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8.6 Measurement of resistances

8.6.1 Resistance measurement (R~)

This measuring function determines the ohmic resistance between 0.001

Ω

and 300 k

Ω

. The measurement is done with AC voltage. For measurements of very

low resistances a compensation of the connecting leads is suggested (see 8.6.3).

Measuring process:

Turn central rotary switch to position "R~" .
Connect instrument according to picture

In this mode, all settings and LIMIT values available can be called with "DISPLAY"
and the measuring frequency can be set .

Press " START " button
Read out measured value

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Содержание A188506510

Страница 1: ...Operating Instructions EARTH GROUND TESTER SATURN GEO X ...

Страница 2: ...e UNIVERSAL A188506513 Incl 2 safety measuring leads with test tips and crocodile clips 4 earth stakes 3 reels with 2x25m and 1x50 m wire 6 batteries carrying strap and manual in carrying case UNIVERSAL ST0010Z Accessories GEO CLAMP SET SELECTIVE A 6045 10305 includes 1 current clamp 100A 1 cable for clamp connection GEO CLAMP SET STAKELESS A 6045 10306 includes 1 current clamp 100A 1 current clam...

Страница 3: ... 32 8 5 Measurement of soil resistivity 41 8 6 Measurement of resistances 43 8 7 Changing of all data settings with personalized CODE 46 9 DESCRIPTION OF DISPLAYS 49 10 CARE AND MAINTENANCE 53 10 1 Recharging NiCad batteries 53 10 2 Replacing batteries 53 10 3 Recalibration 54 10 4 Storage 54 11 SERVICE 55 11 1 WARRANTY 55 12 Basic APPENDIX 56 12 1 Earthing resistance 56 12 2 Soil resistivity ρE 5...

Страница 4: ...d off immediately and protected against accidental restarting Risk free operation shall be deemed to be no longer possible if and when the instrument shows visible damage fails to work in spite of functioning batteries has been exposed for some time to unfavorable conditions e g storage beyond the permissible climatic limits without adaptation to the ambient climate dewing etc has been exposed to ...

Страница 5: ... at a later date Checking the scope of delivery Upon unpacking immediately check the accessories for missing parts The accessories supplied are listed on page 2 Although the instrument is easy to operate please read these operating instructions carefully for safety reasons and in order to make optimum use of the instrument How to fasten the carrying strap This test instrument is equipped with a ma...

Страница 6: ...es in mesh operated earthing systems Resistance measurement 2pole with AC voltage R Resistance measurement with DC voltage 2pole 4pole R Optional interface RS 232 With its various possibilities of measurement and the fully automated measuring sequence control incl automatic frequency control AFC this instrument offers the latest measuring technology in the field of earthing resistance measurements...

Страница 7: ...rotection systems without seperating the individual lightning protection wires An interface for the output of measured values on a printer or to a memory pack or for data interchange with a personal computer is available as an optional retrofit kit A data output includes all values displayable RE RS RH etc as well as date and time of measurement and a customer defined text A NiCad battery pack whi...

Страница 8: ...ear one hand operation The measured values are displayed on a liquid crystal display with correct decimal point and unit Various additional special characters indicate measuring mode operating condition and error messages The auxiliary power supply consists of 6 x 1 5 V batteries IEC R6 or LR6 or NiCad battery pack optional The measuring instrument is manufactured complying with IP 56 splash water...

Страница 9: ...e rectification for DC and AC DC without operational sign AC signal sinus calibrated for r m s values If limit values are exceeded no measurement will be started Measurement of interference frequency FST For interference voltage 1V its frequency is derived from the period time ...

Страница 10: ...lly or automatically AFC Low resistance measurement R The resistance is determined by DC current and voltage measurement 2 as well as 4 pole measurement is possible The short circuit current is 200 mA The resistance of both current directions is measured and stored Checking for correct measuring connection Via split socket and following detection circuit the processor checks if the measuring lead ...

