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ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000 / SAS 4000

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16.7

EXAMPLES

Filename: LI00003.S4K
Instrument ID: SAS 4000
Date & Time: 05/05/1997 10:31:10
Base Station:      0.0 0.0 0.0
Rows header/data/topography: 27 270 0
Acquisition mode: 3
Measurement Method: Section
Electrode layout: 1 Wenner-a
Co-ordinate type:      Index
Smallest electrode spacing: 2.000000
Marine survey:   - - - -
Protocol #1: WENNER_L
Protocol #2: WENNER_S
Protocol #3:   -
Protocol #4:    -
Protocol #5:   -
Protocol #6:   -
Protocol #7:   -
Protocol #8:   -
Operator:
Client:
Comment #1:
Comment #2:
Comment #3:
Comment #4:

  No. Time Tx Rx Dx I(mA) Voltage(V) App.R.(ohmm) T(On) T(0) T(N) App.Ch.(ms) Error(%)
  1 971   -40 24 24 200 0.061783   93.166584 1.000 0.010 0.200 0.080724   -53.033009
  2 990   -38 24 24 200 0.055621 83.875082 1.000 0.010 0.200 -2.062340   -54.997192
  3 1009   -36 24 24 200 0.063124 95.188382 1.000 0.010 0.200 -1.659207   -35.355343
  4 1028   -34 24 24 200 0.076727 115.701262 1.000 0.010 0.200 -1.365044 -7.856742
  5 1047   -32 24 24 200 0.080722 121.725726 1.000   0.010 0.200 -3.151035   -70.710678
  6 1066   -40 20 20 200 0.063699 80.046623 1.000 0.010 0.200 -0.535476 -6.862929
  7 1088   -38 20 20 100 0.027652 69.497576 1.000 0.010 0.200 -1.803617 -101.015259
  8 1108   -36 20 20 200 0.049046 61.632693 1.000 0.010 0.200 -7.067369 -4.714045
  9 1127   -34 20 20 200 0.056467 70.958730 1.000 0.010 0.200 -1.324859   -32.635700
10 1146   -32 20 20 200 0.048668 61.157926 1.000 0.010 0.200 -4.662757 0.000000
11 1165   -30 20 20 200 0.059255 74.462229 1.000 0.010 0.200 -0.799598 -5.656854
12 1185   -28 20 20 100 0.034352 86.334918 1.000 0.010 0.200 -2.032617 -7.443229
  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . .   . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  258 8359 17 1 1    200 4.541188 285.331236 1.000 0.010 0.200 7.916800 16.098215
  259 8389   -18 1 1 100 3.224135 405.156731 1.000 0.010 0.200 4.530084 2.351068
  260 8411   -15 1 1 100 5.236955 658.095207 1.000 0.010 0.200 3.747487 0.107381
  261 8441   -12 1 1 200 0.000000 0.000000 1.000 0.010 0.200 5.618462 22.609901
  262 8470 -9 1 1 200 5.089408   319.776943 1.000 0.010 0.200 6.336401 4.318378
  263 8499 -6 1 1 200 7.423481 466.431115 1.000 0.010 0.200 11.886886 10.709951
  264 8529 -3 1 1 200 8.690695 546.052483    1.000 0.010 0.200 8.741027 14.206529
  265 8559 0 1 1 50 3.441935 865.052609 1.000 0.010 0.200 6.508956 8.844142
  266 8590 3 1 1 50 9.975839 2507.201668 1.000 0.010 0.200 13.477847 9.588460
  267 8622 6 1 1 100 9.544613 1199.411429 1.000 0.010 0.200 0.000000 18.253386
  268 8652 9 1 1 200 0.000000 0.000000 1.000 0.010 0.200 5.657914 27.452284
  269 8683 12 1 1 100 1.989075 249.954547 1.000 0.010 0.200 5.712136 22.407339
  270 8705 15 1 1 50 0.402264 101.099904 1.000 0.010 0.200   -13.452191   -49.913418

Example A: An example of a data file containing IP data acquired using SAS 1000 / 4000 +

ES464 LUND

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Summary of Contents for Terrameter SAS 1000

Page 1: ...__________________________________________________ ABEM Product Number 33 0020 26 ABEM Printed Matter GGEO 100049 2018 08 28 Instruction Manual Terrameter SAS 4000 SAS 1000 ...

Page 2: ...ABEM Instrument AB takes no responsibility for errors in the document or problems that may arise from the use of this material Copyright 2018 ABEM Instrument AB All rights reserved ABEM Instrument AB Löfströms Allé 6a S 172 66 Sundbyberg Sweden Phone 46 8 557 613 00 Internet http www guidelinegeo com E mail sales guidelinegeo com support guidelinegeo com ...

Page 3: ...cables and electrodes while the system is operating Wear electrically insulating boots and gloves during field work Disconnect cables from Terrameter Electrode Selector before connecting disconnecting electrodes to from cables The operator must always keep all parts of the equipment including instrument electrode selector electrode cables electrodes etc under control for unauthorized persons and s...

Page 4: ... 5 TECHNICAL LAYOUT OF THE SAS 1000 4000 11 2 5 1 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL CONNECTORS 12 2 6 ACCESSORIES 12 2 6 1 THE LUND RESISTIVITY IMAGING SYSTEM 12 2 6 2 TERRAMETER SAS LOG 300 13 3 OPERATING THE SAS 1000 4000 14 3 1 CONTROLS AND TERMINALS 14 3 1 1 CONTROLS 14 3 1 2 SPECIAL KEY SEQUENCES 15 3 1 3 MULTI CHANNEL ADAPTER MCA 15 3 2 WARNINGS 17 3 2 1 SAFETY 17 3 2 2 LIGHTNING 17 3 2 3 HEAT 17 3 3 MA...

Page 5: ...LUND IMAGING SYSTEM 31 6 2 DATA ACQUISITION PROCEDURE 32 6 2 1 PREPARATIONS FOR FIELD SURVEYING 32 6 2 2 ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT 32 6 2 3 RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT 33 6 2 4 FIELD PROCEDURE FOR 2D ELECTRICAL IMAGING 33 6 2 5 USING THE LUND IMAGING SYSTEM SOFTWARE 37 6 2 6 ELECTRODE TEST 40 6 2 7 SPEED UP THE FIELD PROCEDURE 41 6 2 8 DATA COVER 42 6 2 9 AREA COVER 3D ROLL ALONG 43 6 2 10 3D RESIS...

Page 6: ...00 4000 55 Import data from the Terrameter 55 8 1 2 DATA CONVERSION 56 8 1 3 CONVERSION PROGRAM ON PC S4KCONV EXE 57 8 1 4 MEASUREMENT PROTOCOL GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT 58 Error Codes in MPFC program 59 8 1 5 FORMAT OF LUND IMAGING ADDRESS PROTOCOL AND LOCATION FILES 60 Cable Description Files Address Files 60 Protocol Files 61 Geometry Files 62 8 1 6 FORMAT OF VES PROTOCOL FILES 63 8 2 ERIGRAPH ...

Page 7: ...FERENCES 81 11 APPENDIX B TERRAMETER ERROR CODES 83 12 APPENDIX C MPFC ERROR CODES 86 13 APPENDIX D ES464 ES10 64 ADDRESS TAKE OUT AND PIN CONNECTOR RELATION 88 14 APPENDIX E ADDRESS AND PROTOCOL FILES 90 14 1 EXAMPLE ADDRESS FILES 90 Example Address Files for CVES 90 Example Address Files for Areal 3D Cover 91 14 2 EXAMPLE PROTOCOL FILES 92 Example Wenner Array Protocol File 92 Example Dipole dip...

