file was not found while trying to load internal calibration ...

Page 181: ...rt this error to the nearest Keysight Technologies sales or service office 201 Option not installed The desired operation cannot be performed because a required option is not installed 204 TG Frequency Limit The tracking generator has reached the limit of its allowable frequency range 211 RBW limited to 1 kHz when Span 1 MHz In spans greater than 1 MHz narrow digital resolution bandwidths below 1 ...

Page 182: ...ttenuation or decrease the input signal level 502 IF over load Either increase input attenuation or decrease the input signal level 604 File already exists You attempted to save to a file that already exists Either delete or rename the existing file or select a new name then try again 605 Media is protected A save was attempted to a write protected device 610 File access is denied The file is prot...

Page 183: ...alyzer 752 Unable to load state from file Attempt to load a state from a file failed 753 Unable to save state to file Attempt to save a state to a file failed See the associated error messages for the cause 757 Unable to load user state A user preset failed so the factory preset values were used Save a valid state into user preset and try again 758 Unable to save user state Attempt to save a user ...

Page 184: ... sent a remote command to save a screen file but did not specify a valid extension 780 No Peak Found No signal peak was found that meets the criteria under Peak Search Peak Criteria 781 Video Trigger cannot be active You sent a remote command to do one of the following Turn on video trigger while the Average Detector or a Marker Function is active Turn on the Average Detector or a Marker Function ...

Page 185: ...w to check for a problem with your Keysight Technologies spectrum analyzer and how to return it for service If you experience a problem or would like additional information about your analyzer Keysight Technologies worldwide organization is ready to provide the support you need ...

Page 186: ...nctioning as expected return the analyzer to a known state by pressing Preset Is the measurement being performed and the results that are expected within the specifications and capabilities of the analyzer Refer to the Technical Overview for your analyzer Is the analyzer displaying an error message If so refer to User s Guide for details To meet specifications the analyzer must be aligned For more...

Page 187: ...age The calibration cycle of N9322C spectrum analyzer is one year NOTE If the analyzer is still under warranty or is covered by a maintenance contract it will be repaired under the terms of the warranty or plan the warranty is located at the front of this manual If the analyzer is no longer under warranty or is not covered by an Keysight Technologies maintenance plan Keysight Technologies will not...

Page 188: ...orld to provide you with complete support for your spectrum analyzer To obtain servicing information or to order replacement parts contact the Keysight Technologies customer contact center listed below In any correspondence or telephone conversations refer to your spectrum analyzer by its product number and full serial number ...

Page 189: ...ys and their associated menu keys in Spectrum Analyzer mode Refer to Chapter Key Reference on page 101 for key function descriptions The name editor menu is shown separately though it is accessed when entering data for many keys The front panel key menus appear in alphabetical order as follows ...

Page 190: ...IV Scale Type Log Lin HiSensitivity More dBm 1 dB DIV 2 dB DIV 5 dB DIV 10 dB DIV dBmV dBuV W V Off On Y Axis Unit Ref Offset Correction Impedance 50 ohm 75 ohm dBmV EMF dBuV EMF V EMF Apply Corrections Off On Correction2 Impedance Off On Correction1 Correction3 Correction4 Off Load User PSD Function Off On ...

Page 191: ...183 Menu Maps BW Menu BW Menu BW RBW VBW VBW RBW Avg Type Log Pwr Power Voltage Auto Man Auto Man Auto Man ...

Page 192: ...ted Sweep Sweep Setup Swp Time Rule Sweep Type Speed Accuracy Auto Sweep FFT Free Run RF Burst Video External Gated Sweep Gated View On Off View Video Level Trigger Slope Rise Fall On Off Gated Delay SweepTime Gated Length Gated Source External Periodic Timer RF Burst Burst Level Trigger Slope Rise Fall ...

Page 193: ...enumap is for Spectrum Analyzer mode Disp Disp Mode Sort By Down Up View Back Threshold Bar Time On Off Freeze This menumap is for Channel Scanner measurement Disp X scale Y Scale Display waveform Scale Coupling Ref Value Ref Position Left On Off Scale DIV This menumap is for ASK FSK modulation analysis ...

Page 194: ...r Task Planner Save As Recall Rename Files Operation File Directory View FileType Setup Move To Delete Copy Move 1 ALL STA TRC SET JPG more BMP CSV ANT LIM STD more COR TPF more 2 QSave Type QSave Naming On Off Sort By Prefix Edit The softkey Copy Move only exists in the submenu of Copy To Move To 1 2 The softkey View FileType is fixed as TPF in Task Planner Mode ...

Page 195: ...Frequency Menu Frequency Menu Frequency Center Freq CF Step Auto Man Start Freq Stop Freq Chan Standard Unit Freq Offset Freq Channel Auto Tune LowFreqChannel This softkey is only visible when option BB1 is installed ...

Page 196: ...e Margin Upper Lower Limit Limit Line Off On Off On Points Freq Amplitude Add Edit Limits Limit 1 Limit 2 Limit Fixed Rel X Axis Unit Freq Time Limit Off On Delete Point Delete All Limit Beep Off On Start Threshold Off On Recall Limits Save Limits ...

Page 197: ...ter To Start All Off Zoom In Off Normal Read Out Frequency Delta Ref Marker To Counter To Stop Delta to Span Frequency Period Time More Demod Setting AM Demod Type AM FM Speaker Vol Delay Time Normal Delta Delta Pair Ref Delta Span Pair Span Center Relative to Noise Band Power Demod To Reference On Off Logging Start ...

