
PT6500 Schematic Circuit Pane Diagram
(
350-390MHz
)
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
D
D
C
C
B
B
A
A
VCCN
1
TONEO
2
TONEI
3
E-SDA
4
E-SCL
5
C-BYTE
6
C-CNVSS
7
SHIFT
8
E-TEST
9
RESET
10
XOUT
11
VSS
12
XIN
13
VCC
14
C-NMI
15
INTO
16
A-RDT
17
A-TCLK
18
A-SCLK
19
A-DI/O
20
A-TDATA
21
A-DIR
22
NC
23
QT VCO
24
PLL T/R
25
PC/
T
V
26
NC
27
QT T
C
X
O
28
C
-T
XD1
29
C-R
X
D
1
30
C-C
L
K
1
31
NC
32
NC
33
PA
B
C
34
AP
C
2
S
W
35
AP
C
1
S
W
36
RX
S
W
37
TX S
W
38
C-H
O
L
D
39
PL
L
-U
L
40
PL
L
-S
T
B
41
PL
L
-D
A
T
A
42
PL
L
-C
L
K
43
C-
V
CC
44
M
AX AF
S
W
45
GR
E
EN
46
RE
D
47
5T
C
48
5R
C
49
5C
C
50
W/N-N
51
W/N-W
52
AFCO
53
RX MUTE
54
W-BUSY
55
W-DATA
56
W-SCLK
57
W-MUTE
58
S-SCK
59
ACC
60
S-SI
61
VSS
62
S-SO
63
S-CS
64
NC
65
PTT
66
H-D3
67
H-D2
68
H-D1
69
H-D0
70
H-DV
71
DN
72
UP
73
L-AO
74
L-RES
75
L-
S
LD
76
L-
S
LK
77
L-
C
S
78
K1
79
K2
80
K3
81
K4
82
K5
83
K6
84
K7
85
K8
86
LAM
P
87
BA
T
T
88
RSS
I
89
BU
SY
90
VOX
91
QT/
DQT I
N
92
PF
93
AVS
S
94
M
A
NDOW
N
95
VR
E
F
96
AVC
C
97
VOX S
W
98
MI
C
M
U
T
E
99
HP
F
P
C
10
0
IC7
M30620
Q5
2SC3356
D3
HSC277
R1
6
4.
7K
C31
471
R10
5.6K
R27
22R
C72
471
C67
471
R1
8
1K
L23
12nH
L3
2
B
L
M21P
300S
C79
471
C39 102
R23 270R
L16
0R
R5
15R
R1
7
270R
Q3
RD01MUS1
Q1
RD07
R28
1.
5K
R3
5
39
K
R30
47K
C92 471
C81
471
L1
9
5T
C80
471
C12
102
C36
47P
R1
3
1
.5
K
R
32
47K
R15
82K
C7
1
471
C13
102
L18
8T
C2
9
27
P
L
2
8
B
L
M
21P
3
0
0S
C43
471
C44
103
C
25
15P
C2
6
*
L3
3T
C2
8
5P
C4
27P
D1
HVC131
L1
4
22
0
n
H
R1
9
27
0
R
C46
471
C63
471
C1
9
6P
C5
471
L12
4T
C16
5P
C1
2.5P
C2
3.5P
C3
2.5P
L4
4T
L5
4T
L6
4T
C17
4P
C18
5P
CN1
L13
*
D7
HSC277
D8
*
C55
1P
C17
4
5P
C
185
2.
5
P
L54 0R
L5
7
3
T
C170
1.5P
C
191
27P
C
187
*
L5
8
3
T
C1
88
27P
C168
471
L52
0R
R106
68K
R
122
270K
C206
471
L5
3
68n
H
R92
22R
R93
*
R104
220R
C184
102
C183
102
R124
180K
L55
3T
C169
1.5P
C
186
8P
C
189
5P
Q18
3SK318
Q19
3SK318
C171
471
R111
56K
L47
39nH
C193
471
R100
150R
L50
0.82uH
L51
0.82uH
C182
8P
R96
*
C175
471
Q20
2SC5108
R88
560K
R89
4.7K
C196
103
D17 HSC277
R73
4.7K
Aout
1
A-in
2
A+in
3
GND
4
B+in
5
B-in
6
Bout
7
V+
8
IC3 NJM2904
R66
0.47R
R5
6
*
R65
0.47R
C125
471
R58
150K
R67
150K
R63
150K
R72
150K
R55
150K
R53
150K
C111
101
R50 15K
R70
27K
C131
471
R71
56K
R60
1M
C126
471
C132
102
R64
*
Q12
DTA144EE
C156
5P
Q10
DTC144EUA
C120
4.7uF/10V
D1
5
H
Z
U5
AL
L
R51
1K
C200
102
C15
*
C140
223
C202
471
R
57
0.