Page 8: ... CVES WITH 4 ELECTRODE CABLES 104 14 13 SQUARE2A SQUARE2B AND SQUARE2C SQUARE ARRAY AREA COVER WITH TWO ELECTRODE SPACINGS 105 14 14 POL8X8 POLE POLE IN 8X8 SQUARE GRID 106 14 15 POL21X7A F 3 CHANNEL POLE POLE 3D ROLL ALONG SURVEYING 108 14 16 POLDIP_A AND POLDIP_O 4 CHANNEL POLE DIPOLE 2D TO 3D SURVEYING 109 15 APPENDIX F S4KCONV 110 15 1 DESCRIPTION 110 15 2 SYNTAX 110 F type 110 options 110 wil...

Page 9: ...R ES464 SPECIFICATIONS 129 18 3 ELECTRODE SELECTOR ES10 64C E SPECIFICATIONS 129 18 4 TERRAMETER SAS LOG 300 SPECIFICATIONS 130 19 APPENDIX J REMOTE CONTROL 131 19 1 COMMUNICATION PARAMETERS 131 19 2 COMMANDS AND SYNTAX 131 19 2 1 DELETE 131 DEL filename s 131 19 2 2 DIR 131 DIR path 131 19 2 3 EXIT 131 EXT 131 19 2 4 INSTALL SOFTWARE 132 INS filename 132 19 2 5 SEND SERIAL NUMBER 132 GID 132 19 2...

Page 10: ...t N 133 19 2 11 SET MODE 134 OPM mode 134 19 2 12 SET RESISTIVITY 134 STR ImA Imode fs tD tAcq 134 19 2 13 SET SP 135 STS t 135 19 2 14 SETSTACK 135 SAS Nmin Nmax Elimit Norm 135 19 2 15 SOUND 135 SND freq freq freq 135 19 2 16 CONTACT TEST 135 TST 135 19 2 17 TRIG 136 TRG 136 ...

Page 11: ... progressive development we reserve the right to alter specifications without prior notice IMPORTANT It is important that you as a user of the instrument notify ABEM about your name and address This allows us to keep you updated with important information about the instrument and e g upgrades of the built in software and documentation Please send your name and address directly to ABEM utilize the ...

Page 12: ...d with the equipment correctly and return it to ABEM promptly This will help us process any claims that may be made under the warranty It will also help us keeping you informed about e g free software upgrades ABEM welcomes your response at any time Please let us know your name and address and the serial number of the instrument 1 3 REPACKING AND SHIPPING ABEM packing is designed for the instrumen...

Page 13: ... and drill holes It consists of a 300m cable with logging probe electrodes temperature transducer water level indicator and resistivity cell all mounted on a backpacking frame The applicability of the different resistivity and IP methods supported by the SAS 1000 4000 is summarized in table 2 1 below Object of search or investigation SP VES Imaging IP Archeological sites x Cavities in subsurface x...

Page 14: ...apparent resistivity can be displayed The overall range thus extends from 0 05 milliohms to 1999 kiloohms In the Induced Polarization mode the SAS 1000 4000 measures the transient voltage decay in a number of time intervals The length of the time intervals can be either constant or increasing with time The IP effect is thus measured in terms of chargeability msec V V In the voltage measuring mode ...

Page 15: ...r than 1 over whole temperature range Galvanic separated input channels SAS 4000 Built in PC compatible microcomputer More than 1 000 000 data points can be saved on the internal flash disk Fast and highly time efficient data acquisition 2 4 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SUPPORTED The transmitted current is commutated in a waveform suitable either for resistivity surveying or for induced polarization measu...

Page 16: ...has a resolution of 0 02 m for a single reading To take full advantage of the outstanding capabilities of the Terrameter SAS 1000 4000 care must be observed in the arrangement of cables and electrodes used in the field Current leakage and creep can substantially reduce the attainable accuracy and sensitivity and thus the depth penetration 2 4 2 Induced polarization mode Chargeability In IP mode th...

Page 17: ...spectively 16 67 msec in areas with 60 Hz power frequency n is a multiplying factor default 1 f 1 or 2 default f 2 is an incremental exponent i is the time window index 1 2 10 Four parameters are needed in order to specify the way SAS 1000 4000 measures the induced polarization The initial time delay 10 20 30 msec Default is 10 msec Maximum is 10 sec The length of the first time window column one ...

Page 18: ...l factor 2 power line frequency 60 Hz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 7 33 3 67 133 267 533 1067 2133 100 200 400 800 1600 3200 200 400 800 1600 3200 500 1000 2000 4000 1000 2000 4000 Table 2 2 The length of each of the time window measured in msec when the incremental factor is 1 The indicates that in countries with 60Hz power line frequency the value is 16 67 msec in stead of 20 msec Table 2 3 The lengt...

Page 19: ...d stop time of the interval and V0 is the voltage measured before the current is turned off The terminology refers to figure 2 The chargeability is measured in the unit msec Alternatively the chargeability can be presented as mV V dt t V t t V M i i i i t t i i t t 1 1 1 0 1 mV V 2 For further reference on the chargeability see e g Parasnis3 chapter 5 3 D S Parasnis Principles of Applied Geophysic...

Page 20: ...gated Typical causes are poor electrode grounding resulting in low transmitted power and possible capacitive coupling If the ground is dry the electrode contact must be improved by e g watering and possibly connecting several electrodes to each electrode point Inspect all connectors and cable jumpers for dirt oxide and damage that may cause data quality problems High noise level or the influence f...

Page 21: ...dard deviation of the measurements are also calculated and presented Statistically distributed voltage noise is thus reduced by a factor of N where N is the number of readings Measure time can be 1 8 sec in steps of 0 1 sec 2 5 TECHNICAL LAYOUT OF THE SAS 1000 4000 The SAS 1000 4000 is equipped with a PC compatible microcomputer and controlled by four knobs Figure 5 Each knob is mounted on a peg f...

Page 22: ...ESSORIES 2 6 1 The LUND Resistivity Imaging System The LUND system is a multi electrode system for high resolution 2D and 3D resistivity surveys It consists of a basic unit the Electrode Selector ES464 or ES10 64 and multi conductor cables The system can be controlled directly from the SAS 1000 4000 Among the powerful features you will find 64 electrodes unrestricted switching in a compact battery...

Page 23: ...ging system is intended for use together with the Terrameter SAS 1000 4000 system It is intended for logging to depths up to 200m 300m or 500m It supports the following logging modes Short normal 16 resistivity IP Long normal 64 resistivity IP Lateral 18 resistivity IP Self potential Temperature Fluid resistivity can be used to estimate TDS Water level indicator This simple easy to transport loggi...

Page 24: ...nobs the red LED light emitting diode will turn on and the welcome menu will appear after 20 30 sec If the display does not become visible please check the display contrast as described below To turn OFF press the two knobs towards each other until the Power OFF dialog box appears on the screen then accept OK This will initiate the computer to close all files and safely switch off Figure 6 The con...

Page 25: ...e time Keep the knobs in the left or right position for several seconds while the contrast successively changes The purpose with the exact timing is to distinguish this action from any other action with the knobs If an attempt fails this might set the system into one of several dialog windows so far invisible and no further action but the precise answer in the dialog window is accepted by the soft...

Page 26: ...cal soundings In performing Schlumberger soundings it is very favourable to connect the four channels to potential electrodes separated by say 0 20 m 1 m 3 m and 10 m Then the overlapping sounding curve segments needed in Schlumberger soundings are easily constructed afterwards The Multi Channel Adapter is not delivered with the SAS 1000 ...