Page 198: ...0 Peak Search Menu Peak Peak Search Next Left PK Next Right PK Next Peak Pk Pk Search Continous Pk More Peak Table Peak Criteria On Off Export Table On Off Peak Table to CSV Peak Excursion Peak Threshold Peak Type Max Min To Center ...

Page 199: ... Auto Man Spectrum SEM Monitor Channel Scanner Avg Number Meas Type Ref Channel On Off Offset Limit Fail Setting Total Pwr Ref PSD Ref Chan Integ BW Chan Span Sweep Time Res Bw Auto Man Total Pwr Ref PSD Ref Offset Chan Span Stop Freq Sweep Time Auto Man Res BW Auto Man On Off More Abs StartAmpt Abs Stop Ampt Couple Man Rel StartAmpt Rel StopAmpt Meas BW Fail Mask Log On Off Hold On Off Beep On Of...

Page 200: ...ave Time Setting File Type TRC CSV File Path File Size Home Page Up Page Down End Playback Play Stop Update Int On Off Spectrum SEM Monitor Channel Scanner Scan Start Scan Mode Recall Range Edit Logging Start Edit Method Start Freq Freq Step Size Bandwidth Number of Chn Custom Std Apply List Top N Bottom N Setup Meas Interval Interval Type Measure Rule Speed Accuracy Top bottom Cycle On Off Time D...

Page 201: ...tor Mode Spectrum Analyzer Tracking Generaotr Amplitude Off On Amptd Step Amptd Offset Normalize Store Ref 1 4 Normalize Norm Ref Lvl Norm Ref Posn Off On Ref Trace Blank View Power Meter Spectrum Monitor Task Planner Modulation Analysis Reflection Measurement ...

Page 202: ...ro Zero Type INT EXT Auto Range On Off Limit Beep Range Lower Upper Limits On Off Upper Limit Lower Limit Offset On Off Rel On Off Dis Range Resolution Disp Mode Meter Char Chart View Pause Freq Power Range Return Limits Rel Offset Average Meas Interval Average On Off Avg count Auto Man Step Detect On Off ...

Page 203: ...IFBW EqLPF Detector MODE Peak Peak Hold On Off Peak Peak 2 RMS Preamp On Off Attenuation Ref Value Ref Position Scale Div Ext Gain Limit On Off CarrPow Upr AMDepth Up FreqDev Up AMDepth Low FreqDev Low CarrFreq Off Up X Scale Y Scale More CarrFreq Step Average On Off More Limits Auto CarrFreq On Off Sweep Single Cont Single Auto Scale On Off Return Return More ...

Page 204: ...ree Run Ref Value Ref Position Scale Div Ext Gain Limit On Off CarrPow Upr ASK Depth Up FreqDev Up ASK Depth Low CarrFreqOff Up EXT Rise Ext Fall Trig Delay On Off X Scale Y Scale More Meas Length Average On Off More Trigger Limits Sweep Single Cont Single Auto Scale On Off Return Return Auto CarrFreq On Off CarrFreq Step Attenuation Auto Man Preamp On Off More Meas Filter Ref Filter Alpha BbT Fil...

Page 205: ...Type Window Limit Line Limits Limit On Off Edit Limits Limit Type Limit Beep On Off On Off Upper Lower b Cable Type Select Cable RG BTS Cust Cable Atten Vel Factor c None Rectangular Hamming 3 Sample Blackman 4 Sample Blackman Data Mem Data Trace Memory Data Memory Trace Math Average On Off a Disp Mode IIM On Off On Off More Single Sweep Single Cont Meas a Press Meas twice to toggle the submenu be...

Page 206: ...Menu Maps Name Editor Menu 198 Name Editor Menu ABCDEFG HIJKLMN Return OPQRSTU VWXYZ Name ...

Page 207: ... System Info Pwr On Setting Save User IP Address Static DCHP Sys Name Gateway Subnet Mask Time Pwr On Time Pwr Off Repeat Mode Once Everyday Power On Time Date Apply Ext Input Trig Ref DFT User Last Off On Beeper Key Lock On Off On Off Time Date Preset DC Pwr In Standby Pwron Show System Installed Options IP Admin Upgrade Firmware Calibration Diagnostics Add Option Probe Power Off On Time Base By ...

Page 208: ...Menu Maps SPAN Menu 200 SPAN Menu Span Span Full Span Zero Span Last Span ...

Page 209: ... Write Max Hold Min Hold View Blank More 1 2 3 4 1 of 2 Detector Average Number Normal Average Pos Peak Auto Man Off On Trace Math Sample Neg Peak Avg Restart Average Dura Off On Variable A Math Type Math By Variable B Variable C Log Pwr Pwr Off A B C A B C B A C ...

Page 210: ...Menu Maps Trace Det Menu 202 ...

Page 211: ...30 H harmonic distortion measuring 53 I improving frequency resolution and accuracy 49 instruction manual 10 instrument messages 167 Int Preamp 102 L Limits 159 M Marker key 114 Marker Table 117 Meas key 119 measuring ACP 123 channel power 119 distortion 53 low level signal 44 multiple signals 35 occupied BW 121 SEM 124 source s frequency drift 51 TOI 56 menu maps 181 messages 17 MODE key 130 N Ne...

Page 212: ...T TOI measuring 56 tracking drifting signals 51 U Uncoupled definition 47 using frequency counter 49 V VBW RBW 106 ventilation 18 Video BW 106 View Trace key 162 viewing signal 33 W WEEE 10 ...

Page 213: ......

Page 214: ...This information is subject to change without notice Keysight Technologies 2012 2014 Edition 1 July 2014 N9322 90002 ...

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