47R
TO ANT
C214
223
C45
105
C35
*
R
110
100K
C160
102
R78
100K
R84
56K
R105
100K
D2
9
HV
C
3
5
5
B
D27
HVC355B
D28
HVC355B
D3
0
H
V
C
355B
C
194
27
P
C
190
27P
R116 1M
R1
20
1
M
R115
1M
C203
471
R127
1M
V
SS1
1
SP
K
2
VDD1
3
PW
M-
4
VS
S
5
SC
L
K
6
NC
7
S
DATA
8
NC
9
VDD
10
OS
C
11
BU
SY
1
12
NC
13
NC
14
NC
15
RST
16
IC1
3
W
5
88
A0
80
R290
10R
C341
471
C358
105
R289
1K
R293
150K
C302
105
R267
10R
R268
100R
Q37
2SK1824
3 5 6 8 10
11
12
16
1
2
C
195
2.
5P
R114
1M
C
149
*
C138
*
C
147
9P
C139
0R
C
148
*
L39
18nH
L40
*
L22
0R
C50
6P
C60
5P
L78
56nH
R94
0R
L48 1uH
C38
18P
R26
*
C32
100P
C51
*
C4
7
*
R314
2.2nH
R3
*
C2
7
3
6P
C64
*
+
-
DC
7.5V
F1 3A
D33
1SR154-400
C232
103
C231
104
C235
471
C234
103
C233
104
SW1
10K
L65
BLM21P300S
Q27
*
Q28
*
R150
*
R149
*
C222
*
C224
*
C223
471
R143 BLM21P300S
C
225
4.
7
u
F/
10V
J1
SPK
J2
MIC
R294
1K
C357
*
L73 BLM11A221S
+
-
-
+
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
IC14
TC75W51FU
C331
104
R283
75K
R285
820K
C342 27P
R278
18K
R281
15K
C319
104
C314
*
L
7
2
B
L
M
1
1
A2
21S
C325
223
R280
27K
R296
*
C330
0R
R291
0R
R270
1M
C309
47P
Q36
DTA144EE
R263 470R
C310
104
Q38
2SA1586
C
308
4.7
u
F/1
0
V
R266 10K
R273
22K
Q42
DTC144EE
L75
BLM11A221S
AGNDIN
1
AGND
2
TXIN
3
TXINO
4
LIMLV
5
EXIT
6
MOD
7
VSS
8
TCLK
9
TDATA
10
DI/O
11
RDF/FD
12
SCLK
13
DIR
14
XOUT
15
XIN
16
VDD
17
EXFOUT
18
RXAFIN
19
RXAF
20
RXLPFO
21
RXINO
22
RXIN
23
TEST
24
IC6
AK2346
R237 1M
X3
3.6MHz
C
297
22P
C
298
22P
C
284
4.7
u
F/1
0
V
C275
103
C274
104
L69
BLM11A221S
R
215
33K
R153
27K
C236
1uF/10V
C229 1uF/10V
R151 51K
C260
27P
R187
0R
R203
220K
R186
100K
C265
333
C328
104
R284
10K
D36
MA742
D37
MA742
C316 471
C324
471
C327
471
C356 471
C337
392
C320
392
C355
1uF/10V
C3
22
1
u
F/
10V
R295
2.7K
R277
1K
C321
471
C338
471
Q41
2SC4116
Q47
2SA1586
R282
0R
R298
0R
XI
N
1
X
OUT
2
M
IXOUT
3
VC
C
4
IF
I
5
DE
C
6
FIL
O
7
FI
L
I
8
AF
9
QUAD
10
IF
O
11
R
SSI
12
NDE
T
13
NR
E
C
14
GND
15
MI
X
I
16
IC4
TA31136
CF1 450H
CF2 450F
D18
DAN222
D19
DAN222
R82 22K
R83 22K
R102 22K
R103 22K
R98 6.8K
R99
6.8K
C166
104
C167
104
C201
182
R108 100R
C213
33P
R
121
150K
C198 102
C204 102
Q23
DTC144EE
R1
23
3.