Page 27: ...rminal circuits Lightning high voltage cattle fence or other high voltage sources may however damage the instrument Lightning miles away may induce hundreds of volts in long cable layouts and this entails risk for both personnel and equipment You should never take measurements during a thunderstorm If a thunderstorm should come up while you are taking measurements disconnect the cables from the te...

Page 28: ...tandard the next menu appears SAS 4000 APPLICATIONS SAS 4000 Standard LUND Imaging System SASLOG 200 300 Remote Control RS232 Communication ES Test Program Setup In the RECORD MANAGER menu you can select the measuring mode SP Resistivity or IP In the second entry field you can manage the record Move between the fields with the control knobs The data are saved on a file named e g R00005 S4K The fir...

Page 29: ...0 5 sec Total cycle time 3 8 sec Measure Quit On this page the stacking parameters are defined With the settings in the example there will be max 4 stackings If the standard deviation is below 1 after e g 3 stackings the stacking will be stopped The norm can be Median or Mean The first is more robust to blunders Based on the geometry the program can display the apparent resistivity if the last opt...

Page 30: ...100 Press for more Ch P1 P2 Resistance S Dev Stacks 1 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ C I Auto N 0 R00002 S4K Free 100 Next AB 2 0 56 Ch1MN 2 0 10 Press 3 4 MEASURING MODES OF THE SAS 1000 4000 The Terrameter SAS 1000 4000 can operate in different modes Resistivity Self Potential and Induced Polarization In all modes the SAS 4000 is capable of measuring simultaneously in four channels This makes it suitable for...

Page 31: ...e of good quality with the conductors separated at the electrode end Connect the current electrodes A and B to terminals C1 and C2 respectively Run these cables in parallel adjacent to the SAS 1000 4000 and arrange them symmetrically with respect to the potential electrodes Beware of thunderstorms Any high voltages from cattle fences or the like picked up by the cables connected to the SAS 1000 40...

Page 32: ...ow is from 10 msec to 110 msec Please see section 2 4 2 page 6 for further information on how the chargeability is measured The IP readings are displayed in a window similar to the one used for display of resistivity results The unit for the chargeability is ms milliseconds Ch P1 P2 Chargeability S Dev Stk 1 0 0 12 14 ms 1 2 4 2 N A 3 N A 4 N A N 2 I Auto Resistivity Untitled Untitled I00017 S4K C...

Page 33: ...cks 1 2 N A 3 N A 4 N A N 0 I Auto Resistivity Untitled Untitled R00017 S4K C1 C2 This brings up four commands The commands Delete Last Skip Next and Exit are obvious If you select Set Timer the next menu appears Ch P1 P2 Resistance S Dev Stacks 1 Command 2 N A Delete Last 3 N A Skip Next 4 N A Set Timer N 0 Exit Resistivity R00017 S4K C1 C2 In the Set Timer menu you can define the start time and ...

Page 34: ...RY PACK Stored batteries lose their charge self discharge gradually and this takes place more rapidly at higher ambient temperatures However even if a battery loses all of its charge during storage satisfactory operation can be restored after one or two charge discharge cycles During storage batteries should be disconnected from instruments Batteries can be stored at ambient temperatures ranging f...

Page 35: ...ternal battery adapter clips on to the Terrameter in the same way as the standard battery pack but contains a connector for the 12V DC source The external battery adapter contains a protective circuit that protects the Terrameter against wrong polarity A 20A fuse inside external battery adapter will blow in case of wrong polarity and a few spare fuses are supplied Note that even if this fuse is bl...

Page 36: ...ess steel pair is shown in Figure 7 Note the large zero shift and change in time in the data recorded with the steel electrodes 5 1 1 Steel Electrodes Resistivity surveys can be conducted using current electrodes made of ordinary steel Potential electrodes made of ordinary steel can also be used under favourable circumstances but here stainless steel is preferred ABEM electrodes are made of stainl...

Page 37: ...ited In a real situation however it is possible that the uppermost part of the ground is drier and more high resistive than underlying horizons in which case it may pay off well to bury the electrodes deep enough to reach a moist zone In order to decrease the contact resistance it is possible to use more electrodes connected in parallel Provided the separation between the two electrodes to be conn...

Page 38: ...ion cable black 4 crocodile clip The sounding cable set is intended to facilitate Schlumberger and Wenner soundings The cables incorporate heavy gauge conductors with excellent insulation to ensure good survey results Moreover there are convenient short hook up cables that reduce setup times and permit you to position the cable drums as desired Another important feature of the sounding cable set i...

Page 39: ...s directly to the ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000 4000 Operating power comes from an internal 12 volt rechargeable NiCd battery pack ES464 or via the Terrameter ES10 64e ES10 64 Third party software packages for resistivity and IP data processing can be used for advanced interpretation Please ask your authorized ABEM Distributor for details about resistivity interpretation packages that are available You...

Page 40: ...ronments Designed to link to the ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000 4000 SAS 1000 4000 data acquisition software featuring Automatic measurement process In field quality control of measurements thanks to electrode tests and statistical measurement control Automatic roll along with coordinate updating in x direction Figure 9 or y direction Electrode cables geometry and switching sequence defined in address a...

Page 41: ...ulti function cable 33 0020 11 not applicable to ES10 64 In the normal setup as described above only channel one in the SAS 1000 4000 is used With an optional Pole Pole cable 33 0020 14 between the SAS 4000 and one unit ES 464 it is possible to perform pole pole measurements using three measuring channels on the SAS 4000 With the optional Y cable 33 0020 15 it is possible to connect two ES 464 uni...

Page 42: ... SAS 1000 4000 To ensure proper function SAS 1000 4000 should be powered from a gelled lead acid battery or a car battery 25 707 Ah ABEM Electrode Selector ES 464 ES 10 64e ES 10 64 including connecting cable to Terrameter Lund spread cables and suitable quantity of Cable Joints and cable jumpers Suitable quantity of electrodes Tool and spare kit Examples of geophysical textbooks Parasnis D S 1997...

Page 43: ...e to be used Levelling equipment and or GPS receiver Remote electrode cable s if pole pole or pole dipole array is used Pocket multimeter with continuity check function for error detection 6 2 4 Field Procedure for 2D Electrical Imaging Ensure that the batteries for the Terrameter and Electrode Selector are charged before going to the field To ensure proper function SAS 1000 4000 should be powered...

Page 44: ... the cable joints should point towards the instrument in the layout centre9 Connect electrodes to the odd numbered take outs on all active electrode cables9 The even numbered take outs can be left out for the time being If the ground is soft and moist the electrodes can just be pushed into the ground and connected however hammering and wetting is often needed Check the contact surfaces between ele...

Page 45: ...ng extended all four cables are connected see Figure 11 Cable 1 is connected to Cable 2 with a cable joint as well where again the groove must face the cable closest to the instrument When finishing the measurement profile and no additional electrode cable and electrodes are put out the instrument should still be moved one step in order to get all the near surface information The active electrode ...

Page 46: ...ch as Wenner Schlumberger and multiple gradient all possible measurements can be taken with all 4 cables in one go Hence all electrodes must be connected at the start Furthermore there must be no overlapping of electrode take outs at the cable intersections It is only for dipole dipole and pole dipole type of arrays measured with multi channel equipment that it is motivated to consider using measu...