Страница 11: ...ange 18 C 28 C Storage temperature range 30 C 60 C Temperature coefficient 0 1 of range Kelvin Operating errors refer to operating temperature range and RH 20 RE RS 100 RE The maximum percentage operating error within the measurement range does not exceed 30 with the measured value as fiducial value as determined in accordance with table 6 1 on page 12 The operating error applies under the rated o...

Страница 12: ...C61010 1 EN61010 1 300 V CATIII IEC61557 1 5 EN61557 1 5 Electromagnetic compatibility Emission Class B as per EN 50081 1 IEC EN 61326 1 1997 Immunity IEC61000 4 2 8 kV air B IEC61000 4 3 3 V m A Quality standard developed designed and manufactured to comply with DIN ISO 9001 External field influence complies with DIN 43780 8 76 Auxiliary power 6 x 1 5 V alkali manganese batteries IEC LR6 or 1 2 V...

Страница 13: ... DC AC 45 400 Hz sine 5 of mv 5 digit Measuring sequence approx 4 measurements s Internal resistance approx 1 5 MΩ Max overload Urms 250 V Measurement of interference frequency FST Measuring method Measurement of oscillation period of the interference voltage Measuring range Display range Resolution Range Limits of error 16 0 400 Hz 16 0 299 9 999 Hz 0 1 1Hz 1 V 50 V 1 v mv 2 digit ...

Страница 14: ...Supply voltage At the limits stated by the manufacturer E2 Part 1 4 2 4 3 R Temperature 0 C and 35 C E3 Part 1 4 2 T Series interference voltage See 4 2 and 4 3 E4 Part 5 4 2 4 3 T Resistance of the probes and auxiliary earth electrodes 0 to 100 x RA but 50 kΩ E5 Part 5 4 3 T System frequency 99 to 101 of the nominal frequency E7 Part 5 4 3 T System voltage 85 to 110 of the nominal voltage E8 Part...

Страница 15: ... S H Max probe resistance 1 MΩ Max auxiliary earth electrode resistance 1 MΩ Automatic check if error is kept within the limits required by IEC61557 5 EN61557 5 If after a measurement of probe auxiliary earth electrode and earthing resistance a measurement error of higher than 30 is assumed because of the influencing conditions see diagramm the display shows a warning symbol and a notice that RS o...

Страница 16: ...suring frequency 94 105 111 128 Hz selected manually or automatically AFC 55 Hz R Noise rejection 120 dB 16 2 3 50 60 400 Hz Max overload max Urms 250 V measurement will not be started Measuring range Display range Resolution intrinsic error Operating error 0 001 2 999 Ω 0 001 Ω 3 00 29 99 Ω 0 01 Ω 0 020 Ω 30 0 299 9 Ω 0 1 Ω 7 of m v 10 of m v 30kΩ 0 300 2 999 kΩ 1 Ω 2 digit 5 digit 3 00 29 99 kΩ ...

Страница 17: ... m v 5 of m v 300 kΩ 300 Ω 2999 Ω 1 Ω 2 digit 5 digit 3 0 kΩ 29 99 kΩ 10 Ω 30 0 kΩ 299 9 kΩ 100 Ω Measuring time typ 6 sec Max interference voltage 24 V with higher voltages measurement will not be started Max overload Urms max 250 V Resistance measurement R Measuring method current voltage measurement as per IEC61557 4 EN61557 4 possible Open circuit voltage 20 V DC Short circuit current 200 mA D...

Страница 18: ...16 300 Ω 2999 Ω 1 Ω ...

Страница 19: ...es measurement will not be started Max inductivity 2 Henry Max overload Urms 250 V Compensation of lead resistance RK Compensation of lead resistance RK can be switched on in functions RE 3pole RE 4pole R and R 2pole Formation of measured value Rdisplay Rmeasured Rcompensated Value of setpoint entry RK 0 000 W variable from 0 000 29 99 W by means of measuring adjustment ...