3K
R
126
10K
R118
1K
L6
1
10R
C
210
471
C207
103
C20
9
1
0
4
C197
4.7uF/10V
C215
82P
R133
2.7K
R
135
2.
2
K
Q25
DTA144EE
CD1
C24450
C179
102
Q21
2SC4617
R97
330K
R112
3.3K
R117
56R
C199
104
C192
102
C178
104
D22
MA742
C1
80
102
C172
334
C205
471
C
211
10
2
R125
27K
R128
3.3K
C212
102
C258
33P
R175
0R
R195
27K
R176
5.6K
R155
*
C237
105
R152
0R
C245
561
C246
222
C228
*
C271
105
R220
56K
C264 151
R209
12K
Q30
2SC4617
R157
150K
R180
1.5K
R179
150K
R177
3.3K
C239
393
C238
473
C243
393
Q3
1
2S
C
4617
R159
150K
R189 2.2K
R182
150K
R181
2.7K
C240
333
C248
104
R169
82K
C241 222
C249
123
Aout
1
A-in
2
A+in
3
V+
4
B+in
5
B-in
6
Bout
7
Cout
8
C-in
9
C+in
10
GND
11
D+in
12
D-in
13
Dout
14
IC5 NJM2902V
R172
10K
R185
18K
R166
22K
R161
220K
C230 221
C227
105
R156
470K
R174 180K
R171
33K
R204 120K
R184
18K
C262
4.7uF/10V
R194 180K
C259
*
R199 10K
R193
120K
R213
100K
C267 182
R219
560K
C277 393
R191
12K
R197
4.7K
C252
47P
R196
180K
C268 103
C269
683
VP
1
VN
2
GS
3
VREF
4
INH
5
PWDN
6
X1
7
X2
8
VSS
9
OE
10
D0
11
D1
12
D2
13
D3
14
DV
15
EST
16
RT/GT
17
VDD
18
IC10
HT9172
R235 47K
C281
471
X4
3.58MHz
R243
1M
C291 22P
C295
22P
R229
47K
C
278
4.
7
u
F/
10V
C276 104
L
70
B
L
M
11A
22
1S
R239 330K
C285 104
R247
33K
L68
BLM11A221S
C266
471
MODE
1
SVR
2
IN+
3
IN-
4
OUT-
5
VCC
6
GND
7
OUT+
8
IC9
TDA8541
C273 4.7uF/10V
R238
1K
R246
68K
C296
101
C289
105
R240
0R
C283
102
Q33 2SK1824
R
218
560K
C279
471
R225
1K
C263 105
R230
22R
C280
104
C261
4.7uF/10V
C257
104
C256
103
L67
BLM11A300S
SPK1
*
C272
471
C282
471
R241 1K
C292
*
Q35
DTC144EE
R214
47K
R178
0R
Q34
2SK1824
R206
47K
R190
*
C255
0R
C326
104
R27
2
0
R
VIN
1
VSS
2
CE
3
NC
4
OUT
5
Q40
XC6204B502MR
VIN
1
VSS
2
CE
3
NC
4
OUT
5
Q45
XC6204B502MR
D38
MA2S111
C315
105
C339
105
C307
4.7uF/10V
C
344
4.