Page 47: ... RECORD MANAGER Mode Resistivity Record New record 00005 Measure Quit Next Prev Page If you select a new record this menu appears The smallest electrode distance is simply the electrode separation in meters The power line frequency is either 50 Hz or 60 Hz The midpoint coordinates can be given in units of electrode spacing The base ref is the coordinates and the azimuth inclination of the origo of...

Page 48: ...er of stackings error limit etc A selection of a high current 200 500 or 1000 mA and Mode Auto is recommended The instrument will automatically step down to a lower current if it is impossible to transmit the selected current Resistivity LR00004 S4K PAGE Output 1000 mA Mode Auto Acq delay 0 3 sec Acq time 1 0 sec Total cycle time 5 2 sec Measure Quit Next Prev Page In the second submenu you can sp...

Page 49: ... appears in which the results are displayed Also the actual battery voltage is displayed here Ch P1 P2 Resistance S Dev Stacks 1 2 N A 3 N A 4 N A N 0 I Auto Batt 12 4 V Resistivity Wenner a Section LR00004 S4K C1 C2 When you turn once again the Measurement Setup menu appears Here you can select if the electrode test should be performed recommended and you can select the minimum output current It ...

Page 50: ...stem checks if it is possible to transmit current through all electrodes This test only takes a couple of minutes but can save a lot of time afterwards The array code determines how the contact test is performed For most arrays the electrodes can be tested pair wise against each other starting at one end Another option is to test each electrode against all the other electrodes only available for E...

Page 51: ...he cable joint These cables are from now Cable 1 and Cable 2 Move Electrode Selector and Terrameter to the new centre point and connect what is now Cable 2 and Cable 3 to Electrode Selector If you decide to continue with roll along up or down the Measurement Setup menu appears again The same comments as described previous applies The process now continues as described above checking of contact and...

Page 52: ...tial over lap in data cover between consecutive station points the UP and DWN protocol files are reduced accordingly which means measuring is much faster In practice this means that the measuring for these points normally take about half as long time as for the first midpoint WENNER_S is designed only to supplement WENNER_L for the shortest electrode spacing and is generally not suitable for use a...

Page 53: ...on This will be limited by the number of take outs on the electrode cables available and could be for example 16 21 32 or 41 electrodes 2 Decide which electrode configuration to use Pole dipole both forward and reverse measurements is often preferred as it offers good depth penetration and sensitivity towards the edges on limited cable layouts plus good resolution Dipole dipole or multiple gradien...

Page 54: ...he second line Start a New data file and proceed with measuring as above 7 Remove the cable s and electrodes from the first line and set up the third line Continue this process as far as desired 8 Using a separation between the lines that is equal to the electrode separation will increase the resolution If extra resolution is required the process can be repeated with the electrode cables rolled ou...

Page 55: ...dy No signs of life from the Electrode Selector no beep when the Terrameter power is switched on The battery may be completely discharged in either the Electrode Selector or the Terrameter or the communication cable between the units may be faulty Check that the batteries of Electrode Selector and Terrameter are properly charged and that the cable linking the units is OK No contact obtained at all...

Page 56: ...t rather stable resistivity readings Cable 2 and cable 3 may be switched at Electrode Selector Check that the cables are connected to the Electrode Selector in the right order Unstable unrealistic results Badly installed electrodes Dirty or moist connectors Damaged spread cables Check that all connectors and cables are in good condition Run CABLETST and CABLE INSULATION TEST on regular bases 6 2 1...

Page 57: ... The centre electrode also contains the temperature transducer The end of the chamber is set at an angle to improve circulation of fluid in the chamber as the probe moves Three holes in the chamber wall permit air to escape thus ensuring good contact with the fluid A control cable 33 0020 11 connects the SAS LOG 300 to SAS 1000 4000 The SAS LOG is fully governed from the SAS 1000 4000 The return c...

Page 58: ...e desired IP measuring settings 8 Calibrate temperature page 5 9 the log is shipped with default calibration values entered which allow the stated accuracy For special demands other values may be entered 9 In the Stack Parameter menu page 6 9 enter details for stacking and also whether to view apparent resistivity or resistance plain V I without geometry calculations 10 In the Options menu page 7 ...

Page 59: ...000 49 WARNING Make certain that the Terrameter SAS 1000 4000 is turned off while handling the logging cable and probe The cable and probe electrodes can carry high voltages after the MEASURE button on the SAS 1000 4000 is activated ...

Page 60: ...d before SP logging starts Proceed as follows Connect all cables and electrodes as explained above Perform the Electrode Check Select the Level Check Lower the logging probe into the well use the level mode to determine the depth to the water table Return to the Info Text menu para 8 2 2 point 11 and enter the water table depth in the comments field Lower the probe to the desired depth i e as indi...

Page 61: ...ented on the display and saved in the SAS 1000 4000 In case of small diameter wells a correction is needed In table 8 1 are listed the correction factors to be used The calculation is not done to the stored values SHORT NORMAL LOGGING Current is injected via the shoulder electrode 0 m The corresponding response voltage is measured between the ground potential reference and the ring electrode at th...

Page 62: ...ns found in ground water are often reported by weight in parts per million ppm One ppm defines one part by weight of the ion to a million parts by weight of water and it is numerically equivalent to milligrams per liter Total dissolved solids TDS is also reported as ppm The following diagram illustrates the relationships between resistivity and TDS for various salt solutions and for an average of ...

Page 63: ...ome editing of the data file like e g simply removing the part of the file before the data section Another option is to use Interpex IX1D There is also a variety of dedicated software available for plotting borehole logging data from LAS format files A recommended such software is Strater from Golden Software another option is LogPlot from RockWare ...

Page 64: ...are accessible through the toolbar When you move the cursor over the command tools a tool tip is displayed for information From left to right there are New project Open project Save project Delete project or document Program properties Help Get data from Terrameter Install program module into Terrameter Remove program module from Terrameter Modify calibration parameters 8 1 1 Communication between...

Page 65: ...e on the SAS 1000 4000 From time to time you might want to install another program module or install an upgraded program version In order to do this press the appropriate toolbar green arrow pointing downward This brings up the Install Program Modules menu Specify which program modules you want to install and press OK Please check that the serial number of your Terrameter is shown in this window T...

Page 66: ...on S4K It is therefore necessary to convert the data files to another convenient format This conversion is activated in the following way Select the New toolbar This brings up the menu Select Data Conversion Project and click OK In the conversion window right click with the mouse to select the data files Alternatively select the menu Data Conversion Add Files ...

Page 67: ...lect which output format you need e g RES2DINV Most of the settings in this dialog are obvious In fact this dialog calls an external DOS based program called S4KCONV EXE In the window labelled Command line is shown the corresponding command line when executing the DOS based program For more details on the DOS program see section 8 1 3 8 1 3 Conversion program on PC S4Kconv EXE Optionally the progr...

Page 68: ...he file name LR S4K Refer to Appendix F S4KCONV for information about this command 8 1 4 Measurement Protocol Generation and Management Select File New or use the New toolbar in the Terrameter SAS1000 SAS4000 utility software Select Lund Protocol Project and press OK The menu belwo appears By moving the cursor above the different tools a display of the function of the tool is displayed ...

Page 69: ...e fact that it is easier to handle a single database file in serial transfers it makes it possible to check that the protocol files are correct and consistent The program reads all address files ADR and protocol files ORG UP and DWN in the current directory and creates a file called PROTOCOL BIN When the compile is ready the resulting file PROTOCOL BIN The resulting file PROTOCOL BIN can then be u...