Страница 20: ...18 16 15 14 10 4 5 9 8 6 3 7 2 1 11 12 13 back Rückseite derrière ...

Страница 21: ...g socket probe 4 mm ø also usable with safety measuring lead Connecting socket for an ext clip on current transformer optional and for external charging of NiCad batteries can not be attached simultaneously WARNING no voltage permissable to sockets Connecting socket earthing probe 4 mm ø also usable with safety measuring lead Potential pick off with 4 pole earthing measurement Connecting socket ea...

Страница 22: ...cy of measuring voltage UM Measuring voltage limit 20 48 V RE Earthing resistance RH Auxiliary earth electrode resistance RS Probe resistance RK Compensation resistance R1 R2 Low voltage measurement with polarity indication R AC resistance R Earthing impedance measuring frequency 55Hz AFC Automatic frequency control TEST Measuring sequence in process LIMIT Limit value LIMIT Limit value exceeded So...

Страница 23: ...21 REMOTE Interface optional active button operation locked Measuring circuit E S E H interrupted or measured value instable WARNING Refer to operating instructions ...

Страница 24: ...hes into a battery saving condition Stand by display approx 50 seconds after the termination of a measurement or after a button push or turn of the rotary switch Pressing the display button reactivates the instrument the old measured values can be read out again After 50 min of stand by the Display is turned off completely Instrument is reactivated with ON OFF on the rotary switch b Stand by disab...

Страница 25: ... format SOFTWARE version X X X Date of calibration M M J J Note At delivery the date of calibration is set to 0 00 Only after the first recalibration a proper date is indicated e Activation of display illumination By keeping the CHANGE button pressed during the switch on sequence the display illumination is activated Illumination fades away automatically if the instrument is switched to Stand by a...

Страница 26: ...24 8 1 2 Operation The measuring functions have two initial operational modes The Control loop and the Measuring loop Operation flow chart ...

Страница 27: ...rement can be started with START Depending on the selected function the following parameters can be displayed or changed Function Parameter Setting range Remarks UST display only FST display only RE 3pole FM AFC 94 105 111 128 Hz UM 48 V 20 V lockable to 20 V with CODE and RK 0 000 Ω 29 99 Ω in position RE 3pole only RE LIMIT 0 000 Ω 999 kΩ only if activated with CODE RE 4pole warning On Off only ...

Страница 28: ...p is entered by pressing the START button After releasing START the last measured value stays on the display By repeated pressing of the DISPLAY button all supplementary values can be called If a measured value exceeds or falls below the pre set limit the limit can be displayed as well with DISPLAY In that case the measured value is diplayed with a flashing LIMIT whereas the limit value is display...

Страница 29: ...istake not wired corresponding symbol flashes socket correctly wired corresponding symbol is steady active socket correctly not wired corresponding symbol is blank 8 1 4 Safety control measurements Before each measurement the instrument automatically checks the measuring conditions and while simultaneously displaying the kind of error prevents measurements from being started under the following co...

Страница 30: ...stance measurement If the pre set limit values are exceeded the interference voltage is indicated as to high and a measurement automatically prevented The frequency of an interference voltage is only measurable if the level of this intereference voltage is higher than 1 V Bring central rotary switch in desired position read out measured value of interference voltage measured value of interference ...

Страница 31: ... switch over if necessary AFC Automatic Frequency Control The corresponding measuring frequency used for a specific measurement can be called and displayed with DISPLAY after the measurement Additionally one of the four measuring frequencies can be selected and permanently set in special cases In that case in order to stabilize the display an average measurement can be carried out for up to 1 minu...

Страница 32: ... the measuring lead Press START button Now a fully automated test sequence of all relevant parameters like auxiliary earth electrode probe and earth electrode resistance is implemented and finished with the display of the result RE Read out measured value RE Call RS and RH with DISPLAY Remarks for the setting of earth spikes Before setting the earth spikes for probe and auxiliary earth electrode m...