7u
F/
10V
C306
471
C329 471
Q44
DTA123JE
Q39
ST2301
Q43
ST2301
C305
4.7uF/10V
C317
4.7uF/10V
C311
471
C323
471
C336
4.7uF/10V
C335
471
Rset
1
CP
2
CPGND
3
AGND
4
RFinB
5
RFinA
6
AVDD
7
REFin
8
DGND
9
CE
10
CLK
11
DATA
12
LE
13
MUXOUT
14
DVDD
15
Vp
16
IC2 ADF4111
R48
4.7K
C84
101
R43
560R
C96
0.1uF/35V
R44
560R
R45
2.7K
C
112
1u
F
/16V
R41
560R
C102
0.1uF/35V
R46
2.7K
C
118
1u
F
/16V
L33
BLM11A221S
C20
4.7uF/10V
C33
104
L9
BLM11A221S
C21
471
R2 10R
R24
2.7K
C61
*
R47 10R
C110
471
C122
4.7uF/10V
C115
103
C114
104
L34
BLM11A221S
C113
471
R49
10R
C109
471
D10
MA2S111
R40 1K
R42 150K
C95
103
C106
101
C105
101
C104
101
Q13
DTC144EE
C133
471
C130
4.7uF/10V
C152
103
C151
104
L41
BLM11A221S
C150
471
R69
10R
VC
1
GND
2
VC
C
4
OU
T
3
X1
12.8MHz
L42
10uH
C142
10P
C143
10P
R54
0R
C119
471
R68
1K
C128
47P
C155
*
Q15
2SC5108
R61
200K
L44
560nH
C146
471
R77
10R
C153 *
C135 0R
L45
*
C145
*
C136
0R
L43
470nH
C144
331
C134 103
C129
33P
L46
220nH
C154 33P
L35
100nH
C1
21
1
0
1
D1
4
HV
C
3
7
6
B
D11
HVC376B
C108
10P
L36
39nH
Q11
2SK508NV(K52)
C123
4P
C124
8P
C103
8P
L37
3.3uH
R5
2
18
0
R
C107 0.5P
R39 100R
L31
220nH
C101
22P
C116
*
L3
8
2
2
0
n
H
C117
10P
D12
HVC376B
D13
HVC376B
C97
471
C99
104
Q9
DTA143TE
C100
471
Q7
DTA143TE
L29
BLM11A221S
C98
471
L7
180nH
C30
101
D6 H
V
C
376B
D2
HVC376B
C24
8P
L8
33nH
Q6
2SK508NV(K52)
C41
3P
C42 6P
C14
6P
L10
3.3uH
R9
150R
C9
1P
C8
13P
C40
0.5P
L
20
220n
H
C
52
10P
D4
HVC376B
D5
HVC376B
R20 100R
C83
104
C73
471
C76
471
L25
220nH
C69
1P
C68
1P
D9
1SV278
R34
270K
R38
270K
R37
4.7K
L30
BLM11A221S
Q14
2SC4617(S)
C137
471
D16
MA2S111
R6
2
4.
7K
C141
15uF/6.3V
C
127
471
Q2
2SC5108
R6
150K
C62
471
R22
100R
L17
22nH
C10
33P
C65
471
Q8
2SC5108
C70
10P
R25
150K
L21
18nH
C49 471
R11
1K
R36
22R
C86
471
C48 3P
C59
10P
C75 5P
L24
18nH
C74 5P
C58
471
C22 15P
R2
1
1
0
K
R31
22R
Q4
2SC5108
R1
4
330R
C56
471
R1
2.2K
L15
22nH
C57
471
C82
471
C11 10P
R4
4.
7
K
C53
*
L2
7
B
L
M21P
300S
C
77
471
C54
103
C87
105
C94
471
C91
103
Q16
DTC144EE
D21
HVC355B
R
109
1M
D23
HVC355B
R
113
1M
Q17
2SK1829
R87
36K
R85
470K
D20
MA2S111
R81
*
R80
15K
R79
22K
C158
183
C159
153
R74
4.7K
R76 1K
R75 4.7K
C157
333
R233
15K
R231 12K
C286
332
C287
682
A0
1
A1
2
A2
3
GND
4
SD
A
5
SC
L
6
TE
S
T
7
VC
C
8
IC8
24LC256
R222 0R
R227 0R
R201
0R
R228 47K
R211 10K
R223 *
R216
4.7K
R207
4.7K
R236
*
C270 471
X2
9.8304MHz
C250 20P
C242 22P
R
198
1K
C254
5P
Q3
2
D
T
C
1
4
4
E
E
NC
1
VEE1
2
VEE2
3
OUT
4
VCC
5
IC11
PST9140NR
R232 330K
C293
104
C290
471
OUT
1
VDD
2
GND
3
NC
4
NC
5
IC12
*
C301
471
R249
*
R160 1K
R154 1K
L64
BLM11A221S
C253
471
R173
4.7K
R141
15K
R139
22K
C219
333
C220
223
C217
105
R146
270K
R140
12K
C218
105
R142 43K
R147
27K
C221
*
R86
22K
C163
4.7uF/10V
R313
68K
C161 223
R145
4.7K
R136
4.7K
R
138
4.