Page 70: ...s address files extension ADR contain information about the physical configuration of the cables presently used number of electrode cables number electrode take outs per section internal and external addresses of electrode channels etc All parameters are integers To edit an existing address file press the tool This brings up the dialog shown below The following format is used in the files nsec nea...

Page 71: ...do measurements using arbitrary arrays The first station midpoint position is always measured using a protocol file with ORG filename extension whereas consecutive stations use UP or DWN protocol files depending on if the roll along is done towards higher or lower coordinates The UP or DWN files should normally be reduced according to the possible data overlap with the previous station to avoid me...

Page 72: ...pole 15 Multiple gradient array If an array not defined in the list is to be used array code 0 may be used which means that resistance instead of apparent resistivity is displayed during measurement If array code 12 is used only the electrode numbers and not the coordinates are saved which is suitable for e g measurements involving boreholes see section on geometry files below Geometry Files The e...

Page 73: ...No of variables Comment label 1 1 data 1 1 2 data 1 2 n1 data 1 n1 Comment label 2 1 data 2 1 2 data 2 2 n2 data 2 n2 The following example shows a VES protocol for a Schlumberger sounding where the current electrode spacings are listed first followed by the potential electrode spacings 2 Comment AB 2 1 1 2 1 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 5 4 6 6 6 8 7 10 8 14 9 22 10 32 11 46 12 68 13 100 14 140 15 220 16 320 17...

Page 74: ... 8 2 1 Data Conversion Before displaying the field data must be converted to the DAT format used by RES2DINV By selecting File Conversion S4K DAT in ERIGRAPH the menu below will appear and upon selecting a data file the data file properties will be summarised By ticking on off protocols and channels different sub sets of the data can be extracted and it is also possible to shift or reverse the len...

Page 75: ...or each measured data point letting the latter reflect the measurement depth The corresponding apparent resistivity for the plotted points are then used to contour the variation in apparent resistivity along the surveying line The pseudosection thus obtained reflects the variation of resistivity in the ground in a qualitative way and an experienced interpreter may estimate approximate structures a...

Page 76: ...e importance of being aware of the strong lateral effects on DC resistivity data of vertical discontinuities when interpreting pseudosections and the necessity of using inverse modelling inversion to get an image that reflects the true geometry of the investigated object The software was developed for plotting of DC resistivity data measured with a multi electrode array implying that electrode spa...

Page 77: ...pole dipole which forces RES2DINV to use a finer grid in the inversion model This is recommended as the inversion routine can have difficulties in handling the increased information content in the data compared to e g Wenner array data which may create artefacts if a coarser grid is used Data is saved in the general four electrode format i e array code 11 and sub array code 0 unspecified array 15 ...

Page 78: ...xed n factors and electrode separations It is possible to use the Exterminate bad datum points feature in RES2DINV13 for editing away noisy data points It is however often more difficult to identify which are the noisy data points for arrays with a mix of different a separations and n factors than for e g Wenner data It is common that the plots have an apparently noisy character even for very good...

Page 79: ... preliminary inversion using the robust inversion method The function Display Edit data Estimate data errors can then be used to save the data with estimates of the measurement errors which are based on the model residuals from the inversion The thus created file is used for running the inversion once more In cases with noisy data this can create more realistic inverted models ...

Page 80: ... internal algorithm that spreads the data on the disk It is recommended not to fill the data memory to 100 percent Important A good advice is now and then to go to the Setup menu and select the command Disk Cleanup 9 3 ERROR CODES Whenever an error occurs in the SAS 1000 4000 a code is displayed on the screen The meaning of the codes is explained in Appendix B Terrameter error codes page 83 9 4 ST...

Page 81: ...lues of the above components Enter the readings in the table below To perform the test you need at least four test cables with banana plugs or fork connectors Proceed as follows 1 Connect P1 from e g CH1 to T3 2 Connect P2 from e g CH1 to T4 3 Connect C1 to T3 and C2 to T4 4 Perform a resistivity measurement using AUTO output current and enter the reading in the table below 5 Perform a IP measurem...

Page 82: ...2 Quick check of SAS 1000 4000 During field work it happens that it just does not work It will be necessary to quickly sort the problem out A very quick check of SAS 1000 4000 is done in a few steps With the unit switched On and set for resistivity No cables but the power cable attached Preferably the unit should be set to show ohms instead of ohmmeters Press the red MEASURE button ERROR 1 should ...

Page 83: ... and turn on the equipment 3 Start the LUND Imaging System select Resistivity Mode and define a record 4 Select the protocol denoted CABLETST If this protocol is not loaded in the instrument please compile a new PROTOCOL BIN containing this protocol using the SAS 4000 Utility Software and download it into the SAS 1000 4000 5 Select the current 1000 mA and Acq delay and Acq time 0 1 sec Select stac...

Page 84: ..._______________________________________________________________________________________________ The whole procedure takes typically 5 6 minutes In the above example some of the conductors have resistance values around 22 Ohm and some around 11 Ohm This is because of the fact that some conductors are connected in parallel thus causing lower resistance readings 9 6 2 Special checks in the module Tes...

Page 85: ...cked fairly accurately using a fluid of known temperature and resistivity in a suitable container Currently ABEM advises against altering the factory set parameters for thermometer function To test the fluid resistivity cell the entire logging probe must be submerged well below the fluid surface The return current terminal and the potential reference terminal must be well separated from each other...

Page 86: ... a dry condition and the resistivity of soils and rocks is therefore normally a function of the amount and quality of water in pore spaces and fractures The degree of connection between the cavities is also important Consequently the resistivity of a type of soil or rock may vary widely as shown in Figure 23 However the variation may be more limited within a confined geological area and variations...

Page 87: ...ly the method can be used for finding the depth to groundwater in materials where a distinct groundwater table exists However if the content of fine grained material is significant the water content above the groundwater surface held by hygroscopic and capillary forces may be large enough to dominate the electrical behaviour of the material The resistivity of the pore water is determined by the co...

Page 88: ...urement of the resistivity of the ground is carried out by transmitting a controlled current I between two electrodes pushed into the ground while measuring the potential U between two other electrodes Direct current DC or an alternating current AC of very low frequency is used and the method is often called DC resistivity The resistance R is calculated using Ohm s law R U I A 1 The material param...

Page 89: ...mal surveying similarly the factor n will vary in a dipole dipole survey The different electrode configurations offers advantages and disadvantages compared to each other in terms of logistics and resolution and the choice is usually a trade off between these factors Furthermore the reciprocity principle states that the current and potential electrodes may change places without affecting the measu...

Page 90: ...ation s will be a trade off between noise sensitivity horizontal detail and depth penetration Traditional gradient surveying often comprised measurements with the current electrodes at one fixed location only In a multi electrode gradient survey a large number of current electrode combinations are used scanning across the electrode layout with several different spacings a and separations s similar...

Page 91: ...imaged structures For the gradient protocols many data points tend to end up in the same location in the pseudosection using the formulas above hence it is suggested that pseudosections based on several sub sets of the data are plotted separately for data quality assessment Furthermore it it may be useful to make separate plots for each electrode spacing a used in order to get a clear image of the...

Page 92: ...ntal and Engineering Geophysics ISBN 0 521 57632 6 Cambridge University Press 475p Telford W M Geldart L P and Sheriff R E 1990 Applied Geophysics 2nd ed Cambridge University Press 770 p Ward S H 1989 Resistivity and Induced Polarization Methods in Investigations in Geophysics no 5 Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics vol I ed S Ward Society of Exploration Geophysisits Tulsa p 147 189 ...