Страница 33: ... compensate line resistance as described in 8 4 4 Time average measurement If there is a warning measured value unstable see 8 Description of display after a test sequence most likely it is caused by strong interference signals e g unsteady noise voltage Nevertheless to get reliable values the instrument offers the possibility of averanging over a longer period Select a fixed frequency see 8 1 2 C...

Страница 34: ...bling etc By measuring the actual current flow through the earth electrode this special measuring method provides the unique possibility to measure selectively only this particular resistance by means of a clip on transformer accessory Other parallel resistances applied are not taken into account and do not distort the measuring result A disconnection of the earth electrode before the measurement ...

Страница 35: ...nection of the measuring lead Fix clip on transformer around the earth electrode to be measured Make sure that the clip on transformation ratio set on the instrument corresponds to the clip on transformer used Change settings if necessary see 8 7 Press START button Now a fully automated test sequence of all relevant parameters like auxiliary earth electrode probe and earth electrode resistance is ...

Страница 36: ...r auxiliary earth electrode must be repositioned until the measured value RE stays constant Spikes wires should not run too close 3 pole measurement with longer earth electrode connecting leads Use one of the supplied cable drums as earth electrode connecting lead Spool off cable completely and compensate line resistance as described in 8 4 4 Time average measurement If there is a warning measured...

Страница 37: ...d to the foundation earth of the pylon the measuring current Imeas is divided into five components according to the present resistances involved One part flows via pylon construction to the overhead earth wire and further to the parallelly circuited pylon earthing resistances The other four current components I1 I4 flow via the individual pylon foots The addition of all currents result in a curren...

Страница 38: ...hes with the display of the result RE Read out measured value RE Call RS and RH with DISPLAY Notices for the setting of earth spikes Before setting the earth spikes for probe and auxiliary earth electrode make sure that the probe is set outside the potential gradient of earth electrode and auxiliary earth electrode see also 12 5 Such a condition is normally reached by allowing a distance of 20m be...

Страница 39: ...st sequence most likely it is caused by strong interference signals e g unsteady noise voltage Nevertheless to get reliable values the instrument offers the possibility of averanging over a longer period Select a fixed frequency see 8 1 2 Control loop Keep the START button pressed until the warning measured value unstable disappears Max averaging time is approx 1 min 8 4 2 2 Measuring earthing imp...

Страница 40: ...ine tuning the clip on transformation ratio basic settings 1000 1 This correction applies to the transformer current range it was performed with For other ranges a different correction may be necessary Measuring process Connect a low Ohm resistor approx 1 Ohm in the range you want to correct as described in the picture below Turn central rotary switch to position RE 3pole Press START button and no...

Страница 41: ...former new old E E Example Your clip on transformer has a transformation ratio of tr 1000 1 The measurement without clip on transformer results in a value RE 0 983 Ω With a clip on transformer a value of RE 1 175 Ω is measured The deviation thus reads 1 175 0 983 Ω 0 192 Ω and referring to RE 0 983 W an error evolves as following 100 0192 0983 195 Ω Ω The new transformation ratio to be set calcula...

Страница 42: ... The compensation resistance is displayed only for as long as the START button is kept pressed After releasing the START button the measured value is stored and the measuring instrument returns to the standard settings at the beginning of the measurement so that a succeeding measurement of the earthing resistance can be implemented by pressing START again Thereafter RK is subtracted from the actua...

Страница 43: ... the soil in an even line and with the same distance a to each other The earth spikes should not be hammered in deeper than a maximum of 1 3 of a Turn central rotary switch to position RE 4pole The instrument is to be wired according to picture and notices given on the display A flashing of the sockets symbols or points to an incorrect or incomplete connection of the measuring lead Push START butt...