7K
R
137
4.
7K
R134
4.7K
D24 *
D25 RED
D26 GREEN
D31 GREEN
R107
330R
R119
330R
Q24
DTC144EE
Q22
DTC144EE
L66 BLM11A221S
L63
BLM11A221S
C247
471
R242
47K
R265
470K
R264
0R
R271
470K
C303
104
C216
104
L7
1
B
L
M
1
1A
221S
C361
4.7uF/10V
C359 104
C362 103
L74
BLM11A221S
C360
471
R210
180K
C
299
105
R234
1M
Q29
2SK1824
C251 104
R307 0R
R144
10K
Q26
DTA123JE
L62
BLM11A221S
R148
1K
C85
471
L
6
0
B
L
M
11A
221S
C208
4.7uF/10V
C177
104
C181
103
L59
56R
XF1
51.65MHz
R91
103
R90
103
C165
270R
C164
270R
C176
18P
C173
471
R244
22K
D34 *
C304
105
D35
MA742
R269
0R
R2
79
1
0
0
K
C313 224
R217
1K
R221
1K
R226
1K
R101
27K
R224 47K
1 VCCN
1 VCCN
2 TO
2 T
O
2 T
O
3 TI
3 T
I
4 A-RDT
4 A
-R
D
T
5 A-TCLK
5 A
-TC
LK
6 A-SCLK
6 A
-S
C
LK
R250
100K
7 A-DI/O
7
A-
DI
/O
8 A-TDATA
8
A-
T
DATA
9 A-DIR
9
A-
DI
R
10 PLL T/R
10 PLL T/R
11
P
C
/TV
11 PC/TV
12
TX
D
12
TX
D
13
R
XD
13 R
X
D
14
P
AB
C
14
P
AB
C
15
AP
C
2
15 APC2
16
AP
C
1
16 APC1
17
R
X
S
W
17
R
X
S
W
18
TX
S
W
18
TX
S
W
19
P
-UL
19 P-UL
20
P
-S
T
B
20 P-STB
21
P
-DT
21 P-DT
22
P
-C
LK
22 P-CLK
23
5
T
C
23 5TC
24
5
R
C
24 5R
C
25
S
AVE
25 S
A
V
E
26
M
AXAF
26
M
AXAF
27 W/N N
27 W/N N
28 W/N W
28 W/N W
29 AFCO
29
AF
C
O
30 RX MUTE
30
R
X M
U
TE
31 W-BUSY
31 W
-B
U
S
Y
32 W-DATA
32 W
-D
A
T
A
33 W-SCLK
33 W
-S
C
LK
34 W
-M
U
T
E
34 W-MUTE
38 PTT
39 H-D3
39
H-
D3
40
H-
D2
40 H-D2
41 H-D1
41
H-
D1
42
H-
D0
42 H-D0
43 H-DV
43
H-
DV
44 DN
UP
DN
GND
SW2 ENCODER
R274
47K
R276
47K
44
D
N
45 UP
45
U
P
46 B
A
TT
46 BATT
47 R
S
S
I
47 RSSI
47
R
S
S
I
48 B
U
S
Y
48 BUSY
49 V
O
X
49 V
O
X
50 Q
T
I
N
50
QT
I
N
Q46
2SK1824
R297
1K
51 M
IC
M
U
T
E
51 M
IC
M
U
T
E
52 H
P
F
P
C
52 HPF PC
38 P
T
T
54 V
O
X
S
W
54 V
O
X
S
W
55 MICOUT
55
M
IC
OUT
56 A
G
C
56
AGC
57 W588
5
7
W588
58
R
X
AF
OUT
58
R
X
AF
OUT
R59
10K
SW3 PF3
R287
10K
R286
47K
35 PF
38 PTT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CN2 CN6
C332
471
C333
471
C90
1P
D39 HVC131
C364
221
R167
1K
R170 0R
C365
471
C366 471
C367 471
C368 471
C369 471
C370 471
C6
471
R183
47K
T
R188 100K
S-SCK
S-SI
S-SO
S-CS
R192
1K
CS
1
SO
2
WPD
3
GND
4
SI
5
SCK
6
HOLDB
7
VCC
8
IC15 *
OUT
IN
GND
IC16
XC62FP3502
C89
4.7uF/10V
C93
4.7uF/10V
L49
BLM11A221S
R253 *
R202
*
R208
1K
R251*
R205 *
C34
471
R212*
R200
*
R255
NC
R254
*
R252
*
R256
*
S-SCK