Page 93: ...erably during the measurement Check the electrode grounding Check also if some of the cables are broken 5 The total resistance between C1 and C2 decreased considerably e g short circuit during the measurement Check the electrode grounding Check also for short circuits 6 Overheated the temperature in the SAS 1000 4000 DC DC converter is above the acceptable level Let the instrument cool down for a ...

Page 94: ...ol files Recompile the files and download again 55 One or more addressed electrode positions are outside the physical layout Check the electrode positions in the protocol file 56 Quit the protocol 57 Bad connection or no connection during electrode test One or more electrodes Check and improve the electrode grounding 58 Bad connection or no connection at all at remote current electrode Check and i...

Page 95: ...d be found in the database 80 The geometry file specified in the protocol file could not be found in the database 81 Not all electrodes could be connected 82 Not all electrodes could be disconnected 83 Error when trying to get Multimac status 84 Insignificant error Ignore this error message 99 User break The user has pressed the quit knob during a measurement This is not a system error repeat the ...

Page 96: ...de number refers to a relay address equal to zero This is only a warning 2000 Missing Electrode Layout Code for keyword 2001 Duplicate key found 2003 Could not find a layout code corresponding to the keyword 2101 Error in scanning geometry files XYZ 3000 Could not open the protocol file ORG DWN or UP 3001 Could not find the ADR file stated in the source file 3002 Could not open the ADR file stated...

Page 97: ... error invalid command 4011 Syntax error in command Four numerical values are required 4012 One or more of the values have a duplicate in this command 4013 The electrode numbers were defined in an incorrect order in the context of the selected electrode configuration 4014 In four electrode configurations there should never be a zero electrode 4015 Unexpected electrode s 4051 Too many entries in th...

Page 98: ...e configuration applies to ES10 64 as well Three cable configuration Four cable configuration ADR Cable 1 Cable 2 Cable 3 PIN Cable 1 Cable 2 Cable 3 Cable 4 PIN 1 1 A 1 A 2 2 B 2 B 3 3 C 3 C 4 4 D 4 D 5 5 E 5 E 6 6 F 6 F 7 7 G 7 G 8 8 H 8 H 9 9 J 9 J 10 10 K 10 K 11 11 L 11 L 12 12 M 12 M 13 13 N 13 N 14 14 P 14 P 15 15 R 15 R 16 16 S 16 S 17 17 T 17 T 18 18 U 18 U 19 19 V 19 V 20 20 W 20 W 21 21...

Page 99: ...0 K 43 11 L 11 L 44 12 M 12 M 45 13 N 13 N 46 14 P 14 P 47 15 R 15 R 48 16 S 16 S 49 17 T 17 T 50 18 U 18 U 51 19 V 19 V 52 20 W 20 W 53 21 X 21 X 54 1 A 1 Y 55 2 B 3 Z 56 3 C 5 a 57 4 D 7 b 58 5 E 9 c 59 6 F 11 d 60 7 G 13 e 61 8 H 15 f 62 9 J 17 g 63 10 K 19 h 64 21 j ...

Page 100: ... Col 3 physical position cable no take out no 4 25 1 7 5 26 1 9 6 27 1 11 7 28 1 13 8 29 1 15 9 30 1 17 10 31 1 19 11 1 2 1 12 3 2 3 13 5 2 5 14 7 2 7 15 9 2 9 16 11 2 11 17 13 2 13 18 15 2 15 19 17 2 17 20 19 2 19 21 21 2 21 22 35 3 3 23 37 3 5 24 39 3 7 25 41 3 9 26 43 3 11 27 45 3 13 28 47 3 15 29 49 3 17 30 51 3 19 31 53 3 21 32 55 4 3 33 56 4 5 34 57 4 7 35 58 4 9 36 59 4 11 37 60 4 13 38 61 ...

Page 101: ...cifying that cables are moved for roll along in the y direction instead and the number of take outs in x direction The following file SIDEBY32 ADR is intended for measuring with three electrode cables parallel to each other and connected directly to the Electrode Selector 3 21 1 0 1 electrode spacing multiplication factor for short layout no of lengths for x move no of lengths for y move 63 21 1 1...

Page 102: ...a LONG32 Long array measuring sequence large to small spacings 1 37 13 25 2 38 14 26 3 39 15 27 4 40 16 28 5 41 17 29 1 31 11 21 2 32 12 22 18 21 19 20 21 24 22 23 24 27 25 26 27 30 28 29 30 33 31 32 33 36 34 35 36 39 37 38 Example Dipole dipole Array Protocol File The following example is extracted from a protocol file used for 4 channel dipole dipole array CVES note order of current electrodes 1...

Page 103: ... 18 21 24 27 30 33 7 37 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 Example Pole pole Array Protocol File using one channel A protocol file for single channel pole pole could look like this 4 Pole pole LONG32 Pole pole long array 0 1 0 31 0 1 0 25 0 1 0 21 0 1 0 17 0 1 0 13 0 1 0 11 0 1 0 9 0 1 0 7 0 1 0 6 0 1 0 5 0 1 0 4 Example Pole pole Array Protocol File using three channels POL3SS A protocol file for three chan...

Page 104: ... 0 0 5 6 0 0 6 8 0 0 7 10 0 0 8 12 0 0 9 14 0 0 10 16 0 0 11 18 0 0 12 20 0 0 13 22 0 0 14 24 0 0 15 26 0 0 16 28 0 0 17 30 0 0 18 32 0 0 19 34 0 0 20 36 0 0 21 38 0 0 Borehole cable 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 4 3 0 0 6 4 0 0 8 5 0 0 10 6 0 0 12 7 0 0 14 8 0 0 16 9 0 0 18 10 0 0 20 11 0 0 22 12 0 0 24 13 0 0 26 14 0 0 28 15 0 0 30 16 0 0 32 17 0 0 34 18 0 0 36 19 0 0 38 20 0 0 40 21 0 0 42 Borehole cable 2 1...

Page 105: ... 95 9 36 0 18 10 36 0 20 11 36 0 22 12 36 0 24 13 36 0 26 14 36 0 28 15 36 0 30 16 36 0 32 17 36 0 34 18 36 0 36 19 36 0 38 20 36 0 40 21 36 0 42 The following pages describe example protocol files supplied with the Lund Imaging System ...

Page 106: ... protocol supplied here has a higher data density than in previous releases being identical to the previously supplied WENNERXL WENNER_S is designed only to supplement WENNER_L for the shortest electrode spacings and is generally not suitable for use alone if only the two center cables are used If measuring with two cables only either use WENNER_L and exclude all electrode positions on the outer e...

Page 107: ...surface cover and a slightly sparser measurement pattern at long electrode spacings GRAD4S8 is designed to supplement GRAD4L8 for the shortest electrode spacings only GRAD4LX8 is similar to GRAD4L8 but supplemented with expanding Wenner Schlumberger measurements for the longest electrode separations in order to improve the data cover for the largest investigation depths Array type Protocol name Ad...

Page 108: ...important to select the protocol files in the correct order starting with the long layout DIPDIP4L before selecting the protocol for short layout DIPDIP4S It gives a dense near surface cover and a slightly sparser measurement pattern at long electrode spacings DIPDIP4S is designed to supplement DIPDIP4L for the shortest electrode spacings only Array type Protocol name Address file No of data ORG N...

Page 109: ...he array some duplicate data points can occur when doing roll along Note that it is important to select the protocol files in the correct order starting with the long layout POLDIP4L before selecting the protocol for short layout POLDIP4S It gives a dense near surface cover and a slightly sparser measurement pattern at long electrode spacings POLDIP4S is designed to supplement POLDIP4L for the sho...