Страница 44: ...between 2 m and 30 m This procedure results in curves depicted in the graph below As measuring results are often distorted and corrupted by underground pieces of metal underground aquifers etc a second measurement in which the spike axis is turned by an angle of 90 is always advisable see picture Curve 1 As ρE decreases only deeper down a deep earth electrode is advisable Curve 2 As ρE decreases o...

Страница 45: ...h AC voltage For measurements of very low resistances a compensation of the connecting leads is suggested see 8 6 3 Measuring process Turn central rotary switch to position R Connect instrument according to picture In this mode all settings and LIMIT values available can be called with DISPLAY and the measuring frequency can be set Press START button Read out measured value ...

Страница 46: ...LAY WARNING Before starting a measurement bring plant or test object in off circuit condition With an external voltage higher than 3 V measurement will not be started WARNING Due to the high measuring current inductive loads can cause lethal induced voltages during disconnection from the measuring circuit Start measurement with START button First R1 with positive voltage is measured on jack E Afte...

Страница 47: ...99 9 2999 Ω 8 6 3 Compensation of measuring lead resistance Call display of RK with button DISPLAY Short circuit measuring lead according to picture Press START button Value RK is stored after the release of the START button the display jumps back to voltage measurement Thereafter RK is subtracted from the actual measured value Turning the central rotary switch for a short moment deletes the line ...

Страница 48: ...ing range Standard presetting FM AFC 94 105 111 128 Hz AFC RE 3pole UM 48 V 20 V 48V RK 0 000 Ω 29 99 Ω 0 000 Ω and LIMIT On Off Off RE LIMIT 0 000 Ω 999 kΩ 999 kΩ RE 4pole Warning sound On Off Off R On Off Off FM AFC 94 105 111 128 Hz AFC RE 3pole UM 48 V 20 V 48V RK 0 000 Ω 29 99 Ω 0 000 Ω and I ratio 80 1200 1000 RE 4pole LIMIT On Off Off RE LIMIT 0 000 Ω 999 kΩ 999 kΩ Warning sound On Off Off ...

Страница 49: ...or manufacturer Therefore note down your personal CODE here CODE Inputing the code is done by means of the CHANGE and SELECT keys Pressing the DISPLAY key completes input The CODE is now stored and the display shows C ON If the display C ON is acknowledged by pressing DISPLAY the first parameter of the selected measuring function is displayed and can be changed with the CHANGE and SELECT keys The ...

Страница 50: ...LECT keys Pressing the DISPLAY key completes input Display shows C ON In the C ON state the CODE function can be disabled by pressing the CHANGE key The display then shows C OFF If this display is acknowledged by pressing the DISPLAY key the user code and all changes of the limit values are erased The original default values are restored into memory Now a new CODE number may be programmed and used...

Страница 51: ...remain stored No or incorrect measuring lead connection Apart from voltage measurement all measuring functions are locked Battery voltage too low Replace batteries Beeper on Acoustical warning if limit is exceeded Dangerous AC voltage 50 V Apart from voltage measurement all measuring functions are locked Interface operation active Buttons are locked Legend displayed flashing ...

Страница 52: ... for test result Measuring circuit of earth and auxil earth electrode disconnected Check lead connection on earth spikes measuring lead might be defective Measuring circuit of earth and probe electrode disconnected Check lead connection on earth spikes measuring lead might be defective Max allowable error exceeded because of too high sense or aux earth spike resistance See graph on page 10 try to ...

Страница 53: ... higher than measured value Delete compensation or switch instrument ON OFF Wrong polarity on jacks E and ES Reverse polarity Measured value instable Unsteady noise voltage Try time average measurement Current in external transformer to low Reduce auxiliary current spike resistance Operation under faulty conditions Check batteries Switch ON OFF if still faulty contact service Legend displayed flas...

Страница 54: ...t Hardware malfunction e g current overload Switch ON OFF if still faulty EE PROM memory access malfunction contact service Internal computation malfunction Thermal overload Cool thoroughly Battery voltage decreases at measurement The internal resistance of the batteries is too high worn out low temperature Replace batteries warm up instrument Legend displayed flashing ...