S-SI
S-SO
S-C
S
GND
1
A1
2
A2
3
A3
4
A4
5
A5
6
IC17
*
R257
*
ICA
R258
0R
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
39
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
CN3
CN38
CNVSS
L56
*
Q48 *
R261
*
R259
*
R
260
*
R262
*
EXT
S
W
EXT SW
SP+
SP
+
SP
-
SP-
L76
BLM11A221S
C376
471
L77
*
主板电原理图
名称
文件号
设计
批准
机型
版本
审核
第
张
张
共
PT6500-05(350-390MHz)
1
1
/
C
NVS
S
13 R
X
D
12 T
X
D
35 P
F
38 P
T
T
ICA
Q49
2SC5108(Y)
C23
471
R7
47K
R12
1K
C7
471
L26
27nH
R33
33R
C37 *
C78
471
L1
3T
C
334
3P
D4
0
H
V
C
355B
C
347
27
P
R8
1M
C88
1P
C348 *
L2
3T
C294 0R
C318
471
C312
471
R95
0R
R
245
1K
35 P
F
R275
27K
Q50
DTA144EE
28 W/N W
R288
10K
Q51
2SK1824
Q5
2
DT
C
144E
E
R292
47K
C300
*
C349
*
1
2
J3
MANDOWN
M
ANDOW
N
MANDOWN
R248
33K
+
-
-
+
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
IC1
TC75W51FU
C372
105
C371
105
C352
103
C351
104
L79BLM11A221S
C244
471
R29
470K
C3
50
4
.7u
F/1
0
V
R301
1K
R302
*
Q53
2SC4617
R304
100K
C354
105
R299
1K
R300
100K
R303
5.6K
C363
102
C353
105
R305
0R
R306
*
R311
33K
C226
223
Q54
2SK1824
R
308
0R
R309
*
R310
1K
C373
*
R312
*
C374
NC
R315
*
R
316
1K
R317 0R
CNCSS
RXD
TXD
5V
PF
PTT
MIC
SP-
SP+
SP SW
C
162
221
C
288
221
C
345
221
C
346
221
C
375
221
C
377
221
C
378
221
C
379
221
R
330
1K
R
331
1K
R
332
1K
R
333
1K
R
326
1K
R3
27
1
K
R3
28
1
K
R3
29
1
K
R3211K
R3201K
R3181K
R1641K
R
131
1K
R
130
1K
R
129
1K
R165 1K
R163 1K
R162 1K
R322
1K
R323
1K
R324
1K
R325
1K
C
66
221
C
340
221
R343
470K
R342
470K
C381
105
C380
105
Содержание PT6500
Страница 1: ...PROFESSIONAL TWO WAY RADIO PT6500 V071208 FM PORTABLE RADIO SERVICE MANOAL Welcome ...
Страница 33: ...PT6500 SERVICE MANUAL Figure 1 PT6500 Top Main Board Position Number Diagram 136 174MHz 32 ...
Страница 34: ...PT6500 SERVICE MANUAL Figure2 PT6500 Bottom Main Board Position Number Diagram 136 174MHz 33 ...
Страница 35: ...Figure 3 400 470MHz PT6500 Top Main Board Position Number Diagram 34 PT6500 SERVICE MANUAL ...
Страница 36: ...35 PT6500 SERVICE MANUAL Figure 4 400 470MHz PT6500 Bottom Main Board Position Number Diagram ...
Страница 37: ...Figure 5 PT6500 PTT Top Board Position Number Diagram 36 PT6500 SERVICE MANUAL ...
Страница 38: ...37 PT6500 SERVICE MANUAL Figure 6 PT6500 PTT BOTTOM Board Position Number Diagram ...