Page 110: ...ing with the long layout GRAD3L6 before selecting the protocol for short layout GRAD3S6 It gives a dense near surface cover and a slightly sparser measurement pattern at long electrode spacings GRAD3S6 is designed to supplement GRAD3L6for the shortest electrode spacings only Array type Protocol name Address file No of data ORG No of data UP No of data DWN Total data for one layout17 Gradient GRAD3...

Page 111: ... short layout GRAD1S7 It gives a dense near surface cover and a slightly sparser measurement pattern at long electrode spacings GRAD1S7is designed to supplement GRAD1L7for the shortest electrode spacings only Array type Protocol name Address file No of data ORG No of data UP No of data DWN Total data for one layout18 Gradient GRAD1L7 LONG 518 245 245 1022 GRAD1S7 SHORT 224 140 140 18 Total number ...

Page 112: ... file is intended for Wenner CVES roll along measurements with 2 cables only i e it is not reduced for long array overlap Protocol Array Type Address File Size ORG Size UP DWN WEN32SX Wenner SHORT 190 138 Figure 34 Data cover of Wenner CVES using WEN32SX for roll along with three stations take out spacing 1metre ...

Page 113: ... of independent combinations using the pole pole array 820 combinations but designed to give an even roll along cover and reducing the measurement time The POL3SS protocol is designed for using three measuring channels using SAS4000 and ES464 In order to measure with three channels you need the optional Pole Pole interconnection cable between the SAS4000 and the ES464 order no 33 0020 14 Protocol ...

Page 114: ... but designed to give an even roll along cover and reducing the measurement time Protocol Array Type Address File Size ORG Size UP DWN POL2L Pole pole LONG32 392 130 POL3L Pole Pole LONG32 146 58 The POL3L protocol is identical to the POL2L with the exception that it is designed for using three measuring channels on the SAS 4000 Please note that using this protocol the measuring time is reduced by...

Page 115: ...erable Two electrode spacings are measured 1x and 2x the take out spacing Observe that there is no support in RES3DINV for this electrode configuration and that it is not suitable for 3D inversion due to limited depth cover Note that it is not possible to calculate an apparent resistivity for the square array in homogeneous ground no potential is measured Protocol Array Type Address File Size ORG ...

Page 116: ... that every electrode take out is used on the two cables closest to the electrode selector and every second take out used on the outer two cables Furthermore there shall be no overlap at the cable joints Protocol Array Type Address File Size ORG Size UP DWN POL8X8 Pole pole 8X8 728 Note The logical arrangement of the address file in this case is such that it appears as 8 parallel cables to the dat...

Page 117: ...n to take out numbers on the electrode cables A 1 14 B 1 25 C 1 33 D 1 54 A 2 B 2 26 C 2 34 D 2 A 3 15 B 3 27 C 3 35 D 3 55 A 4 B 4 28 C 4 36 D 4 A 5 16 B 5 29 C 5 37 D 5 56 A 6 B 6 30 C 6 38 D 6 A 7 8 B 7 31 C 7 39 D 7 64 A 8 B 8 32 C 8 40 D 8 A 9 7 B 9 24 C 9 48 D 9 63 A 10 B 10 23 C 10 47 D 10 A 11 6 B 11 22 C 11 46 D 11 62 A 12 B 12 21 C 12 45 D 12 A 13 5 B 13 20 C 13 44 D 13 61 A 14 B 14 19 C...

Page 118: ...aximum electrode separation or more These protocol files have a data cover identical to the survey presented by Dahlin et al 2002 19 These protocol files are provided as an example but similar protocols for the combination SAS4000 and ES10 64 are not recommended According to numerical modelling studies e g the pole dipole array is preferable as it would give better resolution is easier in terms of...

Page 119: ... of preferably at least 10 times the maximum electrode separation It is recommended not to exceed line separations of more than twice the electrode spacing The POLDIP_O only contains the measurement combinations with odd n factors forward and reverse whereas the POLDIP_A protocol contains both odd and even measurement combinations The former is thus much faster to measure Protocol Array Type Addre...

Page 120: ...w 15 2 SYNTAX s4kconv type options wildcard filename F type a Convert data to ABEM Multi Purpose Format ASCII text Output file extension AMP e Convert data to ERIGRAPH format Output file extension DAT r Convert data to RES2DINV format Output file extension DAT p Convert data to Interpex RESIX IP format Output file extension RPD x Convert data to Interpex RESIX Plus format Output file extension DAT...

Page 121: ...tead of running index g x y z Specify new grid spacing b Append protocol file name as comment to each line L Output all measurements from SASLOG file N Negate all readings multiply by 1 V filename Log file in which the program messages are output wildcard Any valid MS DOS wildcard specification Default is S4K filename Converts the files listed in the file given by filename 15 3 EXAMPLES 1 Convert ...

Page 122: ...12 15 4 ERROR CODES S4KCONV 1001 There is no support for converting this electrode layout 1002 There is no support for converting this type of data 1003 A general conversion error occurred 1004 Geometry file does not exist or is invalid ...

Page 123: ...reted and handled while the information only does not carry any special meaning needed to use the data The header starts with lines containing normal parameters The first line of the information only type is Protocol 1 The line preceding the legend is always a blank line An invalid undefined or missing value is denoted by either a dash or the text string nan Infinite values are denoted by the stri...

Page 124: ... 19 Protocol 1 8 Names of the protocols used to control the measurements Usually used in connection with multi electrode switch systems Line 20 Operator Line 21 Client Line 22 25 Comment 1 4 Line 26 Blank line Line 27 Legend This line describes the items in the datelines Line NH 1 to NH ND Data NOTE In future extensions of the data format new items may be added after line 11 In this case the line ...

Page 125: ... given in meters If XYZ 0 is defined however the co ordinates are given in station numbers In the other cases 1 denotes that only X co ordinates are listed 2 that X and Y co ordinates are listed and 3 that X Y and Z co ordinates are listed 16 4 DATA There are two parameters that affect the data rows the acquisition mode determines the format of the measured values and co ordinate type determines t...

Page 126: ...ration time 1 sec Apparent chargeability 1 msec Integration time 2 sec Apparent chargeability 2 msec Integration time 3 sec Apparent chargeability 3 msec Integration time N sec Apparent chargeability N msec Error ms NOTE There is one exception to the above rule The electrode layouts with codes 1 and 0 Untitled and Resistance force the co ordinate type to XYZ and replace apparent resistivity with r...

Page 127: ...ate set header and number An example Cable 1 21 1 80 0 0 2 75 0 0 3 70 0 0 19 nan nan nan 20 15 0 0 21 20 0 0 Cable 2 21 1 25 0 0 2 30 0 0 3 35 0 0 16 6 REMARKS The default co ordinate type when converting SAS 1000 4000 data files is Index However in some cases data cannot be represented as being acquired along a line or profile Then the XYZ co ordinate type is used instead For example tomographic...

Page 128: ...ee letter abbreviation 21 Comment 1 Untitled XXX This code is used for layouts that have not been defined or arbitrary layouts See also code 11 0 Resistance RES Plain resistance ignore electrode locations 1 Wenner a WNA 2 Wenner b WNB 3 Wenner g WNG 4 Pole Pole PPE 5 Dipole Dipole DDP 6 Pole Dipole PDP 7 Square a SQA 8 Square b SQB 9 Square g SQG 10 Schlumberger WSC The three letter abbr stands fo...