Страница 55: ...of NiCad battery pack inside the instrument is possible with a special quick charge unit plus a mains adapter or an adapter cable for car cigarrette lighter WARNING Only use the above mentioned quick charge unit Otherwise no sufficient separation of potentials is guaranteed 10 2 Replacing batteries This instrument is equipped with six 1 5V batteries IEC RL 6 If after pressing the START button all ...

Страница 56: ...e offer you periodic checking and calibration of your meters You may order for a fee either company test certificates or test certificates of the public calibration service at your option These orders will be carried out either generally or with additional test records measuring points as ordered by you 10 4 Storage If the instrument is stored or remains unused for some time the batteries should b...

Страница 57: ...ufficient detail in the Operating Instructions please ask our local agent for the required information Please note that the contents of these Instructions neither constitute part of nor modify any earlier or existing agreement promise or contract All obligations result from the pertinent contract of sale which also contains the sole and comprehensive warranty regulations These contractual warranty...

Страница 58: ...ctual soil gravel clay granite but also significantly depents on the shape of the earth electrode a metrological check has to be made even if the position of the earth electrode and the condition of the soil is well known For redimensioning of an earthing system e g a lightning protection an approximate calculation according to the table below is possible As a basis for this calculation the soil r...

Страница 59: ... Ωm see picture The soil resistivity significantly depends on the specific kind of material farming soil dry sand moist sand concrete gravel etc but also depends on seasonal changes Dry soil has a higher resistivity than moist soil and frozen ground has a higher resistivity than dry warm sand see picture The two examples below show the change of resistivity during the course of one year ...

Страница 60: ...58 Temporal change of the earthing resistance of a conductor earth electrode earth strip earth cable Temporal change of the earthing resistance of a buried earth electrode earth pipe earth plate ...

Страница 61: ...four wire circuit an separate cable is used to connect socket ES with the earth electrode With that the voltage drop of the cable between socket E and earth electrode is not measured As the voltage measuring circuit has such a high impedance the influence by the probe resistance RS is neglectable within certain limits Thus the earthing resistance evolves R U I E Meas and is independent from the re...

Страница 62: ...s responsible for the diameter of the potential gradient area This means the diameters in soils with a bad conductivity are correspondingly wide 30 60 m soils with a good conductivity correspondingly narrow 10 15 m Determining the probe and auxiliary earth electrode resistance provides information about the size of a possible potential gradient area High resistances lead to correspondingly large g...

Страница 63: ... the picture above probe voltages US1 and US2 of probes S1 and S2 deliver a value to low which also means that the earthing resistance is too good low resistance Probe S 4 with US4 on the other hand picks up a value too high which points to worse high resistance earthing conditions Only probe S3 picks up the correct voltage between earth electrode and soil potential FE For that reason it is advisa...

Страница 64: ...ach point of the line by a complex computation considering individual pylon resistance This computation has to be done for each single pylon Now the earth impedance can be measured with this instrument The inductive portion of the impedance of the overhead wire is frequency dependent Accordingly the measuring frequency applied by the tester has to be close to the mains frequency in order to get co...

Страница 65: ...63 Notes ...

Страница 66: ...CHLAND LEM BELGIUM LEM UK Tel 06152 807650 Tel 067 550114 Tel 0990 143803 Fax 06152 807651 Fax 067 550115 Fax 01695 50704 NETHERLANDS FRANCE LEM NEDERLAND LEM FRANCE Tel 0164 615462 Tel 01 6918 1750 Fax 0164 616606 Fax 01 6928 2429 Printed in Austria Gedruckt in Österreich Imprimé en Autriche Distributor Vertragshändler Distributeur LEM NORMA GmbH Liebermannstrasse F01 CAMPUS 21 A 2345 Brunn am Ge...

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