Page 129: ...27 34 20 20 200 0 056467 70 958730 1 000 0 010 0 200 1 324859 32 635700 10 1146 32 20 20 200 0 048668 61 157926 1 000 0 010 0 200 4 662757 0 000000 11 1165 30 20 20 200 0 059255 74 462229 1 000 0 010 0 200 0 799598 5 656854 12 1185 28 20 20 100 0 034352 86 334918 1 000 0 010 0 200 2 032617 7 443229 258 8359 17 1 1 200 4 541188 285 331236 1 000 0 010 0 200 7 916800 16 098215 259 8389 18 1 1 100 3 2...

Page 130: ... 61 157926 1 000 0 010 0 200 4 662757 0 000000 11 1165 60 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 059255 74 462229 1 000 0 010 0 200 0 799598 5 656854 12 1185 56 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 034352 86 334918 1 000 0 010 0 200 2 032617 7 443229 258 8359 34 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 200 4 541188 285 331236 1 000 0 010 0 200 7 916800 16 ...

Page 131: ...9 168 34 20 20 200 6 093730 7657 607645 7 562192 10 181 32 20 20 200 4 018672 5050 012879 36 650208 11 194 30 20 20 200 4 955431 6227 178231 18 102890 12 208 28 20 20 100 2 964660 7451 004402 14 860514 258 3632 2 1 1 100 4 795485 602 618408 8 994401 259 3648 5 1 1 100 3 457042 434 424653 3 134221 260 3664 8 1 1 100 3 483400 437 736949 1 251520 261 3677 11 1 1 200 4 490331 282 135834 6 292008 262 3...

Page 132: ... 20 20 200 4 955431 24 777155 18 102890 12 208 28 20 20 100 2 964660 29 646605 14 860514 258 3632 2 1 1 100 4 795485 47 954849 8 994401 259 3648 5 1 1 100 3 457042 34 570415 3 134221 260 3664 8 1 1 100 3 483400 34 834000 1 251520 261 3677 11 1 1 200 4 490331 22 451656 6 292008 262 3686 14 1 1 200 2 000446 10 002232 0 483040 263 3699 17 1 1 200 1 943116 9 715581 8 052369 264 3710 18 1 1 100 3 07685...

Page 133: ...Software In addition to the DAT file the program searches for a file with INF extension which holds information in the following format comment string date of measurement array type blank line contents not used direction label left side optional direction label right side optional nl no of marker labels optional x 1 flag 1 marker text string 1 label distance type flag text string optional x 2 flag...

Page 134: ...ents in the topography The depth is in this case the bottom of each layer There is a built in RHO 2 format conversion tool in Erigraph for conversion from XYZ files saved by Res2dinv do not use negative depths This conversion tool is only designed for models inverted with topography For both model formats an unlimited number of comment lines may be added at the end of the file where each comment l...

Page 135: ...pacing label Apparent resisitivity legend label Example of a PSEUDO TXT file PSEUDOSECTION Distance m a m Apparent resisitivity ohm m For the model sections the file must be named MODSEC TXT and have the following structure Header Distance label Depth scale label Topography scale label Resisitivity legend label Example of a MODSEC TXT file 2D INVERTED SECTION Distance m Depth m Level m Resistivity...

Page 136: ...ce id 2 reference point id text string optional gwl 2 groundwater level optional nl 2 no of layers x 2 1 d 2 1 code 2 1 col 2 1 txt 2 1 dist depth materialcode textcolour text lable x 2 2 d 2 2 code 2 2 col 2 2 txt 2 2 x 2 nl d 2 nl code 2 nl col 2 nl txt 2 nl The text strings for the layer materials are written in black if the text colour is set to 0 and white is set to 1 in the latter case selec...

Page 137: ...IP mode plus zero minus zero commutated DC Receiver Self Potential SP Number of input channels 4 galvanic isolated SAS 1000 one channel Input impedance 10 M min Automatic ranging 250 mV 10 V 400 V Resolution 30 nV theoretical 1 V at 0 5 sec integration time Accuracy at 0 5 sec integration Better than 0 2 measured at 100 mV 5 V and 200 V Precision at 0 5 sec integration Better than 0 1 measured at ...

Page 138: ...or 16 67 msec depending on power line freq Dynamic range Up to 140 dB plus 64 dB automatic gain General Computer PC compatible Memory capacity 1 000 000 data points Temperature range operation 5 C to 50 C Casing Waterproof IP66 rugged cast aluminum Display LCD 200x64 pixels 8 lines of 40 characters Multi connector Current and potential for all four channels RS232 serial communication with PC or ex...

Page 139: ...x 300 mm Weight 6 7 kg including battery pack Resistivity instrument The Lund Imaging System requires an ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000 4000 or SAS 300C and PC 18 3 ELECTRODE SELECTOR ES10 64C E SPECIFICATIONS Number of channels 10x64 channels standard configuration 4x64 channels for model ES10 64Ce Several units of Electrode Selector ES10 64C can be linked together giving e g 10x256 channels Power supp...

Page 140: ...hort normal 0 05 100 000 m 64 long normal 0 5 100 000 m 18 lateral 0 5 100 000 m Fluid resistivity 0 05 100 000 m Self Potential 0 05 1000 V Temperature range 0 C 50 C Temperature precision 0 01 C 0 C 20 C Temperature precision 0 1 C 20 C 50 C Temperature accuracy 1 C Weight 14 0 kg Dimensions 880x440x230 mm Power supply Powers from SAS 1000 4000 ...

Page 141: ...letter upper case combination an optional list of parameters separated from the command by a space and ends with a If there are more than one parameter in the list they are comma separated The command will not be executed until the is received When the connected Terrameter SAS4000 starts executing a command it transmits the character ASCII decimal code 35 19 2 1 Delete DEL filename s Deletes the s...

Page 142: ...ng the serial number of the connected SAS4000 For example 4981663 19 2 6 Send Version String VER Returns a character string containing the name of the application its version and revision number For example Remote Control Version 1 23 Rev A 19 2 7 Set Date And Time STM yyyy mm dd hh mm ss Set or get the real time clock s date and time yyyy Year 1980 2048 mm Month 1 12 dd Day 1 31 hh Hours 0 24 mm ...

Page 143: ...uency Hz It should be set in accordance with power line frequency that can exist in the area where measurements are being done Valid values 50 60 tOn Off The current switch on and switch off time s The on and off time are equal Valid range 1 0 8 0 s in steps of 0 5 s tD IP delay time s This parameter defines the time between current switch off and the start of the first integration interval Valid ...

Page 144: ... until another mode is selected or the program is terminated Mode Description 0 Disables measurements 1 SP 2 Resistivity 3 IP 19 2 12 Set Resistivity STR ImA Imode fs tD tAcq Sets the parameters specific for resistivity measurements ImA Output current mA Valid range 1 1000 Imode Output current mode Valid values 0 automatic ranging 1 fixed current fs Sampling frequency Hz It should be set in accord...

Page 145: ...ean This command sets the limits for the automatic stacking Nmin must be less than or equal to Nmax If Nmin is less than Nmax the stacking will be finished if the measurement error becomes less than Elimit If no parameter list is defined the current parameter values are returned in a text string with the same format 19 2 15 Sound SND freq freq freq This command sounds a tone with a pitch correspon...

Page 146: ...n IP measurements E is the normalized error standard deviation in percent and N is the number of stackings When doing IP measurements some additional pairs of data are returned The number of pairs is equal to the number of IP intervals and each pair consists of the apparent chargeability for that interval in milliseconds and the measurement error true error in milliseconds After each channel s dat...

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